Ldi mé dau. Axit trong téo c6 tic dung ngin ngtfa béo phi nUfa than duéi. Chat xo trong téo c6 tic dung ch6ng téo bén. Chat keo trong téo c6 tic dung thai loai chat chi, thiy ngan, miing-gan t6n dong trong duGng rudt, diéu hda lugng d6ng trong mau, ngin ngtta hién tugng ty 1é dung huyét ting vot hoac gidm manh d6t ng6t. VGi lugng i6t nhiéu gap im lan trong chuGi tiéu va gap 13 lan trong quyt, téo 6 thé chéng bénh budu cé. Cée thi nghiém da cho thay, ngudi bi bénh tiéu dudng an tao chua sé cé tic dung giam thap triéu chttng bénh: ngudi bi bénh tim mach va béo phi thi nén dn tao ngot: dé tri chUing t4o bén c6 thé ain tio nu chin; An tio wude khi di ng sé lam cho khoang mi€ng sach sé, cai thién cng nang than; nUGc ép téo tuoi c6 thé tri ho va khan tiéng. Cac san phém tir téo c6 chtfa nhiéu dinh duGng va thom ngon: nu@c ép tdo, gidm tao... Giam téo duge lam ttr nuée téo 1én men rat gidu chat xo va cdc chat dinh dung c6 thé phong ngifa chtfng trio ngUtge axit, tao bon, bénh tiéu dung, ung thu. Ngoai ra dam téo gitip gidm lugng dudng trong mau sau khi an, han ché cam gide them an va nguy co mac bénh tiéu dung tuyp...Mét trong cic loai giém thién nhién t6t c6 thé néi dén 1a gid téo. Trong thanh phan giam téo chtta nhiéu acid acetic, nhiéu protein, cht chéng oxy hoa, acid amin, K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, C, va E, bioflavonoid, pectin va nhiéu vi khuan can thiét cho co thé,L6p: Magnoliopsida BO: Rosels Chi: Malus Loai: Malus domestica Hinh 1.1: Qua tao Tao 1a mét loai thc vat ving khi hau 6n d6i, dac biét la ving c6 khi hau lanh va rat lanh, Loai tio dau tign duge tim thay thude ving ven h6 6 Thuy Si. Loai nay c6 kich thu6c nhé hon so vi cdc loai tao hién nay, nhung khi nghién ctfu sau vé cae dac diém sinh hge thi cde nha khoa hge thy chting c6 rat nhiéu dae diém gidng nhau vé mat sinh hoc. Loai téo nay hién di€n 6 rat nhiéu ving thude ede nude chau Au. Ngay ca cde ving thap nht Drontheim thudc Na Uy. Loai téo Crab hay téo hoang dai c6 tén khoa hgc 1A Pyrus malus e6 nguén gdc thudc nuée Anh 1a t6 tién ella cac loai téo hién dang duge trong 6 tat ca cdc ving khi hau 6n d6i trén thé gidi. Truéc thdi dé ché Norman sy da dang cla cae loai tio rat phong phd, ma da s6 duge dua vao nue Anh boi ngudi Romans. Hon 22 loai tao khaéc nhau da dude dé cap dén bdi nha thye vat hoc Pliny, Trong mt ban thao cila Old Saxon cng da tling dé cp dén rat nhiéu loai to va rugu tio khée nhau. Bartholomeus Anglicus trong cu6n bach khoa toan thu do Ong bién soan nim 1470 c6 hon mét chuOng néi vé cAc loai tio cé MAL trong thdi gian d6, Sau qué tinh di cU va thim hiém cla loai nguGi, cdc loai tao di dugc tréng va thu hoach 6 hau hét cc nude tren thé gidi 12, Phin loai: Trén thé gidi c6 rt nhiéu loai tio khée nhau, Tuy nhién, hién nay c6 mOt $6 loai téo dude stt dung phé bién. 2Bang 1.1: Cac loai tao ph6 bién Loai téo Dac diém Red delicious ( Téo My) Tao ngot, gidn cttng, mong nuéc, mau d6, ham lutgng acid thap, thuOng duge ding dé an tuoi, Golden delicious Tao c6 vi ngot vita, gion cling, v6 mong va mém c6 mau tng, thuOng an lanh hoae ding v6i salad. Fuji (Tao Phi Si) Tao thudng co hinh dang tron,thit day, gion va ngQt hOn cae loai téo khac, thudng ding lam m6n lam mén khai vi. Braeburn Cling, thom, c6 vi chua ngot. Mau sac thay d6i d6-xanh-vang. Granny Smith Cling, gidn, v6 téo mau xanh nén rt kh6 xdc dinh thdi diém chin clla tio néu dua vao mau sae bén ngoai, ¢6 vj hoi chua,13, Thanh phan héa hoc cia tae Bang 1. hanh phn héa hge ede chat 6 trong 100g nguyén liu Nu6e 85.3 Vitamins Tyr Smg Protein 0.32 Carotene 45g Val 12 mg Lipids 0.4g Vitamin E 490 pg Carbohydrate 11.8g | Vitamin K 0-5 pg Carbohydrate Acid hétu co 0.63 Vitamin B1 35 pg Glucose 2210 mg Xo 2.3g Vitamin B2 30 pg Fratose 6040 mgKhoang 0.3 Vitamin B6 45 pg Suerose 2470 mg Vitamin C 12 mg Starch 600 mg Khoang Nicotinamide 300 pg Sorbit 610 mg Na3 mg Pantothenic acid 100 pg K 145 mg Biotin 1-8 pg Lipids Folic acid 7 ig Palmitic acid 50 mgCa7 mg Stearic acid 10 mg Mn 65 ng Amino Acid Oleic acid 20 mg Fe 480 pg Arg 8 mg Linolic acid 100 mg Cu 100 ug His 6 mg Linoleic acid 20 mg Zn 120 ug He 10 mg P 12mg Leu 16 mg Cac thanh phan khaeC12 mg Lys 15 mg Malic acid 550 mg F 7m Met 3 mg lod 2g Phe 9 mg Oxalic acid 500 yg Sn 1-6ug Thr 8 mg Salicylic acid 310 pg Trp 2mg Purines 3 mg Cae hop ch&t mii, vi c6 trong tio: Hexylacetate tao nén mii thom clla téo va 1-butanol sé tao nén cam gidc ngot. Cunningham va nhéing chat khée s@ tao nén mii thom gidng nhur mii eta hoa 1A beta- damascenone, butylisomyl va hexylhexanoates cing vi etyl, propyl va hexyl butanoates, 1a nhéing chat quan trong nhat tao nén mii to.Nhiing hgp chat tao nén mdi to g6m c6: propyl acetate, butylbutyrate, t-butyl propionate, 2-metylpropyl acetate, butyl acetate, etyl butyrate, etyl 3-metylbutyrate, va hexyl butydrate Ngoai ra cling cé cdc mii vi khong mong mu6n cé thé duge tao ra nhu acetylaldehide ( vi cay), trans —2- hexanal va butyl propionate tao vi dang, 3- metylbutylbutyrate, butyl 3-metyl butarate tao mili théi khéng nén c6 trong to. Cae hop ch&t phenolic va tinh ning ch6ng oxi héaz Trong tao c6 chtfa nhiéu hop chat phenolic, 1a nhtfng chat trao d6i bac 2 c6 hoat tinh ch6ng oxi héa. Céc loai t4o khaée nhau sé khiée nhau vé néng dé ctla hgp chat phenolic. 14, Chi tiéu chon téo trong san xudt: Mau se qua va hat: Mau se ctla hat cting duge xem nhu la mét chi tiéu kiém tra d6 chin ctla qua tio. Ct qua tio ra va ki ic etla hat difa vao thar m tra mau s danh gi 6. Bang 1.3: Kiém tra mau sac hat Gia tri do | Mae dd mau sac 1 khong mau 2 c6 dau hiéu 06 mau 3 1/4 mau 4 172 mau 3 3/4 maw 6 day mau Mau sc trén qua téo ¢6 thé cho ta bi&t him lugng cholorophyll c6 trong qua. Lay 1/16 ~ 1/8 inch slice qua to 6 phfa trong qua téo. Bang 1.4: Quan sit c&p d6 mau xanh ctia qua tio Cap Mu d6 mau s a6 1 hoan toan xanh2 ‘hoi mat mau xanh 6 ving trung tim qua 3 mau xanh diy Khoang 1/2 inch dui v6 to 4 mau xanh day khoang 1/4 inch du6i v6 tio 3 miu xanh diy khong 1/8 inch duGi v6 tio 6 ‘yO qua hoan toan mat han mau xanh Theo nhitag kinh nghiém cla nhd vudn kép hop voi mdt s6 phuong phap xc djnh khoa hoc khée ngudi ta da dua ra bang thu hoach sau dya vio mUfe d6 c&m quan bén ngoai eta qua. 15, Yéu cau chon téo lam giam tao: Téo chin, lanh lan, khong théi hong. Tréi hur théi sé lam sn phdm mat huong vi a ting nguy co nhiém vi sinh vat. Khong c6 mii ta. Mau sde cla tio phai déng déu mau héng Khong c6 sit xm nhp etia vi sinh vat ‘Tao dat khong 11- 12°Brix (chon tio Golden Delicious). Ham lugng acid malic trong téo 1a 0.38 — 0.52% 16. Tao Golden Delicious: ‘Ten khoa hoe: Malus domestica ‘Golden Delicious’ Lp cao hon: Tio tay. C&p dé: Gidng cay trdng. Mia vy: Thing 7, thang 8. Xudt xt: Hat Clay, West Virgnia, Céng dung: lam d6 an nhe, céc mén xa-lit, cde mén binh nuGng, cdc loai dé u6ng, cdc loai binh nuGng nhan tio, nuéc x6t, mén An déng lanh. 2. Nu6e: 10