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Admapn003en 0502 PDF
Admapn003en 0502 PDF
system designer
© 2002 American Standard Inc. All rights reserved Volume 31, No. 2 ■
condense on cold surfaces inside walls,
hastening structural deterioration. Semantics of Building Pressure Control
True or False: “Relief” and “exhaust” intake airflow and maintain proper building
Ideally, the net pressure inside the are interchangeable descriptors for air pressure.
building relative to outside should range removed from a building.
from slightly negative or neutral during Intake airflow describes the rate at which the
Although it’s true that both relief air and air handler brings air into the building. Local
cold weather (minimizing exfiltration) to
exhaust air leave the building, their purposes codes or industry standards require a
slightly positive during warm weather
(and definitions) differ. minimum amount of intake airflow for proper
(minimizing infiltration). Excessive ventilation and to dilute and remove general
building pressure, whether negative or Exhaust airflow—which may be central or contaminants. Additional outdoor air
positive, should be avoided. local, constant or variable—carries is brought into the building during economizer
contaminants from the building. Local codes operation to provide “free” cooling.
or industry standards define how much
exhaust air must be removed from specific In the absence of infiltration and exfiltration,
types of spaces (rest rooms, for example), negative building pressure results when
Forces that regardless of pressure-related concerns or exhaust-plus-relief airflow exceeds intake
Affect Pressure operating mode. airflow. Conversely, positive building pressure
Preventing extreme building pressures results when exhaust-plus-relief airflow is less
Relief airflow removes air from the building than intake airflow. ■
is much easier said than done. In most
(again, either centrally or locally) to balance
structures, the indoor–outdoor
pressure difference results directly
from the combined effect of weather,
wind, and operation of the mechanical
ventilation system. barometric pressure, temperature, and When indoor air is warmer than outdoor
humidity ratio. air, the less dense column of air inside
Weather. Like a column of water in a the building results in a net negative
pipe, the weight of a column of air Temperature-related differences in pressure below the neutral pressure
results in a “head” pressure that indoor and outdoor air density create level (NPL) and a corresponding net
increases from the top of the column to differences in pressure that can affect positive pressure above it. Because all
the bottom. Described as hydrostatic infiltration, exfiltration, and the direction building envelopes contain unavoidable
pressure, but more commonly known of air movement within shafts and cracks and openings, this pressure
as “stack pressure,” the weight of the stairwells (Figure 1). difference induces outdoor air to enter
air column is affected by local the lower floors and indoor air to leave
the upper floors. These leakage
characteristics also encourage upward
airflow—normal stack effect—within
Figure 1. Stack effect and building pressure shafts and stairwells.
RRA
proper ventilation. space
infiltration exfiltration
4 Local exhaust fans and exfiltration Capacity control can be accomplished configuration is preferred. Use a return
remove a percentage of air from by “riding the fan curve” as the relief fan if the ducted return adds more
occupied spaces; the rest (including damper modulates or by equipping the pressure drop than a reasonably sized
“infiltrated” air) returns to the air relief fan with speed control. supply fan can handle.
handler, usually by way of a ceiling-
plenum return. Air from the return air plenum either
passes into the mixed air plenum
5 The relief fan only operates when through the recirculating damper, or Closing Thoughts
necessary to relieve excess building exits the building through the Building pressure control is important
pressure. With minimum intake airflow, relief damper. for two reasons:
relief airflow is seldom necessary
during mechanical cooling and heating Why pick one relief method versus ■ It is fundamental to attaining the
operation. Note, too, that without a another? Choosing a relief system design targets for infiltration and
return fan it is unnecessary to monitor based on the unique requirements of exfiltration.
and control the static pressure in the each application lets you optimize the
return air plenum. costs of installing and operating it. ■ It enables proper door operation by
preventing excessively positive or
Although the relief fan (when running) Generally, the relief-fan configuration negative pressure.
relieves the burden on the supply fan, works best in VAV systems designed
the latter still must be sized to handle with a ceiling-plenum return. Relief fans Both factors affect the performance
the pressure drop of the entire system effectively control building pressure; and longevity of the building and its
at design airflow. For this reason, the they are also easier to control, less systems. Direct control of building
relief-fan configuration is typically expensive to install, and less costly to pressure, whether with a return fan or a
applied in ceiling-plenum-return operate than return-fan configurations. relief fan, best manages the combined
systems. effects of weather, wind, and
When a ducted return is necessary (see mechanical ventilation.
6 As in the return-fan example, a “Ducted or Plenum Return?” p. 1), be
differential pressure sensor monitors sure to evaluate both relief- and return- Return fan control works. Although
and directly controls building pressure fan configurations: If the supply fan can it requires at least one additional
by adjusting the relief fan’s capacity. handle the pressure drop from the air- pressure sensor (which can be difficult
handler’s discharge opening to its to situate) and continuous operation of
return opening, then the relief-fan the return fan, it also permits a smaller
For more information, contact your Trane believes the facts and suggestions presented here to be accurate. However,
local district office or e-mail us at final design and application decisions are your responsibility. Trane disclaims any
comfort@trane.com
responsibility for actions taken on the material presented.
■ 8 ADM-APN003-EN