strength of column testing.

More
Designing With Author
than 40 tee joints were fabricated
ichard B. Heagler is director of
Composite Deck R engineering for Nicholas J.
Bouras, Inc., and United Steel
with high-strength (690 MPa yield
strength) "pull" plates welded
Deck, Inc. of Summit, New transversely to opposite flanges of
Jersey. He received his bachelor short 610 mm lengths of heavy
of science and master of science column sections.
and professional degrees in civil The second half of this session
engineering from the University of will detail the performance of steel
Missouri at Rolla. He has been in high-demand full-scale connec-
involved in the steel deck industry tion tests. Several designs were
for over thirty-five years. In 1962 examined, including a new, sim-
he began his career at Granco ple and economical connection
Steel Products, St. Louis, solution. Issues and recommen-
Missouri and joined Nicholas J. dations related to design, detail-
Bouras, Inc. in 1977. ing, fabrication, failure modes and
Mr. Heagler has written articles material performance are
on connecting steel deck and on presented.
designing with steel deck, and is
the author of Engineers Notebook
for the Design of Composite Steel
Beams and Girders with Steel
Deck. He is also the principal
author of the Steel Deck
Richard B. Heagler Institute's Composite Deck
Design Handbook.
Mr. Heagler is the chairman of
the Steel Deck Institute's
Technical Committee on Floor
Deck, and is the chairman of the
American Society of Civil
Engineer Standards Committee
on Composite Deck. He is also
an ex-president of the Steel Deck
Institute.
Mr. Heagler is a Registered
Professional Engineer in the state
of Missouri, New Jersey, and New
York.

Summary
n the beam-to-column connec-
I tion used in welded moment
frames, the through-thickness
strength of the column flange is
relied upon to transmit the cyclic
forces from the beam flanges to
the column.
The first part of this session
focuses on the results from SAC's
research project "Through-
Thickness Strength of Column
Flanges in Welded Moment
Connections," which was
designed to resolve questions
about the through-thickness

16-1
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Designing with Composite Deck
Two very different considerations have the most influence on choosing a composite deck system. These are
construction spans, and fire ratings. The third consideration is the ability to carry the service loads but this
can usually be done by a simple review. It is interesting to note that the third consideration (service load),
while being perhaps the least important, has received the most attention and the most research effort. In
general, fire requirements set the concrete type and cover while construction loading dictates the deck depth
and gage - shoring is always avoided. Only now, after almost fifty years of composite deck use, is a
campaign being launched to produce a more rational set of fire resistance rules.

The following two topic discussions on working platform and fire ratings were copied from the SDI Composite
Deck Design Handbook of 1997.

The Deck as a Working Platform and a Form.

As a working platform the builder may assume an allowable working load of 50 pounds per square
foot; an investigation may be necessary to see if shoring needs to be in place to obtain this capacity.
For construction information and guidelines the Steel Deck Institute Manual of Construction with Steel
Deck is recommended.
Deck performance as a form is determined using the loading criteria and coefficients shown in Figures
1, 2, and 3. Where only uniform loads are shown, the loading consists of concrete weight, deck
weight, and a construction (men and equipment) load of 20 psf. In the cases where a combination of
a uniform and a concentrated load is shown, the uniform loading consists of concrete and deck
weights and the concentrated load is 150 pounds per foot of width. (The 150 pound load is the
distributed result of a 300 pound man load acting over two feet). The single span loading considers
limited manueverability. For single span loading the concrete load is the actual concrete weight (psf)
plus either 0.5 times the concrete weight or 30 psf, whichever is less. This increase in concrete load is
to provide an allowance for possible concrete piling. In the 1991 edition of the Composite Deck
Design Handbook the 0.5 added weight factor was used but was not limited to the 30 psf increase
over the actual weight.
The equations in figures 1, 2, and 3 are general. It is the responsibility of the user to apply the correct
load factors to the various combinations of loads. Example problem 1 shows how the factors are
applied to a three span condition. The maximum unshored spans for various slabs and deck
combinations are shown in the tables. The LRFD calculations for the maximum spans use the
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) load factors of 1.6 for concrete weight; 1.4 for men and
equipment; and, 1.2 for deck weight. The resistance factors from the AISI are 0.95 for bending,
and 0.90 or 1.0 for shear depending on the web length to thickness ratio. The tabulated values for
shear are factored.

Web crippling is checked at interior supports based on a 5" bearing width. In most cases steel beam
flanges will be at least 5" wide, but even if they are less than 5" the temporary nature of the loading
makes the calculation conservative. Web crippling at exterior supports is not a factor because if end
crippling occurs the deck simply becomes hinged which is assumed in any case. For the calculation
of maximum unshored spans web crippling is checked using ASD procedures for the deck uniformly
loaded with concrete, deck weight, and 20 psf construction load. The LRFD load factors and the
factor provide unacceptable results. This is the only instance where ASD is used in preparing the
tables. Additionally, web crippling loads are very temporary so the traditional 1/3 stress increase is
allowed in the ASD procedure. Slip off is much more critical so deck ends must be well connected to
the framing members. Combined bending and shear is checked at the interior supports on multispan
deck.

16-3

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Designing with Composite Deck
Key

uniform concrete load uniform construction load (20 psf, Unfactored)

concentrated man or equipment load (150 Ibs./ft. of width Unfactored)

figure 1

figure 2

figure 3

* deflection is to be calculated using only concrete plus deck weights uniformly distributed over all spans.

16-4

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Designing with Composite Deck
Form deflection under the uniform loading of concrete and deck weight is limited to 1/180 of the span
or 3/4"; no additional temporary construction loads or concrete loads are included in the calculations
for the tables. For the purpose of the tables, the supporting structure is assumed to remain level as
the frame flexibility is not known nor can any camber be anticipated. For concrete quantity
calculations refer to the SDI publication Metal Deck and Concrete Quantities, 1994.

Fire Ratings

Hourly fire ratings are used as a measure of the ability of the composite deck slab to contain a fire
and keep it from spreading from floor to floor. The "fire" is defined in ASTM E119. For the duration of
the fire test the floor must carry the design load, not allow 250° F temperature rise through the slab,
and not permit flames or hot gasses to penetrate the assembly. Local codes dictate the number of
hours required and, as shown in figure 4, the concrete cover is often controlled by the rating selected.
There are also rated assemblies not shown in figure 4 that use a suspended ceiling as part of the
construction; these assemblies generally have 2.5" of normal weight concrete cover for one and two
hour ratings and 3.5" for three hours.
The information in figure 4 is based on the constructions shown in the Fire Resistance Directory
published by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. In this directory the construction group "Floor Ceiling
Designs - Concrete with Steel Floor Units and Beam Supports" (prefix D) provides important details of
construction for each design and must be consulted.

Rating LIGHTWEIGHT NORMAL WEIGHT Is fireproofing required

Hours Concrete Concrete on the deck?*
cover cover
1 2.5"(65mm) 3.5"(90mm) No
1 2.5"(65mm) Yes
1.5 2.5"(65mm) 2.5"(65mm) Yes
1.5 3"(75mm) 4"(100mm) No
2 3.25"(85mm) 4.5"(115mm) No
2 2.5"(65mm) 2.5"(65mm) Yes
3 2.5"(65mm) 2.5"(65mm) Yes
3 4.25"(110mm) 5.25"(135mm) No
4 2.5"(65mm) 2.5"(65mm) Yes
4 3.25"(85mm) Yes
* This column refers to the deck; beams and columns normally need some type
of fire protection.

figure 4

In the Underwriters Fire Resistance Directory the composite deck constructions show hourly ratings
for restrained and unrestrained assemblies. ASTM E119 provides information in appendix X3 called
"Guide for Determining Conditions of Restraint for Floor and Roof Assemblies and for Individual
Beams". After a careful review of this guide the Steel Deck Institute determined that all interior and
exterior spans of multispan deck properly attached to steel framing are restrained. Additionally, all
multiple span composite deck slabs attached to bearing walls are restrained. In fact, there is almost
no realistic condition that a composite deck-slab could not be considered to be restrained - perhaps a
single span deck system which is unattached to framing or a wall in order to provide a removable slab.

16-5

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Designing with Composite Deck
Service Loads - Uniform & Concentrated

The composite deck of the 1950's was reviewed for service loading by using conventional reinforced concrete
design techniques. As the market for composite deck expanded, and as more deck manufacturers entered
the business, the need for a set of design standards became interesting to the American Iron and Steel
Institute (AISI). A research program was initiated at Iowa State University and was funded by the AISI. This
program resulted in the "shear bond" method of analysis which was based on results from a simple span test
illustrated in the figure.

figure 5

In general, composite slabs under this testing failed in the so called "shear bond" mode which was
characterized by a crack under one of the load beams and the concrete sliding from the crack past the steel
deck edge. The failure could be described as "brittle"; however, in most cases the bottom flange of the steel
deck achieved yield.

In the early 1980's the SDI initiated research at West Virginia University to investigate "real world" effects on
composite behavior. End restraints from common attachments, shear studs, and pour stops were tested.
Also the effects of multiple panel widths and deck continuity were examined. In 1989 multi span full scale
testing began at Virginia Polytech. The SDI supported the existing shear bond method but wanted to show
that a more ductile failure resulted with common construction practices. The SDI program resulted in
confirmation of the ductile failure premise and also quantified the effect of shear studs which were the most
influential of the restraints investigated. The resulting design methodology is again consistent with reinforced
concrete methods.

The tables from the United Steel Deck, Inc. design manual show the results of the SDI work.

The SDI also sponsored research at West Virginia University to determine concentrated load distributions in
composite slabs. The results of the research are summarized in figure 6.

16-6

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Designing with Composite Deck

The SDI tables show all of the necessary information for any composite slab design problem with the exception of diaphragm -
composite diaphragms are covered in the SDI Diaphragm Design Manual.
figure 6

Service Loads - Composite Slabs and Vibrations

The foremost authority on floor vibrations in steel framed buildings is Professor Thomas M. Murray of Virginia
Polytechnic Institute. The AISC has publications and software written by Professor Murray on the subject.
The SDI software on floor design (composite beams) calculates the damping requirements for floor systems
and shows the result in the printout.

The Murray criterion is the formula:

(In USA units)
(In international units)

16-7

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Designing with Composite Deck
If the damping (D) provided by the system is greater than the right side of the inequality, then the system will
not exhibit annoying vibrations according to most scales. D is expressed as a percent of critical, A o is the
maximum (initial) amplitude of the system, and f is the first natural frequency. Murray's paper, Floor
Vibrations in Buildings (presented at the Pacific Structural Conference of 1989, Gold Coast, Queensland,
Australia) provides example calculations for A o and f and also gives damping ranges for different
constructions. All three variables include the slab thickness and this means that analyzing vibrations is a
review process. Our concern is the deck/slab combination which will provide a starting point for the review.

Most deck/slab combinations are selected to provide a fire rating and to be unshored during construction.
These constraints will provide a deck/slab that will be a good starting point for the vibration analysis. However
an additional check would be to keep the span depth ratio below the following limits:

Single Span NW 25
Single Span LW 22
Multi Span NW 27
Multi Span LW 25

Where heavier gage deck (16 or 18) is used the limit of the ratio can, in most cases, be increased by adding
two.

These limits are based on an item in Murray's paper,

"Ellingwood and Tallin (1984) have recently suggested that, to provide sufficient static stiffness against floor
motions during walking, a stiffness criterion of 1 mm due to a concentrated load of 1 kN should be used. The
criterion is recommended by them for floors used for normal human occupancy (e.g. residential, office,
school), particularly for light residential floors. This criterion does not include damping, which many
researchers believe to be the most important parameter in controlling transient vibrations. In addition, no test
data is presented to substantiate the criterion. Since the criterion is relatively new, acceptance by structural
designers and performance of floor systems so designed is unknown at this time."

The limits were calculated by assuming the 1 kN load was only distributed over a 12" width which would be
very conservative. Although Murray says the criterion is relatively new, it is quite familiar to some as being
close to the "rule of thumb" used in the early sixties and is not too far off of the limits suggested in the ASCE
Standard on Composite Deck Slabs.

Murray also cites Ellingwood and Tanner (1986) as recommending a stiffness criterion for commercial, i.e.
shopping centers, as limiting deflection to 0.02" (1/2 mm) under a load of 450 pounds (2kN).

The previous listing of deck/slab span to depth ratios was determined by assuming a 12" load distribution.
The following example shows that these limits are a good guide for commercial applications when the load is
properly distributed.

Example:
The deck span is 10'; use a span to depth ratio of 27.

(use normal weight concrete).

With 19 gage 2" Lok Floor shoring is not needed for continuous spans.

16-8

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Designing with Composite Deck
Using and putting the load at center span:

load distribution per foot of width

Deflection of a continuous beam with a point load at center:

Transformed l of 19 gage with 4.5" slab = 6.7 in.4 per foot of width.
With which is O.K. for office
and residential.
With which is O.K. for commercial.

Both Ellingwood requirements are satisfied. Any beam that is selected should be checked with the point load
at center span, but it is probably rare for either criterion to control the beam selection.

It could be argued that the deck/slab should be checked as a single span rather than as continuous.

Murray's paper does not deal with the deck/slab individually, but states that the floor system will be
satisfactory if the critical damping, D, is greater than (in USA units).

is the initial amplitude from a heel drop (600 lbs.). f is the first natural frequency, 10% to 25% of the
design live load can be included in the frequency calculation.

For the 19 gage 2" Lok Floor with the 4.5" slab assume a live load of 80 psf. In Murray's example problem he
estimates the damping, D, of a particular system to be:
slab + beam
hung ceiling
duct work
D

Partitions, not included in his example problem, could add significantly to the damping.

If the bay size were 40' x 40' a floor beam might be selected to limit the concrete deflection to
Concrete + Deck = 44 psf
Steel = 6 psf

16-9

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Designing with Composite Deck

Either a 21 x 44 or 18 x 50 (with reduced studs) could be used For the vibration analysis the complete
(100%) composite l is used regardless of the number of studs. The Murray paper provides the required
formulas.
With only the dead load applied:
O.K.
slightly greater than D
With 10% of the live load and the dead:
O.K.
O.K.

The Murray paper does an excellent job of providing insight and guidelines into vibration problems. However,
we must realize that the analysis is not precise. Even the definition of "annoying" is fuzzy. So, from a deck/
slab standpoint the span to depth ratio limits are probably the best way to check the "normal" starting point.
The normal starting point is to fulfill the fire rating needs and to do the job without shoring.

Service Loads - Horizontal Loads

There are two references used in the United States for evaluating the diaphragm strength and stiffness of
composite deck slabs. These references are the Army, Navy, Air Force publication Seismic Design for
Buildings (The Tri Service Manual) and the Steel Deck Institute, Diaphragm Design Manual, Second Edition.
Part of the imput for calculating the SDI diaphragms is the weld size attaching the deck to the frame. When
3/4" diameter welds and sidelap welds are used in the SDI formulas, the values obtained are close to those
obtained using the Tri Service Manual. Both references present design strength values. The SDI Manual
shows the safety factor for these concrete diaphragms as 3.25, so, to obtain the ultimate strength the
tabulated SDI values can be multiplied by 3.25

The stiffness using the SDI formulas is given as G' in kips per inch. The SDI stiffness can be converted to the
tri service flexibility factor, F, by the relation F = 1000/G'. In most cases composite slab diaphragms would be
classified as "rigid".

Typical SDI Design Diaphragm Strengths

Span/Gage Q, plf G', kips per inch
8/20 1810 2500
10/20 1800 2500
12/18 1880 2540
14/16 1950 2560
Note: 5/8" welds to structure - Side lap welds @ approximately 2'.

16-10

© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction Inc All rights reserved

Example Problems
These example problems use 20 gage (t = 0.0358") 2" x 12" composite deck made from steel with a 33 ksi
(minimum) yield point. The deck properties (per foot of width) have been calculated in accordance with the
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications and are: (section
modulus in positive bending); (section modulus in negative bending);
lbs.; is the ASD interior web crippling capacity based on a 5" bearing and
is the factored deck shear strength. SDI tolerances apply. The concrete properties are: density =
145 pcf. The ratio of the moduli, The LRFD method is used in all of the example problems.
Since the examples are "hand worked" there may be some round off differences from computer generated
answers shown in the table.

Example Problem Number 1. Unshored Span Calculation

Calculate the maximum unshored clear span for the three span condition of the deck (20 gage 2" x
12") with a 4.5" slab.
The resistance factors and the load factors are provided by the AISI Specifications. The load factors
are 1.6 for concrete weight, 1.4 for construction loading of men and equipment, and 1.2 for the deck
dead load. It is important to remember that these factors are for the deck under the concrete
placement loads; when the slab has cured, and the system is composite, the factors are different.

Check negative bending with two spans loaded:

Check positive bending with one span loaded with concrete and the concentrated load:

Web crippling, shear, and the interaction of bending and web crippling are checked with two spans
loaded.
Check interior web crippling (note the 1/3 stress increase allowed for ASD temporary loading for web
crippling):

Check shear:

Shear alone will not control, but the interaction of shear and bending could. The AISI equation for
interactions is:

16-11

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Example Problems

Solving for
Check deflection with and with limits;

These "hand" calculations show the maximum unshored span is controlled by combined shear and bending. The computer
generated tables show a maximum unshored span of 9.27'.

Example Problem 2. Composite section properties

Calculate the composite section properties and the allowable uniform load for the deck slab
combination of Example Problem Number 1. The clear span is 9'. No negative
bending reinforcing is used over the beams, so the composite slab will be a simple span.
and l are per foot of width.

Determine the "cracked" I. This calculation is the standard ASD calculation which assumes all
concrete below the neutral axis is cracked. The concrete is transformed into equivalent steel.

Moments (of areas) about the neutral axis (N.A.) are summed in order to locate the N.A.

Solving for a shows

The cracked section modulus The table printout

shows 1.26, which checks.
Determine the "uncracked" moment of inertia The concrete is again transformed into equivalent
steel.

16-12

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Example Problems
Using the top of the slab as the reference line:

and the uncracked l is:

Calculate the Unfactored (allowable) live load for the case with no studs. The clear span is 9'.
The factored moment is; , where is the section modulus of the cracked section as
previously determined, and the f factor is 0.85.
inch pounds = 35.34 inch kips. The printout shows 35.43 which
checks within 1%.
Unless negative bending reinforcement is present, the composite slab is assumed to be single span.
For a single span, the Unfactored uniform (live) load is found by:

Solving for shows rounded to the nearest 5 psf.

Check the deflection if the applied load is 150 psf.

With no negative reinforcing, the composite slab is a single span.
which is and should be OK

Check the factored vertical shear capacity:

Check the concrete shear control limit:

5450 < 6080 pounds. (The tabulated value is 5450 - checks)
The Unfactored (allowable) live load if shear controls is found by:
So obviously shear does not control the Unfactored live
load.
The number of studs required to develop 100% of the factored moment is given by:
the numerator of this equation is specific to the deck
being used and the denominator is AISC equation 15-1. For this 20 gage 2" x 12" deck
(The printout shows 0.43 because of round off.)
The inverse 1.0/0.43 = 2.33 which means a stud is required every 2.33' in order to achieve the full
factored moment.
The full factored moment is In this equation a is the depth of the concrete
compression block and is given by where b is 12".
a = 0.54(33000)/(0.85 x 3000 x 12) = 0.58"; d is measured from the top of the slab to the centroid of
the deck and is 3.5".
The printout shows 48.60 inch kips, which
checks.
Since studs spaced at 1' and 2' will develop the full factored moment of
48.60 inch kips, and with no studs the composite slab develops 35.43 inch kips. If studs are spaced at
3' (1/3 =0.33 studs per foot) then the composite slab capacity is found by interpolation:

16-13

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Example Problems
Example Problem 3. Point Load

This problem is designed to demonstrate how to check the ability of a composite slab to carry a
2000 lb point load over an area of 4.5" x 4.5" occurring anywhere in the span. (See figure 6 for distribution
formulas.)

There will be no other live load acting simultaneously, and there is no negative bending reinforcement present
over the supports, therefore we assume a single span condition.

For this example the following data obtained from problems 1 and 2 are used:

Clear Span - 9 ft.

Slab Thickness - 4.5 in.
35.43 in.k
48.60 in.k
42 psf
6.3 in4/ft

Thickness of concrete cover over the top of the deck

Thickness of any additional topping
Total thickness exclusive of topping

For moment and for determining the distribution steel, put the load in the center of the span.
where x is the location of the load x = l/2
However in feet
therefore

Check vertical shear: Put the load one slab depth away from the beam

For Moment
For Shear

Live load moment (per foot of width) = Pl/4 = (1.6)(2000)(9/4)(12/59)(12)/1000

Pl/4 = 17.54 in.k ; 1.6 is the load factor and 12/59 is the distribution factor
1.2 is the load factor.

Dead load moment

16-14

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Example Problems
Factored resisting moment when studs are not present on the beams

Find the required distribution steel (welded wire mesh)

Assume the wire mesh is located 1/2 in above top of deck.

is the area per foot of the wire mesh which has an of 60 ksi. If
the bars are being investigated the would have to be adjusted
accordingly.

NOTE: in ACI but SDI uses 0.85

b=12in.
Assume is the area of 6x6w1.4x1.4 mesh, which is SDI and ASCE
minimum

2816 > 2582 O.K. SDI minimum welded wire mesh is sufficient

Check Deflection under concentrated load:

Put load in center of span and use concentrated load coefficients

Should be O.K.

16-15
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Load Tables - 2 x 12" DECK 145 pcf concrete

DECK PROPERTIES

Gage t w As studs

22 0.0295 1.5 0.440 0.338 0.284 0.302 714 1990 0.36

20 0.0358 1.8 0.540 0.420 0.367 0.387 1010 2410 0.43
The Deck Section Properties are per foot of width. The l 19 0.0418 2.1 0.630 0.490 0.445 0.458 1330 2810 0.51
value is for positive bending (in.4); t is the gage thickness in 18 0.0474 2.4 0.710 0.560 0.523 0.529 1680 3180 0.57
inches; w is the weight in pounds per square foot; and 16 0.0598 3.1 0.900 0.700 0.654 0.654 2470 3990 0.72
are the section moduli for positive and negative bending
(in.3); and are the interior reaction and the shear in COMPOSITE PROPERTIES
pounds (per foot of width); studs is the number of studs Slab Max. unshored spans, ft.
Depth 1span 2span 3span
required per foot in order to obtain the full resisting moment, 4.50 40.27 32.6 0.292 1.05 5.82
42 5.9 29.40 5030 7.83 7.92 0.023
5.00 46.44 37.5 0.333 48 1.23 8.0 34.53 5480 5.54 7.47 7.56 0.027
22 gage

5.25 49.53 40.0 0.354 51 1.32 9.2 37.16 5720 5.41 7.31 7.39 0.029
5.50 52.61 42.6 0.375 54 1.42 10.5 39.81 5960 5.30 7.16 7.24 0.032
The Composite Properties are a list of values for the 6.00 58.78 48.0 0.417 60 1.61 13.5 45.21 6460 5.09 6.89 6.97 0.036
composite slab. The slab depth is the distance from the 6.25 61.87 50.8 0.438 63 1.71 15.3 47.95 6720 5.03 6.76 6.84 0.038
6.50 64.95 53.6 0.458 66 1.81 17.1 50.70 6980 4.97 6.65 6.72 0.041
bottom of the steel deck to the top of the slab in inches as
7.00 71.12 59.5 0.500 73 2.01 21.2 56.26 7530 4.85 6.43 6.51 0.045
shown on the sketch. U.L. ratings generally refer to the 7.25 74.21 61.9 0.521 76 2.11 23.5 59.07 7750 4.79 6.32 6.41 0.047
cover over the top of the deck so it is important to be aware 7.50 77.29 64.3 0.542 79 2.21 26.0 61.88 7970 4.74 6.22 6.31 0.050
of the difference in names. is the factored resisting 4.50 48.60 32.6 0.292 42 1.26 6.3 35.43 5450 6.81 8.97 9.27 0.023
moment provided by the composite slab when the "full" 5.00 56.18 37.5 0.333 48 1.48 8.6 41.65 5900 6.47 8.55 8.83 0.027
20 gage

5.25 59.96 40.0 0.354 51 1.60 9.8 44.84 6140 6.32 8.36 8.63 0.029
number of studs as shown in the upper table are in place; 5.50 63.75 42.6 0.375 54 1.71 11.3 48.07 6380 6.18 8.18 8.45 0.032
inch kips (per foot of width). is the area of concrete 6.00 71.32 48.0 0.417 60 1.95 14.5 54.63 6880 5.94 7.85 8.11 0.036
available to resist shear, in.2 per foot of width. Vol. is the 6.25 75.11 50.8 0.438 63 2.07 16.3 57.96 7140 5.86 7.70 7.95 0.038
volume of concrete in ft.3 per ft.2 needed to make up the 6.50
7.00
78.90
86.47
53.6
59.5
0.458
0.500
66
73
2.19
2.43
18.2
22.6
61.31
68.09
7400
7950
5.79
5.65
7.56
7.29
7.80
7.53
0.041
0.045
slab; no allowance for frame or deck deflection is included. 7.25 90.26 61.9 0.521 76 2.55 25.0 71.50 8170 5.58 7.17 7.41 0.047
W is the concrete weight in pounds per ft.2. is the section 7.50 94.05 64.3 0.542 79 2.67 27.6 74.93 8390 5.52 7.05 7.28 0.050
modulus of the "cracked" concrete composite slab; in.3 per 4.50 55.85 32.6 0.292 42 1.45 6.7 40.69 5850 7.65 9.76 10.08 0.023
foot of width. is the average of the "cracked" and 5.00 64.68 37.5 0.333 48 1.71 9.0 47.87 6300 7.26 9.30 9.61 0.027
19 gage

5.25 69.10 40.0 0.354 51 1.84 10.4 51.56 6540 7.09 9.09 9.39 0.029
"uncracked" moments of inertia of the transformed 5.50 73.52 42.6 0.375 54 1.97 11.9 55.30 6780 6.93 8.90 9.19 0.032
composite slab; in.4 per foot of width. The transformed 6.00 82.35 48.0 0.417 60 2.24 15.2 62.90 7280 6.65 8.54 8.83 0.036
section analysis is based on steel; therefore, to calculate 6.25 86.77 50.8 0.438 63 2.38 17.1 66.76 7540 6.56 8.38 8.66 0.038
deflections the appropriate modulus of elasticity to use is 6.50 91.19 53.6 0.458 66 2.52 19.2 70.65 7800 6.48 8.23 8.50 0.041
7.00 100.03 59.5 0.500 73 2.80 23.8 78.50 8350 6.32 7.94 8.20 0.045
29.5 x 106 psi. is the factored resisting moment of the 7.25 104.44 61.9 0.521 76 2.94 26.3 82.46 8570 6.24 7.81 8.07 0.047
composite slab if there are no studs on the beams (the 7.50 108.86 64.3 0.542 79 3.08 29.0 86.45 8790 6.17 7.68 7.94 0.050
deck is attached to the beams or walls on which it is 4.50 62.08 32.6 0.292 42 1.62 7.0 45.34 6080 8.42 10.48 10.83 0.023
5.00 72.04 37.5 0.333 48 1.90 9.5 53.36 6670 7.98 9.99 10.32 0.027
resting) inch kips (per foot of width). is the factored
18 gage

5.25 77.02 40.0 0.354 51 2.05 10.9 57.48 6910 7.79 9.77 10.10 0.029
vertical shear resistance of the composite system; it is the 5.50 82.00 42.6 0.375 54 2.20 12.4 61.66 7150 7.61 9.56 9.88 0.032
sum of the shear resistances of the steel deck and the 6.00 91.95 48.0 0.417 60 2.50 15.9 70.18 7650 7.30 9.18 9.49 0.036
concrete but is not allowed to exceed pounds 6.25 96.93 50.8 0.438 63 2.66 17.9 74.50 7910 7.20 9.01 9.31 0.038
(per foot of width). The next three columns list the 6.50 101.91 53.6 0.458 66 2.81 20.0 78.85 8170 7.11 8.85 9.14 0.041
7.00 111.87 59.5 0.500 73 3.13 24.8 87.66 8720 6.93 8.54 8.82 0.045
maximum unshored spans in feet; these values are 7.25 116.85 61.9 0.521 76 3.28 27.4 92.10 8940 6.85 8.40 8.68 0.047
obtained by using the construction loading requirements of 7.50 121.83 64.3 0.542 79 3.44 30.2 96.57 9160 6.77 8.26 8.54 0.050
the SDI; combined bending and shear, deflection, and 4.50 62.08 32.6 0.292 42 1.99 7.7 45.34 6080 9.58 11.63 12.02 0.023
interior reactions are considered in calculating these 5.00 72.04 37.5 0.333 48 2.35 10.4 53.36 6980 9.08 11.10 11.47 0.027
16 gage

5.25 77.02 40.0 0.354 51 2.53 11.9 57.48 7450 8.85 10.85 11.22 0.029
values. is the minimum area of welded wire fabric 5.50 82.00 42.6 0.375 54 2.72 13.6 61.66 7940 8.65 10.63 10.98 0.032
recommended for temperature reinforcing in the composite 6.00 91.95 48.0 0.417 60 3.10 17.4 70.18 8460 8.29 10.21 10.55 0.036
slab; square inches per foot. 6.25 96.93 50.8 0.438 63 3.29 19.5 74.50 8720 8.17 10.02 10.35 0.038
6.50 101.91 53.6 0.458 66 3.48 21.8 78.85 8980 8.07 9.84 10.17 0.041
7.00 111.87 59.5 0.500 73 3.88 27.0 87.66 9530 7.86 9.50 9.82 0.045
7.25 116.85 61.9 0.521 76 4.08 29.8 92.10 9750 7.77 9.35 9.66 0.047
7.50 121.83 64.3 0.542 79 4.28 32.8 96.57 9970 7.67 9.20 9.50 0.050

16-16
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Load Tables - 2 x 12" DECK 145 pcf concrete
L, Uniform Live Loads, psf *
Slab
Depth 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00
4.50 40.27 400 365 310 265 230 200 175 155 135 120 105 95 85
22 gage

5.00 46.44 400 400 360 305 265 230 200 175 155 140 125 110 95
5.50 52.61 400 400 400 350 300 260 230 200 175 155 140 125 110
6.00 58.78 400 400 400 390 335 295 255 225 200 175 155 140 125
6.50 64.95 400 400 400 400 370 325 285 250 220 195 175 155 135
7.00 71.12 400 400 400 400 400 355 310 275 240 215 190 170 150 area above the arrow
7.25 74.21 400 400 400 400 400 370 325 285 250 225 200 175 155
7.50 77.29 400 400 400 400 400 385 340 295 260 230 205 185 165 indicates 1 STUD/FT.
4.50 48.60 400 400 380 325 285 245 215 190 170 150 135 120 110
area below arrow
20 gage

5.00 56.18 400 400 400 380 330 285 250 220 195 175 155 140 125
5.50 63.75 400 400 400 400 375 325 285 250 225 200 175 160 140 indicates NO STUDS
6.00 71.32 400 400 400 400 400 365 320 285 250 225 200 180 160
6.50 78.90 400 400 400 400 400 400 355 315 280 245 220 195 175
7.00 86.47 400 400 400 400 400 400 390 345 305 270 240 215 195
7.25 90.26 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 360 320 285 255 225 205 * The Uniform Live Loads are based on
7.50 94.05 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 330 295 265 235 210 the LRFD equation
4.50 55.85 400 400 400 380 330 290 255 225 200 180 160 145 130
Although there are other load
19 gage

5.00 64.68 400 400 400 400 385 335 295 260 230 205 185 165 150
5.50 73.52 400 400 400 400 400 380 335 295 265 235 210 190 170 combinations that may require
6.00 82.35 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 335 295 265 235 215 190 investigation, this will control most of
6.50 91.19 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 370 330 295 265 235 210
7.00 100.03 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 360 320 290 260 235 the time. The equation assumes there
7.25 104.44 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 335 300 270 245 is no negative bending reinforcement
7.50 108.86 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 395 350 315 280 255 over the beams and therefore each
4.50 62.08 400 400 400 400 370 325 285 255 225 200 180 160 145
composite slab is a single span. Two
18 gage

5.00 72.04 400 400 400 400 400 375 335 295 260 235 210 190 170
5.50 82.00 400 400 400 400 400 400 380 335 300 265 240 215 195 sets of values are shown; is used
6.00 91.95 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 335 300 270 245 220 to calculate the uniform load when the
6.50 101.91 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 335 300 270 245
7.00 111.87 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 365 330 295 270 full required number of studs is present;
7.25 116.85 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 385 345 310 280 is used to calculate the load when
7.50 121.83 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 360 325 290 no studs are present. A straight line
4.50 62.08 400 400 400 400 370 325 285 255 225 200 180 160 145
interpolation can be done if the
16 gage

5.00 72.04 400 400 400 400 400 375 335 295 260 235 210 190 170
5.50 82.00 400 400 400 400 400 400 380 335 300 265 240 215 195 average number of studs is between
6.00 91.95 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 335 300 270 245 220 zero and the required number needed
6.50 101.91 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 335 300 270 245
7.00 111.87 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 365 330 295 270
to develop the "full" factored moment.
7.25 116.85 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 385 345 310 280 The tabulated loads are checked for
7.50 121.83 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 360 325 290 shear controlling (it seldom does), and
4.50 29.40 305 255 215 185 160 135 120 105 90 80 70 60 50
also limited to a live load deflection of
22 gage

5.00 34.53 360 305 255 220 185 160 140 120 105 95 80 70 65
5.50 39.81 400 350 295 255 215 190 165 140 125 110 95 85 75 1/360 of the span.
6.00 45.21 400 400 340 290 250 215 185 160 140 125 110 95 85
6.50 50.70 400 400 380 325 280 240 210 185 160 140 125 110 95
7.00 56.26 400 400 400 360 310 270 235 205 180 155 140 120 105
An upper limit of 400 psf has been
7.25 59.07 400 400 400 380 325 285 245 215 190 165 145 130 115 applied to the tabulated loads. This has
7.50 61.88 400 400 400 400 345 295 260 225 200 175 155 135 120 been done to guard against equating
4.50 35.43 375 315 270 230 200 170 150 130 115 100 90 80 70
large concentrated to uniform loads.
19 gage 20 gage

5.00 41.65 400 375 315 270 235 205 175 155 135 120 105 95 85
5.50 48.07 400 400 365 315 270 235 205 180 160 140 125 110 95 Concentrated loads may require
6.00 54.63 400 400 400 360 310 270 235 205 180 160 140 125 110 special analysis and design to take
6.50 61.31 400 400 400 400 350 300 265 230 205 180 160 140 125
7.00 68.09 400 400 400 400 390 335 295 260 230 200 180 160 140 care of servicibility requirements not
7.25 71.50 400 400 400 400 400 355 310 270 240 210 190 165 150 covered by simply using a uniform load
7.50 74.93 400 400 400 400 400 370 325 285 250 225 200 175 155 value. On the other hand, for any load
4.50 40.69 400 370 315 270 230 200 175 155 135 120 105 95 85
5.00 47.87 400 400 370 315 275 240 210 185 160 145 125 115 100 combination the values provided by the
5.50 55.30 400 400 400 365 320 275 240 215 190 165 150 130 120 composite properties can be used in
6.00 62.90 400 400 400 400 365 315 275 245 215 190 170 150 135 the calculations.
6.50 70.65 400 400 400 400 400 355 310 275 245 215 190 170 155
7.00 78.50 400 400 400 400 400 395 350 305 270 240 215 190 170
7.25 82.46 400 400 400 400 400 400 365 320 285 255 225 200 180 Welded wire fabric in the required
7.50 86.45 400 400 400 400 400 400 385 340 300 265 235 210 190 amount is assumed for the table values.
4.50 45.34 400 400 350 300 260 230 200 175 155 140 125 110 100
If welded wire fabric is not present,
18 gage

5.00 53.36 400 400 400 355 310 270 235 210 185 165 145 130 115
5.50 61.66 400 400 400 400 360 315 275 240 215 190 170 150 135 deduct 10% from the listed loads.
6.00 70.18 400 400 400 400 400 360 315 275 245 220 195 175 155
6.50 78.85 400 400 400 400 400 400 355 310 275 245 220 195 175
7.00 87.66 400 400 400 400 400 400 395 350 310 275 245 220 195 Refer to the example problems for the
7.25 92.10 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 365 325 290 260 230 210 use of the tables.
7.50 96.57 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 385 340 305 270 245 220
4.50 45.34 400 400 350 300 260 230 200 175 155 140 125 110 100
16 gage

5.00 53.36 400 400 400 355 310 270 235 210 185 165 145 130 115
5.50 61.66 400 400 400 400 360 315 275 240 215 190 170 150 135
6.00 70.18 400 400 400 400 400 360 315 275 245 220 1a95 175 155
6.50 78.85 400 400 400 400 400 400 355 310 275 245 220 195 175
7.00 87.66 400 400 400 400 400 400 395 350 310 275 245 220 195
7.25 92.10 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 365 325 290 260 230 210
7.50 96.57 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 385 340 305 270 245 220

16-17
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Load Tables - 2 x 12" DECK 145 pcf concrete

Slab wc Sc Ac lav Max. Unshored Spans, ft. WWF

depth psf in3 lbs. in
2
in4 1 spans 2 spans 3 spans
4.50 42 1.26 5448 32.6 6.3 6.81 8.97 9.27 0.023
5.00 48 1.48 5902 37.5 8.6 6.47 8.55 8.83 0.027
5.50 54 1.71 6379 42.6 11.3 6.18 8.18 8.45 0.032
6.00 60 1.95 6879 48.0 14.5 5.94 7.85 8.11 0.036
6.50 66 2.19 7403 53.6 18.2 5.79 7.56 7.80 0.041
7.00 73 2.43 7950 59.5 22.6 5.65 7.29 7.53 0.045
7.25 76 2.55 8171 61.9 25.0 5.58 7.17 7.41 0.047
7.50 79 2.67 8392 64.3 27.6 5.52 7.05 7.28 0.050

Superimposed Live Load, psf

Slab
Depth 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0

4.50 48.60 400 400 380 325 285 245 215 190 170 150 135 120 110
5.00 56.18 400 400 400 380 330 285 250 220 195 175 155 140 125
1 foot

5.50 63.75 400 400 400 400 375 325 285 250 225 200 175 160 140
6.00 71.32 400 400 400 400 400 365 320 285 250 225 200 180 160
6.50 78.90 400 400 400 400 400 400 355 315 280 245 220 195 175
7.00 86.47 400 400 400 400 400 400 390 345 305 270 240 215 195
7.25 90.26 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 360 320 285 255 225 205
7.50 94.05 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 330 295 265 235 210
4.50 48.60 400 400 380 325 285 245 215 190 170 150 135 120 110
5.00 56.18 400 400 400 380 330 285 250 220 195 175 155 140 125
2 feet

5.50 63.75 400 400 400 400 375 325 285 250 225 200 175 160 140
6.00 71.32 400 400 400 400 400 365 320 285 250 225 200 180 160
6.50 78.90 400 400 400 400 400 400 355 315 280 245 220 195 175
7.00 86.47 400 400 400 400 400 400 390 345 305 270 240 215 195
7.25 90.26 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 360 320 285 255 225 205
7.50 94.05 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 330 295 265 235 210
4.50 45.57 400 400 355 305 265 230 200 175 155 140 125 110 100
5.00 52.83 400 400 400 355 305 265 235 205 180 160 145 130 115
3 feet

5.50 60.14 400 400 400 400 350 305 265 235 210 185 165 145 130
6.00 67.48 400 400 400 400 395 340 300 265 235 210 185 165 150
6.50 74.84 400 400 400 400 400 380 335 295 260 230 205 185 165
7.00 82.23 400 400 400 400 400 400 365 325 285 255 225 205 180
7.25 85.93 400 400 400 400 400 400 385 340 300 265 240 215 190
7.50 89.64 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 355 315 280 250 220 200
4.50 35.43 375 315 270 230 200 170 150 130 115 100 90 80 70
no studs

5.00 41.65 400 375 315 270 235 205 175 155 135 120 105 95 85
5.50 48.07 400 400 365 315 270 235 205 180 160 140 125 110 95
6.00 54.63 400 400 400 360 310 270 235 205 180 160 140 125 110
6.50 61.31 400 400 400 400 350 300 265 230 205 180 160 140 125
7.00 68.09 400 400 400 400 390 335 295 260 230 200 180 160 140
7.25 71.50 400 400 400 400 400 355 310 270 240 210 190 165 150
7.50 74.93 400 400 400 400 400 370 325 285 250 225 200 175 155

16-18
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.