CSC 102 Materials

COURTESY: EDUCATION COMMITTEE, MSSN FUTA, OBAKEKERE MOSQUE (08161885095, 08069018655)
DOWNLOADED FROM FUTABASE.COM
A TUTORIAL GUIDE
TO
CSC 102
WRITTEN & COMPILED BY:
BALOGUN, T. R
(a.k.a. B. PROGRAMMER)
COURTESY: EDUCATION COMMITTEE, MSSN FUTA, OBAKEKERE MOSQUE (08161885095,

08069018655)
FUTABASE.COM
COURSE OUTLINE
 Introduction to General computing

 Introduction to programming language
 Algorithm design tools (Pseudocode & flowcharting)
 Programming with BASIC
 Introduction to programming with Visual BASIC 6.0
 Introduction to MS-DOS
 Solution to Practical Questions on BASIC
1
INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL COMPUTING
What is Computer?
A computer is an electro-mechanical device, which accepts input data in a

prescribed form, through an input device, store & process it through the
processor and produce the required result in a specific format (information,
or signal) through an output device.
The fundamental function of a computer
The basic purpose of using the computer is to process data quickly,

efficiently so that meaningful and accurate information is obtained in time.
The basic function of the computer can be represented as in figure 1.1 below
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Fig 1.1 Schematic representation of computer operation
(1) Input: this is the entry point to a computer where data is fed into it
for processing, i.e. computer accepts input data
(2) Process: this is the operation of converting data (raw fact) read into
the computer into a finished and meaningful product (information) i.e.
a program or instruction in execution
(3) Output: this is the terminal point where information is being
produced i.e. computer generates information as output.
DATA: this can be defined as a representation of raw facts or figures which

are meaningless; thus require processes in order to produce a meaningful
entity known as information.
Information: information can be defined as processed, structured, well

defined and meaningful data. For instance, a mark obtained by a 100 level
student in CSC 102 is a data used to process the student’s grade point
average (GPA), which is known as information.
Why do we need the computer?
The benefit derived from the computer can be attributed to the following:
 High speed: computer is a very fast machine that can perform at a

very high speed measured in nanoseconds or more.
 Accuracy: the result produced from the computer is reliable as long
as the input is entered correctly
 Vast storage capability: computer can store large data, information,
and instruction in a small-size memory which has enough/very large
storage location or places.
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 Economically: computer is very cheap to buy and can perform tasks

that would not otherwise be feasible or cost effective by other system
or machines
 Versatility: computer can be used at a very wide range of application
such as engineering, science, technology, government etc.
 Durability: computer can work for hours, days, weeks, months, years
non-stop without getting tired.
Types of Computer
Basically there are two types of computer namely; analogue computer and
digital computer. The comparison between the two is hereby presented in a
tabular form below;
ANALOGUE COMPUTER DIGITAL COMPUTER

Represents physical variable by Represents non-physical variable by
continuous measurements of discrete, coded pattern (digital data),
analogue quantity (e.g. voltage, such as perforations in cards or
temperature) presence of pulses
Setup an analogue of problems breaks down problems into
arithmetic form
Basic operations performed by Operations performed by relatively
relatively few single-purpose devices many interchangeable arithmetic
(such as integrators, summers, devices (adders, registers,
multiplier, resolvers etc.) accumulator etc.)
Relatively few device needed, hence Many devices needed, hence high
comparatively low cost and easy of cost and difficult programming,
programming; Distinct element used identical elements used in sequence
for each operation (parallel (primary series operation).
channels).
Accuracy limited to about one part in Unlimited accuracy (one part in
10,000. billion or more).
Data storage (memory) dispersed in Data storage concentrated in space,
various non-interchangeable devices. interchangeable and unlimited
duration.
Represent physical or mathematical Represent numbers, letters, or
quantities in a continuous form. symbols in a discrete or
discontinuous form.
Mostly used as special- purpose Mostly used as a general device.
device.
When a computer makes use of both analogue and digital components and
techniques; it is called HYBRID COMPUTER. Such a computer requires Analogue-
to-Digital and Digital-to- Analogue converters; which would make analogue data
acceptable to a digital computer & vice versa.
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The computer system
A system: This is a collection of an inter-related or inter-dependent components

or elements working together as a whole with the aim of accomplishing a common
goal. Examples are: Accounting system, Banking system, Circulating system,
Producing system, Computer system etc. A Computer System as a system
consists of 3 main subsystems which are: Hardware subsystems, Software
subsystems, and Humanware subsystems.
The Computer Hardware Subsystem
The computer hardware subsystem is made up of all the electrochemical gadgetry

that form the physical part of the computer system which can be seen and
touched. This can be broken down into 2 major components or functional units,
namely; the peripheral, and the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
1. Peripheral devices/units: These consist of all the components that are

externally attached to the CPU that do not form the part of CPU i.e. the
Input unit, Output unit and Auxiliary storage.
 INPUT UNIT: This provides medium through which data is being fed
into computer i.e. it accepts input data & transmit the data as a series
of electrical pulses into the CPU e.g. mouse, joystick, scanner, light
pen, E-tablet or digitizer, keyboard, card reader, punch card.
 OUTPUT UNIT: provides the medium by which the results of the
computer operations on input data are transmitted to the user. It
retrieves the information in computer readable form e.g. printers,
computer monitor, speaker etc.
 AUXILIARY STORAGE: is a storage unit of larger capacity than the
main memory, for external (off-line) storage of data and programme in
readable form. Unlike the main memory, it is non-volatile and thus
provides a means of permanent storage of information to be processed
by the computer e.g. floppy diskette drive, magnetic tape drive,
magnetic disk drive, hard disk drive, CDROM, flash drive, memory
card etc. It is also known as Back-up storage.
2. Central Processing Unit: This is the heart & central controller of all
activities of a computer. It consists of main memory, Control unit,
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
o Main memory: This is known as memory unit or primary
memory which serves as the brain of the computer that provides
temporary storage medium for input data of programme. Before
the computer can solve any problem, all other related (data and
instructions) must be loaded into the memory unit. This
comprises RAM and ROM.
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o RAM- Random Access Memory, this is a volatile memory that

can hold data and instruction temporarily, data can easily be
lost if there is power interruption.
o ROM- This is a non-editable memory whose contents cannot be
change but can only be read i.e. it allows solely read from but
disallow written to its contents.
 Control unit: This is main controller of activities of the computer
system. It selects relevant instruction from the stored program(main
memory) and interprets them, coordinates the flow of data and
program from the entry point of input, through the memory for
storage, to the ALU for execution and finally to the output terminal.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): is the circuitry system for performing
both the arithmetic and logical operations on data and program.
The Computer Software Subsystem
The computer software subsystem is a collection of all program modules

that are required by a computer system, to determine what the computer does and
how to do it. Unlike the computer hardware, it can’t be seen and touched; It can
broadly be divided into 2 categories viz: SYSTEM SOFTWARE and APPLICATION
SOFTWARE.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE: This is a collection of all program developed

basically to control and coordinate the activities performed by the computer
hardware, as well as to manage the operation of all other software (Application
software). This may include Operating System (OS), translators & Utility Software.
 OPERATING SYSTEM: This is a set of program which when installed

into the computer allows other program to run on it. On the other
hands, Operating system is a set of program that control, supervise
and manage computer resources (memory, processors, files, printers
etc.) judiciously, as well as, allowing execution of user’s programs in
order to solve many users’ problem. E.g. MS-DOS, PC-DOS,
Windows, UNIX, LINUX.
Functions of Operating system
1. Resource sharing
2. Memory management
3. Processor management
4. File management
5. Interrupt handling
6. Security
7. Networking
Types of Operating System
1. Single User Operating System: this allows a user to run a program
at a time.
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2. Multi-User Operating System: this allows several users to run a

program at a time.
3. Distributed Operating System: this provides facilities to support
networking.
 TRANSLATOR: This is a program that takes as an input a program

written in one programming language (source language)and produce
as an output a program in another language (Object or Target
language). Besides , a translator can also be viewed as an interface
between the Source program and the Object program i.e.
A program written in one programming language (HLL & Assembly

language) that serve as an input to the translator is known as Source
Language or Program while a program written in a language
(Assembly& Machine Language or Program) that serves as an output to
the translator is known as Object or Target Program.
The 3 types of translators are ASSEMBLER, INTERPRETER, and

COMPILER.
Assembler: This is a program translator that takes as an input a

program written in assembly language and produces as an output the
machine language equivalent form of the same program.
Interpreter: is a language translator that takes input program in

high-level language and produces its equivalent machine language
conversion in the form of an intermediate target code as an output.
Interpreter program needs to undergo translation process each time
or at every time of execution. Interpreter translates high level
language program line by line or statement by statement.
COMPILER: This does the same translation activities as the

interpreter i.e. it converts source program to high level language to its
equivalent machine language. Unlike the interpreter, compiler
translates the whole high level program (source program) at once, so
that execution is done easily and quickly without undergoing
translation process at every time of execution. Besides, compiler
generates object code or diagnoses and reports syntax error found in
source program.
 UTILITY SOFTWARE: These are service programs which provide

facilities need by the computer as the users to perform common
routine tasks. Examples are Debugging aids, file copying, file sorting,
link/loader etc.
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APPLICATION SYSTEM: These are set of programs that develop

basically with the intent of providing solution to different users’ programs or to
perform certain task. There are 2 categories of this software.
1. Generalised Application Package: is application software

designed in a standardised and customisable form, usually as a
marketable product for solving general users programs. Examples
are:
o Word processing package - MS-WORD, WORD PERFECT,
WORD STAR.
o Spread sheet package - MS-Excel, Lotus 1-2-3.
o Desktop publishing/Graphics design - PageMaker,
CorelDraw, Photoshop.
o Database management system - MS Access, Oracle, Apache
SQL
o Presentation packages - MS PowerPoint, Rolex.
o Computer Aided Design (CAD) packages - AutoCAD,
Autodesk, Inventors
o Statistical packages - SPSS, SAS.
2. User Application Packages: is an application designed to perform
specific task or to solve specific a user’s problem e.g. Payroll
program, Medical management system, accounting program,
banking program etc.
THE HUMANWARE SUBSYSTEM
This is referring to as computer system users (Naïve, Programmer, Expert, and

Sophisticated).
RAD:- RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

JAD:- JOINT APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
VBA:- VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION
CASE:- COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
PERT:- PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW
EPROM:- ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY
VDU:- VIDEO/VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT
P.C:- PERSONAL COMPUTER
SVGA:- SUPER VISUAL/VIDEO GRAPHICS ADAPTER
HDD:- HARD DISK DRIVE
CRT:- CATHODE RAY TUBE
LCD:- LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
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INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
What is a programming language?
A programming language is a communication means between the user

(programmer) and the computer. It is a tool use by a programmer to instruct the
computer in other to solve problem. Like English language, programming language
also possesses syntax and semantics.
 Syntax of a language is a rule that governs the way symbols,

statements, and grammars are formed or constructed.
 Semantics of a language is a rule that governs it meanings.
Meanings is what happens when a programme is executed or the
result of execution of a program or what signal/outcome produce as a
result of the use of language.
What is a program?
A Programme is set of coded instruction written and given to computer in

order to solve problem or to carry out specific task.
What is programming?
Programming is art of writing program using programming language.
Who is a Programmer?
A programmer is an expert that specialises in using programming language

to instruct the computer in order to solve problem i.e. the one who writes
computer program.
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Basically, we have 2 types of programming languages which are
1. Low level language

2. High level language
Low-level language
This is a 1st form of language developed basically for the computer

system. There are 2 types of low-level language viz:
 Machine Language: This is a computer-understandable language
developed mainly for the operation of the underlying hardware of a
computer system. Instruction written in machine language
consists of series of binary format code (bits), which does not
require translator for its execution, so there is fast execution.
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Programming with this language is highly time-consuming, tedious

and the most error prone process.
 Assembly language: This is another type of low-level language

which is very close to machine language and has its instruction in
a symbolic or mnemonic form. It is machine dependent requires a
translator (Assembler) for the computer to understand, not too time
consuming, tedious and less error prone than machine language. It
does not consume memory space and execution is slow compared
to machine language.
 High-level language: This is very close to human language as it

consists of instruction written in English-like and mathematical
notation. High level language is not machine-oriented/dependent
rather it is a problem-oriented language which is portable and
required translators (computer or interpreter) for the computer so
understand. It is easy to learn, understand and execute, also not
too time consume, least error prone but slow in execution has
compare to low level language. Categorically there are two types of
high level language:
o Procedural language
o Declarative language
Examples of high-level programming language are: BASIC,

FORTRAN, PYTHON, JAVA, C#, C/C++, PASCAL etc.
PROPERTIES OF GOOD PROGRAMMING
1. ACCURACY: It must be correct, working according to specification.

2. MAINTAINABILITY: It must be easy to change, modify and maintain.
3. EFFICIENCY: It must be fast in execution and be able to occupy less
memory space in term of storage.
4. RELABILITY: It must be able to produce expected result and never
crash.
5. PORTABILITY: It must be machine independent and must be able to
transfer from one machine (computer) to another.
6. DOCUMENTATIONABILITY: It must be easy to document or keep for
future use or further program
7. USABILITY: It must be useful for its purpose.
8. FRIENDLINESS: It must be user-friendly.
9. INTERACTIVITY: It must be interactive for user.
10. SIMPLICITY: It must enable the programmer to state a
computational solution to specific problem in a notation which is both
formal and human intelligible.
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STEPS INVOLVE IN WRITING PROGRAM (PROGRAMMING)
There are 5 basic steps to good programming:
1. Identification and understanding the problem.

2. Development of an algorithm
3. Coding
4. Compilation, debugging and test-running.
5. Documentation.
 IDENTIFICATION AND UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM: The problem

to be solved has to be defined, clearly stated and known in advance. This
involved a total analysis of the problem at hand.
 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALGORITHM: Once the problem has been well
established, there is need to find a solution to the problem by designing
the logic of the program using different design tools, ( flowcharts, pseudo
code, data flow diagram).
 CODING:-This involves the process of programming by writing codes for
the designed algorithm or procedures i.e. transcribing the method defined
into a computer executable instruction using suitable programming
language.
 COMPILATION, DEBUGGING, AND TEST-RUNNING: This involves the
process of key-in the source code into the computer using appropriate
text-editor or IDE(Integrated Development Environment) of the selected
language, converting the source code into computer-understandable
code, during which there may be errors (syntax error)found in the
program, which requires correction by fixing out the error and change it
to the correct syntax for the program to perfectly execute, finally, using
various values to test the correctness of the program as it is being
executed.
 DOCUMENTATION:- There is need for keeping record of all the detail
description of every method/procedure used in solving the program, as well as
explanation on how the program function and uses. Consequently, good
documentation gives room for continuity and maintainability.
BUGS AND DEBUGGING
“BUGS” means errors found in programming while Debugging refer to the

terminology used to describe the act of removing or correcting of the errors
found in program so that the program will be error-free and perfectly executed.
Two types of BUG/Errors found in program:
 Syntax error
 Semantic error
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1. SYNTAX ERROR
This is an error caused due to violating the syntax rule of the language.
This error can be identified by the translator (computer or interpreter),
which halt the execution of the program.
2. SEMANTIC ERROR
This is error due to semantic rule of a language, this error cannot be

identified by the translator (compiler) as this does not halt the execution of
the program but makes the program produces unexpected result and can
only be diagnosed by the programmer. This is known as LOGICAL ERROR.
BASIC STEPS OF DEBUGGING
i. Recognise that a bug exists.

ii. Isolate the source of the bug.
iii. Identify the cause of the bug.
iv. Determine a fix for the bug.
v. Apply the fix and test it.
ALGORITHM DESIGN
WHAT IS AN ALGORITHM?
An algorithm is a finite set of well-defined step-by-step methods, procedures

or rules for solving any given problem. A good algorithm must have the
following properties:
1. It must be correct
2. It must be definite
3. It must terminate i.e. it must have a good beginning and a specific
end.
4. At the end of every step the next step must be well defined.
5. It must contain no ambiguity i.e. every step must be clearly stated.
6. It must be composed of finite numbers of steps.
COMPONENTS OF ALGORITHM
There are three components of algorithm:
I. SEQUENCE
II. SELECTION and,
III. ITERATION
 SEQUENCE: This involves specification of steps of statements or
methods in a specific order i.e. every step of methods is written in
order they will be executed.
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 SELECTION: this involves specifying step of methods or instruction by

making decision based on condition that must be satisfied, i.e.
execution of set of instruction will be based on making some
choices/a choice from various options available.
 ITERATION: This means repetition or looping, which refers to repeating
the flow of execution of set of statement for a specific number of times
or based on specific condition.
TWO WAYS OF DESIGNING ON ALGORITHM
I. PSEUDOCODE
II. FLOWCHART
 PSEUDOCODE: This is an English-like representation of an algorithm.
Pseudocode cannot actually run on computer because it is not an
actual computer programming language, rather it merely provide a
convenient method that will assist programmer to “think out” a
program before attempting to write it in a particular programming
language.
EXAMPLES:
1. Develop an algorithm (pseudocode) to find the sum of two numbers.
Step 1: enter the first number, say A
Step2: enter the second number, say B
Step 3: calculate the sum of the two numbers, i.e. C = A + B
Step 4: display the result i.e. print C
Step 5: exit.
2. Write an algorithm to find the area of a circle
Area = 𝜋r2
Step 1: Set pie= 3.142
Step 2: Read in value for radius i.e. Read r
Step 3: Compute Area = pie *r *r
Step 4: Display Area
Step 5: Stop
3. Write a Algorithm to find the Area of a triangle
A=1/2bh
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Step 1: Obtain value for base i.e. b

Step2: Obtain value for height i.e. h
Step 3: Multiply base, height, and half i.e. Set A=1/2*b*h
Step 4: Print A
Step 5: Stop
4. Design an Algorithm (pseudocode) to find the larger of 2 numbers

Step 1: Read A, B
Step 2: Is A>B? If yes go to step 3, otherwise go to step 4
Step 3: Print A
Step 4: Print B
Step 5: Exit.
5. Design an Algorithm (pseudocode) that generates all integers between 1 and

100, and compute their sum.
Step 1: [Initialize counter and sum] set count=1, set sum =0

Step 2: Repeat step 3 to step 5 while count <=100
Step 3: Set sum = sum + count [Accumulate sum]
Step 4: [Display count] print: Count
Step 5: [Increment counter] set count = count + 1
[End of Step 2 (while) loop]
Step 6: Print sum [Display value of sum]
Step 7: Stop
 FLOWCHART: This is a graphical, pictorial or diagrammatical

representation of an algorithm. It is equally used to develop the logic
of a program. Also, It illustrates to sequential order of the steps that
must be taken by the computer in processing input data to produce
meaningful results. There are some rules guiding the way flowchart is
drawn. This rules include the following:
1. Standard flowchart symbols must be used.
2. Symbol templates must be used and not freehand drawings
3. Avoid cross of flow lines.
4. It should not be cramped.
5. Adopting a consistent direction of flow of instruction and boxes except
when there is need to loop
6. A label containing explanatory notes should be appended.
There are 2 major types of standard flowcharts, these are:
I. Systems flowchart
II. Program flowchart
Symbols used in flowcharting involve:

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1. START/STOP SYMBOL: use to denote the beginning and ending of a

flowchart.
2. INPUT/OUTPUT SYMBOL: use to denote making data available for

processing (input) and producing the data (output).
3. PROCESSING/COMPUTATION SYMBOL: Use to denote the execution

of an operation or event
4. DECISION SYMBOL: Use to indicate the point at which the decision

or selection are made.
5. CONNECTION SYMBOL: Use to denote continuation/connection of a

part of the chart to another part of the chart and can be used to
mark entry and exit point in a flowchart either on the same page or
another page.
6. ARROW SYMBOL: Used to denote the direction of flow
7. INITIALIZATION SYMBOL: Optionally used to denote the parameters

initialization
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EXAMPLES:
1. Develop an algorithm(flowchart)to find the sum of two numbers
START
ENTER a,b
C=a+b
Print c
STOP
2. Design a flowchart to find the area of a circle A = 𝝅𝒓2
Start
Pie= 3.142
Read r
A = pie*r^2
Print A
stop
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3. Design a flowchart to find the area of triangle (A=1/2bh)

Start
Input b, h
A=1/2*b*h
Print A
Stop
4. Design a flowchart to find the larger of two numbers
Start
Read A, B
No
Is A > B?
Yes
Print B
Print A
Stop
5. Design a flowchart to generate all positive integers between 1 to 100 and

compute their sum
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Start
Count = 1, Sum =
0
No
Is count
<= 100?
Yes
Print Sum Print Count
Sum = sum + count
Count = count + 1
Stop
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PROGRAMMING WITH BASIC
 WHAT IS BASIC?
BASIC stands for Beginner All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code; BASIC was
regarded as a programming language which was developed in 1964 at Dortmouth
College, USA by professors John Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz in order to teach
beginner the construction of programming theory. It is used to solve problems
covering a wide range of applications on many different type of digital computer.
Also used for users who are not well-trained programmers.
BASIC is considered as “Beginner’s” language for the following reasons:
 It is easy to understand and quick to learn.

 It is relatively easy to code
 It is suitable for most application.
 It is made up of simple grammar and relatively low number of
statements.
 It is the most commonly used programming language for mini and micro
computers because of its small interpreter.
 It provides direct instruction between the user and the computer.
Version of BASIC language: Microsoft BASIC, Burmese BASIC, Extended

BASIC, Cassette BASIC, MFBASIC, Small BASIC, GW-BASIC, Q-BASIC, etc.
they all features in common but the systematic difference between them are
associated with hardware on which they are designed to be used.
 IS BASIC, A HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE?
BASIC is known as high-level language since it consists of statement written

in English-like words and mathematical notation, BASIC interpreter provided
by DOS include GW-BASIC, BASICA and QBASIC (Quick BASIC).
 BASIC CHARACTER SET
Character means letters, digit, and symbols. The collection of characters

recognised by BASIC programming language is referred to as BASIC
CHARACTER SET. The following are BASIC character sets:
I.
Numbers/digits (0-9)
II.
Alphabets/letters (A-Z, a-z)
III.
Decimal point (.)
IV.Blank character
V.Grouping characters e.g. colon, semi-colon, comma, single and double
quotes/apostrophe, and parenthesis.
VI. Arithmetic operators e.g.=,+,*,-,/,^,\
VII. Comparison operators e.g. =,<,>,<=,>=,<>
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VIII. Underscore (_)
 BASIC DATA TYPES
Data types refer to the type of value that a particular data represent. Data in
BASIC can be classified into two types:
 Numeric types and,

 Character string.
1. NUMERICAL TYPES: These are subdivided into:
a. INTEGER NUMBER: Contain neither decimal point nor exponent i.e.
only whole numbers e.g.100, +457,-32 etc.
b. REAL NUMBERS: Can contain either decimal point or exponent or
both together with whole numbers e.g. 12.45,-18.27, +15.47e-8 etc.
c. NUMERICAL CONSTANT: are static value(s) that BASIC interpreter
uses during program execution, which may either be positive or
negative numbers.
There are 5 different types of numeric constant:
 INTEGER CONSTANT: they are either positive or negative whole

numbers e.g.-12,+45
 FIXED POINT CONSTANT: Are either positive/negative decimal
numbers or fractional numbers e.g. -40.7,54.5 etc.
 FLOATING-POINT CONSTANTS: are either positive/negative
exponential figures e.g. 26.17E,-47.5E etc.
 HEXADECIMAL CONSTANT: are base 16 numbers, which must
have the prefix & and H(&H)e.g. &H0A5, &HC47, &HB4 etc.
 OCTAL CONSTANTS: are base8 numbers, which must have the
prefix &0 or & e.g. &0745, &213, &6, etc.
2. CHARACTER STRINGS: This is also known as STRING CONSTANT, which is

sequence of not more than 255 alphanumeric character (letters, digits,
symbols and blank spaces) enclosed between identical inverted commas or a
pair of identical quote/apostrophe-“........”. e.g. “THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE”, “x+y”.
 IDENTIFIERS, VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS

 What is an identifier?
Identifier means a name given to program entities/elements, such as variables,

constants, function, procedure, reserved words, etc. which made up of alphabets,
digits and/or underscore, that must start with a letter/alphabet.
 What is a variable?
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A variable is name given to data-items with changing values. A variable can be

referred to as identifier that represents quantity/data-item capable of accepting
different values throughout the course of program execution. On the other hands,
a variable can represent a memory location storing non-static values.
 What is a constant?
A constant is name given to data-items with static values. A constant can be a

quantity/ data-item capable of accepting fixed values throughout the program
execution.
 Rules guiding variables formation

I. It may comprise alphabets, digits, and underscore but must begin with a
letter
II. It must not be more than 40 character in length
III. It must not be spacious, i.e. no blank space
IV. It must not contain any special character except underscore
V. It must be BASIC reserved words.
THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLE OF GOOD VARIABLES
1. Length
2. Breadth
3. A102
4. Sum2
5. Volume_Of_Sphere
THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLE OF BAD VARIABLES
1. Circle-4 --- Invalid because it contain special character “-“

2. 521E --- Invalid because it starts with digit.
3. Area of a circle --- Invalid because it contain blank spaces
4. Sum. --- Invalid because it contain special character “.”
5. END --- invalid because it is BASIC reserved words.
A VARIABLE ENDING WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTER IMPLIES A TYPE

DECLARATION:
$  STRING VARIABLE e.g. name$, matriculation number$, sex$
%  INTEGER NUMBER e.g. count%, sum%, A%
!  SINGLE PRECISION (4 bytes) e.g. volume!, length!,
#  DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes) e.g. Area#, Total#
20
BASIC OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS
OPERATOR MEANING ALGEBRAIC BASIC

EXPRESSION EXPRESSION
+ Addition a+b a+b
- Subtraction a-b a-b
* Multiplication a*b a*b
/ Division a/b a/b
\ Integer division a/b a\b
^ Exponentiation Ab A^b
= Assignment A = b+c A = b+c
THE BASIC HIERACHY OF OPERATOR PRECEDENCE IS:
1. All exponentiation “^” first followed by

2. All multiplication “*” and/or division ”/” from left to right.
3. Then, all addition “+” and/or subtraction “-” evaluate from left to right.
NOTE: Expression within parenthesis, function are evaluated first before any other
operation is carried out.
EXAMPLES
1. Write the BASIC statement or expression for the following:

a) xy+z
b) 4y/27-5c/x
c) –b+√ (b2-4ac)
d) S=ut+1/2at2
SOLUTION: BASIC EXPRESSION
a. Xy+z - x * y + z
b. 4y/27-5c/x - 4 * y / 27 – 5 * c / x
c. –b+√ (b2-4ac) - -b + (b ^ 2 – 4 * a * c) ^ 0.5
d. S=ut+1/2at2 - s = u * t – 1 / 2 * a * t ^ 2
2. Evaluate the following expression given that x=2, y=3, z=5, b=10, a=4, c=4
a. Xy+z
b. 4y/3-5c/x
c. –b+√ (b2-4ac)
SOLUTION: BY USING BASIC HEIRACHY OF OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
a. Xy+z - x * y + z = 2 * 3 + 5 = 6 + 5 = 11
b. 4y/3-5c/x -4 * y / 3 – 5 * c / x = 4 * 3 / 3 – 5 * 4 / 2 = 4 – 10 = -6
c. –b+√ (b2-4ac) - -b + (b ^ 2 – 4 * a * c) ^ 0.5 = -10 + (10 ^ 2 – 4 * 4 * 4) ^
0.5 = -10 + (100 -64) ^ 0.5 = -4
21
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
The following relational operators are used in testing a relation between two
entities
OPERATORS MEANING EXAMPLES

< Less than A<B
> Greater than A>B
= Equal to A=B
<= Less than or equal to A<=B
>= Greater than or equal to A>=B
<> Not equal to A<>B
LOGICAL OPERATOR
These are based on conditional statements which are either true or false. We have
the following logical operators:
-AND  logical AND indicate that logical expression X AND Y, is true (T) if and
only if X is true and Y is true
-OR (inclusive OR)  indicate that logical expression X OR Y is true (T), if either X
is true OR Y is true or both
-XOR (exclusive OR) indicate that logical expression X XOR Y is true if either X
is true or Y is true, but not both
-NOT (logical operator NOT) indicates the negation or the reverse of a truth
value, i.e. NOT Y is true if Y is false, and false is Y is true.
SYSTEM BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
These are system pre-coded routine, which are normally built as part of the
language interpreter/compiler available in its library: common built in functions
that are for solving mathematical problems are as follows:
 SQR (x): computes the non-negative square roots of X.

 ABS (x): computes the absolute value (non-negative) of X
 RND (x): generates a random number of X
 SIN (x): computes the sine of X where X is expressed in radian.
 COS (x): computes the cosine of X where x is expressed in radian.
 TAN (x): computes the tangent of X where X is expressed in radian.
 ATN (x): compute the arc tangent of X
 LOG (x): computes the natural logarithm of x
 EXP(x): computes the exponent of X
 INT(x): returns the integer part of X
22
 SPC (x): returns the number of blank spaces

 TAB(x): returns output item to be displayed X + h column of all printing
section of the output screen
BUILT-IN STRING FUNCTION
 LEN (TEXT): return the length of string Text in terms of the number of
data has the string. for example: LET A$= “God Morning”
PRINT LEN (A$)
The two statements above will generate 12 as the output.
 LEFT (TEXT, SIZE): use to get the out string of the leftmost number of
the character of a string argument: for example:
LET A$= “Good Morning”
PRINT LEFT$ (A$, s4)
These output will be ‘’good’’
 RIGHT$(text, size): use to get the substring of the rightmost number of

character of the string argument. For example:
LET A$= “Good afternoon”
PRINT RIGHT $ (A$, 4)
The output is “noon”
 MID $(Text, Starting Pont): returns a substring at the nth position

(starting point) of a string text to the end (last character) of the string.
For example:
LET A$= ‘’Good Morning’’
PRINT MID $ (A$, 6)
The output is: “morning”
 VAL: The val function returns the numerical value of string of digit.
For example:
IF B$=”576”, then VAL (B$)= 576
 STR$: This returns string constant of numeric digit. For example: IF

A=3.142, then STR$(A)=”3.142”
23
 CHR$= This returns character equivalent to the ASCII value for

example: PRINT CHR$(65)
This will produce A as output.
 ASC: This return the equivalent ASCII value of any given character for
example:
PRINT ASC (‘’A’’)
This produces 65 as the output.
BASIC STATEMENTS
 REM Statements: this is the statement use in BASIC to specify or indicate

comment or to give remark. Commenting in program allows the programmer
to describe the detailed description of operation involved in the program or
to give explanation about the program.
Syntax: nn REM Text/string/expression
Where nn – (optional) line number
Examples:
I. 10 REM program to compute area of circle.

II. REM “Welcome to BASIC environment”
NB: REM statement can come anywhere in the program; beside an apostrophe ‘
can be used in place of REM statement as in: 20 ‘ Program to display circle area.
 INPUT Statements: This statement is used to specify input in BASIC

program. Input statement is used to allow input data value to be read / fed
in at the point of execution of the program and placed into the specified
variables written in front of the input statement.
Syntax: nn INPUT prompt;/, variable list separated by comma or
Nn INPUT variable list separated by comma.
Examples:
I. 10 INPUT “enter value for A:”; A

II. 20 INPUT “enter value for radius:”, R
III. INPUT length, breadth, height.
IV. 15 INPUT “enter number of entries in the array:”; N
24
 LET Statement: this is used to perform computational of expression,

copying the content of a variable to another, assign value to a
variable/constant, or to set initial value for a variable. It may also refer to
as ASSIGNMENT Statement, since the chief operator involved is the
assignment operator “=”.
Syntax: nn LET identifier= expression/values/variables or
Nn Identifier= expression/values/variable
Examples:
I. 5 LET area = length*breadth

II. 10 LET pie = 3.142
III. 15 LET c = A
IV. Volume= 4/3*pie*r^3
 PRINT Statement: This is to display output data items on the screen of the
monitor/VDU at the point of execution of the written program.
Syntax: nn PRINT string/values/variables/expression
Examples:
I. 05 PRINT “welcome to CSC 102 class”

II. 10 PRINT “sum of two numbers=”, sum
III. PRINT “product of two number=”; A*B
IV. PRINT Volume, area, height
V. 20 PRINT 54; “*”;7;”=”; 54*7
 END Statements: this statement mark the terminating point for the
program. No executable statements should follow this statement since
execution of the main program ends at this statement.
Syntax: nn END
Examples:
I. 100 END
II. END
 STOP Statement: this is use to indicate pause/halt in the execution of the

program. Executable statement can come after this statement as this marks
the temporary termination of the program
Syntax: nn STOP
25
Examples:
I. 20 STOP
II. STOP
 PRINT USING Statement: allows printed output to be formatted thus

specifying the appearance and location of each data items
Syntax: nn PRINT USING format string; data items/expression
Examples:
I. 100 PRINT USING “#,###.##”; amount

With the above PRINT USING statement, assuming value placed in the
amount is 25421.7421, then the output to be statement will be
25,421,74
 PRINT TAB Statement: allows the programmer to have a greater control

over the display of the output data-items by providing opportunity for the
data items to be placed on a specified column through which a table of
output can be easily generated.
Syntax: nn PRINT data-item; TAB (m); data-item2
Where nn= line number, m= column number
Examples:
I. 10 PRINT “ITEM”; TAB(20); “PRICE”

II. 20 PRINT “BOURNVITA”; TAB(20); “#600.00”
III. 30 PRINT “GOLDEN MORN”; TAB(20); “#450.00”
Execution of the above 3 PRINT TAB statement will yield;
 BOURNVITA #600.00
 GOLDEN MORN #450.00
 READ and DATA Statement: These two statements are used in pair to
allow input data items to be used in program. Unlike INPUT statement,
READ and DATA statement not only allow specification of variable-list or
data-item with READ but also gives room for the provision of the
corresponding data values for each of the specified variables indicated by
READ using the DATA statement written to form part of the source code.
Syntax: nn READ variable-list separated by comma
26
nn DATA data-value-list separated by comma
Example:
I. 10 READ A,B,C,D
30 DATA 20,15, 7, 24.5
BASIC SAMPLE CODES
1. Write a BASIC program to display welcome message
SOLUTION
10 REM program to display a welcome message
20 PRINT “welcome to CSC 102 Tutorial class”
30 END
2. Design a BASIC program to compute Area of a circle
SOLUTION
5 REM program to compute area of a circle
10 LET pie = 3.142
20 LET Area = pie*r^2
25 PRINT “area of a circle=”; Area
30 END
3. Write a BASIC program to evaluate the following :

a. V= 4/3 𝜋𝑟3
b. A= ½(a+b)h
c. Area= 𝜃/360𝜋𝑟2
d. Perimeter= 2(L+b)
SOLUTION:
a. 10 REM program to compute the volume of sphere
20 LET PIE = 3.142
30 INPUT R
40 LET V = 4 / 3 * PIE * R ^ 3
27
50 PRINT V
60 END
b. REM program to compute the area of trapezium
INPUT “Enter value for a,b,h”; a, b, h
LET A = 1 / 2 * (a + b) * h
PRINT “Area of trapezium=”; A
END
c. REM program to solve the area of a sector
LET PIE = 3.142
INPUT “obtain value for value r:”; r
LET Area = tita / 360 * PIE * r ^ 2
PRINT “area of sector=”; Area
END
d. REM program to compute the perimeter of a rectangle

INPUT “enter value for length:”; L
INPUT “enter value for breadth:”; b
LET perimeter = 2 * (L + B)
PRINT “perimeter of a rectangle is”; perimeter
END
e. REM program to accept a student name and matric number
INPUT “what is your name?”; Name$
INPUT “what is your matric number” MatricNO$
PRINT: PRINT ‘’student’s name is:”; Name$
PRINT “Your matric number is:”; MatricNo$
END
PROGRAM BRANCHING AND LOOPING
All the program we considered so far are sequential in nature, however, it is

the ability of the computer to ,make a logical decision and then carry out an
appropriate set of orders, based on the outcome of those decision.
The branching control structure allows the programmer to select a set of

instructions for execution from group of instructions. Basically, there are two
types of branching viz:
28
I. Unconditional branching: this involves the transfer of control flow or

jump to a specific part of the program each time, an unconditional
branching statement is encountered in the course of executing the
program.
II. Conditional branching: this involve the performing an appropriate set of
logical operation based on the outcome of the tested logical condition or
expression specified by the designated conditional branching statement
NB: branching may also be called SELECTION.
BASIC BRANCHING STATEMENT
1. IF-THEN Statement: this is a one way branching statement that allows

the execution of a set of instructions, if and only if the prevailing
condition are evaluated to be true.
Syntax: IF (logical expression) THEN
Statements
END IF
NB: logical expression is a Boolean expression containing logical

condition required to be evaluated to be true or false
Examples: IF (A > B) THEN
PRINT “A is greater”
END IF
NB: from the example above, the statement PRINT “A is greater” will be
executed only if value of A is greater than B and nothing happens
otherwise.
2. IF---THEN---ELSE Statement: this is a two way branching statement

that allow execution of a set instructions based on either the prevailing
condition is evaluated to be true or false.
Syntax: IF (logical expression) THEN
Statement A
ELSE
Statements B
END IF
29
Example: IF (A > B) THEN
PRINT “A is greater“
ELSE
PRINT “B is greater”
END IF
NB: from the expression above, the statement PRINT”A is greater” will be
executed only if value A is greater than B, but if A is not greater than B,
this cause the statement PRINT “B greater than A” to be executed.
3. IF---THEN---ELSEIF Statement: this is a multi way branching statement

that allows execution of a set of instructions based on the result of
evaluation of some tested prevailing conditions.
Syntax: IF (logical expression 1)THEN
Statement 1
ELSEIF (logical expression 2)THEN
Statement 2
ELSE IF( logical statement N) THEN
Statements N
ELSE
Statement N+1
END IF
Example: assuming we are given a table of score grade for CSC 102 as
represented below:
SCORE GRADE POINT
70-100 A 5
60-69 B 4
50-59 C 3
45-49 D 2
30
40-44 E 1
BELOW 40 F 0
And we are about to design a BASIC program to generate the Grade and
Print for a student.
REM PROGRAM to test for score and generate grade, point for a
student
INPUT “enter the student score in CSC 102”; score
IF (score >=70 AND score <=100) THEN
LET GRADE$=”A”: LET POINT = 5
ELSE IF (score>=60 AND score <=69) THEN
LET GRADE$= “B”: LET POINT = 4
ELSE IF(score>=50 AND score<=59) THEN
LET GRADE$= “C”: LET POINT= 3
ELSE IF (score>=45 AND score <=49) THEN
LET GRADE$= “D”: LET POINT=2
ELSE IF(score>=40 AND score<=44) THEN
LET GRADE$= “E”: LET POINT= 1
ELSE
LET GRADE$= “F”
LET POINT= 0
END IF
PRINT “GRADE is:”; GRADE$
PRINT “POINT is:”; POINT
END
NB: this program above will allow any value between 0 and 100 to be read and
placed in variable score, test the value of score against the values specified in each
condition if the IF—THEN—ELSEIF statement, then once any of the condition
31
evaluated to be true then the statement within that block IF will be executed
immediately; i.e. assuming we are given that score = 53, this will allow the
program to generate as output:
Grade is: C
Point is: 3
Since the condition: “score>=50 AND score<=59” will be the only one to
evaluate to be true as the given score (53) lies between 50 and 59.
4. IF-Statement: This is a logical IF statement, which allows an imperative

statement that follows it to be executed strictly if and only if the tested
condition is evaluated to be true. Thais IF statement has no ELSE nor
END IF statement.
Syntax: IF (logical expression) THEN imperative statement
Example:
INPUT: “enter any integer”; I
IF (I MOD 2 = 0) THEN PRINT I; “ is an even number”
END
NB: The above program will allow value to read into I, the value of I will be use
to divide by 2, then the integer remainder resulting from this division
process will be tested against zero, once there is a match then the input will
be: “I is an EVEN number”.
MOD: Integer Remainder Operator used to perform division and return any
whole number indicating the number i.e.
I MOD 2= I - (I \ 2) * 2
IF I = 15, then
15 MOD 2= 15 - (15 \ 2) * 2 = 5 – 7 * 2 = 15 – 14 = 1
Therefore 15 MOD 2 = 1
5. GOTO Statement: this is an unconditional branching statement that

allows the control flow of the program to be transferred or jumped to a
specified label or line number in the program.
Syntax: nn GOTO label/line number
32
Example: 30 GOTO 70
70 END
NB: you should try to avoid unnecessary use of this statement has this can
cause indefinite/infinite execution of the program without end (i.e. endless
program execution): which in turn result into damage/harm the processor
and the memory of the system.
6. SELECT-CASE Statement: this is another form of multi-way branching

statement that allows execution of a set of instruction only if there is a
match after testing the value of an expression specify by the SELECT
CASE clause against the value indicated by any of the CASE clause.
Syntax: SELECT CASE (expression)
CASE VALUE 1
Statements1
CASE Value 2
Statement 2
CASE Value n
Statement n
CASE ELSE
Statement n+1
END SELECT
Example: write a BASIC program using SELECT CASE Statement to examine

the value of a numeric variable called TEMP and display one of the following
message; depending on the value assign to TEMP:
 “HOT” if TEMP has the value 1.

 “WARM” if TEMP has the value 2.
 “COLD” if TEMP has the value 3.
 “VERY COLD” if TEMP has the value 4.
 “OUT OF RANGE” if TEMP has any other value.
REM program to demonstrate the operation of SELECT CASE
PRINT “enter the value between 1 and 4”
33
INPUT TEMP
SELECT CASE (TEMP)
CASE 1
PRINT “HOT”
CASE 2
PRINT “WARM”
CASE 3
PRINT “COLD”
CASE 4
PRINT “OUT OF RANGE”
END SELECT
END
BASIC LOOPING STATEMENT
LOOPING: refers to Iteration or repetition. Looping statement allow the

execution of a set of instructions for a specified number of times, or one or more
time until/while a particular condition is met. Basically, there are two types of
Looping:
 Counter control looping: this is involved of a portion of program

repeatedly, for a specified/definite numbers of times.
 Sentinel- Control looping: this involves execution of portion of program
one or more time until/while a particular condition is satisfied.
The following are BASIC looping statement:
1. FOR—NEXT Statement: this is most common and easiest counter-

control looping statement that allows definite number of the execution of
some portion of a program.
Syntax: FOR counter variable= initial value TO final value STEP

increment or decrement
Statement
NEXT counter variable
34
NB: for the execution to occur within the body of the FOR-NEXT loop, the initial
value must be less than or equal to final value (i.e. initial value <= final
value), with a STEP of increment value (i.e. positive whole number), Also,
when the initial value greater than the final value (i.e. initial value > final
value), there must be decrement (i.e. negative whole number) specified for
the STEP.
Besides, if there is no value specify for the STEP, the computer will
assume a default of value one or 1 for the STEP as an increment for the
execution to occur.
The number of execution for every FOR-NEXT statement is given below:
Number of execution = (final value - initial value + STEP)/STEP
Examples:
i. write a BASIC to generate every integer between 1 and 100 inclusively
REM program generate every positive integer
FOR I = 1 TO 100
PRINT I
NEXT I
END
ii. write a BASIC program to generate odd numbers and compute their sum
between 1 and 1000
REM program to generate odd integer and compute sum
LET SUM = 0
FOR I = 1 TO 1000 STEP 2
PRINT I
LET SUM = SUM + I
NEXT I
PRINT SUM
END
35
2. WHILE-WEND Statement: this is sentinel control looping statement that

allow execution of portion of program one or more times while a
particular condition is satisfied
Syntax: WHILE
Statements
WEND
Example:
REM program to print even numbers and compute their sum

‘between 1 and 100
LET SUM = 0
LET I = 2
WHILE (I <= 100)
PRINT I
LET SUM = SUM + I
LET I = I + 2
WEND
PRINT SUM
END
3. DO WHILE/UNTIL Statement: this is similar to WHILE-WEND

Statement.
Syntax: DO WHILE/UNTIL (condition)
Statements
LOOP
NB: condition is tested before the execution of the statement in the body
of this loop. Also, execution may not take place if the condition is not
satisfied.
Examples:
I. REM program to generate odd number and their products.
36
LET PRODUCT = 1
LET I= 1
DO WHILE (I <= 100)
PRINT I
LET PRODUCT = PRODUCT * I
LET I = I + 2
LOOP
PRINT PRODUCT
END
II. REM program to compute product of even number and

‘generate even numbers.
LET PRODUCT = 1
LET I = 2
DO UNTIL (I > 100)
PRINT I
LET I = I + 2
LOOP
PRINT “PRODUCT OF EVEN=”; PRODUCT
END
4. DO...LOOP WHILE/UNTIL Statement: this is another similar sentinel

control looping statement.
Syntax: DO
Statements
LOOP WHILE/UNTIL (condition)
NB: condition is tested after the execution of the statements that form
the body of the loop. Also, execution of statement will take place at least
once.
Examples:
I. REM program to generate odd numbers and products
37
LET PRODUCT = 1
LET I = 1
DO
PRINT I
LET I = I + 2
LOOP WHILE (I < 100)
PRINT “PRODUCT OF ODD NUMBER=”; PRODUCT
END
II. REM program to compute products of even & generate

even number
LET PRODUCT = 1
LET I = 2
DO
PRINT I
LET I = I + 2
LOOP UNTIL (I > 100)
PRINT “product of even numbers=”; PRODUCT
END
ARRAY
An array is a vector variable that holds a set of values at a time. Arrays can
be referred to as a collection of elements/data items of the same type recognised,
and identified by a name. Besides, an array can also be viewed as a table
containing a set of elements grouped into rows and columns.
Basically, there are two types of array:
38
1. Linear array or one dimensional array: this can be in form of a row-vector

that may contain n-rows and 1 column or a column vector that may
contain 1 row and n-column.
e.g.
2 4 5 7 6 21
Table 1: A column-vector with one row and 6 columns
15
-1
50
74
Table 2: A row vector with 7 rows and 1 column
2. Multi-dimensional Array: this type of array has more than one

dimensional, which may contain n-rows and m-columns of elements. The
least kind of multi-dimensional array is two-dimensional array which
inform of a matrix that is a rectangular table.
e.g.
2 4 54 32 667 331
13 -33 44 21 44 53
45 12 -509 304 423 45
Table 3: 2-dimensional array with 3 rows and 6 columns
The element in an array is refer to by the array name , with the subscript
or index position of this element enclosed in parenthesis for example:
given a table of numbers as follows:
2 4 7 3 20
39
TABLE A
To refer to the 2nd and 4th elements in the table above we say:
A(2) 2nd element in the table A i.e. 4
A(4) 4th element in the table A i.e. 3
i.e. Array name (index/subscript)  A (2), A(4)
DIM STATEMENT: this is a statement use in BASIC to declare an array by telling

the BASIC interpreter that a particular variable is array with a size or length
specified in the declaration so as to allow the computer to prepare enough memory
location that will be able to contain all the element of this particular array at all
time.
Syntax: nn DIM Array name (size)  for linear array
Nn DIM array name (row-length, column-length) for 2 dimensional

array
Example:
DIM A(5) ‘declares array A of 5 elements
DIM A(4,2) ‘declares array L of 4 rows and 2 columns
1. Write a BASIC program that compute the sum and average (mean) of N
numbers
(HINT: 1≤ N ≤ 500)
REM the program to compute the sum and average (mean) of N

numbers
DIM X(500)
INPUT “enter value for N”; N
IF (1 <= N AND N <= 500) THEN
LET SUM = 0
PRINT “read in all elements in array X”
FOR I = I TO N
40
INPUT X (I)
LET SUM = SUM + X(I)
NEXT I
LET AVG = SUM / N
PRINT “SUM=”; SUM
PRINT “Average (mean) of numbers is”; AVG
ELSE
PRINT “Invalid Digit!”
END IF
END
2. Write a BASIC program to evaluate the sum of 2 n x n matrices.
REM program to compute the sum of two 3 x 3 matrices
DIM A(3,3), B(3,3), C(3,3)
PRINT “read in elements in matrices A and B”
FOR I = 1 TO 3
FOR J = 1 TO 3
INPUT A(I,J), B(I,J)
NEXT J
NEXT I
‘to evaluate the sum of two matrices
FOR I = 1 TO 3
FOR J= 1 TO 3
C(I,J) = A(I,J) + B(I,J)
NEXT J
NEXT I
‘ to print the result

41
FOR I = 1 TO 3
FOR J = 1 TO 3
PRINT C(I,J)
NEXT J
NEXT I
END
42
INTRODUCTION TO MS-DOS OPERATING SYSTEM
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System, it is a single user

operating system that allows only one user to perform task at a time. It is
command-oriented operating system that allows operation to be performed with
the use of commands (instructions).
o MS-DOS COMMANDS
MS-DOS indicates the command line by displaying the command prompt. For
example: C:\> you type command at this prompt to specify the task you want to
perform. For example, type Ver then press the enter key; then MS-DOS version
number would be displayed.
PARTS OF COMMAND
A MS-DOS command has up to 3 parts; which are:
I. THE COMMAND NAME: this specifies the action you want MS-DOS to
carry out. For example: DEL, COPY, CLS
II. PARAMETERS: this defines the object you want MS-DOS to act on. For
example, the Del(Erase) command requires a parameter that is name of
the file you want to delete. i.e. Del CSC102.txt
III. SWITCH: is a forward slash (/) usually followed by a letter o number
o STOP OR CANCELLING COMMAND
If you want to stop MS-DOS from completing a command; press ctrl + break + C.
Your command is cancelled and the command prompt appears.
 DESIGNATING A DISK DRIVE
The current drive appears as the first letter of the command prompt. On most
system if the letter is A or B, one of the floppy disk drive (51/4 or 31/2) is the
current drive.
To change the current drive, type the letter of the drive followed by a colon.
For example,
On C:\> type A: and press enter key.
 TYPES OF COMMAND
1. INTERNAL COMMAND: these are commands loaded into memory, when
you start your system and are placed in a file called COMMAND.COM.
Examples are: Dir, Del, Date, Time and so on.
43
2. EXTERNAL COMMANDS: these are command that are placed in files on a

disk and transferred from disk into memory for use. Examples are:
Chkdsk, format, COPY, XCOPY, etc.
CLS (clear screen): this is use to clear the screen of the MS-DOS, so that it will
only display command prompt and cursor. E.g. type the cls at the command
prompt i.e.
C:\> CLS (type and press enter key)
CD (change directory): to refer to the name of the current directory or switch to a

parent directory or change to a specific directory indicated as the parameter to this
command.
Syntax:
i. CD.. : specifies that you want to change the immediate parent directory of
the current directory or subdirectory.
ii. CD\ : specifies that you want to change the current drive or switch to
command prompt, with no directory i.e. to have a direct access to the
content of the drive but not its content directories.
iii. CD Drive: paths : specifies the drive and directory you wish to switch to.
Examples:
I. C:\USERS\WINDOWS> CD.. (type and press enter key )
This will produce  C:\USERS>
II. C:\USERS\WINDOWS> CD\ (type and press enter key)
This will yield: C:\>
III. C:\USERS\WINDOWS> CD A:\BASIC\QB (type and press enter key)
This will result to: A:\BASIC\QB>
 COPY: use to copy one or more files from one location (drive or directory) to
another
Syntax: COPY source destination
Or COPY drive: pathname1 drive: pathname2
44
 SOURCE: specifies the location and the name of files from which you want
to copy. It may contain drive letter, colon followed by directory name or
filename
i.e. drive: pathname
 DESTINATION: specifies the location and name of files to which you want to
copy. It may consist drive letter, colon, followed by pathname (directory
name or filename or combination)
i.e. drive: pathname
Examples:
I. C:\> COPY C:\*.* C:\All_files (type and press enter key)
This will allow all the files placed directly on drive C to move to a directory
name “All_files” on drive C
II. C:\> COPY C:\*.* A:\All_enteries (type and press the enter key)
This will move all the file placed/stored directly on drive C to a directory called
“All entries” on drive A.
III. C:\> COPY C:\BASIC\sample1.BAS C:\CSC 102 (type and press the enter
key)
This copy a title called ”sample1.BAS”from the directory named “BASIC” on
drive C to a directory called “CSC 102” in drive C
IV. C:\> COPY C:\BASIC\*.BAS C:\CSC102 (type and press the enter key)
This will move all the file with an extension .BAS from a directory called
“BASIC” on drive C to a directory known as “CSC 102” on drive C.
 DIR: use to display a list of all files, directories or subdirectories that are in
the drive or directory specified.
Syntax: DIR or
DIR drive: pathname [/p][/w]
Examples:
I. C:\> DIR (type and press enter key)
This display all file, directories and subdirectories in the drive C. The list
items may include the disk’s volume label, serial number, directory or file
name per line, the file size in bytes, the date and time the file last modified,
45
total number of files; their commutative size, the free space (in byte)
remaining on the disk.
II. C:\> DIR C:\BASIC\*.BAS /W/P (type and press enter key)
This display in wide format a list of only file name of files with extension
“.BAS” in directory “BASIC”, and pause each time the screen fills until you
press enter key to continue.
/P:  causes the directory (Dir) to display only to pause once the screen is
filled.
/W:  to select a wide display and cause DOS to display only filenames with
no other information.
 XCOPY: copies directories, their subdirectories, and files (except hidden and
system files).
Examples:
C:\>XCOPY a: b: /s – copies all the files and subdirectories from disk in

drive A to the disk in drive B.
 DISKCOPY: copies the content of one disk drive to a formatted or

unformatted disk in the target drive
Syntax: DISKCOPY source destination
DISKCOPY drive1: drive2:
Examples: DISKCOPY A: C: (type and press the enter key)
This copy the content of disk drive A and placed it disk drive C
 DEL (ERASE): delete the file you specify.
Syntax: DEL pathname
Examples:
i. C:\> DEL CSC 102.txt- this delete the files called CSC102.txt from
disk on drive C
ii. C:\> DEL C:\test\CSC102.tmp- this deletes files: “CSC102.tmp” from
directory “test “on drive C
 CHKDSK: check the status of a disk and display a status report such as
number of spaces used and free for use, check for error in disk.
46
Example: CHKDSK C:  check the status of the disk drive C.
 EXIT: use to quit the operation of a command interpreter (command.com) of

MS-DOS, returns to the program that started the interpreter, if one exists.
To use it, just type EXIT and press enter key
 FORMAT: specify to prepare or repair the disk for use. The FORMAT
command creates a new root directory and file allocation table for the disk.
It can also check for bad areas on the disk, and also delete all the data on
the disk.
Syntax: FORMAT drive: [/s][/v][/4]
/s copies the OS (generating system)files necessary to boot the computer

into the disk.
/v specifies the volume label to use
/4 this can be up to 11 characters long formats a S ¼ , 360k double

ended side in high capacity disk drive.
Example: C:\> format a:  it format floppy disk in drive A.
 MD(Make Directory): use to create new directory.
Syntax: MD directory Name
Example: C:\> MD CSC102 (type and press enter key)
This will create a directory named “CSC102” on disk drive C
 RD(Remove Directory): use to delete(remove) directory from its container,

before this can be done, all files and sub directories need to be removed.
Syntax: RD Directory Name
Example: C:\> RD CSC102 (type and press enter key)
This will delete (remove) a directory named CSC102 from disk drive C.
 TIME: displays the system time or set your computer internal clock.
Syntax: TIME [Time Format]
Example:
i. Just type TIME at the command prompt as in C:\> TIME, then press
enter key; eventually display the system time.
47
ii. C:\> TIME 04:09 pm (press enter)
This set the time to 04:09 pm
 DATE: to display the system date and set your computer date.
Syntax: DATE (date format)
Example:
i. C:\> DATE (type and press enter key)
This results into the current system date.
ii. C:\> DATE 11/05/2013
This set the current system date to 11/05/2013
48
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING WITH VISUAL BASIC
 ABOUT VISUAL BASIC (VB)
Visual basic provides the tools you need to create windows with familiar elements
like menus, text boxes, command button, option buttons, check boxes, etc.
Microsoft Windows uses a Graphical Users Interface (GUI).
Most traditional languages such as BASIC, C, COBOL, FORTRAN, and

Pascal are considered Procedural language. i.e. the program specifies the exact
sequence of all operations. VB is a newer programming-language, which uses a
different approach: Object Oriented Programming (OOP) and event-driven
programming. Microsoft refers to VB as an event-driven programming language,
which has many (but not all) elements of an object-oriented programming
language such as java.
In the event-driven model, programs are no longer procedural; they do not

follow a sequential logic. You, as the programmer do not take control and
determine the sequence of execution. Instead, the user can press keys and click
on various buttons and boxes in a window. Each user action can cause an event
to occur, while triggers a BASIC procedure that you have written.
 TERMINOLOGIES IN VB
1. DESIGN TIME: this is the time at which VB application is being developed.
2. BREAK TIME: this is the time when there is a pause in the execution of the
VB program.
3. RUN TIME: this is the time at which VB application developed is being
executed and tested.
4. FORM: this is a small windows or dialog representing a user interface on
which control are added in order to develop a VB application.
5. CONTROL: these are element or graphical representation of an object added
to a form in order to create VB application. Examples are: labels, textboxes,
checkboxes, option buttons, combo boxes, command buttons etc.
6. OBJECT: this is the name used to refer combination of form and control
that make up the VB application.
7. PROPERTIES: these refer to attribute or behaviour or appearance of an
object. Examples are: Name, text, caption, back color, font, visible etc. We
can refer to a property of an object in a VB procedure as:
objectname.property= value e.g. text1.text = “welcome!”
8. METHOD: this refers to the action performed on object or action performed
by an object. Examples are: print, resize, show, hide, load, unload etc. we
can refer to a method of an object in a VB code as: Object name. E.g.
picture1.print “welcome to FUTA”
49
9. EVENT: These refer to what happen to an object when a user interacts with
the designed VB application. Examples are: click, load, activate, unload, key
press, mouse down, lost focus etc.
We refer to an event of a particular object by writing:
Objectname_event
e.g. form_load(), text1_keypress (key ASCII as integer)
10. PROJECT: this is a collection of all files (such as forms, designers,

modules, class modules, etc) that make up the developed VB application.
 VERSIONS OF VB
Microsoft Visual BASIC for windows comes in a working model, a learning
edition, a professional edition. Anyone planning to do professional
application development that includes the advanced features of database
management should use the professional edition, enterprise edition, or
express edition with .NET framework facilities.
 THE THREE-STEP PROCESS IN WRITING VB PROJECTS

I. DESIGN THE USER INTERFACE: you create user-interface by drawing
controls on VB forms that will represent the object that user will see and
interact with when running your project.
II. SETTING OF PROPERTIES: when setting properties, you give every controls
including the forms name, and set value to define their properties such as
caption for label, text for textboxes and the likes.
III. WRITING OF CODE: you will have to write a BASIC programming
statements (known as BASIC code) to carry out action needed by your
program.
 THE THREE TYPES OF ERRORS IN VB

I. COMPILE ERRORS: errors due to violating the syntax rules of BASIC
statements.
II. RUN-TIME ERRORS: errors due to statements that cannot execute properly.
III. LOGIC ERRORS: errors resulting into production of erroneous results.
 INTRODUCING VB CONTROLS:
I. TEXT BOXES: we do use a text box control when we want the user to type
some input, to allow user to modify the content of any information or
message, to create a text editor window, and to display an editable report.
Some commonly used properties of text box are: text, name, alignment, font,
50
multi line, maxlength etc. the 3 – letter prefix for naming a textbox is “txt”.
E.g. txtlenght
II. LABEL: we use a label control when we want the user to view some output,
to label; or name other control on form, to display any information whose
content cannot be modified, to generate non-editable report. Some common
properties of label are: caption, name, font, backcolor, alignment etc.
The 3- letter prefix for naming a label is “lbl” e.g lblarea
III. FRAMES: frames are used as containers for other controls. Usually, group o
option buttons or check boxes are placed in frames. Using frames to group
controls make your forms easier to understand. Some common properties
include; caption, name etc. the 3- letter prefix for naming a frame is “fra”.
E.g. fracolor.
IV. CHECKBOXES: check boxes allow the user to select (or deselect) an option.
In any group of checkboxes, any number of them may be selected. The value
properties of a checkbox are set to 0 if unchecked, 1 if checked, 2 if greyed
(disabled).
The 3- letter prefix for naming a checkbox is “chk”. E.g. chkbold.
V. OPTION BUTTONS: use option button when only one button of a group may
be selected. Any option buttons placed directly on the form (not in a frame)
function as group. A group of option buttons inside a frame function
together. The best method is to first create a frame and then create each
opton button inside the frame. The value property of an option button is set
to true if selected or if unselected. The3 –letter prefix for naming an option
button is “opt” e.g. optred.
51
SOLUTION TO CSC102 (PRACTICAL) QUESTIONS
1. CLS
REM PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE FACTORIAL OF N POSITIVE INTEGERS
LET FACT = 1
INPUT “ENTER ANY POSITIVE INTEGER N: ”; N
IF(N < 0) THEN
PRINT “INVALID INPUT! ENSURE YOU ENTER A POSITIVE NUMBER”
ELSE
FOR I = N TO 1 STEP -1
LET FACT = FACT * I
NEXT I
PRINT “FACTORIAL OF ”; N; “=”;FACT
ENDIF
END
2. CLS
REM PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION USING ‘QUADRATIC FORMULAE
INPUT “ENTER VALUE FOR A”; A
INPUT “ENTER VALUE FOR B”; B
INPUT “ENTER VALUE FOR C”; C
LET D = B ^ 2 – (4 * A * C)
IF (D < 0) THEN
PRINT “COMPLEX ROOTS”
ELSEIF(D = 0)THEN
LET X1 = -B /(2 * A)
PRINT “EQUAL ROOTS:”;X1
ELSE
LET X1 = (-B + SQR(B ^ 2 – 4 * A * C))/(2 * A)
LET X1 = (-B - SQR(B ^ 2 – 4 * A * C))/(2 * A)
PRINT “ROOT1 =”; X1; “ROOT2 =”; X2
ENDIF
END
3. CLS
REM PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE SUM OF THE SQUARE OF N NUMBERS
LET SUMSQ = 0
INPUT “ENTER ANY POSITIVE INTEGER N:”; N
FOR I = 1 TO N
LET SUMSQ = SUMSQ + (I ^ 2)
NEXT I
PRINT “THE SUM OF THE SQUARE OF N NUMBERS:”; SUMSQ
END
4. CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE EVEN NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 AND THEIR SUM
LET SUMEVEN = 0
PRINT “EVEN NUMBERS”
PRINT I
LET SUMEVEN = SUMEVEN + I
NEXT I
PRINT “SUM OF EVEN NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 IS”; SUMEVEN
END
5. CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE EVEN NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 AND THEIR PRODUCTS
LET PRDTEVEN = 1
PRINT “EVEN NUMBERS”
52
PRINT I
LET PRDTEVEN = PRDTEVEN * I
NEXT I
PRINT “PRODUCT OF EVEN NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 IS”; PRDTEVEN
END
6. CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE ODD NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 AND THEIR SUM
LET SUMODD = 0
PRINT “ODD NUMBERS”
PRINT I
LET SUMODD = SUMODD + I
NEXT I
PRINT “SUM OF ODD NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 IS”; SUMODD
END
7. CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE ODD NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 AND THEIR PRODUCTS
LET PRDTODD = 1
PRINT “ODD NUMBERS”
PRINT I
LET PRDTODD = PRDTODD * I
NEXT I
PRINT “PRODUCT OF ODD NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 IS”; PRDTODD
END
8. CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE SUM OF ALL EVEN NUMBERS, SUM OF THE SQUARE OF EVEN NUMBERS,
REM AND PRODUCT OF THE SUM OF THE SQUARE AND SUM OF ALL EVEN BETWEEN 1 AND 100
LET SUM = 0
LET SUMSQ = 0
PRINT “EVEN NUMBERS”; “SQUARE OF EVEN NUMBERS”
PRINT I, I ^ 2
LET SUM = SUM + I
LET SUMSQ = SUMSQ + (I ^ 2)
NEXT I
LET PRODUCT = SUM * SUMSQ
PRINT “THE SUM OF ALL EVEN NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 =”; SUM
PRINT “THE SUM OF THE SQUARE OF EVEN NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 =”; SUMSQ
PRINT “THE PRODUCT OF SUMS OF ALL EVEN NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 =”; PRODUCT
END
9. CLS
REM PROGRAM TO CONVERT DOLLARS TO NAIRA IF 1 DOLLAR = 200 NAIRA
INPUT “ENTER THE AMOUNT IN DOLLARS:”; AMT
LET NAMT = AMT * 200
PRINT AMT; “IN DOLLAR IS”; NAMT; “NAIRA”
END
10.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO ACCEPT A STUDENT SURNAME, MIDDLE NAME, AND FIRST NAME, THEN
REM CONCANTENATE(JOIN) THEM INTO A VARIABLE CALLED NAME
INPUT “READ IN YOUR SURNAME”; SURNAME$
INPUT “READ IN YOUR MIDDLE NAME”; MIDDLENAME$
INPUT “READ IN YOUR FIRST NAME”; FIRSTNAME$
53
LET NAME$ = SURNAME$ + “ ” + MIDDLENAME$ + “ ” + FIRSTNAME$

PRINT “YOUR FULL NAME IS ”; NAME$
END
11.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE ALL THE FACTORS OF A GIVEN INTEGER NUMBER
INPUT “ENTER ANY POSITIVE INTEGER NUMBER N:”; N
PRINT “FACTORS OF”; N; “ARE:”
FOR I = 1 TO N
IF(N MOD I = 0) THEN
PRINT I
ENDIF
NEXT I
END
12.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE ALL THE FACTORS OF A GIVEN INTEGER NUMBER AND THEIR SUM
LET SUM = 0
FOR I = 1 TO N
PRINT I
LET SUM = SUM + I
ENDIF
NEXT I
PRINT “THE SUM OF THE FACTORS OF”; N; “=”; SUM
END
13.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE ALL THE FACTORS OF A GIVEN INTEGER NUMBER AND THEIR PRODUCT
LET PRODUCT = 1
FOR I = 1 TO N
PRINT I
ENDIF
NEXT I
PRINT “THE PRODUCT OF THE FACTORS OF”; N; “=”; PRODUCT
END
14.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE ALL THE MULTIPLES OF A GIVEN INTEGER NUMBER BTW 1 AND 100
54
PRINT “MULTIPLES OF”; N; “ARE:”

FOR I = 1 TO 100
IF(I MOD N = 0) THEN
PRINT I
ENDIF
NEXT I
END
15.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE SUM OF MULTIPLE OF A GIVEN INTEGER NUMBER BTW 1 AND 100
LET SUM = 0
FOR I = 1 TO 100
IF(I MOD N = 0) THEN
PRINT I
LET SUM = SUM + I
ENDIF
NEXT I
PRINT “THE SUM OF THE MULTIPLES OF”; N; “=”; SUM
END
16.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE PRODUCT OF MULTIPLE OF A GIVEN INTEGER NUMBER BTW 1 - 100
LET PRODUCT = 1
FOR I = 1 TO 100
IF (I MOD N = 0) THEN
PRINT I
ENDIF
NEXT I
PRINT “THE PRODUCT OF THE MULTIPLES OF”; N; “=”; PRODUCT
END
17.
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE PRIME NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100
PRINT “PRIME NUMBERS ARE:”
FOR I = 2 TO 100
FOR J = 2 TO I-1
IF (I MOD J = 0) THEN 60
NEXT J
PRINT I
60 NEXT I
END
55
18.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE PRIME NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 AND THEIR SUM
LET SUM = 0
FOR I = 2 TO 100
FOR J = 2 TO I-1
NEXT J
PRINT I
LET SUM = SUM + I
60 NEXT I
PRINT “THE SUM OF ALL PRIME NUMBERS BTW 1 AND 100 =”; SUM
END
19.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE PRIME NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 100 AND THEIR PRODUCT
LET PRODUCT = 1
FOR I = 2 TO 100
FOR J = 2 TO I-1
NEXT J
PRINT I
60 NEXT I
PRINT “THE PRODUCT OF ALL PRIME NUMBERS BTW 1 AND 100 =”; PRODUCT
END
20. SOLUTION TO ACTIVITY 4-1(PG. 38) IN THE PRACTICAL MANUAL
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO DETERMINE WHETHER AN INTEGER NUMBER IS A PRIME OR COMPOSITE NUMBER
INPUT “READ IN ANY INTEGER NUMBER N:”; N
IF (N <= 1) THEN
PRINT “NUMBER MUST BE POSITIVE!”
ELSE
FOR J = 2 TO N-1
IF (N MOD J = 0) THEN 70
NEXT J
PRINT N; “IS A PRIME NUMBER”
GOTO 80
ENDIF
70 PRINT N; “IS A COMPOSITE NUMBER”
80 END
21.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO DETERMINE WHETHER A NUMBER IS ODD NUMBER, EVEN NUMBER, OR PRIME NUMBER
56
INPUT “READ IN ANY INTEGER NUMBER N:”; N

IF (N MOD 2 = 0) THEN
PRINT N; “IS AN EVEN NUMBER”
ELSE
PRINT N; “IS AN ODD NUMBER”
ENDIF
IF (N <= 1) THEN
PRINT “NUMBER MUST BE POSITIVE!”
ELSE
FOR J = 2 TO N-1
IF (N MOD J = 0) THEN 70
NEXT J
PRINT N; “IS A PRIME NUMBER”
GOTO 80
ENDIF
70 PRINT N; “IS A COMPOSITE (NOT PRIME) NUMBER”
80 END
22.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO DETERMINE WHETHER A POSITIVE INTEGER NUMBER IS A PERFECT NUMBER
LET SUM = 0
FOR I = 1, N-1
IF (N MOD I = 0) THEN
LET SUM = SUM + I
PRINT “FACTOR =”; I
ENDIF
NEXT I
IF(SUM = N) THEN
PRINT N; “IS A PERFECT NUMBER”
ENDIF
END
23.
REM PROGRAM TO DETERMINE WHETHER A POSITIVE INTEGER NUMBER IS A DEFICIENCY NUMBER
LET SUM = 0
FOR I = 1, N-1
LET SUM = SUM + I
ENDIF
NEXT I
IF (SUM < N) THEN
PRINT N; “IS A DEFICIENCY NUMBER”
ENDIF
END
57
24.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO DETERMINE WHETHER A POSITIVE INTEGER NUMBER IS AN EXCESS/SURPLUS NUMBER
LET SUM = 0
FOR I = 1, N-1
LET SUM = SUM + I
ENDIF
NEXT I
IF (SUM > N) THEN
PRINT N; “IS AN EXCESS NUMBER”
ENDIF
END
25.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE INVERSE/RECIPROCAL OF EVEN NOS BTW 1–30 AND THEIR PRODUCT
LET PRODUCT = 1
PRINT “INVERSE OF”; I; “=”; 1 / I
LET PRODUCT = PRODUCT * (1 / I)
NEXT I
PRINT “PROUCT OF INVERSE =”; PRODUCT
END
26.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO DETERMINE EVEN NUMBERS BTW 1-50 THOSE THAT ARE MULTIPLE OF 3
IF (I MOD 3 = 0) THEN
PRINT I
ENDIF
NEXT I
END
27.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE A FIBONACCI NUMBERS
LET F1 = 1
LET F2 = 1
INPUT “ENTER ANY POSITIVE INTEGER GREATER THAN 2”; N
IF (N < 3) THEN
PRINT F1, F2
ELSE
PRINT F1; F2;
FOR I = 3 TO N
LET FIB = F1 + F2
58
LET F1 = F2
LET F2 = FIB
PRINT FIB;
NEXT I
ENDIF
END
28.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO READ IN A CHARACTER AND DETERMINE WHETHER CHARACTER IS ALPHABET,
REM DIGIT OR SYMBOLIC CHARACTER
INPUT “PRESS IN ANY CHARACTER FROM THE KEYBOARD”; C$
IF ((C$ >= “A” AND C$ <= “Z”) OR (C$ >= “a” AND C$ <= “z”)) THEN
PRINT C$; “IS AN ALPHABET/LETTER”
ELSEIF ((C$ >= “0” AND C$ <= “9”)) THEN
PRINT C$; “IS A DIGIT/NUMBER”
ELSE
PRINT C$; “IS A SYMBOLIC CHARACTER”
ENDIF
END
29.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE SUM AND AVERAGE(MEAN) OF N NUMBERS
DIM X(1000)
LET SUM = 0
INPUT “READ IN ANY POSITIVE INTEGER NUMBER”; N
FOR I = 1 TO N
INPUT X(I)
LET SUM = SUM + X(I)
NEXT I
LET MEAN = SUM / N
PRINT “SUM OF THE GIVEN NUMBERS =”; SUM
PRINT “MEAN (AVERAGE) OF THE GIVEN NUMBERS =”; MEAN
END
30.
CLS
REM PROGRAM THAT COMPUTE THE PERMUTATION OF NUMBERS
LET F1 = 1
LET F2 = 1
INPUT “ENTER ANY POSITIVE INTEGER R:”; R
IF (R > N) THEN
PRINT R; “MUST NOT BE GREATER THAN”; R
ELSE
‘TO COMPUTE N FACTORIAL
LET F1 = F1 * I
59
NEXT I
‘ TO COMPUTE N-R FACTORIAL
FOR J = (N – R) TO 1 STEP -1
LET F2 = F2 * J
NEXT J
LET PERM = F1 / F2
PRINT “PERMUTATION OF NUMBER =”; PERM
ENDIF
END
31.
CLS
REM PROGRAM THAT COMPUTE THE COMBINATION OF NUMBERS
LET F1 = 1
LET F2 = 1
LET F3 = 1
INPUT “ENTER ANY POSITIVE INTEGER R:”; R
IF (R > N) THEN
PRINT R; “MUST NOT BE GREATER THAN”; R
ELSE
‘TO COMPUTE N FACTORIAL
LET F1 = F1 * I
NEXT I
‘TO COMPUTE N-R FACTORIAL
FOR J = (N – R) TO 1 STEP -1
LET F2 = F2 * J
NEXT J
‘TO COMPUTE R FACTORIAL
FOR K = R TO 1 STEP -1
LET F3 = F3 * K
NEXT K
LET COMB = F1 / (F2 * F3)
PRINT “COMBINATION OF NUMBER =”; COMB
ENDIF
END
32.
CLS
REM PROGRAM THAT GENERATE THE LARGEST (MAXIMUM) OF 10 DIFFERENT NUMBERS
DIM X(10)
PRINT “READ IN 10 DIFFERENT NUMBERS”
FOR I = 1 TO 10
INPUT X(I)
NEXT I
LARGEST = X(1)
FOR I = 2 TO 10
60
IF (LARGEST < X(I))THEN

LARGEST = X(I)
ENDIF
NEXT I
PRINT “THE LARGEST (MAXIMUM) OF 10 NUMBERS =”; LARGEST
END
33.
CLS
REM PROGRAM THAT GENERATE THE LEAST (MINIMUM) OF 10 DIFFERENT NUMBERS
DIM X(10)
PRINT “READ IN 10 DIFFERENT NUMBERS”
FOR I = 1 TO 10
INPUT X(I)
NEXT I
LEAST = X(1)
FOR I = 2 TO 10
IF (LEAST > X(I))THEN
LEAST = X(I)
ENDIF
NEXT I
PRINT “THE LEAST (MINIMUM) OF 10 NUMBERS =”; LEAST
END
34.
REM TO COMPUTE THE SUM OF 2 X 2 MATRICES
DIM A(2,2), B(2,2), C(2,2)
PRINT “READ IN ELEMENTS IN MATRIX A:”
FOR I = 1 TO 2
FOR J = 1 TO 2
INPUT A(I,J)
NEXT J
NEXT I
PRINT “READ IN ELEMENTS IN MATRIX B:”
FOR I = 1 TO 2
FOR J = 1 TO 2
INPUT B(I,J)
NEXT J
NEXT I
PRINT “THE SUM OF ELEMENTS IN MATRIX A AND B ARE:”
FOR I = 1 TO 2
FOR J = 1 TO 2
LET C(I,J) = A(I,J) + B(I,J)
PRINT C(I,J),
NEXT J
PRINT
NEXT I
END
61
35.
CLS
REM TO COMPUTE THE PRODUCT OF 2 X 2 MATRICES A AND B
DIM A(2,2), B(2,2), C(2,2)
PRINT “READ IN ELEMENTS IN MATRIX A:”
FOR I = 1 TO 2
FOR J = 1 TO 2
INPUT A(I,J)
NEXT J
NEXT I
PRINT “READ IN ELEMENTS IN MATRIX B:”
FOR I = 1 TO 2
FOR J = 1 TO 2
INPUT B(I,J)
NEXT J
NEXT I
PRINT “THE PRODUCT OF ELEMENTS IN MATRIX A AND B ARE:”
FOR I = 1 TO 2
FOR J = 1 TO 2
LET C(I,J) = 0
FOR K = 1 TO 2
LET C(I,J) = C(I,J) +(A(I,K) * B(K,J))
NEXT K
PRINT C(I,J),
NEXT J
PRINT
NEXT I
END
36.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE ARITHMETIC MEAN, HARMONIC MEAN, GEOMETRIC MEAN OF 3 NOS
INPUT “ENTER VALUE FOR X:”; X
INPUT “ENTER VALUE FOR Y:”; Y
INPUT “ENTER VALUE FOR Z:”; Z
LET ARITH_MEAN = 1 / 3 * (X + Y + Z)
LET GEOM_MEAN = (X * Y * Z) ^ (1 / 3)
LET HARM_MEAN = 3 / ((1 / X) + (1 / Y) + (1 / Z))
PRINT “THE ARITHMETIC MEAN =”; ARITH_MEAN
PRINT “THE GEOMETRIC MEAN =”; GEOM_MEAN
PRINT “THE HARMONIC MEAN =”; HARM_MEAN
END
37.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE AREA OF TRIANGLE USING HEROES FORMULAE
INPUT “ENTER VALUE FOR A:”; A
INPUT “ENTER VALUE FOR B:”; B
62
INPUT “ENTER VALUE FOR C:”; C

LET S = (A + B + C) / 2
LET AR = S * (S – A) * (S – B) * (S – C)
IF (AR <= 0) THEN
PRINT “AREA HAS COMPLEX ROOT OR ZERO ROOT = 0”
ELSE
LET AREA = SQR(AR)
PRINT “AREA OF TRIANGLE =”; AR
ENDIF
END
38.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO CONVERT METERS TO INCHES, AND YARD
INPUT “ENTER THE VALUE IN METERS”; M
LET INCH = 39.37 * M
LET YARD = INCH / 36
PRINT “INCHES =”; INCH; “YARD =”; YARD
END
39.
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO CONVERT TIME IN SECONDS TO HOURS AND MINUTES EQUIVALENT
INPUT “READ IN TIME IN SECONDS”; SECS
LET HRS = SECS \ 3600
LET SECS = SECS MOD (HRS * 3600)
LET MINS = SECS \ 60
PRINT “THE EQUIVALENT TIME IS”; HRS; “HOURS :”; MINS; “MINUTES”
END
40.
CLS
REM PROGRAM THAT GENERATE ALL INTEGERS BTW 1-50 AND SKIP THOSE THAT MULTIPLE OF 5
FOR I = 1 TO 50
IF (I MOD 5 = 0) THEN 30
PRINT I
30 NEXT I
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO FIND THE SUM OF AND AVERAGE OF ALL THE MULTIPLE OF 5 BETWEEN 1 AND 100
LET COUNT = 0
LET SUM = 0
FOR I = 1 TO 100
IF (I MOD 5 = 0) THEN
PRINT I;
LET SUM = SUM + I
LET COUNT = COUNT + 1
ENDIF
63
NEXT I
LET AVERAGE = SUM / COUNT
PRINT “THE SUM OF ALL THE MULTIPLE OF 5 BTW 1 AND 100 =”; SUM
PRINT “THE AVERAGE OF ALL THE MULTIPLE OF 5 BTW 1 AND 100 =”; AVERAGE
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO PRODUCE THE EIGHT TRIPLES OF 0 AND 1 SUCH AS 000, 001, 010,…
FOR I = 0 TO 1
FOR J = 0 TO 1
FOR K = 0 TO 1
PRINT I; J; K
NEXT K
NEXT J
NEXT I
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE INNER PRODUCT OF VECTOR HAVING 10 COMPONENTS SUCH AS
‘(3,5,4,6,4,3,5,4,3,5) AND (4,4,5,6,7,4,5,4,3,5)
DIM VECTOR1(10), VECTOR2(10)
LET SUM = 0
PRINT “READ IN ELEMENTS OF VECTOR 1:”
FOR I = 1 TO 10
INPUT VECTOR1(I)
NEXT I
PRINT “READ IN ELEMENTS OF VECTOR 2:”
FOR I = 1 TO 10
INPUT VECTOR2(I)
NEXT I
FOR I = 1 TO 10
LET SUM = SUM + (VECTOR1(I) * VECTOR2(I))
NEXT I
PRINT “THE INNER PRODUCT OF 2 VECTORS IS:”; SUM
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO SORT A GIVEN SET NUMBERS IN ASCENDING AND DESCENDING ORDER
DIM SET(100)
30 INPUT “READ IN THE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN THE SET:”; N
IF(N <= 1 OR N > 100) THEN
PRINT “NUMER MUST BE BETWEEN 2 AND 100: TRY AGAIN WITH CORRECT VALUE”
GOTO 30
ELSE
PRINT “READ IN ALL ELEMENTS IN THE SET:”
64
FOR I = 1 TO N
INPUT SET(I)
NEXT I
FOR I = 1 TO N - 1
FOR J = I + 1 TO N
IF(SET(J-1) > SET(J)) THEN
TEMP = SET(J-1)
SET(J-1) = SET(J)
SET(J) = TEMP
ENDIF
NEXT J
NEXT I
PRINT “SET OF NUMBERS IN ASCENDING ORDER IS:”
FOR I = 1 TO N
PRINT SET(I);
NEXT I
PRINT: PRINT “SET OF NUMBERS IN DESCENDING ORDER IS:”
PRINT SET(I);
NEXT I
ENDIF
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO CHECK ENTERED LETTER IF IT IS CAPITAL(UPPERCASE) OR SMALL(LOWERCASE)
INPUT “PRESS IN ANY ALPHABETICAL CHARACTER FROM THE KEYBOARD”; C$
IF (C$ >= “A” AND C$ <= “Z”) THEN
PRINT C$; “IS A CAPITAL(UPPERCASE) ALPHABET/LETTER”
ELSE IF (C$ >= “a” AND C$ <= “z”) THEN
PRINT C$; “IS A SMALL(LOWERCASE) ALPHABET/LETTER”
ELSE
PRINT C$; “IS NOT A LETTER/ALPHABET”
ENDIF
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO REVERSE A GIVEN STRING
INPUT “READ IN ANY STRING”; TEXT$
FOR I = LEN(TEXT$) TO 1 STEP -1
REVTEXT$ = REVTEXT$ + MID$(TEXT$, I, 1)
NEXT I
PRINT “THE REVERSE OF STRING:”;TEXT$; “IS:”; REVTEXT$
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO GENERATE A TRIANGLE OF A STRING OF 5 NUMBERS (e.g. 12345)
65
INPUT “READ IN ANY STRING OF NUMBERS”; TEXT$

PRINT “THE TRIANGULAR FORM OF STRING:”
FOR I = LEN(TEXT$) TO 1 STEP -1
PRINT MID$(TEXT$, 1, I)
NEXT I
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO READ A PERSON’S FIRST, MIDDLE AND LAST NAMES AND EXTRACT THEIR INITIALS
INPUT “ENTER A PERSON’S FIRST NAME:”; FIRST$
INPUT “ENTER A PERSON’S MIDDLE NAME:”; MIDDLE$
INPUT “ENTER A PERSON’S LAST NAME:”; LAST$
PRINT “THE INITIALS OF A PERSON’S NAME ARE:”
PRINT LEFT$(FIRST$,1); LEFT$(MIDDLE$,1); LEFT$(LAST$,1)
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM TO CHECK WHETHER A GIVEN STRING OF NUMBER IS A PALINDROME OR NOT
INPUT “READ IN ANY STRING OF NUMBER”; NUMB$
FOR I = LEN(NUMB$) TO 1 STEP -1
REVNUMB$ = REVNUMB$ + MID$(NUMB$, I, 1)
NEXT I
IF (REVNUMB$ = NUMB$) THEN
PRINT “THE STRING OF NUMBER:”; NUMB$; “IS A PALINDROME”
ELSE
PRINT “THE STRING OF NUMBER:”; NUMB$; “IS NOT A PALINDROME”
ENDIF
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM USING FOR – NEXT LOOP TO CALCULATE THE SUM OF EVERY THIRD INTEGER BEGINNING
‘WITH I = 2 (I.E. CALCULATE THE SUM 2+5+7+8+11+13+14+… )FOR ALL VALUES OF I < 100
LET SUM = 0
LET K = 3
LET I = 2
FOR J = 2 TO 99
IF (I >= 100) THEN GOTO 50
PRINT I;
LET SUM = SUM + I
LET I = I + K
LET K = K – 1
IF (K < 1) THEN K = 3
NEXT J
50 PRINT “SUM OF THE SERIES =”; SUM
END
66

CLS
REM PROGRAM USING DO – WHLE LOOP TO CALCULATE THE SUM OF EVERY THIRD INTEGER BEGINNING
‘WITH I = 2 (I.E. CALCULATE THE SUM 2+5+7+8+11+13+14+….)FOR ALL VALUES OF I < 100
LET SUM = 0
LET K = 3
LET I = 2
DO WHILE(I < 100)
PRINT I;
LET SUM = SUM + I
LET I = I + K
LET K = K – 1
IF (K < 1) THEN K = 3
LOOP
PRINT “SUM OF THE SERIES =”; SUM
END
CLS
REM PROGRAM USING DO – UNTIL LOOP TO CALCULATE THE SUM OF EVERY THIRD INTEGER BEGINNING
‘WITH I = 2 (I.E. CALCULATE THE SUM 2+5+7+8+11+13+14+….)FOR ALL VALUES OF I < 100
LET SUM = 0
LET K = 3
LET I = 2
DO UNTIL(I >= 100)
PRINT I;
LET SUM = SUM + I
LET I = I + K
LET K = K – 1
IF (K < 1) THEN K = 3
LOOP
PRINT “SUM OF THE SERIES =”; SUM
END
* KEYNOTES
 READ YOUR BOOK VERY WELL
 BE FOCUS AND AIM HIGH
 SUPPLICATE TO ALLAH(SWT)
 BE CLOSE TO YOUR CREATOR AND MOVE AWAY FROM SINS
 FEAR ALLAH MOST
************************* BARAKA LLOHU IHI ***********************************
67

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COURTESY: EDUCATION COMMITTEE, MSSN FUTA, OBAKEKERE MOSQUE (08161885095, 08069018655)

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WRITTEN & COMPILED BY:

COURTESY: EDUCATION COMMITTEE, MSSN FUTA, OBAKEKERE MOSQUE (08161885095,

 Introduction to General computing

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL COMPUTING

A computer is an electro-mechanical device, which accepts input data in a

The fundamental function of a computer

The basic purpose of using the computer is to process data quickly,

Fig 1.1 Schematic representation of computer operation

DATA: this can be defined as a representation of raw facts or figures which

Information: information can be defined as processed, structured, well

Why do we need the computer?

 High speed: computer is a very fast machine that can perform at a

 Economically: computer is very cheap to buy and can perform tasks

ANALOGUE COMPUTER DIGITAL COMPUTER

The computer system

A system: This is a collection of an inter-related or inter-dependent components

The Computer Hardware Subsystem

The computer hardware subsystem is made up of all the electrochemical gadgetry

1. Peripheral devices/units: These consist of all the components that are

o RAM- Random Access Memory, this is a volatile memory that

The Computer Software Subsystem

The computer software subsystem is a collection of all program modules

SYSTEM SOFTWARE: This is a collection of all program developed

 OPERATING SYSTEM: This is a set of program which when installed

2. Multi-User Operating System: this allows several users to run a

 TRANSLATOR: This is a program that takes as an input a program

A program written in one programming language (HLL & Assembly

The 3 types of translators are ASSEMBLER, INTERPRETER, and

Assembler: This is a program translator that takes as an input a

Interpreter: is a language translator that takes input program in

COMPILER: This does the same translation activities as the

 UTILITY SOFTWARE: These are service programs which provide

APPLICATION SYSTEM: These are set of programs that develop

1. Generalised Application Package: is application software

THE HUMANWARE SUBSYSTEM

This is referring to as computer system users (Naïve, Programmer, Expert, and

RAD:- RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

What is a programming language?

A programming language is a communication means between the user

 Syntax of a language is a rule that governs the way symbols,

A Programme is set of coded instruction written and given to computer in

Programming is art of writing program using programming language.

A programmer is an expert that specialises in using programming language

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Basically, we have 2 types of programming languages which are

1. Low level language

This is a 1st form of language developed basically for the computer

Programming with this language is highly time-consuming, tedious

 Assembly language: This is another type of low-level language

 High-level language: This is very close to human language as it

Examples of high-level programming language are: BASIC,

PROPERTIES OF GOOD PROGRAMMING

1. ACCURACY: It must be correct, working according to specification.

STEPS INVOLVE IN WRITING PROGRAM (PROGRAMMING)

There are 5 basic steps to good programming:

1. Identification and understanding the problem.

 IDENTIFICATION AND UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM: The problem

BUGS AND DEBUGGING

“BUGS” means errors found in programming while Debugging refer to the

Two types of BUG/Errors found in program:

This is error due to semantic rule of a language, this error cannot be

Step 3: Compute Area = pie r r