Designing A Very Light Jet: Master Thesis Work 30 Credits, D-Level

GadShannan DESIGN
Akademin för Innovation, Design och Teknik
Designing a Very Light Jet

Master thesis work
30 credits, D-level
Product and process development, concurrent engineering
Master Thesis Programme Innovation and Product Design
Per Nyblom
Report code: IDPPOPEXD:08:11

Commissioned by: GadShaanan DESIGN
Tutor (company): Mladen Barbaric
Tutor (university): Ragnar Tengstrand
Examiner: Rolf Lövgren
Abstract
Introduction
Very light jet is a hot subject growing stronger and stronger. The new type of air craft is an air
plane that weighs less than 10000 pounds and uses a jet engine.
Problem
The student was proposed to designing a conceptual very light jet that could be used for
inspiration and accepted the challenge.
Method
In this thesis the reader can follow the project progress in detail, the proposed methods and the
results. The student divided the project into four activities analysis, creation, development and
documentation.
Result
The project ended with a concept very light jet with simple specifications. Illustrations for
inspirational usage and a simulation testing for verification of the proposed concept
specifications.
Keywords:
Nm 1 nautical miles = 1.852 kilometres
lb 1 pound = 0.45359237 kilograms
ft 1 foot = 0.3048 metres
in 1 inch = 0.025 metres
MTOW Maximum take-off weight
Pax Available Seats in an airplane both crew and traveller
VLJ (micro jet) Very Light Jet, coined expression.
FAA Federal Aviation Administration, www.faa.gov
EASA European Aviation Safety Agency, www.easa.eu.int
CAA Civil Aviation Authority
PDF File format standard
Intelligence Information that is presented easy to act on.
Thrust Power given by a jet engine measured in pounds.
ii
Acknowledgements
Thanks to GadShaanan DESIGN, the commissioner Mr Mladen Barbaric who has provided
with this project and who made all of this possible, Colleges Minku and Damien who also
contributed a lot. Thanks to Ragnar Tengstrand for his guidance. Thanks to Joe Kingham for
his help in simulations, William E. Herp CEO of Linear Jet, Fazackerley Steve at CAA. Also
thanks to the four girls on Barcley Street who all contributed in supporting my willpower to
succeed.
iii
Contents
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
PROBLEM ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
METHOD ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
RESULT .................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 6
ABOUT VLJ’S ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
ABOUT GADSHAANAN DESIGN............................................................................................................................ 6
PURPOSE OF THIS THESIS ........................................................................................................................................ 7
2. AIM OF PROJECT ............................................................................................................................................. 7
3. PROJECT DIRECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 7
COMMISSIONERS DIRECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 7
STUDENTS DIRECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................... 7
4. PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................................................. 8
PROJECT SPECIFICATION ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Technical requirements .................................................................................................................................... 8
Inspirational requirements ............................................................................................................................... 8
5. PROJECT LIMITATIONS................................................................................................................................. 9
TIME AND MONEY .................................................................................................................................................. 9
ANALYSIS, CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................................. 9
6. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND, SOLUTIONS & METHODS ............................................................... 10
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
CREATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
Sketching ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
DEVELOPMENT..................................................................................................................................................... 16
3D modelling .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Model Rendering ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Testing and flight simulation .......................................................................................................................... 17
QFD ................................................................................................................................................................ 17
7. APPLIED SOLUTION PROCEDURES .......................................................................................................... 18
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................ 18
CREATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 18
Aerodynamics ................................................................................................................................................. 21
Concept creation ............................................................................................................................................ 22
DEVELOPMENT..................................................................................................................................................... 26
3D model creation .......................................................................................................................................... 26
Simulation and adjustments ............................................................................................................................ 27
Visualising the concept in realistic way ......................................................................................................... 29
8. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 30
CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE METHODS FOR DESIGNING A VERY LIGHT JET ....................................................... 30
USING THE CHOSEN METHODS IN A CONTROLLED AND TRACEABLE WAY ............................................................. 30
DESIGNING A VERY LIGHT JET............................................................................................................................. 30
Meeting the technical requirements................................................................................................................ 30
Meeting the inspirational requirements.......................................................................................................... 31
SIMULATION RESULTS FROM X-PLANE ................................................................................................................. 32
9. ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
RESOURCES ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................... 33
The problem statement and the achieved result.............................................................................................. 33
ANALYSIS OF THE CHOSEN METHODS ................................................................................................................... 33
Analysis .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
iv
Creation .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Development ................................................................................................................................................... 33
Summery and documentation.......................................................................................................................... 34
10. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 35
CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................................................................................. 35
LEARNED FROM THE PROJECT .............................................................................................................................. 35
OVERALL IMPRESSION.......................................................................................................................................... 35
11. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 36
DIRECT CONTACT ................................................................................................................................................. 36
LITERATURE......................................................................................................................................................... 36
DATABASE ARTICLES ........................................................................................................................................... 36
INTERNET PAGES .................................................................................................................................................. 36
Organisations ................................................................................................................................................. 36
Parts and products: ........................................................................................................................................ 37
VLJ producer’s sites: ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Other relevant sites: ....................................................................................................................................... 37
12. APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................. 39
1 ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................................................... 39
1.1 Project specification ................................................................................................................................. 39
Technical requirements .................................................................................................................................. 39
Inspirational requirements ............................................................................................................................. 39
1.2 GANTT...................................................................................................................................................... 40
1.3 Survey ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
1.4 Benchmarking ........................................................................................................................................... 42
1.4.1 Benchmark graphs ................................................................................................................................. 43
1.5 Least square calculation ........................................................................................................................... 44
1.6 Walk through ............................................................................................................................................ 46
1.7 Function diagram ..................................................................................................................................... 47
2 CREATION ......................................................................................................................................................... 49
2.2 Concept benchmark .................................................................................................................................. 60
3 COMPARISONS ................................................................................................................................................... 68
4 SIMULATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 69
5 QFD .................................................................................................................................................................. 70
5.1 QFD Graphs ............................................................................................................................................. 71
5.2 QFD explanation ...................................................................................................................................... 72
v
1. Introduction
There is an increasing demand and coverage on VLJ’s so called very light jets. One the most
searched words on Google the online search engine during 2007, had been reported to be
“VLJ” according to Design Director Mr Mladen at GadShaanan DESIGN.
About VLJ’s
A VLJ is a jet plane that weighs less than 10'000 pounds certified for single pilot operations.
(NBAA, 2008)
The coined expression differs from different sources but all they all agree that is a jet plane that
weighs less than 10000 pounds. However some references claim that they have four to eight
passenger seats some that they are supposed to cost less than 4$ million. FAA, EASA however
does use the same expression because of their system of classifications.
VLJ’s have been proven useful for lowering operational costs and are able to travel on smaller
airports. Thus competing in price, time and location with the larger scaled transportation air
planes. The price of the new smaller jet air planes is giving smaller charter and air taxi
companies a chance to own a jet plane. Today there are roughly a dozen VLJ’s in production
all with their own competitive attributes trying to supply the demand on the market.
Most VLJ's are produced as a purpose of taxi jets or private jets. The aim of Taxi Jets is to sell
a flight ticket at the price of a regular business class ticket on for example a jumbo jet, but with
the service of a private jet. Most air craft’s today are shared between owners reducing cost,
hanger price and optimising flight time.
The major difference in a VLJ and jumbo jet is that VLJ's are focused transferring a certain few
persons and jumbo jets often as many as possible, reducing flight per person where the VLJ is
designed to reduce price for the person that wishes to travel alone or with a small group of
people and give the person faster and more accurate flight. When comparing VLJ's to small
propeller planes in private or taxi sector they are not new. There is already an establishment
where taxi air planes fly and operate, however with the low weight combined with the jet
engine the time of flight is reduced significantly performing in some cases up to double the
speed.
About GadShaanan DESIGN

The company had made an assessment that this was the kind of inspirational project they
wanted to act on. GadShaanan DESIGN is a company developing various products from
mobile phones to trains working in fields of industrial design, engineering prototyping and
marketing. On arriving to the first meeting Mr Mladen (also named as the commissioner in this
thesis) told me about the change of plans and expressed his view on the current VLJ's how they
were lacking design and aesthetics, he wanted me to design a concept VLJ more up to date with
the car industry something new and impressive.
Current VLJ's are made by hand if compared with the car industry that has big product lines and spits
out three new car roughly every two seconds. (Worldometer, 2008) Cessna delivered 45 Citation
Mustangs in 2007 which is currently the only certified VLJ operating in Europe.
The commissioner Mr Mladen then proposed that the new project would be to design a new
VLJ that they could use for inspirational purpose in future projects. There were some future
projects they were planning and this project could be used to give inspiration for one of them.
6 (73)
Purpose of this thesis
The purpose of this thesis is to prove that the student is capable of comprehending and solving
a problem statement in a scientific way. The thesis will explain the steps and the conclusions
made along during the project of designing a VLJ for GadShaanan DESIGN, what went wrong,
what succeeded and finally the result of this project.
2. Aim of project
After the first meeting both the student and the commissioner thought that the sky was the limit,
the concept would become bigger than anything the student had done before, and from what
they discussed it sounded almost impossible, almost.
”You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory”
(Sir Winston Churchill, 1940)
The aim of this project is, with the help of employees at GadShaanan DESIGN, in a scientific
way design a concept VLJ that can be used as inspirational tool for further product
development. The project will also teach the student more about real work.
3. Project directives
GadShaanan DESIGN is the commissioner who wished for the project to be an inspiration
project for further development within their company. Therefore the project had few starting
directives.
Commissioners directives
Design a VLJ
Maintain regular contact and meetings
Access to two designers during CAD part of the project.
Use their methods of development
Access to give directives on produced material
Sketches
CAD
Rendering and illustration
Students directives
Besides the directives for the student there were also some directives made for the
commissioner:
Supply relevant information regarding design

Car industry and in-house design methods
CAD frames for such relevant parts as chairs and cars
Finnish the concept before the 11 June
With these Guidelines a project started, full of hopes and dreams of victory.
7 (73)
4. Problem statement
The problems that have been solved during this project are stated in this part of the report
which can later be followed up in chapter 8. The problem was to design a VLJ, this problem
can be broken down into sub problems that later can be divided into even smaller problems.
However due to the project limitations sub dividing problems too much have been restricted
and global definitions has been required to have a full concept with balanced depth.
Project Specification
The project specification has been split into two parts to help identify project goals.
Technical requirements
Choosing the most appropriate methods for designing a very light jet.
Using the chosen methods in a controlled and traceable way.
Designing a very light Jet
Weighing less than 10000 pounds
Advanced Avionics
Transporting passengers
Flying with jet engine
Inspirational requirements
Creating a concept that can give inspiration for other projects.

Being attractive
■ Perception
■ Cognition
■ Anthropometry
■ Geometry and colour language
■ Ergonomics
Visualising the concept in realistic way
Due to the fact that the commissioner was interested in an inspirational concept with a high
level aesthetics the project focused more on the visual aspect of the project specifications.
”Design presents brand values in visual form” (Prof. h.c. Peter Pfeiffer, Senior Vice President
Design of Mercedes-Benz, Commerce Germany, 2006)
8 (73)
5. Project limitations
Time and money
Due to the knowledge in this field of studies the student had a lot of information to take in a
short period of time. Therefore the project limitation is first and foremost time where the
student and the commissioner decided that the student would work until he went back to his
homeland and this has been set to five months of project development. From the five months
work the student has estimated the required time on each part to get the best results asked from
the commissioner. This helped the student to not get overwhelmed with fulfilling the immense
project of designing a conceptual VLJ air plane. Economically the student was provided with
some material such as sketching tools, magazines from the commissioner and bought some on
his own mostly for the sketching part of the project.
Analysis, creation and development

Producing a project management of the required quality, literature used was narrowed down to
two books, The Mechanical Design process has been used for overall management,
Introduction to Private & Public Intelligence for structuring gathered information. Pilots
handbook for aerodynamics and overall flying, Grunderna i numeriska metoder has been used
for calculations. Several articles and documentations found on internet and databases have been
used to get a better view regarding design and VLJ's customers, past, present and future. This is
also due to the fact that VLJ’s is a very new product. Organisation sites such as FAA, CAA,
EASA, aerospace producers have been a valuable asset. Information in databases has also been
used to find articles regarding the subject such as consumer behaviour, car/empirical design
and anthropometric. Software and hardware for this project are as followed OpenOffice, Pro
Engineer, Adobe Photoshop and illustrator, X-plane, down to the hardware a laptop and some
sketching tools.
9 (73)
6. Theoretical background, solutions &
methods
The methods used for completing this project have been chosen together with the commissioner
and from studies of literature. Where the aesthetic and product-feature methods were decided
and provided from the commissioner and the overall design methods were picked by the student
from the literature or created for this project. The list of the methods used are all following the
order of the Gantt schedule, presented later in this thesis, to give an easy reference and
structure.
Analysis
This is the activity that creates the structure of the project. Defines the problem, defines what
paths to take and how to reach the best results.
Project Planning
What Project planning is the process used to organizing planned actions, money and
resources within a project.
Why To easier plan where and when to do things also to define what actions is
needed in order to solve the project problem.
How The list below show the structure used in this project to solve the problem
statements of this project and is based on the project management from The
mechanical Design process
1. Establish the problem
2. Plan how to solve it
3. Understand the problem and define methods
4. Generate alternative solutions
5. Evaluate solutions
6. Decide on acceptable solutions
7. Communicate results
(Ullman, 2003, p. 16)
When Early in the project when the problem is being defined a project planning that
suite the problem is defined and used.
Project specification
What A list of requirements that needs to be fulfilled during the projects life cycle.
Why The list is created to use as a measurable goals also to know where to aim the
project with this tool it is easier to see define the steps needed to reach these
goals.
How List goals that the project needs to reach to succeed. (Ullman, 2003, p. 72)
When When defining the problem.
10 (73)
Information gathering and reading
What Finding and reading relevant information useful for the project.
Why Without knowing your problem you cannot solve it, finding information about
your problem will help to solve it.
How This is done by collecting and reading relevant information the student will have
to decide on his own what is relevant and what is not and what can be useful and
not, all of the information that is regarded relevant should be handled with the
method Intelligence.
When During the analysis.
Intelligence
What Intelligence is information that you can act on.
Why This is to acquire information that can be useful and easy to use later during the
project.
How Intelligence is often divided into 3 steps
but depending on the amount of searches
the first two steps often have to be looped.
1. First search, at this point you do not
know anything about the subject or
you know a lot. Find relevant
information and establish a basic
knowledge around the problem. All
search words and search areas
should be documented.
2. The second step will be to extract
better search words or search areas Figure 1 Results from searches, the
from the first search. A quickly blue shapes represent the first
look at the result is often the only searches, the green and the second
step that is needed to see if it could more structured and finally the stars
be what was searched. Sometimes are marked as intelligence material.
it is hard to know exactly what is searched there for it is important to
always keep track of what linked where and where leads ends and why.
The first two steps should then be iterated until the exact or good enough
information gathered. (Solberg Soilen, 2005)
When This is done when the problem has been or during the definition of the problem.
11 (73)
Creation
This are the activities were the student collects and use intelligence in various methods.
Customer analysis
What Finding out who the targeted customer is and what they want.
Why To define a targeted market, what the customer want and need.
How Finding information regarding who fly business, income age social status. After
acquired information estimating their needs and attraction.
1. Specify the information needed
2. Determine the type of data-collection method to be used
3. determine the content of individual questions
4. Design the questions
5. Order the questions
6. Take Data
7. Reduce the data
(Ullman, 2003, p. 121)
When Before trying to define the product.
Car analysis
What Finding reoccurring features in new and award winning car design and the
targeted consumer price range car.
Why Because the car industry is very advanced in design, focused target groups and
mass production. This area becomes a good reference as getting an up-to-date
look on what is seen interesting and will be a future reference in design.
How Looking at award winning car design to find repeated features, types of buttons,
shapes, colours etc.
When Before the creation activity for the sketching part.
Competition benchmark
What Identify and evaluate the competition regarding VLJ's.
Why Looking at the current market to get a good idea of the current competition there
features and design.
How Making a comprehensive specification list of the current VLJ's. Evaluating their
specifications and design. (Ullman, 2003, p. 129)
When This is done before the concept creation activity.
Expert analysis
What Contacting users, pilots, producers, taxi companies, service technicians and
sellers, retrieve information directly from persons involved with VLJ's.
Why This is done to get a better view of the market and specifications that might not
show on the producer’s homepage, also giving ideas on VLJ's future where they
might evolve.
How Questionnaires and other means of contact regarding users, producers,
manufacturers and sellers personal view and future thoughts around the subject
VLJ. (Ullman, 2003, p. 122)
When Before concept creation activity.
12 (73)
The walk through
What To make a description of what a customer would experience with all the five
senses using the concept, from first seeing to leaving the subject.
Why To pinpoint and find the important features required to fulfil the customer’s
needs and expectations. This is method similar to a function diagram (see next
method), however the walk through emphases more on emotions and
impressions. This can later be translated into specifications the user needs and
desires.
How Imagining all the steps, impressions and actions that a user would experience
and perform. From the introduction of where the subject is seen to the end when
the user leaves the subject. The imagined thoughts are documented and
expressed without narrowing down exactly what solution is needed to solve it.
When Done early in the concept creation activity, after specifying the problem that
needs to be solved and when a good idea of what features and solutions the
subject should give to the user. Method provided by the commissioner
Function Diagram
What Method to define all the features needed in a product.
Why This is used as a reference for creating new or different ways of solving
requirements on the air plane.
How By listing all the attributes that the product should do in verb + subject form. (
Stamatis, 2001, p. 55)
When During the creation activity of the project this is a valuable tool.
Mood board
What A table of images that gives a feeling of the
final product and that helps to give a
direction for the sketching.
“Mood boards are often used by graphic
designers to enable a person to illustrate
visually the direction of style which they
are pursuing. However, Mood boards can
also be used to visually explain a certain
style of writing, or an imaginary setting for Figure 2 The used moodboard
a storyline. In short, Mood boards are not limited to visual subjects, but serve as
a visual tool to quickly inform others of the overall 'feel' (or 'flow') that a
designer is trying to achieve. Creating mood boards in a digital form may be
easier and quicker, but physical objects often tend to have a higher impact on
people.” (wikipedia, 2008)
Why The method is based on creating a feeling. The mood board gives an overall
comprehension of what colours, shapes and impressions that should be
expressed from the final product.
Why Cutting out images from magazines and newspapers that can represent
feelings and impressions that the solution should express.
Arranging the cut out images on the Paper Marché in different ways
documenting the different results picking the best solution.
Elevating the images that are more important in the picture by adding
more Paper Marché behind those images.
13 (73)
Gluing the images to the Paper Marché and using this Board as a
reference while sketching.
When Before starting to sketch on concepts.
Sketching
What Sketching as a method of making a selling concept.

Why Designing an innovative VLJ requires appealing aesthetics
How All of the information gathered and evaluated in the beginning of the creation
activity is used here. Through different sketching method ideas and concepts are
created in a creative and informative way.
When When the problem and the idea has been defined.
Tracing
What Improving existing sketches and concepts.
Why This is done to improve and strengthening an idea or a chosen concept also in
order to make it more appealing for the consumer.
How There are two ways of doing this
Making a couple of first light lines then
filling in the line or combination of curves
that looks best.
Using tracing paper to sketch over an old
sketch thus having premade guidelines for
the basic shapes and the freedom to change
where ever wanted. Figure 3 One of many results
from the use of tracing
When Multiple times during the sketching process, very useful to improve a chosen
concept.
Creative sketching
What Making several creative sketches of a subject.
Why This is done in order to find new ideas. Widening the set of mind.
How • Free sketching: Sketch what comes to your mind.
• Combination: Combining the subject with another subject and
illustrating the combination. Combining two different images, for
example a jet engine and a trout.
• Artistic sketching: Starting to draw some random lines and mixes of
colours and building ideas from that.
When Early in the process, it should be done before using methods to find concepts or
ideas.
Mass production of ideas

What Multiple rough drawings of solutions and ideas.
Why The best ideas are never the first ideas, emptying your conscious will let get past
the incremental ideas and produce the radical solutions. A great number of
possible solutions help the innovation process.
How Drawing everything you can imagine on a subject, quickly drawing rough
14 (73)
sketches of images and ideas that pops into the conscious.
(Ullman, 2003, p. 138)
When This is done as the first stage of the drawing procedure.
“He who spends too much time developing a single concept realized only that
concept”.
Developing concepts
What Increasing the output ideas on a certain area.
Why To get a better product depth insight and development of certain ideas.
How Expanding and improving current ideas using creative

tools like moodboard, function diagram, creative
sketching and mass production.
Figure 4 How ideas

branch into new ideas
When After choosing concepts.
Evaluating concepts
What Evaluating and picking the best concept suited for continuing with.
Why The project specifications are to evaluate and produce the best suited concept
for the commissioner.
How This is done by weighing the different concepts against each other with the
Demand specification:
Perception/Cognition
Anthropometry
Marketing
Geometry
Shape design
Psychology
(Rolf Lövgren, 2006)
When When a certain amount of concepts have been produced.
Choosing a final concept

What Choosing the best Concept for further development
Why To have a clear idea of what solution is chosen, because after evaluating concept
the best concept is then improved.
How Picking all the features ideas into a solid idea. Letting the commissioner be a
part of choosing the final concept and choosing interior parts and specifications.
When When a certain number of concepts have been met.
15 (73)
Development
This is the activity that took the chosen concept and created an interactive three dimensional
model and extracting illustrations.
3D modelling
What Creating the concepts in a 3D dimensional environment.
Why This is done in order to better illustrate and create a model for future
development.
How Using the 3D CAD software called Pro Engineer Wildfire 2.0.
When After the creation activity has been done.
Relearning Pro Engineer

What Relearning the software Pro Engineer.
Why In order to utilize the most of the software. In more advanced context this was
done to learn more about surfaces that was needed in the creation of this
product.
How By doing some basic and advanced tutorials to get the feeling of the software.
Also practising on making surfaces to understand the limitations and
possibilities of this specific feature. Learning how to use and configure useful
short commands.
When This is done before attempting to make the 3D model.
Correcting features and curves

What Redefining features, curves, shapes and sizes using prints.
Why Acquiring a smoother and better design concept.
Displaying a better overview and ability see and
improve what works and do not work in an
aesthetic way. This was also used to give the
commissioner a way to give inputs to the concept
in an easy and comprehensive way.
Figure 5 Applying sketched

improvements in the Pro
Engineer CAD modeling
How Printing the concept from three basic angles front, top and right views on large
papers. Then sketching over them to find better curves.
When Before going into details of the model.
16 (73)
Model Rendering
What Extracting images from the three dimensional model

Why In order to portray the three dimensional model as realistic as possible and to
give an easy access inspirational tool.
How The rendering software used was the built in rendering program of Pro
Engineer. The commissioner recommended a software called Bunk speed
however the student was not able to gain access to this software. To acquire the
best appearance settings were changed: lighting positioning, strength, colour,
softness, background, perception and reflection was changed on and around the
model. The extracted rendering are compared with a chosen background and
then adjusted in the software this iterative gives the best results relevant to the
students knowledge of the rendering part of the software.
When While finishing the concept.
Testing and flight simulation

What Using the simulation software X-plane to test the model and concept VLJ. X-
plane is software used as a tool of learning for training pilots it is also used by
companies and public people to create and test different existing and non
existing air planes.
Why Get feedback on the produced concept for future development and to use as a
reference to see if the concept was a successful or not in the design.
How Implementing the designed model and its specifications into the software X-
plane running tests on the model and extracting performance specifications.
When After specifying all features and finished model.
(X-plane, 2008)
QFD
What A tool to evaluate and help specify requirements of concepts.

Why The use of this tool in this project has been to verify and compare the new
concept with the current competition.
How The QFD lists the requirements from the different customers; it also lists the
specifications that the products can perform in a measurable. The two lists are
then compared to see what customer requirements can be or is related to product
specifications thus making a link between customer needs and adjustable
performances. For example to go fast is strongly connected with the thrust of the
plane.
When This is used early or last in the product development process.
17 (73)
7. Applied solution procedures
Designing a VLJ, also referred to as a private business jet or micro jet. All have a common
red thread, it is a jet plane that is very small, light and mainly for businessmen. The importance
is to land the concept in the definition area at the same time not being exactly the same.
Analysis
The first things done in the project was to structure and analyse the problem and collect
information needed to solve the problem. This was done by acquiring articles and public
definitions regarding the subject, using the intelligence method (p. 11) to create information to
act on. A definition of VLJ was defined. With this information the student could then evaluate
the project limitations and make a project specification (p. 8). The project specification
changed the general definition “Designing a very light jet” to the current list of requirements.
There is an abnormality in design process due to the fact that the commissioners requirement
on a high aesthetic level. The project specification that states the wanted solutions and this was
used to define what information, tools and required time / action would be needed and put in a
Gantt (appendix 1.2). With the time schedule and the project specification the student could
now in a scientific way follow the projects progress with a plan of action that could be
controlled with the project specification. Other specifications such as project limitations and a
report structure was defined and has been followed up during the projects life time, all found
earlier in this thesis.
The student then continued to search for actionable information read various books and articles
on subjects such as product development, aerodynamics, aesthetics consumer behaviour,
anthropometrics, car design. He also send out a survey to 60 different companies and persons,
the questions we divided into three categories producer/seller/other, user/pilots/repairmen and
experts (appendix 1.3). There were few responses. All this was done to try and get a good
general perception of the product and task at hand.
Creation
The activities were the student used intelligence in various methods for creating the concept
VLJ.
Competition benchmark
In the mechanical design process (Ullman, 2003) Ullman says that benchmarking (p. 13)
should only be done in consideration to the customer and in the value of the customer. The
student did this first because it would give him a good overview of the current competition and
what the market was looking at when comparing and estimating advantages. When it comes to
complex vehicles like air planes there are millions of things to take in consideration for the
customer from how fast the Air plane flies to the colour of a button. The student compared the
information that was accessible and of seemed to be of interest to the future customer. The
benchmark made between the current VLJ (appendices 1.4), the student listed thirteen different
air planes where one is not really meeting the requirements in weight but it was interesting in
size and speed. The specifications are not always valued in consideration to the customer
because the complexity of translating all specifications into user values and then converting
them back would be too big. The results showed a medium of 40x40 feet sized air plane that
had a cruise speed at 350 knots with 6 seats. This gave the student something to aim for and to
18 (73)
use as a reference. From this he was also able to print some interesting graphs such as
comparison between the different VLJ's in terms of weight / pax and weight /thrust.
Defining the customer

The student started to define who the customer is (p. 12). The student sent out a questionnaire
to almost 70 different companies/persons related to VLJ’s. The student received only one reply.
However after a several tries he was able to define his search words well enough to find some
relevant information.
“Top management was the largest group of passengers for six months during the year of 1997. (57 percent)
were top managers (Chairman, CEO, COO, CFO, Board Directors) or senior managers (Executive or
Senior Vice President). Middle managers (Vice President, General Manager, Director) and Technical,
Sales, Service, Professional or Contract staff comprised just over one-fourth (26 percent) of those
passengers, and 1 out of 10 passengers in the last six months was a customer. Passengers report spending
nearly half (48 percent) of their time aboard company aircraft in work-related meetings, conferences, or
discussions with other company employees or customers, compared with only 8 percent of time in these
activities while aboard commercial aircraft.” Found in Louis Harris poll
(NBAA, 1997)
“UK business passengers using Heathrow had the highest average incomes at £79,000, compared with
£67,000 at Gatwick and Luton Airports and £57,000 at Stansted. North of the border, average business
incomes were lower, at £53,000 in Edinburgh and £50,000 at Aberdeen.” CAA Passenger Survey Report
(CAA, 2005)
From this information the student could verify what the commissioner had stated, that the
targeted customer for a VLJ is in fact managers or higher. The student then combined this
information between car design and the concept air plane, the commissioner wanted a jet plane
more like a car. The analysis that the student made was comparing recent award winning cars
over 30'000$ finding reoccurring design that could be used as guidelines for the aesthetics and
features. Noted subjects such as dark colours and silver highlights was very common, buttons
that was integrated with bright colours indicating easy use and where about.
Evaluating required amount of passengers

Chosen from gathered information, benchmarking and questionnaires, the student had to do a
compromise with the commissioner who had stated that he wanted a “6-8 seater”.
The market showed a more usefulness with fewer seats:
“Average business jet load factor is just 2.3 passengers” Company co-founder of Blink, Peter
Leiman (ainonline, 2008)
“National Aviation average passenger count for business flights has a passenger load factor is
3.9.” (NBAA, 1997)
William E. Herp, President and CEO of Linear Air told to the student during an interview with
the student march 2008, that currently in a Cessna air plane that carries 8 persons has an
average of 3 persons per flight, and with their ordered Eclipse he estimates and average of 2 out
of 6 seats will be filled.
The stated 6-8 seats were an estimation made by the commissioner. The research showed
transportation for a smaller amount of passengers would the best solution therefore six seats
were the best choice within the specified amount. One or two of these seats would be pilot
seats.
19 (73)
Interior specifications
Using simple knowledge in ergonomics and measurements from anthropometric
anthropometric sizes
(Naval Biodynamics Laboratory, 1988) intelligence was extracted and later used
during the sketching and 3D modelling process. Measurements of interior area were
taken from current VLJ’ss to be used as reference measurements. Interior from cars
c
was studied to use as feature and aesthetic guidelines.
General airplane specification

pecification
Choosing the engine is often done to match the specifications of the plane such as
weight and size (Federal
Federal aviation Administration Washington DC,DC 1980). In order tot
find a good starting point in size and thrust to work around the student used current Figure 6 Naval
information from competitors. A trend line would enable a good view of what an biodynamics
average size would need for a thrust. The spread area of length and width of each VLJ
and there thrust was plotted on a graph. The points on the graph defined a trend of around what
thrust was needed for a certain size. Because the system was over defined the trend of how
thrust and weight interacts for current VLJ is hard to say by looking Therefore
Therefore the student
decided to use the least square method to define a linear line. With the matrix calculation
and linear equation the student
dent calculated a
straight line (appendix 1.5).
Illustration 1: Thrust/Area, Blue current VLJ's, Red Least Square calculation
With the line as a reference the student could now change size of the concept if needed and get
a rough idea of the required thrust that this change would implicate.
The engine
ngine PW625F was chosen due to the small size and good thrust of 2,500 pounds.
However later in the project this came to change due to large cabin space and simulation
results. The fuel was chosen to 2'000 pounds estimated from the current VLJ D-Jet
D that had the
same size and thrust.
From the first estimations the student found that D-jet

D jet that was a good reference due to the
similarities. The specifications gives us more information about the chosen size such as
distances, which is up to 1300 nautical miles
mile for D-jet
jet on the amount of 1740 pounds of fuel.
(diamondaircraft, 2008). From the site FAA the student was able to find information regarding
fuel storage. “Fuel is by regulations from FAA always stored in the
the wings.” (FAA, 2008)
The student also had to meet the requirements of using advanced

advance avionics; this is referred to as
a glass cockpit. A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument
20 (73)
displays. Where a traditional cockpit relies on numerous mechanical gauges to display
information, a glass cockpit utilizes several computer displays that can be adjusted to display
flight information as needed. This simplifies aircraft operation and navigation and allows pilots
to focus only on the most pertinent information. They are also highly popular with airline
companies as they usually eliminate the need to employ a flight engineer.
“In recent years the technology has become widely available in small personal aircraft.”
(Wikipedia, 2008)
Comparing the different VLJ's gives some interesting information. Garmin 1000 is the only
avionics in a VLJ that has been approved by European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA, 2008)
Most VLJ that have done flight testing and have advanced to flight testing are using the Garmin
1000 (garmin, 2008). Those found having different avionics usually have installed a lighter
version from the same producer such as G500 information found on various VLJ producers
homepage.
The Body is often build up out of cylinders later in production mated together by bolts, there
are some of the newer planes these days are built with a frame together with composite shell,
however the commissioner expressed that he wanted the body to be made by aluminium. The
difference changes in price / material, life and production time and methods. With the
conventional production, the student had too little time to go deeper than looking at current
production ways and used materials. Information was found at different sites and books.
Aerodynamics
The optimal shape for least resistance of an object

travelling through air is often referred to a drop of water,
it automatically shapes itself to pass the air particles at
the same time without losing it is homogenise body. This
can also be observed from current natures own, the
fastest bird Falco Peregrinus that has documented speeds
up to 168 miles/hour. The body is elongated with two
Figure 7 Falco Peregrinus
sleek wings and a tail for increased control. The head as
the peak is progressively decreasing angle creasing as
seen in mathematical curves such as Fibonacci spiral.
The front should there for have a decreasing curve as
seen on almost all current jet air craft’s. Obtaining “lift”
with this shape is however not possible, Thus the
obviously need of wings. There have been many other
scientists who have tried to solve the calculation of
flying one of the commonly used Bernoulli's principles Figure 8 Aerofoils found in Pilots
that explains the movement of a particle is longer on the handbook of aeronautics knowledge
upper side of a wing thus creating the lift however this
theory has been proven not true. “Lift occurs when a moving flow of gas is turned by a solid
object.” (NASA, 2008). This is calculated from Newton’s third law and seems to be the most
accepted law from the different sites and books the student has studied. The student studied
other aircrafts. After careful consideration the student choose the aerofoil most usable for this
concept the sub-sonic aerofoil. (Federal aviation Administration Washington DC, 1980)
21 (73)
Concept creation
For the project to be successful a fully 3D model was required from the commissioner he
provided guidance and information regarding methods and aesthetic design where the student
learned a lot. The first methods provided by the commissioner was the walk through (appendix
1.6) together with the mood board, used a lot among industrial designers these tools are for
creating unified features, shapes and colours for a specific product. After creating the walk
through the student created a function diagram (appendices 1.7) from the acquired information
and from previous knowledge gathered. Sketching was chosen as the best method (p. 14),
thinking up new ideas is easier and faster to note and illustrate with pen and paper than with 3D
model program. It is a better solution then modelling the ideas that can sometimes be abstract
and complex directly into modelling software. The
sketching started with creative sketching using tools such
as tracing and mass amount sketching (p. 14)
”Standardization may not be as prevalent or profitable as
perceived” Margaret Bruce, Lucy Daly, and Kenneth B.
Kahn. The student have implicated this recommendation
in the aesthetics of the project giving the concept the little
extra edge and satisfying the commissioners request in
areas such as window shape and tail wing. The sketches Figure 9 The used moodboard
were not dark enough to be portray well on computer and due to the weight and size the student
decided to leave the hard copies in Canada, however a few sketches was recovered using
Photoshop. See below for a few examples or (appendices 2.1)
Methods used here was initially to gain a creativity with creative sketching (p. 14) and then to
mass produce ideas. (p. 14)
Figure 10 Initial idea sketches
22 (73)
Figure 11 Detailed ideas and sketches
From the high number of ideas a number of seven concepts were chosen (p. 15) estimated to all
meet the technical requirement from the project specification (appendix 2.2). The concepts
were therefore evaluated on the Inspirational requirements using a modified list of design,
Reference frames for design “Referensramar for Formgivning” (Rolf Lövgren, 2006). Key
word evaluated on the concepts was as following:
■ Perception/Cognition
■ Anthropometry/Ergonomics
■ Marketing
■ Geometry
■ Shape design
■ Psychology
Figur 12:Choosen concept from Inspirational evaluation

The concept that achieved the highest score was concept number six. (appendix 2.2.6)
23 (73)
After the concepts had been evaluated the student continued to improve concept number six, a
few of the recovered sketches can be seen below.
Figure 13 Several tracing scetches

All the new sketches of concept 6 were presented where the commissioner pick the sketch he
liked the most in order for the project to be inspirational for GadShaanan DESIGN, see below.
Figure 14 Sketch picked by the commissioner
24 (73)
The picked sketch was chosen together with some mixed subtractions and additions found on
other presented sketches. He wanted to add a split tail wing and the engine between, also found
on a currently operational VLJ “The jet” (the-jet, 2008). He wished to make the main wings
slimmer with longer reach and without the front stabilising wings and the air intake would be
above instead of below.
Figure 15 The final sketch concept
25 (73)
Development
This part of the thesis is where the student created the 3D model and evaluated the concept.
3D model creation
The student used the same model program as the company used which was Pro Engineer 2.0.
After relearning the Pro Engineer (p. 16) the student continued to try and illustrate the concept.
The student used the feature Assembly with a skeleton model. The function of the skeleton
model is to:
• contain key assembly constraints
• act as a conduit for “sketching” a design by adding geometry to complement a layout
• serve as the hub of data sharing
• allow assembled components to interact with the parent assembly, insulating it from
failure of component placement.
(PTC, 2008)
These functions made it easier to model and have a reference to work from. The 3D modelling
was harder than the student initially had anticipated; more over the software had problems
implementing changes later in the process thus leaving the student no choice but to restart from
scratch a certain number of times. Reference measurements calculated from earlier were added
such as length, width and circular diameter. After several rebuilding the student was finally
able to get the required shapes, using methods such as skeleton sketching, surfacing, polishing
curves and more. (p. 16)
Figure 16 previous creations, printed overview and following adjustments
The commissioner helped to sketch over printed views of the 3D model to improve curves and
focus the student on the chosen concept. When everything had been done with the exterior it
was time to start the rendering according to the Gantt, time had flown away on small problems
and the student rushed trying to build the interior along with seats etc. together with preparing
the exterior for renderings.
While designing the seats the commissioner pointed out that the seats were floating inside the
VLJ. Even though using references the sizes had become abnormal. The extra large cabin space
was not calculated, leaving the student with an almost too large VLJ. Unable to resize the plane
due the fact that the software could not resize such a complex 3D model, the student had to
make a choice how to handle the problem. A to large plane could compromise the performance
in an unanticipated way and having “a too large cabin” would even if correct in size not look
real, thus making the final inspirational images not convincing. The student thought that a size
change could be a good solution and it would mean less required thrust while performance
would go up, according to Mr Kingham (certified pilot and computer specialist). The change
26 (73)
from 40x40 ft to 30x30 ft would mean a thrust of 2013 lb instead of the calculated 2559 lb
calculated with the least point method. To verify the new estimation the student resized the
seats larger instead of sizing the air plane smaller. Next page shows two figures of before and
after the size change.
Figure 18 3D model large version
Figure 17 3D model smaller version
The results were better than expected. Some adjustments would have to be done; the walls at
the moment of the testing were somewhat too big for arm support and the future features such
as work table and cup holder.
Simulation and adjustments
Simulations was done in an software called X-plane that can handle personal made 3D objects
and enter estimated specifications it can then calculate and simulate flight using bladed element
theory.
Blade element theory (BET) is a mathematical process originally designed by William Froude (1878), David
W. Taylor (1893) and Stefan Drzewiecki to determine the behaviour of propellers. It involves breaking an
airfoil down into several small parts then determining the forces on them. These forces are then converted
into accelerations, which can be integrated into velocities and positions.
(wikipedia, 2008)
The blade element theory is based on the same principals as NASA calculates with as presented
in creation activity (p. 21) of the project; however the software simulates forces on divided
surfaces instead of the stated gas particles moved by a solid objects surface.
During simulations Mr Kingham made some improvements to the performance testing different
specifications while the student was able to find a new engine that could match the new thrust.
From the simulations a thrust of 1800 would be appropriate, The student used the old
calculations and found that the answer was good with the least point calculation, outcome was
a speed of 340 KTS. The student found the Williams FJ33-4A-19 a perfect match for the
concept VLJ. The dimensions have been taken from the (williams, 2008). However the exhaust
pipe was a little short to direct the thrust stream 100% in the right direction at this stage the
student could not implement any new changes.
Figure 19 The model with FJ33 engine Figure 20 Engine Williams FJ33
27 (73)
Mr Kingham then used the specific dimensions from the concept and recreated the model for
X-plane
plane due to the fact that the model was not compatible for the simulations program thus the
not exactly same windows. He then testt flew the concept in X-plane (x-plane
plane, 2008) giving it
thumbs up in aviation attributes,
attributes nice handling and an overall nice flight. A recorded video
from the flight can be acquired from the student and this film will be available in the
t disc that
will
ll be sent to the commissioner.
Figure 21 A few screen shots from the first simulated flight

There were some changes such as a new fuel size to lower the MTOW, after fter the simulation it
was calculated to 1'500 pounds. This would lower the estimated range to around 1163 nautical
miles, using a percentage
ge calculation with the same engine and roughly the same weight.
1350 nm / 1740
740 lb = 0.78 nm/lb →1500 lb * 0.78 nm/lb ≈ 1164 nm
This gave the concept longer flight than three current VLJ's and around the same as two others.
The concept VLJ have been added to the weight of current VLJ's from earlier together with the
new specifications and can be viewed
vie on appendices 3.
28 (73)
”some degree of localization or rationalization is necessary to make

the product acceptable to the market” (Margaret Bruce, Lucy Daly,
and Kenneth B. Kahn, (citing Kotler , 2000))
In order to give the commissioner the most realistic concept the
student took a photo in a local environment, mounted a rendering of
the 3D model and edited them the rendering to fit with each other.
Figure 22 Rendering of
This was done to make the most realistic image where the user,
concept VLJ
commissioner and employees of GadShaanan DESIGN, can
identify themselves with. The settings in Pro Engineer are limited and were trials for the
student get some good renderings during the short period of time remaining. The student
printed two images to show the commissioner before returning home to Sweden. The student
Figure 23 Photo taken in Montréal by the student

have created a couple more printable images on arriving in Sweden that will be additional
inspiration this will be burned to a disk and sent to the commissioner together with this report
and the Pro Engineer 3D model.
QFD Evaluation of concept versus competitors

The requirements of this subjective statement the concept had to be evaluated from the final
customer which in fact is the commissioner. His response to the final print outs was that there
were some things that had some interest to them. However a QFD was made to evaluate and
verifying the results between the most interesting VLJ's. To QFD used partially collected and
estimated data. (appendices 5)
Figur 24 The QFD reduced in size

The concept VLJ meets the requirements from the market best of the four. However it was
evaluated as runner up compared to the product specifications of Cessna Mustang.
29 (73)
8. Results
The documentation below is the results of this project. The results below can be followed up
with the project specification and use as a reference to compare if the problems have been
solved.
Choosing the appropriate methods for designing a Very Light Jet

The list of methods used in this thesis has all been explained in chapter 6 and 7. Most of them
are from thee read literature and some of them have explicitly been made to suite this project.
Using the chosen methods in a controlled and traceable way

All the methods used can be checked on the Gantt schedule (appendix 1.2), with this schedule
the student have beenn able to control and document the progress of the project. The
documentation can now be used to trace back steps and actions in a time line.

Documented files for further development has
not been required to present to the
commissioner,
ssioner, however a disc will be sent to
the commissioner. The disc containing the
inspirational illustrations, 3D model, produced
results from each method together with gathered
information such as links, contacts and research
documentation including this thesis.
Meeting the technical requirements Figur 25 Overview of the concept VLJ
Below are the final specifications of the Concept VLJ,, here we can see the final results and
check it against the stated project specification (appendix 1.1).

The estimated maximum takeoff weight of the air plane will be 5'500 pounds. There for far
below the required VLJ mark 10'000 pounds. The material used is mainly aluminium that is
structured with partial cylinders mated together to create the body, as done in conventional air
plane.
The transportation specifications have been chosen optimal at 6 pax. Where 1-2 1 seats are pilot
seats in the front and the rest 4-5
4 5 are passenger seats. There are two entrances to the concept
VLJ such as on a sports car, one on on each side, giving a smooth and easy exit for the customer,
thus removing the conventional aisle giving more space on each sides for larger arm rests and
more robust work tables, meeting the requirements of relaxation and work space. The interior
diameterr has been set to 6.1 ft, which is still a large cabin size compared with others.
Figur 26 Concept
30VLJ
(73) planned seating
The engine chosen for the concept VLJ is one Williams FJ33-4A-19, which has a thrust of
almost 1900 pounds. 1500 pounds fuel will be stored in the wings.
Figur 27 Concept VLJ engine placing

Advance avionics
Due to the efficiency and proven usefulness Garmin G1000 was chosen as the best avionics
instrument panel for the concept VLJ.
Meeting the inspirational requirements
Below are the inspirational requirements compared with the results.
A concept to give inspiration for other projects

Printable inspirational illustrations of the concept will be sent to the commissioner for easy use
in other projects.
Figur 28 Rendering of concept jet
31 (73)
Evaluation of attractiveness
The requirements of this subjective perception was evaluated from the final customer which in
project is the commissioner. The response was that there were some interesting ideas and
shapes that could be of use for them.
Figur 29 Rendering of concept VLJ

The image below is one of the two printed images shown to the commissioner. These images
along with some more like the one above will be sent to the commissioner as printable material
for inspiration usage.
Figur 30 One of the inspirational renderings of the concept VLJ
Simulation results from X-plane

The simulation results such as take off speeds lengths, in flight data and weights can be found
in appendices 4, a simulated flight video can be acquired from the student on disc. Something
to note is that maximum cruise speed is as high as 340 kts; minimum runway is 1200 ft and
almost half the weight requirements 5'500 lb.
32 (73)
9. Analysis
The student have here analysed his work and the achieved results.
Resources Analysis
Below is an analysis of the different activities and the produced result.
The problem statement and the achieved result
Looking at the project specification and the results at the same time, it shows that the proposed
concept is a functional concept that weighs less than 10000 pounds, uses advanced avionics,
can transport passengers and operates with a jet engine not only with the specifications but also
with the verification of the simulation flight. The concept is of course in theory and this should
be taken in consideration, the specifications from the project are only defining the shell of the
concept jet. The demand to make the concept attractive has been proven by basing its
conclusions on the target consumer, there taste and opinion has been emulate onto the concept
jet. The commissioner has expressed his thoughts on the project where as some parts were
interesting for them in the future, thus making the project useful as a inspiration and fulfilling
the last demand the specified problem statement.
Analysis of the chosen methods
Analysis
The information gathering and overall structure of the analysis part was well defined by
literature (Ullman, 2003, p. 10) and is a core for producing a good result. There were some lack
of restrictions in depth of the project and a method or process for defining this would have been
useful.
Creation
The proposed methods have been taken from literature and a few provided to the student by the
commissioner. Most of the methods from the commissioner were used to improve the overall
design and aesthetics of the concept, methods from the student was used to specify key parts of
the concept. The use of the methods from two different sources that was not included to each
other made it hard to merge the methods together creating the concept more divided then
homogeneous. The QFD should have been used during the creation phase for a more well
defined evaluation method, however the results are likely to have been similar.
Development
The first part of this phase methods were intended to specify at the same time create 3
dimensional visual parts, improving productivity and utilized maximum time. The methods
enhance the reality of the concept thus improving the inspirational concept. The simulation and
QFD was used to verify the results against competing products on the market to see if the
concept is competitive and realistic in scientific and market factors.
33 (73)
Summery and documentation
Gantt was chosen as method to document and follow the project progress. Additional
documentation methods such as intelligence from analysis phase were also used to keep track
and create useful information.
34 (73)
10. Conclusions & recommendations
Conclusions
Comparing the demands of the project with the results shows that the student has worked for a
specified goal and succeeded. Whatever the results of the project became, the goal of the thesis
was for the student to first in a scientific way comprehend a complex problem propose a
method of solution and solve the problem based on what the student has learned during his
study time. Secondly the student has done this thesis to gain real work experience in the field of
studies. Both of which the student has taken a lot of experience from learned a lot from.
Recommendation
It could be for anyone wishing to use the produced information in this thesis to continue to look
at the points below:
With the function diagram create a specified list of features
Create FMEA, DFA and DFM on the features.
Update and add the features into the 3D model.
Create a Bill of material list.
Interesting literature such as “designing a Jet for students.” This could be useful for
more accurate calculations and instructions. This book was found to late during the
project or else it would have been used.
Check with FAA's Rule 23, and Part 135 Certification: Single Pilot, Single Pilot-in-
Command, and Basic Part 135 Operators.
www.faa.gov
Keep updated and single pilot requirements for jets in Europe at EASA.
www.easa.eu.int
Establish a contact with suppliers such as Garmin for information regarding their
control panel and Mecaer America Inc for landing gear.
Optimizations for sell points such as flight speeds flight and lengths
Reducing stall time at airports, optimizing leaving, landing refuelling,
entering/exiting passengers baggage’s.
Optimizing sight from plane giving a “flying in the air experience”
Optimizing working conditions in airplane key subjects such as reducing noise and
providing comfortable seats with stable work tables and outlets for laptops.
Learned from the project

The biggest lesson learned is to follow the time schedule, to move on with the results created
instead of perfecting. No project has a perfect result no matter how hard one try's, from every
step taken towards the goal hidden paths appear and missed shortcuts can be seen reaching the
top. Last but not least call instead of email!
Overall impression
The time spent in Canada has been invaluable lesson to the student, all the mistakes will he
now know how to avoid and all the results will he take with him for his future carer. Last but
not least, He is really grateful to GadShaanan DESIGN and the Mr Mladen accepting him to do
this project.
35 (73)
11. References
Direct contact
William E. Herp, President and CEO Linear Air
Fazackerley Steve, CAA (20080306)
Literature
Federal aviation Administration Washington DC, 1980, Pilot’s handbook of aeronautical
knowledged, US department of transportation
Pohl, Peter 1999, Grunderna i numeriska metoder, NADA KTH
Solberg Soilen, Klaus, 2005, Introduction to Private & Public Intelligence: The Swedish
School of Competitive Intelligence, Studentlitteratur AB
Stamatis, D. H. 2001, Six sigma and beyond, CRC Press
Svenska Språknämnden 2000, Svenska Skrivregler, Liber AB
Ullman, David G. 2003, The Mechanical Design process, McGraw Hill
Database articles
Engineering Emotional Values in Product Design -Kansei Engineering in Development,
Simon Schütte
Delineating Design Factors that Influence the Global Product Launch Process
Margaret Bruce, Lucy Daly, and Kenneth B. Kahn, 2007 PU
Anthropometry and mass distribution for human analogues, Volume 1: Military Male Aviators
Naval Biodynamics Laboratory, March 1988
Engineering Emotional Values in Product Design -Kansei Engineering in Development
Simon Schütte
Internet pages
“Referensramar for Formgivning” (Rolf Lövgren, 2006), found at www.mdh.se (20080304)
Organisations
Federal Aviation Administration (20080212) www.faa.gov

Single Pilot, Single Pilot-in-Command, and Basic Part 135 Operations (20080316)
http://fsims.faa.gov/wdocs/8900.1/v02%20air%20op%20&%20agency%20cert/chapter%2004/
02_004_006.pdf
The Very Light Jets (VLJs) are coming… (20080213)
http://www.faa.gov/news/conferences_events/aviation_forecast_2005/breakout/media/3-
Don%20Taylor.ppt
Civil Aviation Authority (20080212) www.caa.co.uk
UK Airport Statistics (20080213) www.caa.co.uk/airportstatistics
CAA publishes Air Passenger Survey (20080316)
http://www.caa.co.uk/application.aspx?catid=14&pagetype=65&appid=7&newstype=n&mode
=detail&nid=1362
European Aviation Safety Agency (20080213) www.easa.eu.int
National Business Aviation Association (20080303) http://web.nbaa.org/
36 (73)
NBAA Training Guidelines for Single Pilot Operations of Very Light Jets and Technically
Advanced Aircraft (20080314) http://web.nbaa.org/ops/safety/vlj/introduction/1-4-
definitions.php
Survey of Companies Using Turbine-Powered General Aviation Aircraft for business
Transportation (20080314) http://web.nbaa.org/public/news/stats/louis_harris_poll.pdf
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (20080304) www.nasa.gov
What is lift? (20080323) http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/lift1.html
Parts and products:
G1000 (20080321) www.garmin.com/products/g1000/

Hydraulic Systems :: PROGRAMS APPLICATIONS :: Eclipse Aviation E500 VLJ
(20080321) http://www.mecaer.ca/products/?id=86
VLJ producer’s sites:
Adam Aircraft Industries (20080221) http://www.adamaircraft.com/

Diamond Aircraft (20080225) http://www.diamondaircraft.com/aircraft/djet/
Eclipse Aviation (20080224) http://www.eclipseaviation.com/
Embraer - Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A. (20080224)
http://www.embraer.com/english/content/home/
Excel Jet (20080304) http://exceljetair.com/
Citation Mustang (20080224) http://www.cessna.com/citation/mustang.html
Bombardier Inc. - Bombardier – Home (20080225) http://www.learjet.com/
THE-JET BY CIRRUS (20080314) http://www.the-jet.com/
Piperjet Microsite (20080314) http://www.newpiper.com/piperjet/
Epic cabin-class turbine and VLJ aircraft (20080224) http://www.epicaircraft.com/Elite.html
HondaJet | Official Site of Honda Jet Aircraft Technology (20080225)
http://hondajet.honda.com/
Maverick Jets - The Jets – SmartJet (20080224) http://www.maverickjets.com/jets/smartjet.php
Spectrum Aeronautical – Spectrum (20080225) http://www.spectrum.aero/
Grob Aircraft (20080224) http://www.grob-aerospace.net/aircraft/business-aircraft/spn-
overview.html
VLJ Aircraft Industry News and Information - VLJ Comparison (20080224) http://www.very-
light-jet.com/vlj-comparison.html
Very light jet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (20080224)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_light_jet
Other relevant sites:
VLJ MAGAZINE | Welcome to VLJ MAGAZINE®! | Aircraft, Epic, Jets ... (20080216)
http://www.vljmag.com/
Taxijet Blog » Blog Archive » VLJ Air Taxi Service – Which ... (20080216)
http://www.taxijet.com/blog/2008/01/15/vlj-air-taxi-service-which-airports-can-support-it/
Blade element theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (20080416)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_element_theory
Eclipse Aviation Corporation Names Don Taylor Vice President ... (20080215)
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_/ai_63284037
X-Plane, by Austin Meyer (20080415) http://www.x-plane.com/
Worldometers - real time world statistics (20080320) www.worldometers.info
37 (73)
UK air-taxi service ready for ‘the VLJ revolution’: AINonline (20080521)
http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/uk-air-taxi-service-ready-for-the-vlj-
revolution/
38 (73)
12. Appendices
Number and give describing names to your appendices to help the reader to grasp the content
of your report.
1 Analysis
1.1 Project specification
Technical requirements
Choosing the most appropriate methods for designing a Very light jet.
Using the chosen methods in a controlled and traceable way.
Advanced Avionics
Inspirational requirements
Creating a concept that can give inspiration for other projects.

Being attractive
■ Perception
■ Cognition
■ Anthropometry
■ Geometry and colour language
■ Ergonomics
39 (73)
1.2 GANTT
PROJECTPLAN
Date 2008-02-03 Identity
Planed Worked Revision
Activity Made by
Per Nyblom
Note
Activities w.1 w.2 w.3 w.4 w.5 w.6 w.7 w.8 w.9 w.10 w.11 w.12 w.13 w.14 w.15 w.16 w.17 w.18 w.19 w.20 w.21 w.22 w.23
Analysis
Defining problem definition
Defining project limitations
Defining report structure
Defining methods
Information gathering
Information reading
Creation
Analysis of information and

creation of intelligence
C reativity design
C hoose ideas/concepts
Advance Ideas/concepts
C hoose solution
Development
Relearning wildfire
Developing chosen solution
Summery
Presentation material
Project ending
Documentation
Project results and progress
Gantt
40 (73)
1.3 Survey
Beneath are the questioners the student sent to 40 different companies and the documents
are as following.
Presentation email
Master thesis student with some simple questions
Hello my name is Per Nyblom

I am a Swedish student who is doing my master thesis on designing a conceptual “Very Light Jet”.
I am looking for some future thoughts and ideas on this area from persons that have knowledge about this or
have flown in one, maybe you yourself have insight in VLJ's. Would you mind answering a few simple
questions? Maybe you know someone more who could help me?
Thank you very much in advance

Per Nyblom
(Attached documents to the email)

Producer-Seller-Other
What do you think will be the major changes for Taxi jets in the future?
What do you think is the biggest problems with current jets?
Can you think of any solutions?
Can you think of any specific areas in where jets will compete more in the future?
What do you think about green jets? Do you think that it could be something for VLJ jets?
Do you think that reducing sound could be a good marketing strategy?
Do you feel that you are missing features in your jets?
Such as cup holders, TV, seating, space... etc?
What are the most common complaints?
What have you planned to improve?
User-pilot-repairman
What do you think are common problems with VLJ's?
If you could, what would you change on the next VLJ that you flew with?
What do you think is negative of flying a VLJ?
What do you see positive about current VLJ's?
In the air plane is there something you are missing?
Is there anything you feel there could be less of?
Were you comfortable last time you flew?
What could have been better and what do you remember was good?
Do you feel that the sound, smell, view(what you see inside and outside of the plane) and the vibrations
while flying could be better in a VLJ? Are there other things that could be better?
Experts
Is it possible to keep the same pressure in the VLJ as if you would stand on ground?
What would that need to succeed?
Is it possible to make huge sound reductions without losing it all in weight?
Can you think of any ways?
Are there any things/areas that you can think of that the VLJ industry have not entered yet, such as green
fuel?
41 (73)
1.4 Benchmarking
Simple overview where maximum speed is in knots, weight in pounds, pax in amount, thrust in
pounds, the following are calculated on the first four measurements.
Airplanes Max speed Weight Pax Thrust Thrust/weight Weight/pax Speed/thrust Length
Elite 412 7700 5 1400 0.18 1540 0.29 0
Excel-Jet 375 4900 6 1500 0.31 816.67 0.25 30
Eclips 500 370 4480 6 1800 0.4 746.67 0.21 29
The-Jet 300 8645 5 1900 0.22 1729 0.16 35
D-Jet 315 5110 5 1900 0.37 1022 0.17 0
Adam 500 223 7000 6 2400 0.34 1166.67 0.09 38
Piper 369 4360 7 2400 0.55 622.86 0.15 34
Adam 700 340 8300 7 2700 0.33 1185.71 0.13 0
Independence 415 7300 10 2700 0.37 730 0.15 46
Spn 415 13000 9 2800 0.22 1444.44 0.15 49
Mustang 340 8645 6 2920 0.34 1440.83 0.12 40.7
Phenom 100 360 9700 5 3230 0.33 1940 0.11 41
HondaJet 420 9200 8 3320 0.36 1150 0.13 42
Comparision of VLJ's
Name of Manufacturer Name of plane: Price M$ Material Max cruise speed (kt)
Engine Name: Engine thrust (lb) Max seats Max weight (lb) Max Fuel (lb) Lenght ft Width ft Wing area ft^3 Range nm Cabin + bag size
Noisecudb
ft
Adam Aircraft Adam 500 0 Carbon fiber 223 2 x TSIO-550-E 2400 6 7000 230gal 38 44 1100 245
Adam Aircraft Adam 700 2.25 Carbon Fiber 340 2 x FJ33-4 2700 7 8300 2200 0 0 1400 245
Cessna Aircraft Mustang 2.6 Aluminum & Composites 340 2 x PW615F 2920 6 8645 2580 40.7 43.2 1167 207
Cirrus Design The-Jet 0 Carbon Fiber 300 1 x FJ33-4A-19 1900 5 8645 600gal 35 38 1000
Diamond D-Jet 1.35 Carbon Fiber 315 1 x FJ33-4A-19 1900 5 5110 1740 35 38 1350 229
Eclipse Aviation Eclips 500 1.5 Aluminum 370 1 x PW615F 1800 6 4480 186gal 29 36 1125 176
Embraer Phenom 100 2.85 Aluminum & Composites 360 2 x PW617F 3230 5 9700 0 41 40 1160 375
Epic Elite 0 Carbon Fiber 412 1 x FJ33-4 1400 5 7700 0 0 0 1650
Sport-Jet Excel-Jet 1 Composit with Al wings 375 1 x FJ33-4A 1500 6 4900 210gal 30 33 1000
Honda HondaJet 3.65 Composit 420 2 x GE honda HF 120 3320 8 9200 0 42 40 1180
Piper Aircraft Piper 2.19 Aluminum 369 1 x FJ44-3AP 2400 7 4360 0 34 45 1300
Spectrum Independence 3.65 Carbon Fiber 415 2 x FJ33-4 2700 10 7300 2770 46 43 2000
Grob Aerospace Spn 0 Carbon Fiber 415 2 x FJ44-3A 2800 9 13000 660gal 49 49 1800 405
Maverickjets SmartJet 0.9 Aluminium 290 1 x PW JT-15-5 3200 3 4160 210gal 28 39 134 1250 55
Average: 2.19 353.14 2351.82 6.29 6774 40.7 44.38 1320.14
A more complete list:
42 (73)
1.4.1 Benchmark graphs
14000 3500
12000 3000
10000 2500
8000 2000
6000 1500 Thrust
Weight
4000 1000
2000 500
0 0
Eclips 500 D-Jet Independence Adam 700 The-Jet Phenom 100
Piper Excel-Jet Adam 500 Elite Mustang HondaJet Spn
12 3500
10 3000
2500
8
2000
6
1500 Thrust
4 Pax
1000
2 500
0 0
Excel-Jet The-Jet Adam 500 Adam 700 Spn Phenom 100
Elite Eclips 500 D-Jet Piper Independence Mustang HondaJet
43 (73)
1.5 Least square calculation
The different VLJ competitors thrust was and as the

area that the plane spans over length and width.
wi = 1500 lb is the thrust
hrust of The Excel-jet,
Excel
= 990 that is the area span of The Excel-jet.
Excel The rest of the VLJ competitors follows the
same pattern and can be found in (appendices 1.4). The The matrix to solve an over defined system
syst
is and the linear equation .
Combined we get a solvable solution

solutio and gives the
following:
=
=>
With the numbers we can now solve the matrix.
=>
=>
44 (73)
The solution gives Solving the equation gives the
linear equation
Illustration 2: Thrust/Area, Blue current VLJ's, Red Least Square calculation
Conclusions regarding this graph is that the trend curve moves upwards as the weight increases
more thrust is needed to make the airplane fly. Nothing strange there, of course there are
always exceptions such as the Smart
mart jet that is a little bit abnormal to the curve with less thrust
then normal at the same time this plane is still at the concept level without any real
r flight. Thus
the curve should be a good representative for estimating weight with a relevant thrust.
45 (73)
1.6 Walk through
Seeing the plane

I am going in the new generation of limo!
That\s the coolest Jet on the market, waiting for me!
It looks so fast and impressive!
I want to see how it looks and feels inside
Entering the plane
So much more space!
So uplifting!
So relaxing!
Wow I can see so much outside of the plane, but from the outside I could not see anything!
Sitting down in the plane
Ah that\s nice! Wow I got a great view! And in the air I should be able to get such views!
And even in the ceiling I can see the clouds!
I feel I am flying, but I still feel secure!
That’s nice that I can close the one at my feet because I am afraid of heights.
Sleeping in the plane
Oh I am feeling so good in this chair I will make a short nap and then get some work done.
Working in the plane
Time to get some work done... now how do I... oh that’s simple, wow that’s really good. I
should be able to work really easy here. I wished all cars and planes could be like this!
Looking outside of the plane
Wow! That\s a great view!
I can see my office from here!
I would like to fly over Himalayas and the Pyramids in this plane!
Landing
Wow that was a fast landing and getting out of the plane goes so fast. It just stopped and
opened the doors and I am out!
Going out
I feel like I am one of the world’s leaders, I am one of the worlds greatest. I wished I could fly
that to the office.
46 (73)
1.7 Function diagram
Support flight
Self supporting propulsion
Accept change of Speed
Support fuel
Weigh less than 10000lb
Accept change of direction
Support GPS navigation
Accept change of flaps
Accept communication
Accept airplane interaction
Present flight data
Support exterior communication
Support landing
Support landing on airports
Support landing on small runways
Support ground movement
Accept Passengers
Self supporting lift

Support change of altitude
Support change of air pressure
Support change of temperature
Reduce ice
Pressure
Interior and Exterior
Support interior communication
Support life
Secure breathing
Accept liquid
Support climate control
Support sight
Support view
Support light
Support working
Support computers
Support writing
Support reading
Support luggage
Support sleeping
Support relaxing
Support stretching
Support standing
Support entertainment
Support movies
Support games
Support talking
Support mobile phone
Support air plane phone
Reduce noise
Support consummation
Support drinking
Support eating
Support smoking
Support toilet
Support sickness
Support emergency
Support cleaning
47 (73)
1.7.2 Function diagram continue
Give security
Secure control
Secure two way control
Secure problem indication
Secure problem solving
Secure entrance
Secure exit
Secure easy exit
Secure easy understanding
Secure turbulence
Secure crash
Secure air breathing
Secure against fire
Secure against sharp objects
Secure fastening
Secure comfort
To be Attractive
Anthropometry/Ergonomics
Marketing
Geometry
Shape design
Attractive lines
Common Shapes
Attractive colours
Attractive nuances
Emphases Psychology
48 (73)
2 Creation
The next following nine pages are sketches created during the project, some of them used for
different purposes.
49 (73)
2.1.1 Sketching
50 (73)
2.1.2 Sketching
51 (73)
2.1.3 Sketching
52 (73)
2.1.4 Sketching
53 (73)
2.1.5 Sketching
54 (73)
2.1.6 Sketching
55 (73)
2.1.7 Sketching
56 (73)
2.1.8 Sketching
57 (73)
2.1.9 Sketching
58 (73)
2.1.10 Sketching
59 (73)
2.2 Concept benchmark
Benchmark Concepts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Parameters
Perception/Cognition 7 4 5 7 7 9 7
If the feature/product is easy to understand and
use
Anthropometry/Ergonomics 3 2 5 3 8 8 9
Body measurements, forces angles using the product
Marketing 3 1 6 6 5 7 5
Cultural differences
Geometry 8 8 7 2 6 9 7
Forces and mechanics
Shape design 4 6 8 7 6 8 9
Naturally attractive shapes and patterns such as the golden ratio.
Psychology 3 3 8 6 5 5 5
Emotional and social interactivity.
SUM 28 24 39 31 37 46 42
For each evaluated concept and their motivation see appendices 2.2.1 - 2.2.6
60 (73)
2.2.1 Concept1
Information:
Interior radius 6
Wingspan 30
Length 25
Thrust 2000
Pax 4-6
Colours Black with silver highlights
Motivation
7 Fairly easy to understand what it is meant to do, due to simple shape and small shape.
3 Due to the small size the radius dimension will be smaller and giving a smaller seating space.
Marketing
2 Too much toy like.
Geometry
8 The smaller the plane the easier it is to manoeuvre, flaps and systems can be made bigger in
comparison to the rest of the plane with less impact on wind pressures.
Shape design
4 In car design you never make a curve that goes down. But the curves and lines work well
together.
Psychology
3 It looks a little sad due to the down curve, and not aggressive enough for the proposed
customer.
61 (73)
2.2.2 Concept 2
Information:
Interior radius 5.5
Wingspan 25
Length 25
Thrust 1200
Pax 2-4
Colours Grey with orange highlights
Motivation
4 Due to the larger body, window and air intake together with the smaller wings the aircraft
looks a little like it could be used under water.
2 Small seating space at most 3 pax air plane. Making the space very cramped and hard to use
the body's full potential.
Marketing
1 This concept that looks the most like a toy. They eye like windows makes it look more
organism like then solid and the long air intake makes the concept less attractive.
Geometry
comparison to the rest of the plane with less impact on wind pressures.
Shape design
6 Somewhat unified lines for the dashboard, windows and tail wing.
Psychology
3 Aggressive but too much aligned with a fly to make a good impression.
62 (73)
2.2.3 Concept 3
Information:
Interior radius 7
Wingspan 30
Length 35
Thrust 2500
Pax 4-6
Colours Grey with aluminium highlights
Motivation
5 This concept also looks a little like it could be used for underwater because of the shark like
gill window, fluffy information’s screen and the pointy “teeth” wing on the side.
5 Fairly large spaces for movement seating space at most 4 pax cramped. Problems entering
and exiting the aircraft due to the wing sizes. The interior looks roomy but the controls a little
shattered.
Marketing
6 A little too aggressive and fighter plane oriented.
Geometry
7 The mirrored wings is something aircraft creators like when it comes to manoeuvrability,
however very few aircraft with this feature is produced which contradicts its positive attributes
probably because of the complex forces in the frame.
Shape design
8 A lot of the curves move together to make an attractive and complete concept.
Psychology
8 Very aggressive, sharp lines and uncommon shape direction gives this concept an edge unlike
the others.
63 (73)
2.2.4 Concept 4
Information:
Interior radius 7
Wingspan 30
Length 25
Thrust 3000
Pax 4-6
Colours Grey with aluminium highlights
Motivation
7 The concept is futuristic and looks a little to be used for space more than fast in air. The air
intake talks of speed and
3 Due to the small size the radius dimension will be smaller and giving a smaller seating space.
Marketing
6 Futuristic, somewhat like a spaceship.
Geometry
comparison to the rest of the plane with less impact on wind pressures. The air intake will force
the air to take an unnatural path and too much curved for it to work well.
Shape design
7 The shapes talks of speed and simplicity. The double air intakes are consistent with cars
grill. The lines are a little too straight.
Psychology
6 The concept has hard lines and gives the feeling a little of shaky but at the same time
quickness.
64 (73)
2.2.5 Concept 5
Information:
Interior radius 7
Wingspan 35
Length 38
Thrust 3500
Pax 6-8
Colours white with black highlights
Motivation
7 Somewhat easy to understand what it does and how it works.
8 Large space for movement seating space at most 6 pax. The interior looks small and futuristic
simple and within good reach.
Marketing
5 Price would have to be lifted due to the extra strengthened body. On the other hand it would
be something new on the market and attract people on that point. However the futuristic look
gives it a boost.
Geometry
6 The mirrored wings is something aircraft creators like when it comes to manoeuvrability,
however very few aircraft with this feature is produced which contradicts its positive attributes
probably because of the complex forces in the frame. The placement of the wings will create a
momentum and will have to be compensated in the body thus making it heavier and more speed
would be required to lift.
Shape design
6 a lot of the curves move together to give a solid concept, however the wings and the body are
working a little against each other reducing the score.
Psychology
5 It does not look as sad as concept 1 however if the concept would be shown in perspective
from the side the down curved window would give the same impression.
65 (73)
2.2.6 Concept 6
Information:
Interior radius 8
Wingspan 40
Length 40
Thrust 3500
Pax 6-10
Colours Black with aluminium highlights
Motivation
9 Very easy to understand what it does. Looks secure and futuristic at the same time.
8 large spaces for movement seating space at most 8 pax. The interior looks big and spacey.
Marketing
7 The long windows and couple engines gives an impression of security and futuristic at the
same time. The market is however not looking for smaller jets so an 8 seater could be a little
too big.
Geometry
9 Proven geometry, simple and not as complex as the other concepts.
Shape design
8 The curves are working together where the smooth curves of the window works very well
with the positioning of the wings. The interior is something that is a little weak in comparison
to the exterior but still giving a strong unified impression.
Psychology
5 The shape of the body gives a little feeling of a helicopter. But the long windows and pointy
wingtips gives the impression of speed.
66 (73)
2.2.7 Concept 7
Information:
Interior radius 8
Wingspan 40
Length 44
Thrust 3800
Pax 6-10
Colours White with black highlights
Motivation
7 Easy to understand what it resembles. Maybe a little bit to futuristic.
9 large space for movement up to 8 and a little cramped with 10 pax. The interior has a fishy
bulb idea.
Marketing
5 Hard to sell, it looks a little insecure with the big glass top however. Might be become too
heavy to fit up to 10 persons.
Geometry
7 The geometry is not tested and hard to imagine, however the shape is following
aerodynamics but it might need a lot of support in the middle due to the neck and body
separation.
Shape design
9 The curves are working well together and it follows aerodynamics well with the raindrop
nose. Interior has some smooth lines that work well with the dome shaped hull.
Psychology
5 The shape of the body is speaking of an experimental aircraft not really proven but still with
instinct of nature.
67 (73)
3 Comparisons
14000 3500
12000 3000
10000 2500
8000 2000
6000 1500 Weight
Thrust
4000 1000
2000 500
0 0
Eclips 500 D-Jet Adam 500 Elite Mustang HondaJet Spn
Piper Excel-Jet Concept VLJ Independence Adam 700 The-Jet Phenom 100
12 3500
10 3000
2500
8
2000
6
1500 Pax
Thrust
4
1000
2 500
0 0
Phenom 100 Elite Adam 500 Eclips 500 Piper HondaJet Independence
D-Jet The-Jet Mustang Excel-Jet Concept VLJ Adam 700 Spn
68 (73)
4 Simulation
Specifications
Dimensions
Length 29.00 ft
Wingspan 27.00 ft
Wing Dihedral 6º
Wing Sweep 16 º
Wing Root Chord 8.00 ft
Wing Tip Chord 2.80 ft
Main Wing Aerofoil NACA 65(216)-415(Lam Flow)
Vertical Stabiliser Aerofoil NACA 0009 (Symmetrical)
Height 11.00 ft
Speeds
V1 (Maximum Take-Off Rejection Speed) 75 kts
Vr (Take-Off Rotation Speed) 95 kts
V2 (Minimum Safety Speed) 99 kts
Vfe1 (Maximum Flap Down Speed / 1 Increment) 150 kts
Vfe2 (Maximum Flap Down Speed / 2 Increments) 130 kts
Vfe3 (Maximum Flap Down Speed / 3 Increments – Drag Flap) 100 kts
Vs (Stall Speed Clean / Fully Loaded) 85 kts
Vs1 (Stall Speed / 1 Increment of Flap / Fully Loaded) 80 kts
Vs2 (Stall Speed / 2 Increments of Flap / Fully Loaded) 75 kts
Vs3 (Stall Speed / 3 Increments Flap / Fully Loaded) 70 kts
Vso (Stall Speed Dirty – Full Flap & Landing Gear / Fully Loaded) 75 kts
Vne (Never Exceed Speed) 400 kts
Weight & Balance
Empty Weight 3,000.00 lbs
Maximum Fuel Payload 1,500.00 lbs
Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) 5,500.00 lbs
Forward CoG Limit - Aft of Datum (Nose) 15.50 ft
Aft CoG Limit – Aft of Datum (Nose) 16.50 ft
Performance
Take-Off Distance Required (Clean / Fully Loaded: Dry) 1200 ft
Take-Off Distance Required (1 Increment Flap / Fully Loaded: Dry)800 ft
Take-Off Distance Required (2 Increment Flap / Fully Loaded: Dry)650 ft
Landing Distance Required (Clean / Fully Loaded: Dry) 1050 ft
Landing Distance Required (1 Increment Flap / Fully Loaded: Dry) 1000 ft
Accelerate / Stop Distance Required (Fully Loaded: Dry) 1200.00 ft
Maximum Rate Of Climb 2,500 ft / Minute
Maximum Angle of Attack (AOA) 20º
Cruise Speed 340 kts
Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind Limit 21 kts
Engine Specification
Engine Type High Bypass Jet
Engine Thrust at N 11,870 lbs
Max Efficient Inlet Speed 00.80 (Mach)
Intake / Compressor Area 1.57 ft2
69 (73)
5 QFD
lb lb ft ft # in²
Engine Distance to Pilot

6 What vs How scale 1,3,9
Reoccuring features
Thrust
Fuel
Size
window size
5 How
4 Now: scale 1-5
Concept VLJ
The Jet
1 Who
Mustang
D-Jet
2 What: Scale 1-5
Passenger
Fly fast 5 9 3 3 2 3 1
Easy to work 4 3 1 5 1 3 1
Low Noise emissions 3 3 3 9 5 3 4 1
Attractive 2 3 1 9 3 5 2 3 4
Big View 1 3 9 5 1 1 3
Pilot
Easy piloting 5 3 9 4 4 4 3
Low Noise emission 4 3 9 5 3 4 1
Simple features 3 3 3 3 4
Big View 2 3 9 4 3 2 2
Attractive 1 1 1 9 3 5 2 5 4
Owner
Many seats 5 9 3 2 2 3
Fly far 4 9 3 3 4 3 1
Attractive 3 3 1 9 3 4 2 3 4
Fly fast 2 9 3 3 2 3 1
Concept VLJ 1 1 1 5 5 4
7 How much
D-Jet 1 2 2 1 2 3
Mustang 4 4 4 3 4 2
The Jet 1 3 2 2 4 2
Properties calculation 115 36 159 63 58 45

Goals OK OK - OK + + +
For more information please look at the next two pages for explanations and graphs.
70 (73)
5.1 QFD Graphs
From the graphs we can see how the concept VLJ does well meeting the requirements of the
market but how it is lacking in product specifications when compared to the Mustang VLJ.
Concept VLJ
Evaluation market D-Jet
Mustang
6 The Jet
5
Satesfaction level
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Customer demand
Concept VLJ
Evaluation technic D-Jet
Mustang
6 The Jet
5
Satesfaction level
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Product measurement
71 (73)
5.2 QFD explanation
1 Who
Identify the customers: Who are they? In this thesis the identified customers have been
specified as the owner, passenger and the pilot. The pilot who uses the plane most
frequently has most demands regarding usability, such as the planes respond and flight
specifications and also control panel and interior comfort of the jet. The Owner who buys
or rents the plane for earnings are demanding more regarding expenses from fuel and
maintenance, design and aesthetics to heighten the company branding and seats for fitting
more persons per flight. Finally we have the passenger who is the customer that rents a
seat who will be putting most demand on speed in order to get fast to his or her
destination, comfort to have a pleasant and workable flight, design and aesthetics to boost
personal image.
2 What
Customers requirements: What do the customers want? Once the customers has been
identified we need to determine exactly what the customer wants. In this thesis the
student has narrowed down the thoughts to what the customers wants: Fly fast for
reaching destinations better, fly far for less changes or refuelling, easier piloting for
smoother and safer flights, number of persons that can fit in the jet, low noise from flight
for better work conditions, attractive to give a good impression and desire, simple
features for better control of the jet plane, big view for a feeling of not being confined
and showing the surroundings well, a work area with adjustable and usable features.
3 Who vs What
A list of numeration of what the different customers demand. Scaled on the “what”
requirements. The numbers are based on estimations made from the studies dune during
the thesis. The sum on the sides gives an idea of what is most important for the all
customers combined.
4 Now
The goal with this column is to evaluate how satisfied the customer is. The index
numbers are based on the different values and estimations from the “what” specifications
such as fly fast is based on the speed. These are rated on a scale from one to five where
one is that the product does not meet the requirements and five is the product fulfils the
requirements completely.
5 How
72 (73)
Generating properties on how to meet the market specifications. The customer’s
requirements are here met with solutions from the products that are measurable. Such as
go fast can easily be linked with thrust, this enables the designer to find how to meet the
customer’s requirements by increasing the measured amount. There for it is important
that this list is only with measurable solutions.
6 What vs. How
How to measure what. In this step we compare the relation between the How and the
What to get an estimation of importance and solutions that are key elements on meeting
the requirements of the customers. In this project the student has used 1 3 and 9 as
reference numbers to indicate weak 1, the medium 3 and the strong 9 relations between
requirements and solutions. In comparison to The mechanical design process (Ullman, p.
132) this way it is possible to make a sum of these numbers and get an numerical
importance instead of a illustrative that is hard to measure.
7 How much
This is used to determine the current status of how well the solution ability to meet the
customer’s requirements. The measurable solutions are here evaluated between the listed
compared products.
8 How vs. How
Identifying relationships between the solutions. Here we have an index of negative -1,
strong negative -3, positive 1 and strong positive 3. This is important to see how the
solutions interacts when changed, for example a increased thrust will directly increase
size and weight of the product. In the thesis this has been excluded because the QFD was
used to test the concept versus other correct products and not to improve the current
concept.
73 (73)

Designing A Very Light Jet: Master Thesis Work 30 Credits, D-Level

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Designing A Very Light Jet: Master Thesis Work 30 Credits, D-Level

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GadShannan DESIGN

Akademin för Innovation, Design och Teknik

Designing a Very Light Jet

Report code: IDPPOPEXD:08:11

About GadShaanan DESIGN

Supply relevant information regarding design

Creating a concept that can give inspiration for other projects.

Analysis, creation and development

What Sketching as a method of making a selling concept.

Mass production of ideas

How Expanding and improving current ideas using creative

Figure 4 How ideas

When After choosing concepts.

Choosing a final concept

Relearning Pro Engineer

Correcting features and curves

Figure 5 Applying sketched

What Extracting images from the three dimensional model

Testing and flight simulation

What A tool to evaluate and help specify requirements of concepts.

Defining the customer

Evaluating required amount of passengers

General airplane specification

Illustration 1: Thrust/Area, Blue current VLJ's, Red Least Square calculation

From the first estimations the student found that D-jet

The student also had to meet the requirements of using advanced

The optimal shape for least resistance of an object

Figure 10 Initial idea sketches

Figur 12:Choosen concept from Inspirational evaluation

Figure 13 Several tracing scetches

Figure 14 Sketch picked by the commissioner

Figure 15 The final sketch concept

Figure 16 previous creations, printed overview and following adjustments

Figure 18 3D model large version

Figure 17 3D model smaller version

Simulation and adjustments

Figure 21 A few screen shots from the first simulated flight

”some degree of localization or rationalization is necessary to make

Figure 23 Photo taken in Montréal by the student

QFD Evaluation of concept versus competitors

Figur 24 The QFD reduced in size

Choosing the appropriate methods for designing a Very Light Jet

Using the chosen methods in a controlled and traceable way

Designing a Very Light Jet

Meeting the technical requirements Figur 25 Overview of the concept VLJ

Weighing less than 10000 pounds

Figur 27 Concept VLJ engine placing

Meeting the inspirational requirements

Below are the inspirational requirements compared with the results.

A concept to give inspiration for other projects

Figur 28 Rendering of concept jet

Figur 29 Rendering of concept VLJ

Visualising the concept in realistic way

Figur 30 One of the inspirational renderings of the concept VLJ

Simulation results from X-plane

The problem statement and the achieved result

Analysis of the chosen methods

Learned from the project

Federal Aviation Administration (20080212) www.faa.gov

Parts and products:

G1000 (20080321) www.garmin.com/products/g1000/

VLJ producer’s sites:

Adam Aircraft Industries (20080221) http://www.adamaircraft.com/