Mech-UCO 120 WS-07 Filter PDF

Workshop 7
Pre-Processing and Post-

Processing an Acoustic
Model using Command
Objects
ANSYS Mechanical Advanced

((Using
g Command Objects)
j )
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

© 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. WS7-1 Inventory #002669
Workshop 7
Introduction Training Manual
• In this workshop, a harmonic analysis of an acoustic filter will be

performed:
– Geometry includes two chambers, half-symmetry model
– Harmonic sweep up to 200 Hz will be run
– Plane wave in inlet assumed

Workshop 7
Note About Acoustic Analyses Training Manual
• In ANSYS, the linear wave equation is solved:
1 ∂ 2
P ω2
∇2P = 2 2 or ∇2P = − P
c ∂t c 2
• In solving the Helmholtz equation, the following assumptions are

present:
– The fluid is compressible (density variations are small but linearly related
to pressure fluctuations)
– The fluid is inviscid (no viscous dissipation)
– There is no mean flow of the fluid
– The mean density and pressure are uniform throughout the fluid
• When the above assumptions are acceptable,
acceptable the wave equation is
linear and thus can easily be solved in the time domain (transient) or
frequency domain (modal, harmonic response).
• See “Mechanical
Mechanical APDL (formerly ANSYS) > Fluids Guide >
Acoustics” for detailed information on acoustic capabilities
Workshop 7
Note About Acoustic Analyses Training Manual
• In acoustic analyses in Mechanical APDL, wave propagation is solved

• Animation of isosurfaces of pressure in a room (acoustic source are
two speakers):

Workshop 7
Workshop Objectives Training Manual
• In this workshop, the following will be covered:

– Defining Acoustic elements and materials in Mechanical
– Referencing Named Selections in APDL commands
– Use of “Commands” objects for load definition and postprocessing
– User Defined Results for postprocessing
• Informative text in this workshop is preceded by bullet point whereas

steps to perform are designated with numbers
numbers.
– This applies to top-level bullet/numbered items only
• APDL commands that can be typed in the Command Prompt are
shown with Typewriter (Co rier) font.
T pe riter (Courier) font

Workshop 7
… Review Model in Mechanical Training Manual
1. Launch ANSYS Workbench 12.0

• Windows Start menu > Programs > ANSYS 12.0 > Workbench
2. Restore archive “workshop
p 7a.zip”
p
• “File menu > Restore Archive…”
• Select “workshop 7a.zip” from the location specified by your instructor
• Save the “filter” p
project
j to a directory
y specified
p by
y your
y instructor

Workshop 7
… Review Model in Mechanical Training Manual
3. Double-click on “Model” cell (C4) to launch Mechanical

– Examine the geometry and model setup. Note that this is a multi-body
part (shared nodes at interface), and a modal analysis has been defined.
(U
(User D
Defined
fi d RResults
lt are nott available
il bl in
i Harmonic
H i Response
R Analyses
A l
at Mechanical 12.0, so a modal analysis is defined instead.)

Workshop 7
… Define Acoustic Elements Training Manual
4. Expand the “Geometry” and its sub-branches. Right-click and

“Insert > Commands” for the first “dished head-1” body
5. Click on “Import” and select “workshop 7a-prep.txt” from the
location specified by your instructor

Workshop 7
• The first line defines the FLUID30 element type:

– et,MATID,30,,1
• Details on this element can be found in the Elements Reference,,
shown below
• Note that this element

is a 8-node brick element
• Also, there is no pyramid
form, so do not use
mesh methods such as
hex-dominant meshing
Workshop 7
• The 2nd keyoption determines whether this element is for

vibroacoustic (KEYOPT(2)=0) or pure acoustic applications
(KEYOPT(2)=1):
– The command ET,MATID,30,,1 sets KEYOPT(2)=1 (3rd argument).
Alternatively, a user may also issue ET,MATID,30 followed by
KEYOPT,MATID,2,1 which does the same action in 2 commands.

Workshop 7
• The material properties are defined by the following:

– mpdele,all,MATID
– mp,dens,MATID,ARG1
– mp,sonc,MATID,ARG2
– mp,mu ,MATID,1
• The first command deletes the material p
properties
p (e.g.,
( g , “Structural
Steel”) assigned to that part.
• Density, speed of sound, and
impedance
p are then defined.
• The Elements Reference
lists the supported material
properties
p p for each element
• “Impedance” is actually for
surface boundary conditions,
described later.

Workshop 7
6. In the Details view of the “Commands (ANSYS)” branch, enter “1”

for “ARG1” and “343” for “ARG2”
• The first argument will replace the value of density, in this case
assumed to be 1 (kg/m3). The second is for speed of sound 343 (m/s).
Arguments defined
in the Details view
will be used for
parameters ARG1-
ARG9.
This allows users to
use command
objects developed by
others more readily

Workshop 7
7. Drag-and-drop the “Commands (ANSYS)” branch

to the other bodies
– This copies the “Commands (ANSYS)” branch and
its contents to other bodies
– Please note that the copy is a static copy. Hence, if
any changes are made to 1 “Commands” branch, the
others will not automatically be updated
updated.

Workshop 7
8. Select the “Mesh” branch. In the Details view,

change “Advanced > Element Midside Nodes” to
“Dropped”
– Recall that FLUID30 is a lower-order element (8-node
hexahedral element). The midside nodes, therefore,
will be dropped. (Default mesh for Mechanical
physics is to keep solid midside nodes.)
nodes )
– Notice that there is already a “Patch Conforming
Method” object. For this model, an all-tetrahedral
mesh will be ggenerated. To prevent
p the creation of
pyramid elements (such as hex-to-tet transitional
pyramids), it is a good idea to manually specify the
meshing method.
9 Ri
9. Right-click
ht li k on the
th “Mesh”
“M h” branch
b h and
d select
l t
“Generate Mesh”

Workshop 7
• It is important to ensure that the mesh is sufficiently fine for acoustic

analyses. A general rule of thumb is to use 15-20 elements per
wavelength as a minimum.
• In this analysis, the speed of sound of air is 343 m/s. The highest
frequency solved for will be 200 Hz. This means that the wavelength
is 1.715 m. 20 elements per wavelength results in an element size of
~85
8 mm.
• In the Details view of the “Mesh” branch, notice that the element size
is set to 50 mm, so this mesh should be reasonable to calculate the
response off the
th frequency
f range off interest.
i t t

Workshop 7
… Specify Harmonic Analysis Settings Training Manual
10. Right-click on the “Modal (A5)” branch and “Insert > Commands”
– Select the “Import” icon on the Context Toolbar and browse for the
workshop 7a-solu.txt file from the location specified by your
i t
instructor.
t (If prompted
t d that
th t the
th currentt contents
t t off the
th “Commands”
“C d ”
object will be overwritten, click on [Yes].)

Workshop 7
11. In the Details view of the newly-added “Commands (ANSYS)”

object, enter the following values:
– ARG1: 0.32516
– ARG2: 1
– ARG3: 1
– ARG4: 343
– ARG5: 200
– ARG6: 100
– Note that, in the “Commands” object, the meaning of the various
arguments is explained:
• ARG1 is the area of the inlet
• ARG2 is the incident pressure value
• ARG3 is the density of the fluid
• ARG4 is the speed of sound of the fluid
• ARG5 is the max frequency to solve
• ARG6 is the number of steps (# of intermediate solutions from 0 to 200 Hz)

Workshop 7
12. Right-click on the “Solution” branch and “Insert > Commands”

• Do not type anything in this “Commands” object. This will simply be a
container to collect images generated in Mechanical APDL

Workshop 7
13. Select the “Analysis Settings” branch, and change

the following items in the Details view:
– “Output Controls > Calculate Stress: No”
– “Output Controls > Calculate Strain: No”
– “Analysis Data Management > Save ANSYS db: Yes”
– “Analysis Data Management > Solver Units: Manual”
– “Analysis Data Management > Solver Unit System:
mks”
• The last three items are important. Saving the
Mechanical APDL database allows one to
postprocess in Mechanical APDL GUI, if needed.
Specifying the solver units ensures that any unit-
d
dependent
d t values
l input
i t in
i “Commands”
“C d ” objects
bj t
will be interpreted correctly.

Workshop 7
14. Click on the “Solve” icon on the Toolbar to initiate the solution
• The solution may take several minutes, so, in the meantime, please
read the next few slides (informative items preceded with a regular
bullet point)
point).

Workshop 7
• Notice under the “Named Selection” branch that “N_INLET” and

“N_OUTLET” are defined. These Named Selections are used to apply
appropriate boundary conditions in the acoustic analysis.
• The first set of commands are as follows:
– /prep7
– cmsel,s,N_INLET
– cp,next,pres,all
– MY_INLET=ndnext(0)
• The nodal component
p (Named
( Selection)) “N_INLET”
_ is selected,, and
the pressure DOF of all nodes are coupled. Coupled sets use the
lowest node number as the ‘master’ node, so this node number ID is
retrieved using the ndnext() function and put into parameter
MY_INLET for later use.
• The reason why a coupled set is used is to ensure that all pressure
DOF are the same value, to mimic a plane wave. A known pressure
value is not used because a specified pressure DOF value is total
pressure, not just incident pressure.
Workshop 7
• The second section of the “Commands” object selects the nodes in

“N_OUTLET” nodal component (Named Selection). A *DO loop is
used to pick 6 arbitrary nodes
– After solution, the pressure values of the 6 nodes will be queried.
• If the outlet will also be a plane wave, the 6 pressure DOF values should be the
same.
• If the wave is no longer planar,
planar the 6 pressure values will differ
– The diameter is about 90 cm, so one would expect waves to no longer be
planar in the vicinity of 380 Hz (speed of 343 m/s divided by 90 cm), when
the wavelength
g becomes smaller than the characteristic dimensions of
the geometry. Since the solved frequency is 200 Hz < 380 Hz, the
outgoing wave should be planar. However, checking pressure values for
6 arbitrary nodes at the outlet is a way to confirm this assumption.

Workshop 7
• There are different ways to model a non-reflecting boundary

condition. One of the simplest is to use the “impedance” flag:
– sf,N_OUTLET,impd,1
– sf,N_INLET,impd,1
• The MP,MU value of 1 specified earlier for each body gives the ratio of
the characteristic impedance ροc of the fluid and the domain not
modeled (e.g., domain beyond the outlet). A value of “1” will allow
plane waves to be absorbed.
• By specifying this ‘impedance’ boundary condition in the inlet and
oulet, any reflected waves will be ‘absorbed’ in the inlet, and the
outlet will not reflect any waves.
• Note that use of this boundary condition is only valid for plane
waves. For example, FLUID129/130 elements can be used for
general cases to absorb outgoing waves.

Workshop 7
• The next section defines solution settings for the harmonic response
analysis:
– /solu
– antype,harmic
– hropt,full
– outres,erase
– outres,all,none
– outres,nsol,all
– nsubst,1
– kbc,1
• Although the analysis in Mechanical is “Modal”, the above
commands redefine the analysis to be harmonic. Also, only pressure
DOF results are saved in the Mechanical APDL results file.

Workshop 7
• The section after the specification of harmonic analysis options

defines the incident pressure wave.
• A ‘volumetric flow’ load is applied with the ∂ 2u n
F command on the node ID MY_INLET F f = − Aρ o 2
obtained earlier. ∂t
– Volumetric flow rate is a product of area, density, and particle
acceleration
– For planar waves in a harmonic response analysis, note that the
volumetric flow rate can be related to incident pressure using the
following relationship:
p = ρ o cu& F f = − Aρ o u&&
u = u o e j ωt = − Aρ o u&ωj
u& = uoωje jωt p
= − Aρ oω j
u&& = uoω 2 e jωt = u&ωj ρoc
p
= − Aω j
c
Workshop 7
• If a pressure DOF were fixed using the D command, this represents

total pressure, which includes both incident and reflected pressure.
• As a result, for this application, use of a volumetric flow rate is
preferred. The appropriate value of volumetric flow rate can be
defined to create a given incident pressure for a planar wave. The
actual calculated pressure DOF will include the reflected wave as well
• If the incident pressure is known, the parameters such as
transmission loss can be defined, which are useful to evaluate the
design of a filter
• Because the volumetric flow rate is a function of frequency, a *DO
loop is used to solve each frequency value with a corrected value of
volumetric flow rate
– Creating a frequency-dependent tabular load is also possible to facilitate
the solution (i.e., less APDL commands).

Workshop 7
… Postprocess Results Training Manual
15. Select the first “Post Output” branch

– The incident pressure (PIN_I) is constant for the frequency range. The
reflected (PIN_R) and total (PIN_T) pressures are shown and comapred
against
i t the
th total
t t l pressure in
i the
th outlet
tl t (POUT_Tx).
(POUT T )

Workshop 7
16. Select “Post Output 2”, the plot of outlet pressures

– The plot of 6 nodes in the outlet is shown in more clarity in the second
plot below. Note that all values are the same, so the assumption of
planar
l waves isi acceptable
t bl for
f this
thi model.
d l

Workshop 7
17. Select “Post Output 4”, the plot of transmission loss

– Transmission loss, defined as shown on the right, ⎛P ⎞
TL = 20 log⎜⎜ incident ⎟⎟
provides a metric on the performance of a silencer ⎝ Poutlet ⎠
In the next steps, the

results
lt att 144 H
Hz and
d
190 Hz will be
examined in more
detail

Workshop 7
18. Select the “Solution” branch and insert a “User Defined Results”
from the Context Toolbar
– In the Details view, enter “PRES” for “Expression” and enter “72” for
“Mode” (2 Hz intervals were solved, so ‘mode’ 72 is 144 Hz)
– Right-click and “Evaluate All Results …”
Notice that pressure

waves are transmitted

Workshop 7
19. Select the “Solution” branch and insert a second “User Defined
Results” from the Context Toolbar
– In the Details view, enter “PRES” for “Expression” and enter “95” for
“Mode” (2 Hz intervals were solved, so ‘mode’ 95 is 190 Hz)
– Right-click and “Evaluate All Results …”
Notice that pressure

waves get reflected
b k tto th
back the inlet
i l t

Workshop 7
• Since the Mechanical APDL database has been saved,

postprocessing in Mechanical APDL is also possible by using
“Transfer Data to New > Mechanical APDL” in the Workbench Project
Schematic.
• This concludes the present workshop


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Workshop 7

Pre-Processing and Post-

ANSYS Mechanical Advanced

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• In this workshop, a harmonic analysis of an acoustic filter will be

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• In ANSYS, the linear wave equation is solved:

• In solving the Helmholtz equation, the following assumptions are

• In acoustic analyses in Mechanical APDL, wave propagation is solved

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• In this workshop, the following will be covered:

• Informative text in this workshop is preceded by bullet point whereas

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

1. Launch ANSYS Workbench 12.0

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

3. Double-click on “Model” cell (C4) to launch Mechanical

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

4. Expand the “Geometry” and its sub-branches. Right-click and

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• The first line defines the FLUID30 element type:

• Note that this element

• The 2nd keyoption determines whether this element is for

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• The material properties are defined by the following:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

6. In the Details view of the “Commands (ANSYS)” branch, enter “1”

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

7. Drag-and-drop the “Commands (ANSYS)” branch

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

8. Select the “Mesh” branch. In the Details view,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• It is important to ensure that the mesh is sufficiently fine for acoustic

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

11. In the Details view of the newly-added “Commands (ANSYS)”

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

12. Right-click on the “Solution” branch and “Insert > Commands”

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

13. Select the “Analysis Settings” branch, and change

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• Notice under the “Named Selection” branch that “N_INLET” and

• The second section of the “Commands” object selects the nodes in

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• There are different ways to model a non-reflecting boundary

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• The section after the specification of harmonic analysis options

• If a pressure DOF were fixed using the D command, this represents

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

15. Select the first “Post Output” branch

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

16. Select “Post Output 2”, the plot of outlet pressures

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

17. Select “Post Output 4”, the plot of transmission loss

In the next steps, the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

Notice that pressure

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

Notice that pressure

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• Since the Mechanical APDL database has been saved,

• This concludes the present workshop