Unit 2, Lesson 6. The passive voice.

Mandatory = Obligatory
Verify = Confirm
Sound = Reliable
Edge = Advantage
Secure = Obtain
Retailers = Sellers

Se forma la voz pasiva con el verbo auxiliar “to be” y el participio pasado del verbo.
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + participio pasado…
Ejemplos:
The speech is written for the president. (El discurso está escrito para el presidente.)
The house was built in 1975. (La casa fue construida en 1975.)
My wallet has been stolen. (Ha sido robada mi cartera.)
The room will be cleaned while we are out. (Se limpiará la habitación mientras estemos fuera.)

1. Usamos la voz pasiva cuando no sabemos quién ha realizado la acción.

Ejemplos:
A civilian has been killed. (Un civil ha sido asesinado.)
The car was stolen. (El coche fue robado.)

2. Usamos la voz pasiva cuando queremos dar más importancia a lo que pasó, que a quién realizó
la acción o cuando no queremos decir quien la realizó.
Ejemplos:
The letter was delivered yesterday. (La carta fue entregada ayer.)
A mistake was made. (Un error fue cometido.)

Nota: No podemos usar la voz pasiva con verbos intransitivos como “die”, “arrive” o “go”. Verbos
intransitivos son verbos que no llevan un objeto directo.
Unit 3, Lesson 1. Vocabulary
Layout: It can be defined as the process by which the placement of departments, workgroups
within departments, workstations, machines, and stock-holding points within a facility are
determined.

Deployment: Methodical procedure of introducing an activity, process, program, or system to all

applicable areas of an organization.

Site: Spatial location of a building, facility, or structure.

Personnel: Employees of an organization.

Running: Management; direction.

Unit 3, Lesson 2 and 3. Present Tenses

Simple Present

The simple present (also called present simple or present indefinite) is a verb tense which is used to
show repetition, habit or generalization. Less commonly, the simple present can be used to talk
about scheduled actions in the near future and, in some cases, actions happening now. Read on for
detailed descriptions, examples, and simple present exercises.

Simple Present Forms

The simple present is just the base form of the verb. Questions are made with do and negative forms
are made with do not.

Statement: You speak English.

Question: Do you speak English?
Negative: You do not speak English.

In the third person singular, -s or -es is added. Questions are made with does and negative forms
are made with does not.

Statement: He speaks English.

Question: Does he speak English?
Negative: He does not speak English.

Simple Present Uses

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the simple present to express the idea that an action is

repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily
event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It
can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
Examples:

 I play tennis.
 She does not play tennis.
 Does he play tennis?
 The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
 The train does not leave at 9 AM.
 When does the train usually leave?
 She always forgets her purse.
 He never forgets his wallet.
 Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
 Does the Sun circle the Earth?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The simple present can also indicate the speaker believes

that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in
the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about
the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:

 Cats like milk.

 Birds do not like milk.
 Do pigs like milk?
 California is in America.
 California is not in the United Kingdom.
 Windows are made of glass.
 Windows are not made of wood.
 New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use simple present to talk about

scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly
done when talking about public transportation, but it can be
used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

 The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.

 The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
 When do we board the plane?
 The party starts at 8 o'clock.
 When does class begin tomorrow?
USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the simple present to express the

idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This
can only be done with non-continuous verbs and certain
mixed verbs.

Examples:

 I am here now.
 She is not here now.
 He needs help right now.
 He does not need help now.
 He has his passport in his hand.
 Do you have your passport with you?

Simple Present Tips

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever,
still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You only speak English.

 Do you only speak English?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

 Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active

 Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive

Present Continuous

The present continuous (also called present progressive) is a verb tense which is used to show that
an ongoing action is happening now, either at the moment of speech or now in a larger sense. The
present continuous can also be used to show that an action is going to take place in the near future.
Read on for detailed descriptions, examples, and present continuous exercises.

Present Continuous Forms.

The present continuous is formed using am/is/are + present participle. Questions are indicated by
inverting the subject and am/is/are. Negatives are made with not.

Statement: You are watching TV.

Question: Are you watching TV?
Negative: You are not watching TV.

Present Continuous Uses

USE 1 Now

Use the present continuous with normal verbs to express the

idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It
can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

Examples:

 You are learning English now.

 You are not swimming now.
 Are you sleeping?
 I am sitting.
 I am not standing.
 Is he sitting or standing?
 They are reading their books.
 They are not watching television.
 What are you doing?
 Why aren't you doing your homework?

USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month,

this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the
present continuous to say that we are in the process of doing
a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)

 I am studying to become a doctor.

 I am not studying to become a dentist.
 I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
 I am not reading any books right now.
 Are you working on any special projects at work?
 Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3 Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the present continuous to indicate

that something will or will not happen in the near future.
Examples:

 I am meeting some friends after work.

 I am not going to the party tonight.
 Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
 Isn't he coming with us tonight?

USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The present continuous with words such as "always" or

"constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or
shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like simple
present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between
"be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

 She is always coming to class late.

 He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
 I don't like them because they are always complaining.

Present Continuous Tips

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that non-continuous verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses.
Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses.
Instead of using present continuous with these verbs, you must use simple present.

Examples:

 She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct

 She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever,
still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You are still watching TV.

 Are you still watching TV?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

 Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active

 Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. Passive
Unit 3, Lesson 4. Connectors.

Crystallization: Forming solid crystals from a homogenous solution.

Dissolution: Dissolving a substance into a liquid.
Destillation: Separating substances based on differences in their vapour pressures.
Filtration: Using a filter to separate a mixture mechanically.
Polymerization: Combining simple molecules to form more complex molecules of higher molecular
weight, and with different physical properties.
Solvent extraction: Separating the compounds of a mixture based on the difference in solubility of
a compound in various solvents.
Unit 3, Lesson 5. Adjective plus prep.

Unit 3, Lesson 6. Vocabulary + adjective plus preposition.

Dynamics: Force and motion.
Ergonomics: Design for human comfort.
Kinematics: motion without considering the forces responsible
Mechanics: Motion and machinery.
Mechatronics: Electronics with mechanical engineering.
Statics: System in a state of rest.
Thermodynamics: Energy and environment.
Mechanical engineering: a branch of engineering concerned primarily with the industrial application
of mechanics and with the production of tools, machinery, and their products.
Tool: something (as an instrument or apparatus) used in performing an operation
Machine: a piece of equipment with moving parts that does work when it is given power from
electricity, gasoline, etc.
Engine: a machine that changes energy (such as heat from burning fuel) into mechanical motion.
Power: a source or means of supplying energy.
Generator: a machine by which mechanical energy is changed into electrical energy.
Steam: water vapor kept under pressure so as to supply energy for heating, cooking, or mechanical
work
Turbine an engine that has a part with blades that are caused to spin by pressure from water, steam,
or air.
Combustion: a chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen combines with other substances to
produce heat and usually light
Escalators: a power-driven set of stairs arranged like an endless belt that ascend or descend
continuous.
Robot: a real or imaginary machine that is controlled by a computer and is often made to look like
a human or animal.

Unit 4, Lesson 1. Cond. 2 + passive.

• So

So is used to show the result of something. For example:

- I like all Italian food, so I like pizza.
So can also be used give additional information, for example:
- I like Italian food, and so does my brother.

• Because

Because is used to show the cause of something.

For example:
- I eat a lot of pizza because I like it
- I study English because I want a good job.
The Passive Voice – past tense.

Look at the examples:

They were completey redesigned

It was subjected to stringent examination

They were put through the most thorough ground-testing program in their history.

All safety programs were completely reorganized and Nasa established the program of Quality
Assurance

Unit 4, Lesson 2. Phrasal verbs.

PHRASAL VERBS, also called multi-word verbs, are mainly used in spoken English and informal
texts. Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change
the meaning of the verb completely, e.g.:

 look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary)

 look for – seek (look for her ring)

 look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone)

 put forward: move forward the hands of a clock; suggest, propose

 look for: seek (insep) When you look for somebody, you try to find them.

 Cut down: (smoking, cigarettes, sugar, fatty foods; luxuries, spending, cost) When you cut
down on something, you reduce the amount you take of it.
  get rid of: dispose of, discard, throw away, throw out, chuck out, dispense with, offload,
dump

 make sure: validate, check, make certain, verify, confirm, certify, ensure

 Cover up: conceal, hide, obscure, mask, disguise, bury.

But what is a Phrasal Verb?

They are idiomatic expressions, combining verbs and prepositions to make new verbs whose
meaning is often not obvious from the dictionary definitions of the individual words. They are
widely used in both written and spoken English, and new ones are formed all the time as they are
a flexible way of creating new terms.

A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition or adverb that modifies or changes the
meaning; 'give up' is a phrasal verb that means 'stop doing' something, which is very different
from 'give'. The word or words that modify a verb in this manner can also go under the name
particle. Phrasal verbs can be divided into groups:

Compensation: Payment for damage, harm, or loss.

Initial: Existing at the beginning.
Safeguard: Protect.
Hazardous: Dangerous, risky.
Modification: Small, specific change to something.
Likelihood: Probability, change.
Unit 4, Lesson 3. Modal verbs.
Safety eyewear: Reduces liability.
Earmuffs: Lessen the risk of hearing loss. / Reduce noise exposure level.
Hard hats: Head injuries can handicap an employee for life.
Respirators: Protection against airborne substances.
Harnesses: Work at great heights.
Ergonomic equipment: Reduces strain on joints and muscles.

What are Modal Verbs?

 Modal verbs are special verbs which behave

very differently from normal verbs. Here are

some important differences

 Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.

 Los modales expresan el modo de un verbo: la capacidad, la posibilidad, la necesidad u

otra condición del verbo principal.

 Estos verbos se usan con verbos principales para formar afirmaciones o preguntas.

 Los modales no tienen conjugaciones ni tiempo y no se pueden usar sin verbo principal

Example:

 He can speak Chinese.

Must

Se utiliza cuando pensamos o realizamos algo que es necesario o muy probable.

La forma negativa equivale a una prohibición.

Para hablar en pasado o futuro debemos usar el modal have to.

Ejemplos

I am really tired. I must go home now.

You must keep your room tidy.

Have to

Lo utilizamos para expresar que algo es necesario.

Para formular la pregunta y la negación debemos utilizar el auxiliar do.

Ejemplos

You have to drive on the right in the USA.

I don't have to wear a uniform at school.
Did you have to work yesterday?
Unit 4, Lesson 4. Conditional 2.
Bend: to force into a curved, angled, or sloping position
Buckle: to become bent, wavy, or warped through pressure, heat, etc.
Twist: to change shape or form by turning, rotating, etc.
Shear: to break by way of a sideways, or twisting sideways force.

We often use would to express the so-called second and third conditionals:

- If he lost his job he would have no money.

- If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.

Using the same conditional structure, we often use would when giving advice:

- I wouldn't eat that if I were you.

- If I were in your place I'd refuse.
- If you asked me I would say you should go.
Uses of the Conditional

1. First conditional

1. Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.

2. Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.

e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

2. Second conditional

1. Nature: unreal or improbable situations.

2. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a
presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a
schoolboy: improbable)

3. Third conditional

1. Nature: impossible

2. Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But
you didn't, and I have).

Unit 4, Lesson 5. Modal verbs.

What do you understand by the concept of “quality”?

Definition 1: General: Measure of excellence or state of being free from defects, deficiencies, and
significant variations. ISO 8402-1986 standard defines quality as "the totality of features and
characteristics of a product or service that bears its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.“

Definition 2: Manufacturing: Strict and consistent adherence to measurable and verifiable

standards to achieve uniformity of output that satisfies specific customer or user requirements.

Definition 3: Objective: Measurable and verifiable aspect of a thing or phenomenon, expressed in

numbers or quantities, such as lightness or heaviness, thickness or thinness, softness or hardness.

Definition 4: Subjective: Attribute, characteristic, or property of a thing or phenomenon that can be

observed and interpreted, and may be approximated (quantified) but cannot be measured, such as
beauty, feel, flavor, taste.
Could: Requests

We often use could in a question to ask somebody to do something. The use of could in this way is
fairly polite (formal):

- Could you tell me where the bank is, please?

- Could you send me a catalogue, please?

Be able to

Although we look at be able to here, it is not a modal verb. It is simply the verb be plus an adjective
(able) followed by the infinitive. We look at be able to here because we sometimes use it instead of
can and could.

We use be able to:

- to talk about ability

Notice that be able to is possible in all tenses, for example:

- I was able to drive...

- I will be able to drive...
- I have been able to drive...

Notice too that be able to has an infinitive form:

- I would like to be able to speak Chinese.

Use of Be able to

Be able to is not a modal auxiliary verb. We include it here for convenience, because it is often used
like "can" and "could", which are modal auxiliary verbs.

Be able to: ability

We use be able to to express ability. "Able" is an adjective meaning: having the power, skill or means
to do something. If we say "I am able to swim", it is like saying "I can swim". We sometimes use "be
able to" instead of "can" or "could" for ability. "Be able to" is possible in all tenses - but "can" is
possible only in the present and "could" is possible only in the past for ability. In addition, "can" and
"could" have no infinitive form. So we use "be able to" when we want to use other tenses or the
infinitive. Look at these examples:

I have been able to swim since I was five. (present perfect)

You will be able to speak perfect English very soon. (future simple)

I would like to be able to fly an airplane. (infinitive)