The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06)

THE INTERFERENCE ON WCDMA SYSTEM

IN 3G COEXISTENCE NETWORK
Muhammad Suryanegara Edwardo Rizky Hutabarat Dadang Gunawan
Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering
University of Indonesia University of Indonesia University of Indonesia
Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT operating in the same cell, and the inter-cell interference due
to users or base station operating in the same band but placed
The coexistence network of different 3G technologies in the different cell.
(WCDMA and CDMA2000) requires analysis of its adjacent The out-band interference source is the adjacent channel
channel interference. In this paper, we investigated the interference (ACI) generated by other cellular signals in the
interference on WCDMA system that caused by CDMA2000 adjacent frequency bands. The existence of ACI is mainly
network. Several scenarios and calculation models were because of non-linearity of power amplifier or non-ideal
applied to measure impacts on uplink and downlink scheme. filtering in receiver [3]. Hence, it can lead to significant
The results showed that interference from CDMA2000 reduction in its neighbour system capacity.
influence WCDMA performance significantly. Distance Our work calculated and simulated phenomena in one cell
between coexistence terminals (MS and BS), their number, scenario, where 1 (one) WCDMA Base Station (BS) – refer to
and guard band frequency determined minimum allowed 3G Node B - serving numbers of WCDMA Mobile Station
received power at WCDMA BS and SIR in WCDMA MS, (MS). This cell was affected by CDMA2000 BS and number
which lead to capacity degradation. of CDMA2000 MS as adjacent channel interferer. The work
was using parameters summarized in Table 1.
I. INTRODUCTION
Table 1: Parameters of Calculations
The 3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 systems come with higher Parameter Value
bandwidth and bitrate, providing multimedia services such as
audio/video streaming, teleconferencing, etc [1]. Both use
Chip Rate (W ) 38.4 Megachips/sec
CDMA as the multiple access technique, which is typically
interference limited. The Interference might disturb Thermal Noise (N) -103 dBm, -99dBm
transmission and receiving process of cellular signals at its User bit-rate (R) 12.2 kbps (speech)
Voice activity factor ( v ) 0.5
terminals : Node B / Base Station (BS) and Mobile Station
Eb/No target (ρ ) 4.9 dB
(MS). Other-to-own-cell interference ratio
In the development of 3G mobile network, WCDMA and 0.55
( fUL )
CDMA2000 as two different type of systems might be Guard Band 5 MHz , 10 MHz
deployed in adjacent frequency bands in the same area. This Transmissión Power of
21 dBm
phenomenon is called coexistence network, leading to an CDMA2000 MS (P TxI )
interference problem. Inter-interference can occurs because of Other-to-own-cell interference ratio
0.6
lack of RF isolation, which results in the capacity degradation (f UL)
of both systems [2]. The distance between CDMA2000
50 m – 500 m
One of the problems in the deployment of 3G systems MS and WCDMA BS
happened in developing countries is the coexistence network Orthogonality factor (α) 0.4
Transmission Power of
of different 3G technologies. In this paper, we investigated the 40 dBm
CDMA2000 BS (PTx BS)
coexistence of WCDMA and CDMA2000 systems that was
practically happened in Indonesia. Since the regulator has
decided to implement single 3G technology, namely
WCDMA, our work only focused to the effect of interference B. Uplink Calculations
on WCDMA system that caused by CDMA2000 network. The
calculation and simulation were evaluated in the uplink and There are two calculations in uplink scheme, measured by
downlink schemes. varying distance, guarband frequency, and number of
CDMA2000 MS. It was designed by setting CDMA2000 MS
as source of interferer. The first calculation aimed to get
II. COEXISTENCE OF WCDMA AND CDMA2000 minimum allowed received power at WCDMA BS, while the
second one provide its capacity degradation.
A. Interference Source
1) Calculation of the minimum allowed received
The sources of interference can be classified as in-band and power at WCDMA BS
out-band interference [3]. Main in-band interference sources
are the intra-cell interference due to multiple access or users

1-4244-0330-8/06/$20.00 c ∨2006 IEEE

The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06

Following are algorithm to calculate minimum allowed 2) Calculation of the Capacity Loss.
received power at WCDMA BS.
The steps to measure capacity loss are on the following.
1. Calculating the maximum capacity or pole capacity that
can be served by WCDMA system by using (1) [5]. 1. Calculating WCDMA capacity (kint) when WCDMA BS
has been interfered by CDMA2000 MS. In order to attain
W  specific trend, we only varied distance factor from 50 to
 
k= R +1 (1) 500 m and number of CDMA2000 to be 10 and 100 MS.
ν * ρ * (1 + fUL ) The results were obtained by using (7)

2. Calculating the minimum allowed received power at   W  ( N + I CDMA 2000 ) ∗ ρ 

WCDMA BS before the presence of interference from  − 
CDMA2000 MS, by substituting parameters into (2).   R  p min before 
k int =1+  
ν ∗ ρ ∗ (1 + f UL )
 
N *ρ   (7)
P min before =
W  (2)
  −ν * ρ * (k −1) * (1 + fUL )
R 2. Calculating the percentage of capacity loss by using (8).

3. Calculating the interference power from 1 (one)  k  (8)

CDMA2000 MS by using (3). The ACIR value is
appropriate to the guard band used in calculation. ACIR
value for 5 MHz guard band is 32.7 dB and for 10 MHz
guard band is 42.2 dB.
PRxI = PTxI – ACIR – PathLoss (dBm)
The propagation model used in calculation was Free
Space Loss with 3G frequency carrier ( fc ) 1950 MHz.
The pathloss was measured by using (4). We set distance
between WCDMA BS and CDMA2000 MS to be 500 m
and 1000 m.
PathLoss = 38,25+ 20.log10[distance(m)]
4. Calculating the total interference power from
CDMA2000 MS. The interference power from every
CDMA2000 MS was assumed to be equal so the total
interference power can be derived from (5).
ICDMA2000 (Watt) = Number of CDMA2000 MS x PRxI
% capacity loss =  1 − int  ∗ 100 %
 k 
C. Downlink Calculations
(3)
The simulation of downlink calculation was to measure
capacity degradation of WCDMA MS because of the
presence of CDMA2000 BS. It is reflected from SIR (Signal-
to-Interference Ratio) of WCDMA MS, where satisfied
criteria is 5 % from the SIR target [6]. Simulation was
designed in one cell scenario, that 1 (one) WCDMA BS
served numbers of its users (WCDMA MS). The work set
(4) CDMA2000 BS as source of interferer.
The WCDMA downlink simulation are as follow :
1. Distributing number of WCDMA MS (users) randomly in
one cell.
2. Defining the position of one CDMA2000 BS and its
distance to the WCDMA BS.
3. Calculating pathloss value for each WCDMA MS
towards WCDMA BS and CDMA2000 BS.
4. Calculating total transmission power (PTot) of WCDMA
(5) BS by using (9).

We set number of CDMA2000 MS to be 1, 5, 10 and k

ρ ∗ Li ∗ N ∗ R
100 . ∑ W
(9)
PTot = i =1
5. Calculating the minimum allowed received power at k
ρ ∗R
WCDMA BS after the presence of the CDMA2000 MS
1− ∑ ∗ (1 − α )
i =1 W
by judging ICDMA2000 , as shown in (6).
5. Calculating the allocated transmission power for every
(N + I CDMA 2000 ) * ρ (6) WCDMA MS before the presence of the CDMA2000 BS
P min after = by using (10).
W 
  − ν * ρ * (k − 1) * (1 + f UL )
R
ρ ∗R
pi = ((1 − α )∗ PTot + N ∗ Li ) (10)
Afterward, we plot the minimum allowed received power at W
the WCDMA BS with and without interference, by varying
number of WCDMA MS. 6. Calculating the interference power generated by
CDMA2000 BS for each pathloss value from step 3.
7. Calculating the SIR value for every WCDMA MS after
the presence of CDMA2000 BS by using (11).
The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06

v = 0.5; fUL = 0.55; R = 12.2 kbps Eb/No = 4.9 dB Guard Band 10 MHz

pi -95
without interference
Sebelum interferensi
Li (11) -97 1 MS CDMA2000
SIR new =

Minimum allowed power at

5 MS CDMA2000
 P  -100 10 MS CDMA2000
 (1 − α ) ∗ Tot + N + I CDMA2000 

Daya minimum di BTS (dBm)

WCDMA BS (dBm)
100 MS CDMA2000

 Li  -105

8. Evaluating the SIR value for every WCDMA MS. If the -110

SIRnew lower than 5 % of the SIR target value, MS can’t

be served by WCDMA BS. The SIR target value is -115

obtained from the multiplication of the Eb/No target with

the Processing Gain (W /R). -120

-125
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Jumlah User WCDMA

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Number of WCDMA MS (users)

Figure 2: Minimum allowed received power at WCDMA BS for

A. Uplink Calculations certain number of WCDMA users ( using 10 MHz guard band
and the average distance between WCDMA BS and
The calculations generated graphs showing the minimum CDMA2000 MS is 1000 m )
allowed received power at WCDMA BS for different number
of user. The value before and after the presence of v = 0.5; fUL = 0.55; R = 12.2 kbps Eb/No = 4.9 dB Guard Band 5 MHz
interference from CDMA2000 MS, could be compared by -80

observing the graphs. Minimum allowed power at -85

without
Sebeluminterference
interferensi
1 MS CDMA2000
5 MS CDMA2000
-90
WCDMA BS (dBm)

10 MS CDMA2000
Daya minimum di BTS (dBm)

v = 0.5; fUL = 0.55; R = 12.2 kbps Eb/No = 4.9 dB Guard Band 5 MHz 100 MS CDMA2000
-85 -95
Sebeluminterference
without interferensi
-90 1 MS CDMA2000 -100
Minimum allowed power at

5 MS CDMA2000
10 MS CDMA2000
-105
WCDMA BS (dBm)

Daya minimum di BTS (dBm)

-95 100 MS CDMA2000

-110
-100
With Interference
-115
-105
-120
-110
-125
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-115 Jumlah User WCDMA
Number of WCDMA MS (users)
-120
Without Interference Figure 3: Minimum allowed received power in WCDMA BS for
-125
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 certain number of WCDMA users ( using 5 MHz guard band
Jumlah User WCDMA and the average distance between WCDMA BS and
Number of WCDMA MS (users)
CDMA2000 MS is 500 m )
Figure 1: Minimum allowed received power at WCDMA BS for
v = 0.5; fUL = 0.55; R = 12.2 kbps Eb/No = 4.9 dB Guard Band 10 MHz
certain number of WCDMA users ( using 5 MHz guard band -90
and the average distance between WCDMA BS and without interference
Sebelum interferensi
CDMA2000 MS is about 1000 m ) -95 1 MS CDMA2000
5 MS CDMA2000
Minimum allowed power at

10 MS CDMA2000
Daya minimum di BTS (dBm)

100 MS CDMA2000
WCDMA BS (dBm)

Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show calculation results when distance -100

between WCDMA BS and CDMA2000 MS was 1000 m by -105

using guardband 5 MHz and 10 MHz consecutively. Both
lines figure minimum allowed received power when there -110

were 1, 5, 10 and 100 CDMA2000 MS.

The minimum allowed received power at WCDMA BS can -115

be referred as the coverage threshold [5]. It reflects number of -120

users which can be served in uplink scheme. Results imply
interference from CDMA2000 MS increase minimum allowed -125
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
received power at WCDMA BS, then decrease number of Jumlah User WCDMA
served user. We may also see that quantity of CDMA2000 MS Number of WCDMA MS (users)
plays significant role. The more number of CDMA2000 MS,
cause the addition of minimum allowed received power at Figure 4: Minimum allowed received power at WCDMA BS for
WCDMA BS. certain number of WCDMA users ( using 10 MHz guard band
and the average distance between WCDMA BS and
CDMA2000 MS is 500 m )
The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06

On the other hand, Fig. 2 shows positive impact of MS were 10 and 100 consecutively. The distance reduction
additional guardband. By using 10 MHz, there was almost no between WCDMA BS and CDMA2000 MS may cause larger
significant differents for the impact of up to 10 (ten) CDMA capacity loss. For only 10 users of CDMA2000 MS, the 50 m
2000 MS, instead of 100 ones. distance made WCDMA capacity loss to be 2.1 %. When
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 shows calculation results when distance number of CDMA2000 MS was increased to be 100 users,
between WCDMA BS and CDMA2000 MS was made to be capacity loss of WCDMA system also increased to be 20 %.
500 m. Results showed that minimum allowed received power The excalation of CDMA2000 MS (users), would cause
at WCDMA BS was bigger compare to 1000 m distance. It bigger loss on WCDMA capacity.
implies that distance factor between CDMA2000 MS and
WCDMA BS is significant. For any small distance, the
interference power would be larger and the number of user B. Downlink Calculations
served by WCDMA BS become smaller. At 1000m distance
and 10 MHz guardband, interference from 100 CDMA2000 Simulation results of downlink scheme showed effect of
MS made -110 dBm WCDMA BS might serve 110 users. interference generating by CDMA2000 BS, to the distribution
Within 500 m distance, it only can serve 65 users, which is a of WCDMA MS. Fig. 7 reflects initial condition before
significant reduction. interference occurs. WCDMA BS was placed in the center of
Results of Capacity Loss calculation are showed in Fig. 5 cell, and 100 users WCDMA MS were distributed randomly.
and Fig. 6. Fig. 8 shows distribution of WCDMA MS when CDMA2000
BS was located outside and near WCDMA cell. Fig. 9 shows
Jumlah MS CDMA2000 = 10 the presence of CDMA2000 BS influencing distribution of
2.4
R = 12.2 kbps; Eb/No = 4.9 dB Guard Band 5 MHz WCDMA MS. From the figures, we can observe the
2.2 WCDMA MS which near to the position of CDMA2000 BS
are blocked. This cause the degradation in WCDMA
Capacity Loss (percent)

1.8 performance.
Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show the distribution of WCDMA MS
Capacity Loss (%)

1.6
when position of CDMA2000 BS is inside the cell and near
1.4
WCDMA BS. Fig 9 is evaluated when using 5 MHz guard
1.2 band and Fig 10 using 10 MHz. The blocking area of
1 WCDMA MS is proportionate to the addition of guardband
0.8 frequency.
0.6
Distribusi MS WCDMA dalam satu sel
600
0.4
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Jarak BS WCDMA ke MS CDMA2000 (m) O MS WCDMA

Distance (m) between WCDMA BS and 400

CDMA2000 MS
200

Figure 5: Uplink Capacity Loss ( using 5 MHz guard band and the BS WCDMA WCDMA BS in
number of the CDMA2000 MS is 10 users ) 0 O the center of cell

-200
Jumlah MS CDMA2000 = 100
20
R = 12.2 kbps; Eb/No = 4.9 dB Guard Band 5 MHz -400
18
-600
Capacity Loss (percent)

16 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600

14
Figure 7: Distribution of 100 WCDMA MS without the interference
Capacity Loss (%)

12

10
Distribusi MS yang masih dijangkau oleh BS WCDMA
8 600

O BS CDMA2000 CDMA 2000 BS

6 O MS WCDMA
400

4
200
2

0 BS WCDMA O
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 O
Jarak BS WCDMA ke MS CDMA2000 (m)
Distance (m) between WCDMA BS and -200

CDMA2000 MS
-400

Fig 6. Uplink Capacity Loss (using 5 MHz guard band and the
number of the CDMA2000 MS is 100 users ) -600
-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600

Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 shows capacity loss of WCDMA system Figure 8: Distribution of 100 WCDMA MS after presence of
when using 5 MHz guard band and number of CDMA2000 interference when the CDMA2000 BS is placed outside the cell
The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06

Distribusi MS yang masih dijangkau oleh BS WCDMA

600 CDMA 2000 BS
O BS CDMA2000
O MS WCDMA
400 IV. CONCLUSIONS

200 O
We investigated the effect of adjacent channel interference,
0 BS WCDMA O generated by CDMA2000, on the WCDMA system uplink
and downlink scheme. In 3G coexistence network, the
-200 presence of CDMA2000 system influenced WCDMA
performance. Interference generated by CDMA2000 MS
-400
increased the minimum allowed received power at WCDMA
BS, then lead to reduction of WCDMA coverage and cause a
significant capacity loss. In downlink scheme, interference
-600
-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600

due to CDMA2000 BS influenced the performance of

Figure 9: Distribution of 100 WCDMA MS after presence of
WCDMA communication system which can be seen from
interference when the CDMA2000 BS is placed inside the cell significant reduction of SIR value.
and using 5 MHz guard band The effect of interference depends on several factors
including distance between WCDMA and CDMA2000
Distribusi MS yang masih dijangkau oleh BS WCDMA terminals (BS and MS), number of CDMA2000 MS,
600
O BS CDMA2000 interference power, and guard band frequency. The using of
guard band should reduce the effect of interference.
O MS WCDMA

400

CDMA 2000 BS
200 O
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
0 BS WCDMA O

-200
This research was run on the basis of Indonesia 3G
implementation test, in collaboration between Dept. of
-400 Electrical Engineering University of Indoneisa and PT
TELKOMSEL. Authors thank Program Hibah Kompetisi B
-600
-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 (PHK-B) Departemen Teknik Elektro Universitas Indonesia
for the financial support.
Figure 10: Distribution of 100 WCDMA MS after presence of
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5

0
S IR (d B)

-5

-10

-15

-20
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Jarak MS ke BS CDMA2000 (m)
Distance (m) between WCDMA MS and
CDMA2000 BS

Figure 11 : SIR vs Distance