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Introduction To Elasticity PDF
Introduction To Elasticity PDF
x yx
dxdydz dxdydz zx dxdydz Fx dxdydz 0 (1.3.2)
x y z
Fig. 1.3.1Stresses on an infinitesimal element
Where, FΩxis the component of body force along x direction. Now, dividing dxdydz on the above
expression, following equilibrium condition is obtained.
x yx zx
Fx (1.3.3)
x y z
Similarly, applying equilibrium condition along Y and Z directions, one can find the following
relations.
xy y zy
F y (1.3.4)
x y z
xz yz z
Fz (1.3.5)
x y z
Here, FΩyand FΩz are the component of body forces along Y and Zdirections respectively. Satisfying
moment equations (i.e., M x 0; M y 0 and M z 0; ), one can obtain the following
relations.
xy yx ; yz zy and xz zx (1.3.6)
Using eq. (1.3.6), the equilibrium equations (1.3.3 to 1.3.5), can be rewritten in the following form.
x xy zx
Fx
x y z
xy y yz
Fy (1.3.7)
x y z
zx yz z
Fz
x y z
Let assume an element of area on the surface of the solid in equilibrium (Fig.1.3.2) and FΓx, FΓy
and FΓz are the components of external forces per unit area and are acting on the surface.
Consideration of equilibrium along the three axes directions gives the following relations.
x l xy m zx n Fx
xy l y m yz n Fy (1.3.8)
zx l yz m z n Fz
Here, l, m and n are the direction cosines of the normal to the boundary surface. Eq. (1.3.8) is known
as static boundary condition.
Let consider points P,Q and R are before deformation and points P’,Q’ and R’ are after deformation
as shown in Fig. 1.3.4 below. Now for small deformation, rotation of PQ will become
v v
1 lim
x 0 x x
u u
Similarly, rotation of PR due to deformation will be: 2 lim
y 0 y y
Thus, the total change of angle between PQ and PR after deformation is as follows which is defined
as shear strain in X-Y plane.
v u
xy yx 1 2
x y
x (1.3.9)
x 2 x x x
v 1 u v w
2 2 2
y (1.3.10)
y 2 y y y
w 1 u v w
2 2 2
z (1.3.11)
z 2 z z z
v u u u v v w w
xy (1.3.12)
x y x y x y x y
w v u u v v w w
yz (1.3.13)
y z y z y z y z
u w u u v v w w
zx (1.3.14)
z x z x z x z x
The eqs.(1.3.9 to 1.3.14) are known as Green-Lagrange strain displacement equation. The
components of the strain x, y, z, xy, yz and zx define the state of strains in the deformed body, and
can be written in a matrix form as
The relations given in eqs.(1.3.9 to 1.3.14) are non-linear partial differential equations in the
unknown component of the displacements. In case of small deformations, the products and squares
of the first derivatives are assumed to be negligible compared with the derivatives themselves in
many problems of stress analysis. Thus the strain-displacement relations in eqs. (1.3.9 to 1.3.14 )
reduce to linear relations as follows.
u
x
x
v
y
y
w
z
z
(1.3.16)
v u
xy
x y
w v
yz
y z
u w
zx
z x
x 0 0
x 0 0
y
y u
0 0
z z v
(1.3.17)
xy 0 w
yz y x
zx 0
z y
0
z x
The above assumption will be incorrect in case of large deformation problems. In these cases,
geometric nonlinearity has to be considered.
or C (1.3.19)
Where [C] is constitutive matrix. If the material has three orthogonal planes of symmetry, it is said
to be orthotropic. In this case only nine constants are required for describing constitutive relations as
given below.
An isotropic is one for which every plane is a plane of symmetry of material behavior and only two
constants (Young Modulus, E and Poisson ratio) are required to describe the constitutive relation.
The following equation includes the effect due to temperature changes as may be necessary in
certain cases of stress analysis.
ìï e x üï é1 -m -m 0 0 0 ù ìï sx üï ìï1ü
ïï ïï ê ú ïï ïï ïï ï
ï
ï
ïï e y ïï ê 1 -m 0 0 0 ú ï s ï ï 1ï
ï ï ê ú ïï y ïï ï
ï ï
ï
ï
ï ï
e z ï 1 êê 1 0 0 0 úú ï ï s ï
ï ï
ï 1ï
ï
or ï
í ï = ê í + aT í ï
ï z ï ï (1.3.22)
ïïg xy ï Eê 2 (1 + m ) 0 0 úï ú t xy ï ï 0ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï ï ï ï
ï ï
ï
ï g yz ïï ê Symmetry 2 (1 + m ) 0 úú ï t ï ï 0ï
ï
ï ï ê ï
ï yz ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï
ï ï ê úï ï ï ï
ïï g zx
î ïï êë 2 (1 + m )úû îïït zx ïï ï
ï ï
î 0ï
T and α in eq.(1.3.22) denote the difference of temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion
respectively.
The inverse relation of stresses in terms of strain components can be expressed as
1 0 0 0
x 1 0 0 0 x 1
1 0 0 0 1
y y
z 1 2
E T 1
0 0
E 1 2 0 (1.3.23)
z
2
xy xy
yz 1 2 0
Symmetry 0 yz
2
zx 1 2 zx
0
2
E
where E
1 1 2
(1.3.25)
y 2 x2 xy
Eq. (1.3.25) is the compatibility equation since it states the geometric requirements. This condition
will ensure adjacent elements to remain free from discontinuities such as gaps and overlaps.
Fig. 1.3.5 Plane stress example: Thin plate with in-plane loading
é ù
ì ü ê ú ï üï
ïï sx ïïï ê1 m 0 ú ïì ex ïì1ïü
ï E ê ú ïï ïïï EaT ïï ïï
íï s y ï = êm 1 0 ú í ey - í1 (1.3.26)
ïï ïï 1-m 2 ê ú ïï ïï 1-m ïï ïï
ït xy ï
ïî ï ê
ê0 0
1-m ú ïî g ï
ú ï xy ï îïï0ïï
ëê 2 ûú
The strain components can also be expressed in terms of the stress, which is given below.
ïì e x ïü é 1 -m 0 ù ïìï s x ïüï ì
ï 1üï
ïïï ïïï 1 êê úï ï ï
ï ï
ï
í e y = ê-m 1 0 úú ïí s y ï + aT í1 (1.3.27)
ïï ïï E ê ï ï ï ï
ïîïg xy ïï êë 0 0 2 (1 + m )úúû ïïîït xy ïïï ï
ïî ï
ï0ïï
It can also be shown that
z x y 1 T and yz zx 0 (1.3.28)
1 1
x 1 0 x 1
E ET
y 1 0 y 1 (1.3.30)
1 1 2
1 2 1 2 0
xy 0 0 xy
2
ìï e x üï é 0ù ìï s üï
ïï ïï (1 + m ) ê(1-m ) -m ú ïï x ïï
ì1ï
ï
ï ï
ü
ï
í ey = ï ê ï ï ï
(1-m ) 0úú í s y + (1 + m )aT í1ï
ï ï ê -m (1.3.32)
ï
ïî g ïï E ê 0 úï ï
ï t
ï
ï
ï
ï
ï
ï
ï
ï
ï xy ï ëê 0 2 ûú îï xy ï ï ï
î0 ï
1.3.4.3Axisymmetric Problem
Many problems in stress analysis which are of practical interest involve solids of revolution subject
to axially symmetric loading. A circular cylinder loaded by a uniform internal or external pressure,
circular footing resting on soil mass, pressure vessels, rotating wheels, flywheels etc. The strain-
displacement relations in these type of problems are given by
u
x
x
u
x
(1.3.33)
v
y
y
u v
xy
y x
The two components of displacements in any plane section of the body along its axis of symmetry
define completely the state of strain and therefore the state of stress. The constitutive relations are
given below for such types of problems.
x 1 0
1 0 x
y E y
1 0 (1.3.34)
1 1 2 1 2
xy 0 0 0
2 xy