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Swing Equation PDF
Swing Equation PDF
APPENDIX 1
SWING EQUATION
relative motion called swing equation is derived for easy modeling of power
system components.
The power angle r is the angle between the rotor mmf Fr and the
resultant air gap mmf Fsr, both rotating at synchronous speed. The angle
between the no-load generated emf E and the resultant stator voltage Esr is
also called as power angle. If the generator armature resistance and leakage
flux are neglected, the angle between E and terminal voltage V, denoted by ,
is considered as the power angle.
Tm=Te (A1.1)
Ta=Tm-Te (A1.2)
d2 m
J 2 Ta Tm Te (A1.3)
dt
m = sm t+ m (A1.4)
where m is the rotor position before disturbance at time t=0, measured from
the synchronously rotating reference frame. Derivative of Equation (A1.4)
gives the rotor angular velocity
d m d m
m ms (A1.5)
dt dt
d2 m d2 m
(A1.6)
dt 2 dt 2
d2 m
J Tm Te (A1.7)
dt 2
d2 m
J m m Tm m Te (A1.8)
dt 2
d2 m
J m Pm Pe (A1.9)
dt 2
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1 2 1
Wk J m M m (A1.10)
2 2
or
2 Wk
M (A1.11)
m
2 Wk
M (A1.12)
sm
d2 m
M 2 Pm Pe (A1.13)
dt
p
m (A1.14)
2
and
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p
m (A1.15)
2
p d2 m
M 2 Pm Pe (A1.16)
2 dt
Since power analysis is done in per unit system, the swing equation
is usually expressed in per unit. Dividing Equation (A1.16) by the base power
SB, and substituting for M from Equation (A1.12) results in
2 2 Wk d 2 Pm Pe
(A1.17)
p sm S B dt 2 SB SB
2 2H d 2
Pm ( pu ) Pe ( pu ) (A1.19)
p sm dt 2
where Pm (pu) and Pe (pu) are the per unit mechanical power and electrical
power, respectively. The electrical angular velocity is related to the
mechanical angular velocity by sm = (2/P) s. Hence, Equation (A1.19) is
expressed in terms of electrical angular velocity as
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2H d 2
2
Pm ( pu ) Pe ( pu ) (A1.20)
s dt
2H d 2
Pm Pe (A1.21)
f 0 dt 2
2H d 2
Pm Pe (A1.22)
180f 0 dt 2
APPENDIX 2
population type (Population Type) specifies the data type of the input to the
fitness function. Population type can be set to any one of the following:
Double Vector ('double Vector') -- Use this option if the individuals in the
population have type double.
Bit string ('bitstring') -- Use this option if the individuals in the population are
bit strings.
Custom ('custom') -- Use this option to create a population whose data type is
neither of the preceding.
Fitness limit (FitnessLimit) -- The algorithm stops if the best fitness value is
less than or equal to the value of Fitness limit.
if 0, no display
MATLAB COMMANDS
SIMULINK
Parameters from the simulation menu are used for setting the
simulation parameters and selecting the solver. SIMULINK displays the
simulation parameters dialog box, which uses three “pages” namely solver,
work space I/O and diagnostics to manage simulation parameters.
i) Solver page
When the solver tab is selected the solver page is displayed and it
allows the following operations:
1. Set the start and stop times-the start time and stop time for the
simulation can be changed by entering new values in the start
time and stop time fields. The default start time is 0.0 seconds
and the default stop time is 10.0 seconds.
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3. The output options area of the dialog box enables the control
of the output generated by simulation.
The workspace I/O page manages the input from the MATLAB
workspace and the output to the MATLAB workspace. The functions of
workspace includes the following:
BUTTON ACTION
Apply Applies the current parameter values and keeps the dialog box
open, during a simulation, the parameter values are applied
immediately.
Revert Changes the parameter values back to the values they had
when the dialog box was most recently opened and applies the
parameter
Help Displays help text for the dialog box page
Close Applies the parameter values and closes the dialog box.
During a simulation, the parameter values are applied
immediately.
To stop the simulation, choose stop from the simulation menu. The
keyboard shortcut for stopping a simulation is CTRL – T. We can suspend the
running simulation by choosing pause from the simulation menu, when we
select pause, the menu item changes to continue. We can proceed with a
suspended simulation by choosing continue.
go. When start putting blocks together into a model, add the blocks to the
model window before adding the lines that connect them.