5th yeaR Booklet WRITING Bank | Vi UNDERSTANDING RUBRICS ‘To plan your. composition you need to understand the rubric i.e. the ‘composition instruction. Fad the rubric carefully and underine the key ‘words/phrases which wil help you decide what you wil write about. Key words/phrases indicate: «+ the imaginary situation you wil write about (e.g. You are a reporter. fo vite about a fee which broke outlast night.) This can also suggest who {you are (e.0. a reporter, what has happened (e.g fre broke ov), et. + the imaginary reader who is going to read your piece of writing (0.9. the manager of the company you work for has asked you to write). ‘This vl help you decide on the writing style i.e. the appropriate style of language - formalfnformal, etc you should use. + the type of writing (e.g. @ letter, an article describing an event you attended, etc) «+. the specific topfes you should include in your answer (e.g. describe = "the place and coniment on ts good and bad points) Study the example below. 4 2 ff Youwork lor a travel magazine ‘Your éditPhas asked you to Zz 4 % write an @@iiele discussing the pros and cons of air travel, including factors such as cost and convenience. reader type of writing x specific topics © Main body paragraphs should begin with topic sentences. A a topic sentence introduces or summarises the main topic of the paragraph and gives the reader an idea of what the paragraph will be about + The topic sentence should be followed by supporting sentences which provide examples, details, reasons, justifications and/or evidence to support the topic sentence. Tore [4 There are many dis- sentence |” advantages to air travel. Firsily, plane fares are extremely high. For example, ityou choose to travel from London to Manchester by [sporins], | train, you will definitely pay sertenes|| Jess than you would if you travelled by plane. Moreover, being on a plane for hours, can be tiring.i Unil 1 Pari A Guidelines for Writing UNDERSTANDING WRITING STYLE. ‘The writing style you should use depends on the type of composition you are \wrting, the situation and the intended reader. Therefore, you should not use the same style of writing for every composition. The two main types of writing style are formal and informal. However, not all styles of writing fall under these categories. For exampia, in a letter to somebody you do not know very well or in an article fora student's magazine the style used is neither formal ror informal, buta blend of the two, known as semi-formal FORMAL STYLE is characterised by: © formal expressions, advanced vocabulary longer sentences e.g.Taking everything into consideration, ican be said that the facilites offered are of poor qualty. © formal linking words/phrases (ie. However, Nevertheless, In addition, Consequently, etc.) .¢g.Mobile phones are extremely useful for people who travel frequent. However, they can be dangerous. © nouse of short forms (Lem, theres.) €.g.! would be grateful... (instead of I'd be grateful if.) impersonal tone, ie. use ofthe passive, no description of feelings 2g. Late this evening, 20-year-old Tin MoComack was pulled to safety ‘after being trapped under debris for more than ten hours. 2 factual presentation ofthe information eg. The Town Hall, constructed in the late 1800s, was seriously damaged by fre in 1909. INFORMAL STYLE is characterised by: @everyday/colloquial expressions, vocabulary and idioms. .g.! thought P'd drop you a line .., Thanks @ million ., etc ® frequent use of short forms ¢g.] won't be able fo come to your party as I'l be away on a business trp. ® informal phrasal verbs e.g. Lucy takes after her father. She's. 2 simple linking words/phrases (le. but, so, because, and, etc) e.g. Itrains a lot here, 60 you'd better take an umbrella wth you. © shorter sentences e.g. Thanks a lt forthe invitation. love to come. 9 personal tone i.e. use of ist person (Ve) €.g..'ve got great news. I've found a new job, > descriptive tone i.e. use of adjectves/adverbs ete for vivid description €.g.It was a bitterly cold winter moming. 2 2. Tbelieve I 3. Well, I've got to go now. 4a 5 Two ‘SEMLFORMAL STYLE SEMI-FORMAL STYLE is characterised by: 2 less formal language © ess frequent use of short forms, formal inking words/phrases or the passive respectful, polite tone Compare: Formal: f would be grateful if you ‘could reply at your earliest ‘convenience. Semi-formal: | fook forward to receiving your reply 2s soon as possible. Informal: J can't wait o hear from you. 21 Use phrases from the list to fill in the blanks in the sentences, as in the example. Then, say which are written in formal and which in informal style. assess the suitability, porcelain. white skin, were seriously injured, drop by, am entitled to, point in favour of, with flying colours, won't be able to make it, to my ‘mind, don’t miss it 1 The purpose of this report is to assess the suitability .. of Robert Hulson for the position of Assistant Manager. = formal style a full refund. when you arrive in town. of working from home is that one can plan one’s own working schedule. collided on the Mé late lastnight.“For and Against” Essays 4 i en ocvarlages and dsadvariages ol aspect Aor and aga” ssa shoud consi 2) an nodustonin which you present the op, aking genera remark ebout it without giving your opinion; b) a maln body nehich you presen the pons fr andthe pont against n sepa prarep, .pporng yur xgunens wih stieaonsexanoe, ¢) a sonelusion wich includes yeu pon (eg, n my opmnivew | belive tink ee) ora bdonced sure ole opc + You must atinud opinion words (bales tink, inthe itoducton rhe main body. Opinion words can only be used in the final paragraph, where you may: State youropnon onthe ope "For and agains essays are normaly writen ina forma style; herefore you should avoid sing song language (know, tam sure, et), shot sentences, | introduction colo expressions or one Reel esone ‘You can find this type of wring in articles in newspapers, magazines, etc Paragraph 1 present topic (wilhout stating your opinion) Main Body 2_ Read the rubric and underline the key words, then answer the questions. You have had a class discussion about different forms of travel. Your teacher has now asked you to write an essay presenting the arguments for and against travelling by boat Paragraph 2 arguments for, with iuslifications/examples 1. What type of essay should you write? 2 Should you use short sentences, colloquial expressions and idioms? If not, why? Poragraph 3 3. Which of the following points could be included in your essay? Tick (¥). Which ; i ne orguments against, with points are pros and which are cons? Can you add any other ideas? iusifcations/examples 1 cheaper than other forms 4 journeys can take along time oti 5 more comfortable and Conclusion iia 2 cam be unpleasant in bad enjoyable than other C1 __[Finat ‘Paragraph weather forms of transport 3 [ots of people go on sailing 6. famous explorers travelled your opinion/balanced holidays the seven seas mks a, * * “For ond Against” Essays 3 a) Read the article and label the paragraphs with the correct headings. What is the writer's opinion on the topic? Finally, replace the topic sentences in the main body paragraphs with alternative ones. © arguments against * opinion © arguments for © present topic Did you know he boat was one fhe fist forms of transport? ‘Ahundted years go, the ony way to make a journey across the sta was by boa. Nowadays, however, when it is possible to fy from one continent to another nthe space of few hows, i there any reason to travel by boat? Ahough the boats rather old-fashioned way of traveling it has certain advantages, To begin with, boas ae usualy more comfortable than planes or car. Instead of staying in your seat for ‘he whole joumey, you can go for a walk on the deck, eat in a ‘estat, or even'go shopping. Having more space to move around makes along jourey much more pleasant. Furthermore, boats are offen cheaper than ther forms of travel. For example, a boa ket usualy costs less than a plan ck. Finally, oats are a safe allrmatve to cats and planes There are fener accidents at sea than inthe ator on the rads However, traveling by boat does have its disadvantages. usualy takes much longer than othe forms of travel. AS a result, 'itcanbe mor trng In ation, boat tgs canbe very unpleasant | ‘when the weather is bad or the sea is rough, making joumeys uncomfortable or even fighting | Al things considered, zthough there ae some dlsadvantages to traveling by boat, | believe iis a very enoyable experience, Para 4 | Introduction Main Body Para 3 Joureys may take longer, but f you have time to spare, you can {ake advantage fhe many facies which boas have to ofr and enjoy a pleasant voyage. Conclusion b) Read the article again and fill in the blanks below. Then, using expressions from the box on the right, talk about the pros and cons of travelling by boat. FOR Arguments {| Jusitications/Examples 1) more comtforable than other } go for a walk, eatin a restaurant, go forms of travel shoppin, have more space to move around 2 3) AGAINST ‘Arguments aa) a ain Body ustitcations/Examples Useful expressions and linking words/phrases to ist and add points: Inthe first place, To start/begia with, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally, In adltion (to this), Furthermore, Moreover, Besides, ee to introduce or fist advantages: The rmain/first/most important advantage of... One/Another/An additional advantage of.... One point of view in favour of.., It is often suggested! believed/argued that..., Some/Many people suggest/eel argue that... Some Many people are in favour of are convinced that. te {o introduce or list disadvantages: The rmain/most important disadvantage! drawback of... OnefAnother/An additional disadvantage of... One point/argument against... Some/Many people are agains... tc {o introduce examples/reasonsiresults for example/instance, such as, like, in particular, therefore, for this reason, Decause, as, since, as. result, ee {o show contrast: On the other hand, However, still, but, Nonetheless, Nevertheless, Although, Even though, Despite spite of (the fact that, et. to introduce a conclusion: In concsion, ‘Toconclude/sum up, Allin all, Finally, Lastly, All things considered, Taking everthing into aocountconsieration, ee“For and Against” Essays 4 Read the article again and replace the linking words/phrases in bold 7a) Read the extract below and ‘with synonymous ones from the table on p. 83. Then, say which of the choose the correct topic linking words/phrases in the article are used to: sentence to fill in the blank, a) listiadd points ©) show contrast }) introduce reasonsiresults _d) introduce a conclusion 1. There are many advantages to using the Internet, 2. However, there are many arguments 5 Underline the correct linking word/phrase. against using the Internet. 3 Computers have become the most important means of communication. 1 Besides/Despite, television affects the way we think, 2 Many people are against/argue that we need advertisements in order to keep up to date with the latest products on the market. = ares 3 One point of view againstin favour of travelling is tht it allows you to. png ak ‘at! meet people from different cultures og 4. Byen though/Nevertheless most people nowadays use a computer at work, 5 it will be a while béfore we stop putting our ideas down on paper. 5 For instance/Still, people who know how to play a musical instrument ate usually popular and! make friends more easly than others 6 Read the paragraph below and underline the correct linking word/ phrase, ‘There are many advantages to having children at an early age, 1) To begin with/In addition to this, when you are young, you have a lot of energy. ‘This means you can cope quite easly with children’s demands for constant care and attention, 2) To conclude/Secondly, young parents can relate to their children and 3) therefore/nevertheless understand them better. 4) Yel/Finally, : a ‘when you become a parent at an early age, you are still young enough to enjoy First ofall, you spend hours and hous life wien your child becomes independent. sitting in front of a computer sereca, This can lead to severe backache and {problems with your eyesight. More ‘over, using the Internet can be very MAIN BODY PARAGRAPHS expensive, because the membership ‘You should stat each main body paragraph wth tpie sentence which fees and phone bil are often ish introduces or summarises the main topic of the paragraph, The topic Finally, using the Internet requires « sentence should be followed by supporting sentences which justify the lot of patience. Getting onto the argument presented in the topic sentence, by giving examples or reasons. Intemet is not alvays easy and tts ‘You should use linking words/phrases to present your justifications, such as: first of all, what is more, for example, because, since, in particular, etc. ate a ponerse bere toa time to get acces €.g, Traveling by train has a lot of advantages, } topic sentence eee First of all, it is comfortable as trains are spacious so { there is plenty of room to walk about. What is more, trains are convenient. For example, you do not have fo take any \, supporting food or beverages with you, areret) en trains have a sentences b) What is the topic of the restaurant, Finally, when you travel by train you reach ore _ paragraph? List the yor cesthelon ty ay) arguments mentioned.“For and Against” Essays 8 a) Match each argument about jodelling to its correspond- ‘TECHNIQUES TO BEGIN OR END YOUR ESSAY ing justification, Which To attract the reader's interest and make the beginning or ending of your points are “for” and which ‘essay more effective, you can use some of the folowing witing techniques: are “against”? 2) address the reader directly e.g Ifyou take the time to train your dog, it wal eam fo obey you. 'b) include a quotation (.2. a sentence or phrase taken from a book, pay, etc) _ Arguments °, ~ When we use a quotation, itis necessary to mention the name of the ia : person who saldivrote it, a9. As George Orwell wrote, “Alf animals are 1 [be an exciting career ‘equal, but some are more equal than others.” [2[_Jopportunity to carn a lot of ©) include a rhetorical question e.g i itive that a dog is man’s bestfriend? money 3] models must constantly watch what they eat 9 Read the extracts below and say which are beginnings and which are (41) 00 privacy endings, Then identify which writing technique(s) has/have been used in each, Justifications an epee expected to stay thin so that they look good all the time b designers and fashion magazines are willing to pay high fes for popular models reporters are always chasing them 4 models usually travel to interesting places and often meet famous people b) Use linking words/phrases to complete the main body s i paragraphs below. { A Do you fancy youself as a handyman orhandjwoman? For people who are good wih ter hands, home decrating is etn an opin Wt he wide range of matrals available nthe shops, and the increasingly high cost of | professional decorating, the ted is towards DW, So what are the advantages | and disadvantages of to it yourself? eg There are certain arguments in favour ofa career in modelling eee eel | B Tosumup, though there are many points against being a reporter, I believe | there are certainly aspects in favour oft. Besides, as John Hersey once sad, | “dumatsm lows ts readers owns iso Ler eet ee € More and more couples today choose ta have only one child. Most of us imagine that being an only child must be tery lonely, but is that really the | case? Having no brothers or sisters has both advantages ad savages, |p Al things considered, | believe that there are more disadvantages than | advantages to dieting, Perhaps that was why writer and journalist Geotrey | On the other hand, many people believe that a career in modelling also has drawbacks. Cannan believed that “Dieting makes you fat.” After ali you eat sensible, | welebalanced meals and keep fit and active, you ae mare Hey fo stay slim. ee“For and Against” Essays 10 a) Read the topic sentences and think of appropriate supporting 11 Read the topic sentences, then ‘ones. ‘The prompts below will help you. write appropriate supporting = comes. Join the sentences with ‘1. There are certain crambacks to being a appropriate linking words/ doctor, © ‘have to study all their ves in order ‘to keep up with the latest medical phrases in order to write a complete paragraph. developments a . / \ \ 2 Watching television has certainly got its 1 There is no doubt that going on advantages. holiday during the winter is an keep upto date with curent news attractive option. 3 There are many arguments against being a famous rock sta. ‘© never home because they travel all ‘over the word giving concerts 2 On the other hand, there are drawbacks to being a freighter. }) Match the quotations to the topies above. Use the quotations to write appropriate endings for each topi a [| “Everbody wants tobe famous until they are.” Keith Richards } J ttn, ee” b “We are humble men in ‘our profession. We do our best.” “Television! ADickson Wright) 3. There are certain disadvantages to 1] theenterainment SS, (i surgeon) owning a dog which flows like tap water.” a Dennis Poter / (British playwright) ~~Informal Letters (29 1 Read questions 1 to 3, then listen to the cassette and choose the correct 1 answers. Finally, use your answers to talk about Monique's letter. Who is Monique writing to? 2 What is her main reason for writing? A acomplete stranger A to tell Jackie some good news B. someone she knows well B to apologise for not writing sooner ‘Which of these statements are true? Tick (7). In her letter to Jackie, Monique ‘A. mentions her future plans [—] D complains about Jackie's last letter [] B invites Jackie to visit her [7] _E__asks Jackie to reply soon oO C_ promises to write soon (1 F sends her regards to Jackie's parents [_] Informal tters are sent to people you know welt (e.g. ends, relatives, etc) about your recent news, personal problems, information you need, etc. They are written in an informal style with a chatty, personal tone © Aninforma letter should consist of: 2) an informal greeting (Dear Ken/Aunt Joaniete); ») an introduction in which you write your opening remarks (.. asking about your friend's health, ec) and mention your reason for writing 6g. Hil How are you? I thought I'l waite and let you know that. ©) amain body in which you write the main subject(s) ofthe leter in detail, starting anew paragraph for each topic; ) a conclusion in which you write your closing remarks e.g. That's all my news for now. Write back soon .. ; ) an informal ending (e.9. Lots of love/Best wisheslete + your first name). 2. Read the rubric and tinderline the key fords, then answer the questions, You recently moved to a big city and have decided to write to a friend from your ald neighbourhood. Write a letter describing lfe in your new city and your feelings about the change, Who is going to read your letter? © heavy traffic (negative) Whereis this person now? © constant noise from cars Where are you now? * ugly grey buildings Why are you writing the letter? * plenty of sports facilities ‘What topes should yourletterinclude? _—_*- ‘Wide choice of things t do How will you begin and end the huge crowds letter? © good public transport stem Which of the following are positive * large moder shops aspects of life in a big city? Which are Make sentences using the prompts negative? above and the phrases in the boxes on # lots of cafés, cinemas, ete (positive) the right, as in the example, Introduction Poragraph 1 ‘opening remarks/reasonis] for writing Main Body Paragraphs 2 - 3 - 4* development of the subjects Conclusion | Final Paragraph losing remarks * The number of main body paragraphs may vary, depending on the rubric. +. Likes =" Mike living here because What [like mostis that there is/are ‘The best thing is that there isfare ... - + Dislikes \* Thatejean't stand [can’t get used to Unfortunately, there ivare . eg. What I like most is that there are lots of eafés and cinemas, Fcan't stand the constant noise from the cars.Informa! Letters 9 What can you do in a big city? What can’t you do? Use the prompts to make sentences, as in the examples. You can use your own ideas. — go fora walk in the fields — make lots of new friends — go shopping in huge — do lots of different thing shopping centres — walk home safely at night = get around easily eg. You can't go for a walk inthe fields | You cam go shopping in huge shopping centres. ze 10 Match the feelings to the reasons, then make sentences, as in the example. 1 homesick athe city never sleeps 2 pleased | b there's more crime in the city 3 unsafe cause ¢ there are always new things to do 4° disgusted a d_ I miss my friends and my old neighbourhood 5 excited : ¢. there’s rubbish everywhere eg. 1d [feel homesick because I miss my friends and my old neighbourhood. ay 3 a) Read the letter and underline the correct tenses in bold. Then, Jabel the paragraphs with the headings below. © opening remarks\reason(s) for writing © writer’ feelings about the change © closing remarks life in the new city Dear Sharon, Para 1 How are you? Sorty 1) 'm taking’ve taken so long to opening rears! 5 ; Frit, but I've been busy setting in, Anyway, I thought easn() or 2 2) 'd dropi've dropped you a ine to let you know how ——wifag = Ym getting on here hat Birmingham is a really exciting city with milions of para p things todo. There's so much to choose ftom, | sometimes findit hard to make up my mind where to go! Although | sill3) didn’t ge haven't got used tothe trafic, the noise and the huge crowds, | think isa great city ike living here now, but I sometimes feel homesick as 1 miss lots of things about Gowrie. 4) never! don’t forget the beautiful counrysde and the ol stone cottages. Livin inthe cty means I can't go for long walks by the sea, either. Most of all, | miss my fiends — especially you, of curse! We always 5) had/were having such a great time together, 6) haven't didn’t we? ‘Well that’ all my news for now. Please write back and let me know what 7) you were/you've been up to since | £8) heard/have heard from you last. Say *hi” to Tom and Joanna, too. promise Il come back and visita of you as soon as can Lots of love, Angela Main Body Para 3 Para 4 is thar és and Conctsion mistant +b) Underline the topic sentences in the main body paragraphs, then suggest other appro- priate ones. 4 Use the prompts to make sentences, as in the example, ‘© streets are crowded — soon got used fo it (even though) © Jots of things to do — heavy traffic makes it difficult to get around (however) 4 plenty of sports centres — expensive to join (although) a eg, Eventhough the streets are crowded, 1 ‘soon got ted 10 it. "6 not many shops — you can find | ‘almost everything you need (but) few buses and trains — always arrive on time (nevertheless) © no restaurants — a few inns that serve delicious homemade food | (although) } e.g, There aren't many shops, but you can find almost everything you need.{Informal Letters: (OPENING/CLOSING REMARKS, © Opening remarks in informal letters may include: a) questions/wishes about recent events, the person's health, ete »b) athank you o the person for their aster, comments about their news ©) an apology for a delay in wrtinglrepying 4) the reason why you are writing ‘© Closing remarks in informal letters may include: ) the raason why you must end the letter 1) greetings to the person's familyriends 4) wishes, a promise (e.g. to write again soon), an imitation, ete h) a request tothe person to reply soon 5 Match sentences 1-8 to points a-h in the box above. 1 [a] Hello — how are you? I hope you're feeling better. [B) Iwas sorry to hear that you aren't going to [J Pilwrite as soon as can and fet you know about .. [Ey Please write soon and tell me all your news [E] Welt thats all my news. Pd better end now, because ‘The reason I'm writing is to ask you if. Give my best wishes to your parents INFORMAL STYLE ‘When writing fendly eters, you normally se nforal style. Informal wring 's characterised by the use of © everyday vocabulary (eg. had a great time) ‘© colloquial expressionsidioms (e.g. drop me a tne) ‘© phrasal verbs (e.g. get on, sete in) ‘© short forms (e.g, can't, don't, fm, 1) 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 © Which of the following sentences are writter formal style? Tm writing to see how you're getting on in your new flat. Informal ook forward to receiving a prompt reply. Give your sister a big hug from me What are you up to this summer? ‘We're having a fantastic time here at the camp. ‘Would it be possible for you to attend the club's annual meeting nest month? ‘You'd never believe how well I've been getting on at school. 7 Some phrases in the following extracts are written in the wrong style, Read them and correct the mistakes using the words/phrases in the lists. Ao ages, drop you a line, fet you kno, realy, sony | oe | 3) i 9) sar B0b, ' ow are you? 1) | apotogise for the i 2a fact that | hoven’t written for ; | siderable time, ext 1¥e been ‘extremely busy. Anyway, | thought 3 | 114) communicate with you briefly | te spinform you that r've just passed ; || my riving test! 7: 3 can’t wait to hear los of love, that’s all {for now, write soon, you've been up to ‘ C 1 Wel, 6)! have no further news at present. Please 7) reply promptly — | ; jam anxious to learn what 8) your recent activities have been. Take care, 10) Yours sincerely, 9 Karen 0 / 1 2 3 eg. 8 Suggest opening and closing remarks for the letters below, as in the example. ‘congratulate a friend on passing fA hishher exams invite a friend to your birthday . party apologise to your friend because you couldn't go to his/her birthday party ask yout friend for advice om how to lose weight 1. Opening remarks: Hi, how's everthing going? Ive just heard that you passed all your exams. Congratulations! Closing remarks Well, 1d better go and do some work! Once again, well done! Write soon.{Informal Letters hy, y ed sall r10 | ur sing vas Ive your some done! 9 Correct the mistakes, as in the example, 1 Congratulations Be¢ passing your driving test! ..on. 2. Write and tell me how it’s like in Paris 3. [still can't get used to wake up so early in the morning. 4 [thought 1 write and ask you to sive me an advice. Tope that everything will turn up all ight 6 Sony I haven't written from ages, bul Pve been busy 7 Write me a fine and tell me all your news 8 I'm writing to apologise about not coming to your wedding... 9 T look forward to hear from you soon. 10 Don't you think my news are exciting? WAIN BODY PARAGRAPHS: In informal letters you usually talk about more than one topic. * The rubric gives you information about the subject of the letter and often tels you specific topics which you must write about. — e.g. You have just passed an important test or ‘amination, Wie a letter * ling a en friend about your suacess and " describing your plans for the future. * These topics will be discussed in the main body of your letter. You should begin a new paragraph for each topic. Para 1: Opening remarks Para 2: Tell fiend about Success Para 3: Describe plans for future Para 4: Closing remarks 10 Read the rubrics below, How many main body paragraphs would cach letter have? What would each paragraph be about? [A You are about to visit a friend in another country and you are not sure what clothes to take with you or haw to get to their house, eg. two main body paragraphs Para 2 — ask about clothes to take with you Para 3 — ask how to get o frend’ house | B_ You have recently moved into a new house. Write a letter to your friend describing your new house and inviting hime to spend a weekend with you. | © Your uncle has invited you to attond his wedding in a month's time Write a letter thanking him for the should buy as a wedding present. witation and asking him what you D_ You've got two tickets for a week’s cruise in the Mediterranean. Write a letter to your friend, inviting him/her to join you, giving details of which places you are going to visit and suggestions 2s to what he(she will need to take with hinvher. E_ Your cousin is moving to your city. He/She wants to attend the same school as you. Write a letter to hin/her, describing your school, teachers and timetable, and mentioning extra activities the school offers. Lr Useful expressions for making suggestions + Think Iyoutwe should + Howdo you feel about + ing ..? © Perhaps Iiyoulwe could. © How about +... ing ..? © What do you think about + © Why don't Iiyoutwe ...? ing..? # Would you like meus to ..2 + What about +... ing .? + Would you lke to..? 11. Use the prompts below and expressions from the table above to make suggestions, 1 come / dinner / my house / next Monday 2. spend / weekend / in / mountains 3 go shopping /in /city centre 4 visit /art gallery / while /be /in London AA"Informal Letters 3. How many paragraphs should you include in the main body? 4) Which phrases would you use to ask eg.A: What about meeting at the Fairview Musewn at noon? na emerouwe me B: That's a good idea. We could admire the local art. 12 Look at the town map and, with a partner, suggest where and when you could meet and what you could do there, ) Read the letter and under- line the phrases that Mary uses fo ask for advice, Dear Pam, Sorry that | haven't written for ges, but I've been very busy studying |'m writing because I'd really lke your advice about a problem | have, My friends and { have decided to go away on holiday in the summer, but | don’t have enough money. | was 13 a) Read the following rubric and answer the questions. | wondering if you had any ideas J) Arend of yours, who has been living in another country for some Pau savluplemenreee ea time, is going to visit you for a week. Write a letter suggesting what aiaice have to go awa i th ‘you might do together and what sights you might visit. | Mum and Dod stead’ on ahi | of anything that would help me to | make some money quickly? | know that you always have lots of great ideas! What would you advise me to do? Please write back as FAIRVIEW Shopping Centre 1. Where would you take your friend? ‘What is the most popular attraction in your city/town? | 3 Are there any bazar, otdoor markt fir, estore which ae] worth visiting? 4 What kind of traditional dishes would you suggest your friend should try? soon as you can, _— }) Use your answers from questions 1 to 4 and appropriate 7 expressions to write the main body paragraphs of this letter. bri of love, ry ASKING FOR ADVIGE : To ask for advice, you can use phrases such as: Do you tink | should .?, Should I ..2, What do you think should do? Do you have any idea about...?, like to know what you think about. Gnvine aDWICE ‘Can you think of anything that ..?, ! was wondering if you .. ‘An informal letter giving ad ‘What would you advise me to . ete should offer sympathy and encouragement, as well as specific advice with reasons, Each piece of 14 a Read the rubric and underline the Fey words, then answer the ‘advice is writen in a separate questions. paragraph, J You want to go on holiday in the summer but don't have enough «pening remarks — | money, Write a letter to a fiend asking for his/her advice about ‘was sony to hear that. | ways to eam extra money. Cheer upiDon't wor too much. Dont let 1. Why are you writing the letter? fuadbitgeam ey. 2. Who is going to read your letter? eg.Informal Letters - ic of ——— © Giving advice 41 were youlin your positon, Pd! | wouldnt. You shouldishoutd It would(nyimight be @ good idea {ior you) 0. (think) the best thing would be (for you) to . Why dont you... ? Have you thought offabout (ng? ‘Anater good idea is 0. © Result — This wilhwould mean thet ThanThat wey . | you do tis, you would. so that you couldtwoutd © Closing remarks — {hope that thisimy advice helps, IiLet’s hope that things get better! that everthing turns out alright Let me know what happens. 15 Match the problems to the advice, then make sentences. [B]} can’t stop eating junk food, every day. I'm overweight. Thaven’t got any friends. I'm lonely [J 1'm very bad at Maths. I'm going to fail my exam. [4] Thaven’t got much money. I can’t g0 out with my friends, [5111 argued with my friend. He/ She wor't talk to me now. a Talk to your teacher. You will get extra help. b Join a gym. You will lose weight € Apologise to himyher. You'll be fiends again, 4 Join a club. You will meet new people € Geta part-time job. You will earn some money. ¢. Why dow you join a gyn? Ifyou do this, ou'l dose weight 16 a) Read Pam’s reply and replace phrases 1-6 with phrases A-F. TTA] I'd be happy D] fiw things go B) Don't et it getyou down ~— [_[E] if Iwere you, I'd C] How about F] Perhaps you could also Dear Mary, J ,_ Thanks very much for your letter, and of course 1) Pm only too glad to | help. Here area few things you can try to earn all the money you need Firstof ll 2) | think you should get a Saturday job. 3) Have you thought Of trying to get one in local shop so that you can be else to home? This will mean that you won’t have to travel so far on Saturdays. 4) Another good idea is to get ajob babysiting, Why don’t you ask your neighbours? My only advices not to gt very young children, because they need all your attention "hope my advice helps. 5) Don’ give up if you cant finda job immediately Write ana let me know 6) what happens ~ at Yours, | Pam b) What advice does Pam give to Mary? What other advice could you give to Mary? How else could you start and end the letter? 17 Read the rubric, underline the key words, and answer the questions. | Your pen fiend has writen you a letter asking for advice on how to improve his/her eating habits and get ft. Write a letter offering advice. ‘What is the reason for writing? Who is going to read your leter? How many paragraphs should you include in the maia body? ‘What opening and closing remarks should you write in your letter? Match the advice in column A to the resulis in column B, Then, use appropriate expressions to make sentences, asin the example, A B 1 joina gym — exercise regularly a follow balanced diet, won't put 2. trynottoeatso much junk food, on weight sweets, ete D_ body won't become lazy 3. eat plenty of fish, fruit and ¢ body won't store so much sugar vegetables and fat 4 don’t go everywhere by carrbus _ soon get in shape and feel fitter €g Id If Fwere you, Fwould join a gym and exercise regulary. This will mean that you'll soon get in shape and feel iter. 18 Read the rubric in Ex. 17 again, then write your letter (120-180 words). Use the letter in Ex. 16 a5 a model, as well as your answvers from Ex. 17. - 43Toforwal |eters AF 20 2001 taracnares In informal letters you usually talk about more than one topic. (OE Bien ne + The rubric gives you information * These topics wil be aiscussed in the about the subject of the ftir and main body of your eter. You should often tells you specific topics which begin a new paragraph for each topic. you must write about. — e.g. You Para 1: Opening remarks. ‘have just passed an important test or Para 2: Tell exaninaton, Wie @ ltr tiling 2 [pons peyrme nm cfnm about your success pen_fiend_ab cones and "Para 4: Closing remarks + [think Iyoubve should + Perhaps Tyoulwe could. + What do you think about + ing ..? + What about +. ing ..? ‘+ Would you like to...? 13 a) Read the following rubric and answer the questions. {A friend of yours, who has been lving in another country for some time, is going to visit you for a week, Write a letter suggesting what ‘you might do together and what sights you might visit. 1 Where would you take your friend? 2. What is the most popular attraction in your city/town? 3. Are there any bazaars, outdoor markes, fairs, restaurants, ete which are worth visiting? 4, What kind of traditional dishes would you suggest your friend should try? b) Use your answers from questions 1 to 4 and appropriate expressions to write the main body paragraphs of this letter. (Prec you can use pases such es: ‘Do you think ! should ...?, Should | ...?, What do you think | should do? Do you have any idea about ..?, Pd Ike to know what you think about. Can you think of anything that ..?, Iwas wondering i you .. ote 14 a) Read the rubric and underline the key words, then answer the questions. You want to go on holiday in the summer but don't have enough money. Write a letter to a friend asking for his/her advice about ways to eam extra money. 1 Why are you writing the letter? 2. Who is going to read your letter? Ay 3. How many paragraphs should you 4 Which phrases would you use to ask for advice? include in the main body? ‘ages, but Ive been very busy studying, ''m writing because Vd really lke your advice about a problem | have. go bout don’t have enough money, ! was b) Read the letter and under- line the phrases that Mary uses to ask for advice. TEE ea tna Dear Pam, Sorry that 1 haven’t written for My friends and | have decided to away on holiday in the summer, wondering if you had any ideas about earning some extra cash. If | don’t save up enough money by August, Vl have to go away with Mum and Dad instead. Can you think of anything that would help me to ‘make some money quickly? i Tknow that you always have lots} [i of great ideas! What would you |: advise me to do? Please write backas |. [3 soon as you can, Lots of love, GB Mary / G - aan & SEO NS a An informal letter giving advice should offer sympathy and b encouragement, as well as specific a advice with reasons. Each piece of advice is written in a separate paragraph, . © Opening remarks — was somyto hear that. . ‘Cheer up/Don’t worry too much, Dont lett get you down. e 1'm only too glad to help. ba{nformal Letters ° Giving advice — 1 | were youlin your positon, af wouldnt... You shouldishould' {t would(nimight be @ good idea (for you) to. (thin) the best thing would be (for you) to. Why dont you .. 2 Have you thought offabout G+ ng)? ‘Another good idea ist. ° Result — This willwould mean tht... Then/That way .. IF you do ths, you would... 50 that you couldhvould . © Closing remarks — | hope that this!my advice helps. ‘Lets hope that things get beter! that everthing tums out ail ight Let me know what happens. 15> Match the problems to the advice, then make sentences, can't stop eating junk food every day. I'm overweight. (211 I haven’t got any friends. ’'m lonely. I'm very bad at Maths. I'm going to fail my exam. [4] Lhaven’t got much money. I can't go out with my friends. T argued with my friend. He/ She won't talk to me now. Talk to your teacher. You will get extra help. b Join a gym. You will lose weight. © Apologise to him/her. You'll be friends again. Join a club. You will meet new people. © Get a part-time job. You will earn some money. ©. Why don't you join a sym? If you do this, you'l lose weight. 16 a) Read Pam’s reply and replace phrases 1-6 with phrases A-P. JA] I'd be happy [1D] how things go B] Don’t et it get you down E] if I were you, 'd C} How about FF] Perhaps you could also Dear Mary, Thanks very much for your letter, and of course 1) ’m only too glad to help. Here are a few things you can try to earn all the money you need. First ofall, 2) | think you should get a Saturday job. 3) Have you thought of trying to get one in a local shop so that you can be close to home? This will mean that you won’t have to travel so far on Saturdays 4) Another good idea is to get a job babysitting, Why don’t you ask your neighbours? My only advice isnot to get very young children, because they need all your attention. 4 hope my advice helps. 5) Don’t give up if you cant find ajob immed rite and let me know 6) what happens tere et Yours, A Pam b) What advice does Pam give to Mary? What other advice could you give to Mary? How else could you start and end the letter’ 17 Read the rubric, underline the key words, and answer the questions. Your pen friend has written you a letter asking for advice on how to improve his/her eating habits and get ft. Write a letter offering advice. What is the reason for writing? Who is going to read your letter? How many paragraphs should you include in the main body? What opening and closing remarks should you write in your letter? Match the advice in column A to the results in column B. Then, use. appropriate expressions to make sentences, as in the example. A B 1 joina gym — exercise regularly a. follow balanced diet, won't put 2 try not to eat so much junk food, on weight sweets, ete body won't become lazy 3 eat plenty of fish, fruit and € body won't store so much sugar vegetables and fat 4 don’t go everywhere by carfbus soon get in shape and feel fitter eg Id_IfTwere you, I would join a gym and exercise regularly. Ths will mean that you'l soon get in shape ana feel iter. 18 Read the rubric in Ex. 17 again, then write your letter (120-180 words). Use the letter in Ex. 16 as a model, as well as your answers from Ex. 17. ASArticles 7 —_bricles are witlen to give information (2.9. news reports) or express opinions (e.g. argumentative articles). They can be either formal or informal depending on the aucienco they are addressed to and the topic they deal wth. A good aticle consists of: 2) an eye-catching headline which suggests the topic othe antics that follows; ») an interesting introduction; ©) main body consisting of two or more paragraphs in which the topics presented in detail; and 4) a conclusion which gives an summarises the main poi opiate ending tothe arte which and gives your opinion: ‘Such pieces of wnting can be found in newspapers, magazines or newsletters. Points to consider (© Decide on the style ofthe article before you start writing © Always think of a short, clear, appropriate headline which attracts the reader's interest. @ Each paragraph should deal with one aspect of the topic. You can Use linking ideas or ime expressions to join your ideas or introduce paragraphs. @ Avoid using simplistic adjectives (good, nice, bad, ote). Always ty to Use more sophisticated vocabulary instead. (splendid, gorgeous, vet, eto) '® Address the reader in the second person (you) Ifthe topic of the aticle and the style you have adopted permits this. '® Descriptive, narrative and argumentative techniques can be applied | Healthier than ever before! Mode) article ‘Why do the older generation complain that we young people eat tke wrong fo0d, take no n't look after our bodles? In You have seen the following adv oe Oe eee ayoung people's maganine) veteeMeNE IM tact, nothing ould be furthor from the truth. ‘The most important difference between us and the colder generation is education. There is so much information about what is healthy and what is not that it’s easy to know what you should and shouldn’t eat. My parents certainly didn’t learn about this at school as my generation all have. ‘As well as that, food now is produced to a much higher standard than it used to be. Farming is more efficient and restaurants are cleaner. Most towns also have a gym where itis possible to exercise in ‘many different ways. Finally, there have been more advances in medical technology in our lifetime than at any time in history, which means that we will live longer than any generation before us. _ Write us an article a & athe bee article wil oa ni = Ho Le Better education, more nourishing food, more intensive and varied exercise, medical advances ~ no wonder we've going to be the healthiest generation ever! AGArticle © ‘You see this competition in an international magazine. ' COMPETITION | Imagine you were on a desert island. What would you miss most? Write an article briefly desoribing an important object, person or place in your life and give reasons for your choice. The best article vil be published and the writer wit receive £500. ‘Write your article. Model answer — f ‘Think of a title ae _| that will catch the How would you feel about living on a desert island? | reader's attention, Gant imagine anything worse. | would miss a lot of things, but most ofall | would miss my home. Introduce the topic. Although you don't know your readers personally, you can address them directly and ask them a question. My home is a small hause on the outskirts of a city. It ‘was built about fifty years ago and has a small garden. Inthe summer our country gets very hot but our house is always cool, Note the question says the description t ‘think our house is nothing special, arenes ‘You would prabably think our hou 8 8 but Ihave lived there all my life and al my friends live neerty. tt is a happy place, where | feel completely safe “Whenever | go away, | ook forward to coming back, Iying on my bed, reading @ book an listening to my brother and sister arguing downstairs! Givespecific | Your style will not be comps ea formal. This article hhas a personal styles others might have a more neutral style. —| your article to life. with a ‘ove travelling and meeting new people, but if| were Finich with on a desert island | would be away from the place | love peer most - my home — and | would hate that. aren nce namenseanimciameenal you have said (164 words) ‘You see this advertisement in an international youth magazine. ‘Technology - how do you get on with it? \We are looking for short articles describing people's experiences — {good or bad - of technology. Write and tell us how you have used technology and whether you have got on well with i ‘We will publish the best articles in this magazine. ‘Write your article. AtDescribing Places, 'A descriptive composition about a place or building should consist of: 2) _anintroduction in which you give the name and location ofthe place or building and/or the reason for choosing it b) _amain body in which you describe the main aspects ofthe place or building in detail — for example, when you descrive a place you should describe what you can see and do there; when you describe a building you should describe its exterior and interior, as well as give historical facts about it, ©) acanclusion which includes your commentsifelings andlor a recommendation. Descriptions of places or buildings can be found in tourist magazines, travel brochures, stories, letters, etc. The style you use depends on the situation and the intended reader. For example in an article for a magazine you should use semi-formal style and 2 polite, respectful tone. You normally use present tenses to describe a place/ building. You use past tenses to write about the historical facts. 2 Read the rubric and underline the key words, then answer the questions. ‘You have seen an advertisement in an international travel magazine inviting readers to send in articles about a town they have visited. Write your article describing a town, including things to see and do as well as information about the town’s shops and nightie. 1. What type of writing is this? Who is going to read this? Are you going to use chatty language/abbreviations/colloquial phrases? Why (not)? 2. Which of the following points must you include? Tick (/). A main sights [CD entertainment] B population and climate [] train schedules (] C shops OF restaurants. «= CJ] name, location and/or reason for choosing it Paragraphs 2 - 4* (Place: things 10 see/do, shopping, nightlife, restaurants, etc Building: historical facts, exterior, interior] aspects in detail i i i ' |comments/feelings and/or recommendation * The number of main body paragraphs may | vay, depending on the | | (a)PHRASES OF LOCATION Todescribe the location ofa place/buiking, you can use the following phrases. — issituated/is located ... — in (he) south/eastiwesttsouth-east north-westietc (of) — onthe south/east/westinorthiete coast af. — inthe centretheartimiddte of. 3 Lookat the map, them ase phrases from the table above to talk about the location of each town/city. eg. Brighton is situated on the south- east coast of England. 4 a) Match the words/phrases in the list to the headings that follow. Can you add any ideas of your own? museum, boutique, nightclub, ancient theatre, open-air market, z00, café, bazaar, semple, art gallery, restaurant, music hall palace, botanical gardens, fait, theatre, souvenir shop, monument, statue, antique shop, shopping centre, amusement arcade, multi- so unfair ‘Things to see and do: | Shopping: Nigh © The most famous attraction is... © There is plenty of ° b) Use the vocabulary from part a) and the phrases below to talk about your town, as in the example. © The most fascinating/lvely! © The town centre has interesting/etc part of thecityis... © The nightlife in ... is exciting, with .. ‘The town is well-known for its. eg. The most interesting part of the city is the open-air market. 5 ¥ a Wala Body Conclusion “century. Brighton's most famous attraction is the lively | ‘The most famous attraction is the botanical gardens. a) Read the article and label the paragraphs with the correct headings, then talk about Brighton, © commentsirecommendation © nightlife things to see and do © name, location, reason for choosing it shopping [An Ideal Seaside Resort by saty Futon Bigttonisalarge town onthe south-east coastof England. | Para Located only an hour from London, its a charming seaside | | resort and the perfect destination for a peaceful weekend. > ——J Brighton has several tourist attractions which are worth —~ Parad visiting. Among these is the Royal Pavilion, a beautiful Indian-style palace which was builtin the early nineteenth Palace Pier, with its fantastic funfair and amusement arcades. Both young and old can have fun have while ‘admiring the spectacular view of Brighton's seafront. ‘There ae plenty of places to go shopping in Brighton. The {Paras | ‘town centre has a large modern shopping centre, There are | also narrow lanes full of lovely antique shops that are always busting with tourist. ‘The nightie in Brightonis exciting. There are alt of music“ Para 4 and dance clubs which are extremely popular wit younger people. The area is also well-known for its fashionable restaurants, which offer a variety of international cuisines. Brighton isa town that has something to offer everyone. Whether you want to spend your time shopping and seeing the sights, or simply relaxing and enjoying the fresh sea alr, Brighton is the ideal choice for a few days away from the city. Para 5 b) Underline the topic sentences in the main body paragraphs. ‘Suggest other appropriate topic sentences. ©) Read the article in Sa) again and match the adjectives in bold with their opposites in thelist below. Then, make sentences using them, unknown, local, wide, old-fashioned, ugly, boring, unattractive, unpopular, hectic G4)