BORIS GEROV LANDOWNERSHIP IN ROMAN THRACIA AND MOESIA (1se3rd century) ‘Translated by Vessela Zhelyaskova ci ‘ADOLF M. HAKKERT - PUBLISHER - AMSTERDAM 1988ISBN. 90.2560006 Foreword Introduction Agrarian Relations at the Time ofthe Romans’ Arival Chapter 1 Landownership up tothe Urbanization of Moesia and Thracia ‘The Greek West Ponte Cities ‘Tersitories of the Legions and the Auxiliary Troops. Tribal Gotten Moa Ternitories of the Auniiary Troops and the Strategie in “Thracia Colonization by Veterans and Civilian Population Chapter It LLandownersip in the 2nd and 3d Century Imperial Domain LLandownership in Urban and Raral Territories ‘To the Nom ofthe Balkan Range To the South ofthe Balkan Range General Survey ofthe Development of Landownership IndexesFOREWORD In writing the preseat volume, the suthor hat had as his ‘objective the presentation and interpretation ofthe avalable ‘material on landownership during the Roman era (Iet-ed cent. ies) n Bulgaria's presentday trary which included the major art of the provinces of Thraia and Moeria Inferior and smal pars of Moesia Superior and Macedonia. Te iterary evidence ‘which may be used in staying the problem, i rather scanty Likewise, no complete ands)stematic archacolgial excavations and investigations ofthe ancient cites, camps and castlla have 4s yet ben carried through to asst usin our beter undertand- ‘ng of agrarian relations inthe Danube limes in partelar where ‘hese were rater complicated. Similarly, ite hae been done bout the archaeological investigation of the Thracian vilages, Something that would have helped to solve the problem of the ‘ature of rural communities. The recent decades witnessed & eat deal of progres inthe study of Thracian burial mounds snd {he vila rustieae ofthe Roman age but hee to much remains to be done. The epigraphic material is most pleat. Iti, however, unfortunate that only «small part of it offers direct ‘evidence on agrarian relations while the Fest may only be used ‘@tcomstantaly. The introduction also outline the present tate ‘ofinvestigations of agrarian relations ia pre-Roman times 10210 ‘ive an idea ofthe foundations over which they developed inthe ‘Roman era. At places the main part ofthe book touches on Late Roman relations as to throw ight on certain phenomena inthe ‘course of thet development. Given the present stale of rchicologcal investigation, not all questions an naturally re- ‘xive a definite or even a satisfactory answer, And yet the ‘aerial that hss been collected inthe century since archaeolo- ‘cal esearch began in Balgaria,gves us round to define by and Jaoge the nature of agrarian relations and to trace the general lies of their development taking ofcourse into conrderstion the ‘iting similarities nthe empire as «whole and especialy inthe Danube and Rhine provinces whose historical destinies were similarly shaped" ‘Archaeological and epigraphic material has been referred to which was published or had come tothe author's Keowledge up {0 1977 incosively.INTRODUCTION Agrarian Relations at the Time of the Romans’ Artival ‘The conguest ofthe eastern Balkan territories by the Romans ‘wrought about ~ ia addition to the political, demographic and cultural changes, also essential alterations in andownership an, 435 result ofthis in the situation ofthe lel population awe Considerations of strategie and economie natare made it neces: sary forthe conquerors to adopt a diferent approach 10 the population on eltber side of the Haemus. Existing. agsaran ‘lations in the areas along the Danube underwent significant «changes owing tothe formation of the Danube limes while the situation taining under the Thracian kings inthe interior of Morsia, Traci and along the Black Sea cost remained practi cally the stm at least during the inital period. Before proceed ‘ng wih the esta part ofthis study, thats o say, the changes ‘which Roman domination introduced in landownership ands subsequent development, tis necessary to make a rie survey of ‘agrarian relations inthe Thraia teenies during the Clas and Hellenic periods in Keeping with the defriton of this problem by scientific Iterature and also in keeping with the Information obtained from recent archaeological discoveries, Socioeconomic differentiation among. the Thracian i attested by the ancient authors beganing withthe St century BC \when information on the existence of an aitoracy, propetied lasses and foms of statehood began to appear, Bui zs we shall sec further on, thisifferentiation actualy emerged mach esrer. Hesyhius imparts the Thracian words for aristocrats Herod ‘ws statement to the effect tha the Thracans looked upon. farming as 2 shameful occupation and considered war and 1 Hod, 8 Te 97,3: Neneh, V3, 36, 2 Atte cep an lot of acho ang Tena te heplunder as dignied, has been correctly interpreted by Kazarow! to refer to the Thracian aristocracy Information about s class of motility with the Thrasians is ‘obtainable ao during the Hellenistic period, Fromins relates how Alesander the Great browght along the Thracian Kings and robles on his Asian campaign fearing lest they should rebel were he to leave them behind. As Polyaemu tells s, during the siege ‘of Cyprels by Antiochus It Theos in 255 BC, bis troop nim bere among them many noble Thracian. Diodoros speaks of noble Thratas Belonging tothe tribe of the Caeni* The ther brane ofthe Thvacans, the Dacian also ad 3 nobility of which wwe know the appellation > Thus for the ene Classical and Hellenistic periods we have {information fom the ancient authors on the existence of 48 sntocracy among the Thracians. Thi information has been aso Confirmed by he rave goods, decoration and structure of the ‘excavated wombs at Mere Duvanl," Brezovo, = Kazan, Koprinka," Viaca™ and elsewhere, bythe important, artis 5. Namo, Bee, 1656 e 1B Fv Vato Mik Sapoee mop BIA 19251 TUK. Bogen, AUSHPE, XLV, 2,92, 217 ag: XL, 1553 AMI 100.1 agg L Geto’ Atenipn, Ta el 8 12 Vena Et Bam 20 Ate Vi sag Ean, Ni 3, Sh agg MO a ‘Rheslop Bi ag eh nt tet fe Newey cy, Gy gs 0 aw Ris Sag he ho BUA IO {6a ws rpms Ree ese recs de cp ‘ae oun bun i es ind eon es ‘BSebs danep, Casas (ona sn). Reco pee are 2 ‘ally made golf hourd fom Panagjrite, the silver hoards from Lakowt,™ Radovene (Lovet dite). Letaica (Lovet iste) and by findings fom other ses showing the Oreck ‘wor fnks with the Thracian lands “The appearance during the Classical period of ‘cites’ — fegaless of how primitive they must have been*~ is kewise fn indication that a socio-economic diferentation had set in Hrecataus of Miletus (end ofthe 6th century BC) speaks of “aly tothe north ofthe Haemus called KaGnood and of another “aly’ onthe Danube, its name being “Ogyin = The Hellenic period witnesed 9 further development to urban ie. To ‘Macedonian colonization under Philp I was de he seting up ‘ofthe cites of Phlippopols, Kabyle and quite likely Berboe” in the valley of the Maric, ab wel tthe eis long the middle reaches of the Struma - Philippopolis, Capos Orthopols, Seats Gunen dea) a were, we Are, Xl 2,17 3 5 feo oa SE weule aecibetraeym meee cat, ERGs cae fee See ae sbi coetera sanyo aaa aise cer ateiacsancenn tema eames ne ee anaes apres vitae darSecemimeayeaes creas SS Sees Ss. atat ant een nd the erate i ee TOBA). 199g)Alexandropolis, Garescs anéBine ™ Phiippopolis in Thacia,® shih was very ikely enced by a primitive stone fencing prior ‘ors cocupaton by the Macedonians was gded as early asthe Hellenistic age by 4 rue to-ype orfication wall which enclosed the Tiree Hil Teenoatig) Tt wae overt foundation thatthe wall of Marcus Aurelis™ were builtin 172. But even sete ‘ents about which we have no information from ancient sources ‘or about which we cannot assume that they were colonized bythe Macedonians, had begun to expand during tis period and shape up ke ueban centres. Diggings in Sofi’ centre in connection withthe big construction projects ofthe “ies ofthe present Century, have revealed that there existed buildings of am eae age” undermeath Roman Serdica. Imitating the Hellenistic ules, the Thracian kings began to build cites and give them ‘dynastic names. Seuthopois (end ofthe th century BC), the ay of Seuthes Il excavated at Koprinka near Kazanlik, was built alter the pacgn of existing Hellenistic ees with few local Particulates ™ An insenpion™ which came to ight there, Informs us of te existence ofthe city of Kabyle, which used 0 ‘mint autonomous bronze coins in the 3rd century BC. These ‘ies maintained trade relations with the Greek word and were Insirumental in ushering Greek eutare and religion into the 2%, Gn, apna Tain, 117 (28 (7). and he ere totua, hep to te {Stine cece i ten cre te ed he ety Bs need pay by mga Toba. RG) “tetra LI 18, AMD IV, 180, 8 ahs Ange 12 Wes he i hag SN oie a Us NB Wo. ft an Zain Tr te 9 oe ™ 7 antag Sts bee a ot: Aesop Ts Bah Sap Ay 200% 6 sa Ce, Dor, RE Soe, IO se abo pn, gO mia, ‘inane is ‘iim a Gaacta, Sopot Se Se et 6:7 en Ma 9. RRS Sani seianae 4 nero of Tria “Trace riba artocracy owed its prosperity tits posses: sions inland and livestock, bat could ao have hed ther sources of income and profi. Tis the inference tobe dren fombestedny ofboth Tgcan eran teat farming, especialy inthe plana where the earbest {cag tos eae sconomic difereataton and ihe fr form of ie organization have come to gt. Gran exports om aca ae steste ating the Hollen period butts quite pombe that ths mip have lo ake pace ear. engpbon {peaks of sn abundance of rani the Thracian villager The itcliston ofthe Thain lands ito the economic tm ofthe Cesk world st eaty asthe Sth cotary BC, a sieamrance steed bye dif of is am Ce Pann fegion, et, anda the imports of Greek manvfact into Tivaci el of rade exchange in wich agretral and Hvesock produce mist undoubtedly ave payed an important part. Woks i ite jsied in sein that prt of the grain hic the Greek merchants exported frm the Ponte teres ‘as grown in the Dobra =i inaceurate to ume even fr {he Sth century hat the Thracian arocacy, the kings and paradyasts ncusive, derived ther prospety tnd power solely from the ivestack they owned. Xenophon tals of fortes, lands and ‘vile which belonged to Sees and of whch be made gonerovs presents to is los ascites” The inference ere oul be tha considerable tat offerte and were in the stron of th bal hela andthe oper sta sociated with them Dapeetertme caren tnt Sass rarest ssinorss aa te Re nwa es HET Ses See wires 2 ee a mnes 3 Kempe, Aube Vile Bek goon ce een 2 ogee rman ae ESE A a gemInthe period bersen the Macedonian occopaton of Thrcia and the Celie invasion (20-280 RC) lndomerhip by the ‘Tacanastocracy was even more pronounce, The tied to hy the growth and afance of some ofthe Greek Porte ‘ies bythe fin within Trac iteror of pda of the Greek work and bythe merous Ends of coiy ited in the Black Sea cies and lo imported frm without This wat how the ene progress of event daring tis prod had ten to the Helens toed of development nl fhe Cl evsion Interrupted for quite some tine te proces ofHelleieaton th Irad'been putin and Soin onde to understand ad cay srarian relations in Tracie ding ths period, we shoul lok {oe paral instances in the Hellenistic East icc lformation on the existence ia Thracia of lnded sates of a concrble te during the Hellenistic ages Saale aboyt one of inermost sea, te lands ofthe Dentheletae I ould be assumed that in sdton to ing, paradynasts and the artocracy, landed estates were ls owned by temples and sanctuaries. Tere i plntal informaton shout {he landed estates of temple nthe interior of A Minor as well in the other Easter provinces. Ground for sich an ‘Ssumption is provided by th srcumstance that with certain “Thracian ies the high presto te che ety was ab invested with royal power. Such wa the cao, according Polyacus. of the high priest of Hera with two Mocsian tes, Very lkely ve have sitar casein the high priest of Dionyaon withthe Be ‘The rcmstance hatin 11 BC he high priest Dlopasc led the >. Bra: apc pe, GMa, Abe se eu on ere he pase at ‘Thracian in their war against the Romans, may beaded as evidence ofthe above sai, Reaowned sanctuaries suchas the ‘ones to Dionos inthe Pangacon andthe Rhodopes” or tha to Zbelsurdos un Western Thracn, of which mention is made by ‘Gero in his oration against Piso mst have owned lads well: Epieraphic evidence i availble fom the Roman age abou! the estates owned by the sanetuary ofthe Cabi on Samotrace sand situated on the Thracian shore opposite the ian. They ‘st have come into existence as earl asthe Hellenistic age or st he latest, atthe time of the Reman conquest of Macedonia in is BC The concentration of large scale landed estates in the nds of ‘he Thracian royal familes,artoratic dans and possibly of ‘actuaries and temples presents te withthe question of the ‘manpower employed in them, It is msumed that they were farmed by peasant resins. but so far we have no direst ‘formation avaiable The fal of parts of the Thracian tenitoies under the smay of elles monarchs raise the question of whether situation Similac to that in which the aot aaduxot found themselves in ‘Asia Minor, did nt aise forthe peasant population here aswel, ‘Moreover it i explicitly atested that the ‘Thracian Che ‘ones was in prt xb¢a Goode of Pergamos; ater t became Roman statowned and (afer publi), whe under August i asa demain of his general Agrippa and sil later an imperial domain. ® The Ptolemies had estates along the Aegean coast hence they received wibate (goo) in gain In Asia Minor ‘on the yg Gade which include rir aeae, bu could also be situated in proximity to big ol ies, lived the hast Saou. oi, They were peasal retainers who pa tibuts (gos) snd, Together wth the land, formed an economic ust” Legally SES ies eee ‘8. Ge Id a, Hwee Geo, Zapana Tr Te, G1). 5 SRB In eer on, rs‘syeaking, they belonged to the land they cukivated and coud be sold or donated along with it Te could, however, heraly be ‘edited thatthe Hellenistic monarchs, known for het conse ve views as regu the establhed sate of affairs," should have changed the socio-economic system oftheir Balkan domains 'o fit the. Anatolian pattem Up to now we have no reliable information about the loss of independence by the Tracian population ving in close ty (the Greek cies onthe West Pomtc littoral fs gue tr tha part of he urban population avo engaged in farming and we could assume, just as Pippi has done that here 100 similatconditionscouid have existed a in Asia Minor. (We hive ‘xpi information from the Hellenistic age about Bysantion to the etfect that it had peasat retainers on the Anatolian shore and these mere the Bithyn?” who, as eliewhere, were known as ot.) Similar relations with respect tothe ity ae ated for other Greek cities as well as, for instance, for Heraclia Ponta wth respect to the Marandyn, for Cyzkus with respect to the peatant population inhabiting its environs, ee" The Greek colonists Asia Minor sted inthe fred cites and, in spite ofthe rcumstance whether they sete thereby fore o as ‘attested by « mach later inseiption from Apollonia of Rhyne 1, by agreement, the peasant population tocame their depen. ents. The legal status of the urban haot was similar to that of the Yaoi Saodinot"" As far as the West Ponte cies are ‘oncemed, however, one should take into consideration the Pardcular conditions obtaining in the cee of the hinterland suit Been Kon, 20 2452589 0 SERIE, 5, whore Thacin kingdoms had been setup. The intermingling of Greek colonists and the neighbouring population in cern ‘xses jst asthe infu of Thracian populitio into the ces ‘and its intemingling with the colons, a creumstance attested ig Mea i erp sources, per Hs int "Eight inscriptions from the teetoris of Tomi and Hsia, the iaformation of which dates to between 138 or 139 and 246, ‘mention Lalo ai consistentes) side by side with Bes (consis tentes). Some authors see inthe former stlets belonging to the Thracian tribe ofthe Lai (Aavato.), whe others assume them to be hao setters fom Asa Minor or local havi, who were ‘gradually emancipated ad acquired the same legal satus ay the ‘colonists = the Best. These authors bare themscives on the later stats of the Anatolian haol Guodsnot who, under the Jeveling impact ofthe Roman fiscal system, Became gradually ‘small oldrs this process had already begun under the Atte fides But their status of consstentes i evidence not of Population which the Romans found tere but of« population Which they had transferred to the place ™ This hat been con" 6 Pendocem; Miter, wg “Dunes SS. On gisty id ie, XV, SE RGSS sim retin me aie oR. Vg nd 4. Bre and he otter ce Acrng Vl tes bee a ee ots bk yl eu Cn ne no ‘Seder’ Seb Seon at Ca AS epee me ase bp Sa ssa ne Trac rb a he ine Ge, Zap Te sea (6 oor Kan, 6. T Roman prac tng te of mane nd ei ann ‘sin uri sncntedin Sab, eae Ae erent fe ania ttn) oie ‘oan oe bo he Brae, who a meted pt oe ‘eter Pa Mat at IV 40) sede i Tete Amat: eo we meno sayy Tae 9 CaArmed by recently discovered furnaces for the extraction of ros at Uimetum and views Quintionis where inscriptions have Been found of Bgssi consstentes and’ Lat consistentes (in vic ‘Quintons)* could be assumed thatthe La, very ich ike the Bess, were engaged in oremining since they inhabited 49 ‘remining region situated othe West othe upper reaches ofthe ‘We have reliable information about the presence of fee peasants not ony inthe mountainous area ut ello in the pins {0s guste correct to infer from the passage about the Thy” in Xenophon thatthe householders Geanéras) were fee Thracian peasants “The presence of a fee population slko raises the question shout the appearance of private property among the Thraians ‘A passage in Horace” hat given ground forthe assumption that land in hs ifetime, i. at the beginning of the imperil age, was Sill owned in commoa by the members ofthe Getae common ties. The survival of communal landownership down tothe Is. century BC was quite impossible in view ofthe then prevaling Socio-economic eondions smong the Thracias, Examining the passage, Kezarow i quite joie, very much like Kissing, in ssuming that whatever Horace had to say about the commana ‘Ownership of the land and ie produce tad about the anmual ‘rotation of manpower was the fut of idealization just like the ‘est ofthe information avaiable inthis ode, a, fo instance, on Seer auras rcpt eee {he La acon loge the ames a wich we a have Been eed icine ees voiean eae ine aeaateeeeucmsvmcs the chasity of women, et.” These ae generalizations mhich one encounters in other poets of the Aupustan age as wel, The Picture of communal lindownership painted by Horace ha other ‘contradictions aswell and this goes fo show that it was removed from realty ‘The introduction of private property no doubt didnot take place in all pats of Thracia and Media and among all Thracian {mbes at one and the same time. The faster rates of socio- economic development in the pains and the costal aeas had quite posibly given ise to private property as ealy asthe 5th ‘entury BC. In Kazarow's opinion, the case of pillaging by the ‘Thracian of stranded or wrecked ships near Selmydesos rests ‘01 the principle of private Ownership and thsi to be observed ‘among other primitive tribes as well The tribes of agreataiss ad especialy of vine-growers ave atthe stage of private ‘ownership eater than the ret of the Thracian tbe, ‘And 0 when in the reign of Augusts the Romans conquered ‘Mocsa and later, under Claudius, annexed the Threca ing- ‘dom, they could witness the following approximate distrbuton ‘of land property the land in Thaca tothe south ofthe Balkan ‘mountains, and especialy in the plains and along te Black Sea ‘coast was inthe hands of small independent farmer, ofthe tribal aristocracy, ofthe royal houses, to which the paradynasts be- Joaged, and possibly of temples and sanctuaries. The land in immediate proximity tothe Grek Black Sea cts belonged to 3 layge extent to their inhabitant, some of whom no doubt owned tiog ont Pata, Oden sacl Abe cn Roh sce ee mn emt et ee ge fre acne, ng hn Se et abs Dace SCM Al th Sige} Hee ht a Has a ethonserable tracts. Developments inthe mountainous areas of Thadia and Moesia proceded ata slower pare. Te formation of big landed estates here was delayed sane one he ee pean ame oh 0 cena BC ee seeps SB Bn vy he ‘Tuo trhe ab! ents BC ee aval, Peo). 2 (CHAPTER I Landowners Upto the Urbanization of Moesia end Thracia ‘The conquest of Bulgaria's presentday tersitoris by the Romans came in the wake of mumerous campaigns, wars and rebellions beginning with the second half ofthe 2d century BC nd ending towards the mide ofthe st century AD" Glded by statepe, politcal and economic considerations, the Romans id not use everywhere the sume methods ia organizing and foverning these teritores. The westerm part of the Danube fowlands i. the tenttories of the Moesi and the Tribal, who were subjugated durin the campaigns of M.Liciius Crassus in 29 and 28 BC, was organized ito amily prefecture which ‘continued 10 exist even after the reglon became the imperial Province of Moca, The Greek ets slong the Black Sea toast, ‘hich received the status of citatesfoedersae when they were ‘overwhelmed by M. Tertius Varro Locullus in 7271 BC, very Tkely didnot regain this status during Crassus’ campaigns. The Kingdom of Rhocrmetalces III became stiightway sn imperil procuratoral province in 45 AD. This diffreaation in the ‘Srpanization and administration ofthe conquered tetris was, ‘sccompanied by a diferetation lathe approach to the indie ows population, and that subsequently exerted an impact on its ‘thn composition and socio-economic development ‘The Greek West Poatc Cites ‘The West Pontes, among which our interest fouses here on Dioaysopai, Odesor, Mesambria and Apollonia, were placed under Roman control a ealy se Lacullie’ campaign in Tn71 BC? With the exception of Appollonia, which oflered 1. Sin, ea, Mn, 9299; M. Fs, RE XV 12,248 9 Lent i VA, 198, gn Fach, SAW, COV, Donen tim Rance 182 agg MEP Carteret, CAL, BBE 9 ta)resistance and wat therefore levelled with the ground, the res of the West Ponti ees submitted without opposition. They were ranted the status of cvitatesfoederatae aso be inferred fom 4 passage in Dio Cass and an inscription from Kallas * This Tegal stats of theirs which was xed in a treaty (ocd), made them independent in their internal affairs; they were not sub- ‘ordinate to the provincial governor and their czens retained their ght of ownerhip over the land which was nt levied wih taxesThey enjoyed this status forthe next ten years upto the Unsuccessful campaigns of C. Antonius. Hybrid,” when they ‘were wrested from under Roman conzol for 30 years" Very likely Apollonia was nt granted such statu and consequently it ‘was no more than an insgsificat settlement from then on and up {othe fist decades ofthe 2nd century AD; in the reign ofthe last “Thracian kings it was part of thie tersitris ‘When in 28 BC M. Licinis Crassus restored Roman rule alg the western Black Sea littoral, these tes sem not to have ‘been given back the rights they had enjoyed prior to Mark ‘Antony's campaign. Itas not been established if their legal ‘Status went through the same stages as that of Byzantion; the later was first evita foederata, then cvs libera and lastly vita sipendiaria® In any ease, under Vespasian the Greek ‘ies along our sea coast were aither civitates foedertae nor ‘tates Uberae because, when enumerating te cies in Taracia Sod Moesia situated on the Aegean, the Marmora andthe Black Seas, Pliny the Elder explicily indicates which of them were 2, Ato! he cntoveni uo king inition rom Aptloi (ecb mw acai eerste need we ‘Seca (Ponte, 2, 25) elem We mrpon to ne date the perl oe rs Mn Sree Pag 4 Komen, RES (a0 0, ba. 8. PER lo ast Hang XV, 14, 98, 308, an te pet 24; ie, De prem. 6 Pin. NM MY, see har Santer a0 A Pret, ABT 19, 1 liberae (iberae condtionis);* however, among them do not figure he ces under discussion hee. All this notwithstanding, ‘when these cities wer incorporated ito the province of Mocs atthe time ofits formation early in Tiberius’ reign, they retained eran rights. Inscriptions which have come down 10 ws from ‘Tyra and Hist, indicate that these two cles were excluded from Portorum lyri, respecivel trom Portriem Ripae Thr ‘ae. We have no relableinformation sofa ato whether other ‘ies along the western Black Sea littoral had been granted Similar prieges" The absence ofa representation of Marae (standing Sens) 00 the enins of he cies" under consideration hete comes to show that they were not liberae cvitates.? However it seems quite likely that from the legal piat of vew ey were a degree above the cities which Trajan founded in ‘Thracian the coins of which sometimes cary the name of the provincial governor wile is altogether absent fom the coins of the above mentioned cies. Another indication oftheir higher legal status was the circumstance that no troops forthe Roman ‘my were reeuited from tet terior. It could be accepted ‘with a considerable degree of certainty that already under Vespasian they were cviates stipendiarae (vecigales), Le that sums (na ie enn "Ci, it = Dee i, 423m Trae yur 2 nih ‘he ines ped the ty Antonin (151) coat De Sigrasipas becomes Segre eeeceemreemee Soper ipiekees ee apeeseemsnieee {tape 2c Momma, Sate 6, e203)they mere of those cites which enjoyed cetsin freedoms: they hada city council (Gov't), a popular assembly (ios) and thet ‘own magistrates ~ cours and ety admistration, ay wel asthe ‘ight to mint coins. But these rights were conferred on them by ‘ay of the commission which organized the provino: and by an edict ofthe provincial governor. He was vesed with te power to ‘Supervise these rights and even o abrogate some of them, These cites were levied with taxes and their eins bad no right of ee ‘ownership over the land which was state-owned What is more, ‘om he reign of Trajan and Hadrian onwards the administration and finances ofthe fee cites were subject to permanent contol nd auditing on the part of specially appointed commissioners and government officials. Thi was bow ther fee sats wat Sircumscribed and the diference between free and dependent ‘ites began to disappear." In keeping withthe Roman practice of protecting and showing ‘reference forthe Greek cies inthe Easter provinces tothe ‘detriment of the villages, since the former were the mainstay of Roman power itis quite posible that the Black Sea coastal cies had ao had their intial testris (90) increased, these were very key identica tothe subsequent city regions, To these ere joined rural areas the population of which was nt from = legal standpoint the equal of urban inhabtents, It id not Dartiiate inthe city administration and war subject to the ‘lings of the city cours inthe smaller testoris oro the spel races ure dicundoin the bigger terstries. Whats more, the ‘ural population paid taxes tothe city well. Conversely. at oon asthe inhabitants of ity acquired land onthe terry of¢ village they became memes ofthe vlage commune and before Jong ook the lead in running the village. This privileged postion ofthe city dveles was instrumental in concentrating the lad ino the hands of the urban aristocracy. ® 15 Macc Sen P89 aneman, RE, Sup 1,3; ie Marga cpt 7 . if ig Roo Ganka tag cabs ase 16 ‘Tentois ofthe Legions and the Auxiliary Troop. “Tribal Civitas in Moesa ‘The military presence of the Romans between the Danube ‘and the Balkan Range, accompanied as it war by profound ethnic, social and economic changes, set the historia, reign on aw tak, Beer SBC and ‘AD, the Romans setup a military goverament (preefetar) ia {the conquered part of Moesiato the west of Nikopol ad the vet ‘Vit? this they changed around 15 AD into the province of ‘Moesa Again in ths period, Le. the frat decade of our er, here wete stationed lego V Macedonia and lepo IV Seytica {ogether wit their audlar unis at «permanent garrison onthe ‘bank of the Danube. The security of tis most exposed north: astern part ofthe Roman empire had inal probability made imperative the removal of te local population from the border area to the interior -a precautionary measure that wat take in other frontier provinces as well Tis quite tre that thee e 0 slrect evidence ofthis (90 archaeclgial investigations have been caried through here citer), but the absence of local ‘The problem He difficult and eannot be resolved just on the strength of these two inscriptions which belong t0 Inter date ‘Dealtum,** the only Roman colony of veterans inthe pat of ‘he Balkan Peninsula under consigerstion here, was founded lunder Vespasian. According to an neipion dt (Wn Ai Sop) meer eee tun seo gut ‘Sceipeotetibe © vans ox ping mm or al eno ‘Vb ites spies Var ind Megs 9 1o . 3 Se ihe neo nag Frain atl (Yo nt XV, 363, abe sy eT te mma Then, ete by Ma (Gown Bo), we W. Webs, Psi fr A. Deaton, a ho soc Pappa ae (0, NI Risen ey Det, se Doon, Die Mtg von Ci, V4 cm aes in, VI Ag ome ie scsi aie Tents) am 48 it were setled veterans of legio VIM Augusta. The colony is mentioned by Play the Elder who iadeates it as 4 cf) in ‘Astica* The circumstance that i fires in Ply provides the ‘terminus ante quem of foundation, ¢. 77 AD.” We would be justified in accepting that this happened soon after Vespasian Assumed power tad after the situation inthe empire had stabi ized and quit possibly before lego VII Aygsta was transfered o Germania Superior inthe spring of 70. The quoted inscip- ‘ion alo indicates the fll name ofthe colony ~ Colonia Flavia Pacis Deltensium, which suggest a desire for peace aftr the ‘iv wat in 68-69 The right to found colonies inthe imperial age ‘ras vested in the emperor, who delegated the authority 10 8 private person or an officer in this particular ease the legioa's legate honoured i the insexption » Deultum is mentioned as & colony alo by Puolemaeus™ and in inscription from Gjuetevo (Kjustendi district, 2nd ceotury), Sladkite Kaden (@ city ‘iste n Burgas) and Pangevo (formerly Kar-kjtjuk, Grodo- %o county)" and likewise on the cont which the city minted Under Trajan and from the reign of Caracalla to that of Pip the ‘Arab Pln's information makes it obvious that the colony wat founded onthe site of Thracian settlement orn ts immediate ‘seighbouthood.® When setting up military colonies in the pro- ‘nee, the Romans dealt wi the local population in one ofthe following ways: (I) the inhabitants of a settlement 10 which ‘veterans were moved, were accorded peregrine legal statu inthe newly esablshed Roman Municipality with the exception of those cases when they were banished owing to extraordinary circumstances; (2) the old peregrine municipality continued 10 {unetion alongside the new Roman municipey established fn sete et i tn ct sbi fea sa cre geareamnsen en ar SE eaeren cece ees SE mm 11GB, £29, BIAB, IV, 1996.27, 106, No30(~ A teehee can emma men mato ero suo J unto, Di Miner ton De, asin. " {SS ER 0the formers neighbourhood; (3) Roman citizenship was not faranted othe enie tribal cvtas, but ony to art of (4) the Inbal cit was not abolished bat the colony's administration assumed responsibility fort aswell “However, withthe passage Of time a leveling of could Set in in the legal status of the ‘ferent ategoris of population or municipalites, that io say, ‘a8 enhancement of the popolation’s legal status. Under the ‘conditions obtaining in this part of Thracia during the Ist ‘entuy, the colony of Deultum was setup according to one of the fit two ways. Fiom an atchacologal sandopoint, the teaitory of Deultum has aot been iavestigated™ with view to ‘ctablihing whether the Thracian eeement wss obvorbed by the colony oF whether it continued to east paralled with it.The ‘meagre epigraphic material in chance find, do not evince the {aflration of Thracian elements in the iy It would be much ‘more plausible 10 assume an independent development for the ‘eterans colony “The reasons fr sting up a itary colony at Deultum were preeminenly strategie Communiction line between the ‘astm part of Moeia and the Marmora and Aegean litorsls ‘ha to be mage secure passing as they did south of ere through Illycourtry,* and alo adequate protection had to be provided {or the bay of Burgas aginst stacks from the sea. The considera tions in seling at Deultum pre-emineal veterans of ego VIN ‘Augusta which hada had in the sew emineace of Vespasian, ve lt, Sue, ah ie Ma 3 nay ty amy Yow oceania as ae et at Wade kentpastant aught ae un, Fr age ain dele cerca 8 ge naeeatinae ereeat ets Sper se steer hae Sea 2 Ao ee te ne Sheena niece 50 were their long service in neighbouring Moesia™ where the legion was stationed for neary 25 year atthe eamp of Nove, as wel asthe circumstance that some of the veterans ad neigh Souenng provinces (instance, Macedonia) etc place of ‘The location ofthe colony and the plan ofthe city fries ‘ions show that here was set up an agrarian colony in Keeping ith the rues and regulations of founding tis type of cy and ko very probably of parceling ut the land a known to ur ‘the gromati.* Evidence ofthis are kewise the coins minted by ‘he sity. Whea in 1953 I visited Deultum, the site of the cy ‘ins which the Skorpl brothers indleate st Dolno Grade, had long been planted under vineyards and orchards and party bat. ‘over wih houses, while the beds of the rivers Rasokarro and ‘Karabunar (Coda Sredec) had been substantial altered owing {o draining. In 184, however, when the ste wat visited by the ‘SKorpil brothers,” its outies were stil cleariy vibe and ts ‘avioas retained their orginal appearane, According to the Storpis, the friiatons represented an extended rectangle. the length ofthe north-tosouth walls being SE sides and of the casto-west ones, 140 strides. They hada double wall nda ditch funning parallel to it its northern part wae 450 sdes long, the ‘western was 470 strides and the eastern, at least 60. Given these ‘measurements, the walls enclosed an area of about 8 ha, while Ring RE XI 1212744, SBAW, CCX, 193,182 Sos om Maen ad eae ine efi ine IL, 1 scot i, IB (« 0), oR. RE a BS Si: Os eer emit cere diesen mn 00 W fart Bom ht CX, il agg Oakey es {dake tpt rer Ilyas ma, te ‘Sento Sy oF Capt, Le nce a ede sae Note diion ertte + com Aap: Campa h Of De eae Petite ar 185 ie tne now of A gees ok La ce ‘Stas rene Orage (Aran) ad PBs aie Ue ‘ian etn Rare, Pvc 45, se "2 Mado Ambate mont 0, Noe 3S, 34, 3. Ann Di Mariage Brn, B38 8 5) Shp Nao bee 28: MSM I 1,18 og ae uae BIAB 261.5, os a jae ae oe mat ‘verde Glam Grae see iy Fat nd Kale ote Fat = aN i alors Voom osthe outer ditch enclosed about 28 he. Since no excavations oF investigations ofthe fortiBcalons asa whole have been conde. ted, it is aot possible to make assumptions either about the Peiod of construction o about what part af the original ity they Enclosed. Asis Known, Deultum was an important malty and Stee centre in the Middle Ages and this no doubt ad 3 bearing on its fortification system and town-period its walls blogged, of what part of the orginal ity they enclosed, thie asing must have conformed othe intl city plan. This as been ‘oafrmed by the street or road?) uncovered in 1947 or 1948 ear. ‘of the walls and running in 4 northsouth direction ™ Ie pave- tment and kerb stones inceae that may have been prt ofthe iy network of strets, and also tha the wale didnot enclose the ‘hole ofthe orignal ety When {visited Deultam, some ofthe ‘lager poisted out to me place inthe former marshes situated between the fortress wall andthe bed of the Karabunar where & ‘ad used to run in a straight southedy dizection towards the Slight esing ground along the rivers ight bask not fa from the ‘ridge on the road tothe vilage of Dratevo.™ On this rising round was situated part ofthe necropolis of Deultumn.*” {Wis obvious thatthe road used to lead out of the city south gate (On te question of whether centration ofthe land around DDeultum had been cari through we have s far no written oF archaeological information, since no investgation had been con ‘ducted prior tothe draining and the pooling of the land there ‘Neverteessit would be worthuilevohave arial photormade™™ and aso to study the old cadastral plans of the grounds ofthe ‘4. mua, xv, 150,26. 5S, Avot» mer eae te tag of Sede’ was, se Geon, tyre tl ets heaton tthe ond ws et withthe wid “Sy Stop Naboo belt 2; MST, 191,19 ao wt abut» coma ier gh it ean ie Teed he ume Secor eo En rei re Bg Fre Sede ea ech ear ttc ‘Sogoye dance tic ty om he Abs Den erin, 122 Nab Wea, 9 gs BAD. Mi 045 (0), yt SER ule gen ae oy Goce mr oa os SE er tn nde a Cat oa eran ng) om ‘Staton of the od tw sanding : 2 villages in the area. The directions which the old rads 10k in juxtaposition to the diecion of the eardo maximus, which is Known to us, and a the decumanus mariqus, as well asthe ay of Tand as seen from on high would show if there had been any ‘entiation. This manner of investigating the terntoties ofthe ‘Roman colonies in Italy and the provinces has yielded results ‘Because of Deltum'slocation,itcould hardly be assumed thatthe presumed centurition had been cared through in blocks inthe Siy'simmediate proximity After a study of the eran, it would be posible to answer the question of whete and what kind of and had ben allowed to the local poplin, and lo wat the size ‘ofthe centrie wat ~200ugera each (Oa) as wascastomary oF tore or maybe les, or what other kind“! For the present could be assumed that, owing 10 the special service of lego Vill ‘Augusta in assting Vespasan to atcend the imperial throne, the veterans of Deultum were ranted bigtracts of land," thing that was quite feasible for Thacia of that period Pliny calls Deut Develton cum stagn, drawing sn at ‘older Grecksoure ofthe pre-Roman age Here stagown sae sed to denote stagnant water which di ot flow offafter flooding by rivers the es in contrat to those lakes which dno yp and were called leus, The Skorpil brothers identified sagan ‘ath the marshes which surrounded Deum of al ies exept "he west before the draining ofthe land, and which didnot dy ep veri the hottest months the year. Tha there were no in the city’s eavitots in antiquity i to be inferred fom the ‘ircurstance that there asa road thre aking the city withthe Fight bunk of the Karabunar river. Wht i more, there could hardly have been marshes along the Rusokasro river in the 1 See Mee Ca opt 8), 2-0. ih ied cet na aa, as, owt Sie ht“ ea “foie, a he wy Ra Cal, sce a i Arent ty mer Ect eso pn Sir Gn oa eh “Rio est re, inn a nit sh en oe as Se Ca, at we ceo seth gay the and war ae ‘Sesdendrnscummuy uur ofc evan Seas TBexnenng RewMiddle Ages, ora least they presented no serous obstacle from ‘the military pola of view sis evinced by the building ofthe Great Fence inthe petiod ofthe First Bulgaria Stat; from Deultm it ranina westerly direction along the right bank ofthe river and was Intended to check stacks from the south,“ And #0 it would be ‘more plausible to asume tat by stagnum was meant the Man Srensko lake which extended much farther south than it docs today and was open 1 ships coming from the sea. Coins from Dealt feature the representation of thip,® ut that could arly be interpreted inthe ens that ships could each the cy "set" This seems to be acase similar to that the Vara lnk. The Mandrensko lake fell entirely within the territory of the colony of Deultum as isto be seen further on. Revenes fom ‘ishing nthe lakes, marshes and iverson the ct tesitory were an item the ety budge. Fishing rights were granted to concession ‘Epigraphic monuments that have so far come to ight make t posible for one to get an adequately clear iden ofthe colony's Boundary ines. A fronier post withthe inscription fies) e(l- ‘oniae) Dieultensium)™ was discovered inthe locality of Kladencite(Sladkite Kaden, now incorporated in Burgas) on the marow stip of dry land between the bay of Burgas and the ‘Burgas (Vajakji lake Ifoneisto goby the considerable number of relics that have Bees found in this place mosly fragments of et nt he 3. ge, een ge ct a oa ae ee Sopaiue er benesae Beare hero rere tae eect enter ia ts gheees Sareagtertiets siceners Se pe reer Sesortemcnremem eames’ Sieg al oear nates renee a ye eh eo cae sil ie beeen a te rae ne Beredcingat hc metic ae veloc voctin Satie mes siete eae oe. oo i ice “i sae "Slop, SAVirn, Vi amphorae, bricks, et there must have existed an unidentified ‘oad station (mutta) It could be assumed that his ron post ‘as found in situ and thatthe boundary line between the teritor- ‘eb of Deultum and Anchials passed trough here siace the place ‘Sequistant from the two Gites. The other epigrapc monument ‘San insrption dated to 185 and refering othe building of bur and pracsidium on the testy (per fines) of the colony of DDeutum forthe defence ofthe province of Thraca.” The insrp- ‘ion was discovered lose toa building, inst, near the village ‘of Pancévo, which also lies onthe previously mentioned (on p. 42. ‘ote 48) road at a distance of 20 km fom Dealtum. An so this Place must have been onthe colony's ettry. But the territory ‘ould have stretched litle farther south, and that this was ‘ctualy so has become obvious ftom a newly dicovered inscp- 'onia Malko Tarnovo,” according to which he town was situated fn the tereitry of Bye. Thus the previously assumed at ter tory with the aaclent cy near Malka Tarnovo forts conte, had cualy never existed, while the tertoies of Deultum and Bizye ‘were ia al probability contiguous, with the valleys ofthe Rezota ‘and very kel the Veleka iver included nthe testory of Biz. Tn such case Deultu’sterstory could have stretched aa addition 4115-20 tothe south of Plncévo.” Ando could be ssumed ‘thatthe terstoy of Deultum incladed tthe very est he middle and lower reaches of the Rusocato, Karabunar, Fakija and [Evorsha rivers and that reached as fr north ste Burgas lake. ‘The latter probably was on the tetory of Anchahs. Whether “Meda Ria (Bakirlik) "Tay on Deut stenitoryisnotclear. No 2.1m, rou es, 18.19 50: Bian Sn No 3 (= REA, LV, 1 4, $68, 1). map, 1B the Sin pe bat Tc by Ania Pat no ow tome apn on Pcs an fee acpi etn BAVarny Sui, isa Nt oom ev, ion ees ein aa cn i on Sp a ‘Sit us pte oe Sa one erry of Agu “rts whic ga mere of 8 GB 7) pe ‘fewer of aly, Foro ep Ane Pes atthe pe depots ee er etd ata ery ey pt wall nt anys Des Man SEO, ae Wan Hse Amor‘more clear isthe western boundary ine ofthe city's terstory. It has not been ascertained either i Deultu's tenrory had per ‘maneatl fixed boundaries orfit was extend after the rbaniza- lagoon, some hilly country and forests I epuldkewise be sumed that it stuetched over a distance of 0 kn in a north south erection, “The number of veterans that were settled in the colony of Deultum was not large and could hardly have been in excess of several hundred.” One could come to this conelasion fone had in ‘nd that italy the veteranswere settled onthe strength of thet sfliation to legions ~ in Dealtum, very Bly only veterans of legio VII Augusta and the anticipated suber of soldiers who had finshed serving thei term over a period of several years, ‘Veterans ofthe si legion were seed by Vespasian in is ative iy of Reate (Italy), possibly at Stobi (Macedonia) "and quite likely at other places tn the Balkan provinces.” Some of the veterans might have gone back to thes ative pars in Italy," hile other might have returned to the setiement in proximity to ‘he camp at Novae where they had done the whole ora consider able part their service sd had formed connections with alc or astern ster, as long asthe latter ad survived the events in “Moesia in 68-70." Knowing how the legion effectives mere renewed and ofthis thet is information inthe laterel ofthe 2nd fer lt popuitn a a fee ton ee Beate se nd the fist half of the 3rd century, the number of soldiers As is known, the administration of justice in the repiones far removed from the ‘iy centre was in the hands ofthe praefect are dicando * wile in the sates, as has already been pointed ost, it wa inthe hands of the procurators. The presence of «views on the imperial ‘domain attested in the inscription from Gabar, indicate that part ofthe saltus was deel administered in the fet decades of ‘rd century. As far a the presence of an actor in the inscription from Ocseus is concemed, 1 am now inclined 10 sssume thatthe sid actor was a slave of M. Tidus Maximise Fimsef and the manager of hi privat estate ater than baving been employed atthe imperil salts. To at lnperal or private omain orto a landed estate ofa sanctuary testy the materia) ‘scovered and the oin hoard that came to light atthe vilage of Goljama Brestsica (Lakowit county) = “More positive information is avalable from Popovo county and Sumen district about imperial domains est ofthe lek river, Bricks with seals discovered near the vilage of Kovatevec {Peper county) anda Maa, Pst, bl nd eevee in 7c district fer the opportunity of assuming the presence of several imperial domaing ia that area and even of catching 3 blmpse oftheir history. Since these bricks were found ciel Madura and Psa, it cannot be rled out that they had Been transported here ftom ehewhere to be used in Prote-Balgaan tolding, but tis hardly likely that they had been brought from any great distance since such have not a yet been found outside the areas of Sumen and Popovo.™* From the fortess neat the 1B. Se B, Germ, BIAB, XMM, 195,140 ANRO, 7 219 55. Beeie, Psa, M1" spent an, Soo Ta ba village of Kovatevec has come a brick with the seal of AVGGPRA.™ ie. Aug(astorum) (dsoram) pra (edi) oF ‘rata, which testifies to an imperial domain where abrickyerd ‘was in operation” under Marcus Aureliss and Lucivs Verus (161-169 or under the next emperors of the 2nd andthe ist hall ofthe 3d century or ofan emperor and his consort. From the ‘same place has come a brick with the seal of AVGGMAR, i. ‘Avg(tstorum) (aor) Mar(ianum), ii should be iferted ‘hat that meant praediam, or yet Mar(ciana), if i should be Assumed that that implied figna (brickyard). From Madara and the Roman water main teat the village of Iba have come bricks with the seal of MARCIA,” which should be interpreted at Marcia(oum of Marca(oa) (Oglina or rata). From Madara and Pliska have come bricks with the seals of AVGGAVX." AVGGSARM," while from the same places and alo fom 2b With the seal of AVXAN,* and again from Madara and Pls And also Kovatevec, withthe sal f SARM.”” These brick eeale Testy to the existence of domains which were called Acran (anon) and Sarm(atianum),**The circumstance that the above 3 fr mf tne San, Charen, RE, Peto sor sts, mk pal Pana tn Feta ante nme rtnsa eh Sep oeet S of , [BEF pags the pest vane, pe Te epi far, SCV, Dot me at AVE Std forthe eee Augen she SARA tn AVE Su? ‘ti Abou tc moan of pie ih graded ee a (GURY pan, snc oeace Roca, RE Sup a, tanner aS hn eo ae pr ses oh "he mper se Orpal, Lope sen eae ne. A" cerry ne be natenlaon of he pescson eve om oie, LM, 7-46 Ma, 19 .No 4; AMP 19539, cot vasluAcated thre designations of MARCIA, AVX and SARM ‘occur ether separately of in association with AVGG offers 0 Possiltis of interpretation: either that there were two sages of Ownership for cach ofthe domains, which were intially privately ‘owned and consequently became’ imperial property of that there existed at one and the same time two domains ofeach type ~ one private and one imperial; of these one was inily prvately owned, while later par ofeach one ofthe tree became Limperial property with another part ofeach remaining in vate hands.“ The transformation of private domi or prs of tem ino imperial property was atequent occurrence a ould have been the result of elther donation. legacy or coafiscation “It seems thatthe focal pint of aszabie imperial estate was the vila at Madara, which deserves special mention, It represented ‘Complex of persyledbildings covering an area of» litle more ‘han 0.25 and consisting of living quarters and fata buldings, During the late Roman era twas enclosed bya wall with towers ‘over the main entrance and at each corner. There were Uiee ‘tapes in its existence which coincided with those of the economic evelopment ofthe Eastern Balkan lands during the Roman age: (2) from the end ofthe 1st or the began ofthe 2nd century nd up to the middle ofthe 3rd ~ intensive agriculture (aaily ‘ine-growing and wine production); (2) from the middle ofthe Sd and up tothe middle of the 4th gran production; (3) fom ‘he mide ofthe Ath and upto the end of the Sth = stockbreed- ing” The delimitation ofthese stages coincides wit the deste ion of the vila once around the year 250 and then again in £376.%* About the private domains in his area, more ater (sc p. 659). Farther east between Candidiana (Presave) and Durostor- tm the existance of a ats may be atted, an indication of hich isthe name of the Danubian fortes of Zakroundevos, ‘mentioned by Procopus.* That this presumed salts was impo sil property sto be inferred from it ocati in themes. Ness Me road slation of Palmatae (Vojnovo)” on the toad from “Marcianopolis to Durostoram: new interpretation off mane ‘pve ground for the cesumption that there existed another Imperial domain where a special breed of riding horses were rated which were bred by one Palmatus in Cappedoca around ‘he middle ofthe 3d century. *, ‘The abandonment of some of the camps along the Danube and especialy in the western pars of Moca Inferior and Superior after Trajn's Dacian wats, when the presence ofa large umber of troops became superfluous, ofered the opportunty for the camp tetitoris tobe wansformed int imperial domains, ‘slong as they had no civilian stents on thei sol s was the ‘ase with Raiaria and Oescus, or had not bee granted the sats ‘of pererine vtates without an urban centre > But « more ‘extended part of development was also posible, ie. from camp ‘erst, imperil domain to peregrine cvtas without an wrban ‘Information onthe imperial domains in Thracia to the south ofthe Balkan Range is scanty. And thi iin vo way dve to an accidental abwence of epigraphic and Iterary sources, bat cores: Ponds to the sctual sate of affairs in large-scale land ownership sa et deen pl am German {ihe Ets the woe el ppsnins eso ar Mac thea mse por Sees nd dette eC PU bese, Oca Trea wrthere, sie to be sen further on. Imperial property was the ares sound Hisarja (Plovaiy dist) ass to be inferred from the Insertion discovered over the spring of Havuza and carrying the ‘ame of the ste ofthe Bathe Vetue Aug(uta) ara (mares). On is par, it presupposes the existence of another neighbouring imperial property by the name of Nova aia, of which teh emperor betame the owner later on." According tit publisher, the insrption goes back tothe 4th century, but the ‘nperial domain here had come into existence much erie.™*1t 'S abo possible that it could have been iabetted from the ‘Thyacian Kings Farther east, near the road sation of Cilae may be assumed- on the ground evotiveinsrption™ th existence of another imperial domain on whch there wasa horse breeding farm and wAich furnished horses forthe road ations or the covalry units Sail farther east, on the land ofthe villages of 5D, Deter AMP, 1956, 67 14 ADM sil desgtion of Malenovo and Tastpe ia Karnobat country, there exisied — cording 19 two frontier inscriptions ~ a domain which they ‘ame a ai Blacs(ini)* and not wlage land that had become 2 domain. The provenance of the two inscriptions suggests tat the domain stretched atleast from 6 to 7 Em in one direction alone and this provides ground fr including it among the large scale landed estates. The designation of tg Blesini) hd been given tothe domain quite posbly by an talc colonists fist owner, in Keeping with the cotom of bestowing names on landed estates. It could very well be that thi eclonit was one of those veterans whom Vespasan settled at Desltum.* Nateraly, the tract he received was much smaller aay, but stime we on, he or hither could have considerably inceased its sie. The Sreumstance thatthe procurator of the province of Thais "ppear in both inscipdons (according to my supplementing) as se(timator)iuris (iden, nesig)” and acts through a sub- ‘ordinate =a slave feed by the emperor,” could bean indication ‘hat the aid domaia was already at that ie (184~ 18) imperial property and consequently exempt from the juris dicton of the ‘iy 00 te tettry of which i was situated. "The two inscriptions suggest that gr Blae(iani had had their ‘boundary lines fixed (or acknowledged) at that time by way of privata teminatio, that is to say, witout rlerence to the ‘eighbouting estates whether pivateor part ofthe city terior, land this comes to confirm the assumption that they enjoyed immunity. that they were tertorlly autonomous * With the exception ofthe Chersonesos, which wat a part an imperial domain and was administered by a special procuator,” there sen ea 8)‘was no special procurato or procurstrs in Traca owing tothe {ew and smallsale imperial domains and consequently they lay within the legal epacty of the provincial Sscl procurators. ‘The use of Latin in the two inscriptions sone more indication of tis a the south-westernmost part of the tnitores under consi ‘ration here ~ the valley of the Sredaa Suma - there existed at the beginning of the 3rd century a salts which was imperial, rather than private property. In the province of Macedonia, in which the valley was incorporated, there sed to be sizable domains which the imperial house had appropriated after the ‘sssintion of Sextus Pompeius by Caligula." If ane isto go by ‘the insription’s provenance, the salts very probably spread ‘over the southem foothils of the Prin mountains and the respective part of the valley of the Struma, Tn that part of Byzie'stestory which now ies in Bulgari, in Malko Tatmovo county, ron and copper oes” were mined inthe Imperial age. A 185-16 inseripton® tells of xyes or dni by which mame were designated either the mines themselves ot the entize mining area. As recent research has shown,” they ‘were of considerable size and were most Hkely imperial property ‘4. An ing tom Mei GB V, 239 the yur 21) eed ty tre eres ant ute ht hl sa ch re See 0 9 Rete cipnaton oe np eps ee Brg Med Rd (eat xp ne Abe gS ota se nr xy nny sods eat en we rot secrete nh Als San DN “SG oui MiG), 1 nd Me Metre tote inept of he incre Se. Velo, BMD, 95, 75 sinc in the imperial age mines were almost eaitly state-owned nd were administered by the, sate iself or were leased 10 orporation or private lessee.” Such seem to have been the “Elie who are mentioned in the inscription and who had founded an ethnic and trades organization (no\tequa), a the head of which, in the year of dedication,” stod the dedicator of the insertion. Besides them, here of course worked aso slaves land damnati ad metala, Two other inscriptions from Malko ‘Tarnovo could be acid wih the exploitation of ore beds in the region. The one isa tombstone which amqaynateve (actor) had prepared for himself his amily and his patron. However, the question of whether thi wa a case of private landed estate belongiag tothe patron or whether the Inter wae the lesee of large-sale state mune remains uareolved.” The other inscip- tin is funerary epigram ofa feed slave, who pedshed ia "= cruel wat", very key the Costobod invasion of 170" His former master P. of M. Antonius Rufus belonged toa family which leased the explitation of the mines in the Danobian provinces in the second half ofthe 2d century. The same family 5S mentioned in an inscription from Trin by a teed slave of ‘heirs This gives me ground to assume that te family had very probably bought concesions in mies in Thraia, both is astern part (Malko Tarnovo county) and loin is westera part (Teén county). Itseems that in the second hal ofthe 2nd eentary among the coocessionares of ines in Thala, which they ‘exploited not only in Malko Tarnovo and Tein countes but also ‘in Kjustendi and Sofa disucts and in the Rhodopes and the valley of the Mesa,” there was ~ in addition tothe Aatoail~ gh etic tence 7. 1g, M2), 1, PE a one nem te ce ceeinereace age ar ‘tec thatthe iescrptioeelered to Portia Uri, ey De Las, eee FN a yar Ose aanother family, that of the Auf who were inhabitants of Deut.” The ore bed in Maiko Térnovo county were mined between the 2nd and 6th centuries ast evinced by the coins found ther. In contiguous Hadrianopolis, there wat in the &th {nd Sth centres a munition factory?” which could have been, supplied with metal from these mines. The comparatively more Ample epigraphic mater from Malko Tarnovo county than from the neighbouring ares points toa more intense altar ie contingent upon the mining indy. Extensive building in the 2ad century after the founding and planing of ces up to the reign of Marcus Aurelius and later, lunde the Severi, made Imperative the development of marble, limestone and granite quaris which, with the exception of the ‘small ones, were imperial property aad were run and sdmins- tered in the same way asthe mines There is no epigraphic information about them in the lands under consideration here, but the existence of some important quaties known ous fom archaeological investigations as, for instance, the quarries at Neopols ad Isrum, Peutaliay Marcianopois"®™ There is ov dence in a inscription fom th environs of Philippi" of stone pits which were probably located in the southwestern part of ‘Thracia and which belonged tothe last Thracian king Rhoemetal- ts, son of Kotys. Thre could be no doubt that they became Imperial property after the annexation of the Thracian kingdom, "Theres information in Procopius about eeveral castel, the ‘names of which suggest the exploitation of ore beds in their ‘environs. Soch isthe ease of the eatellom MéaNog which mot likly was situated in the eastern part of Moesia Inferior In Toi. 1 ay om heey Sed, pi a9; te alley sees op i ‘Ti, 129 205,21; 8 Gero, NOB, 165,79, “Te deteaion ti mca Seve Oey boas Zing (Fs ‘Scay) ue I i eds Ekg Abin Sar Tay echo ‘Nsom Thc Zapato Tt) Imma way Stee oot td ea heron meng “Anh COR a Net agate 1 Dek, an, det nt pach te io Ma Tai {Be Ato! Naples sone gare a mc, ee € ts, esta, 1 nt About the mae quay ee aap of Dos ‘inn eter Pua sce Ga apne Ta 10) ‘te ues be we farce ee Ser BARC, Tha, VI, 198, 505 = a. 4.99, 816). 12. De ani 1, 1 38). Abt cmon he eioy of 2 proximity to the territories of Moesia Superior (subsequently Dacia) under review here, Procopius mentions several castlla "Agveveagy in the area of Aquae by the lower reaches of the ‘Timok, "Eqdgua in the tit of Nit and @eeggagua in the Ca mn, wo was inthe hands of Roman cons. From locates contiguous {ether two vilges have come lnsipions which tei « ‘age population fom sone whic woop mere recrued™ A Tulip seven premises was uoveed daring blag excave- ons nar Dens KremennsH war mot Hey part oft vila fostca™" Inthe second hal f the ad and during the 3rd ‘Entry, te tenor of Oesas was an importa aes of 009 ‘ecmieoet, sss eed asin fom Rome fo an {he testes tothe presence ofa ee peasant polation, etwewn th to color of Rata tnd Orc tee exised inthe bd and Sr contr tert indpendent ofboth at ita inital chad no eben centre. The incisal it ego Nowtaneni Tecenee wat Montana mich tinction 2 34135) Sener te Mowtnfeme 2) pres A uly eit ad been tationed here ery tke fom the tng A ot the province of Mocd st at own 10 the sign of Gaiena and thatthe lt we ear of gts tee. I 1 a 7 f z 3 * “seston : {9 cli vc ah, e926, Hs, 303,24, 3296, sian oer SPA Sa An mer tom A Ce {sat speed pane Satan gear A nyo Moat a i eit, gli sree ns i es so he in ce Se om essen sa fae Sry (lin; Wekoe Vi, 3177) an ws sl ret 1 when Sali ance wen pe ene ‘ek Bolas So Go, Resor 7 te ouch sus ct were iether he andthe it bao igs ec emmy pS) ge Manet SSRN iy tegatana oe 101Scoms that after the withdrawal of legion V Macedonia from sie in the rein of Trajan, Montana became the military centte of the westem part of Moesia Inferior and this state of affairs continued up to the legion's return to Ocscus under ‘Aurelian. The reason for this must be looked for, om the one hand, inthe strategic location of Montana, Ing att did on the intersection of the foad between the Danube and Serica across the Petrohan pas™ and of that which led out of the interior of Moesi Inferior othe west across the pas of Sveti Nikola On the other hand, the importance of these roads was particulary ‘rea owing tothe circumstance that Montana was the centre of ‘an ate rich in silver ore and auriferour sande exploited in the Roman age, as recent investigations have shown? and as isto be inferred fom the name of the eatllum and ofthe setiement ites {owt asnnedte aot seW Sinema, Derren es ‘ew 19921 The nips to i bal a ee ey ‘Me hints rs fw fee a se uy cle 3, See Gos 12,19 and pai 81 1699, Alen eo of pea Fate of aloe te Ops. A pe ee he tar a fe aig ‘een wt one te gd eencng ean Oe Sin hee SiGe to, Sac tne RE ee 102 uel The circumstances prevaling in Montana and is regio ‘made imperative the maintenance of permanent army seca Smits, as well as police supervision by a ceaturo reionari ‘sho ‘could at times be replaced by an optio agens regione ‘Montanensi*” To my knowledge, the office of ceaturi regionar Me ctadag ele dca! mia: L pote whe eg = ‘ree Rn. ee) gee Ot i Seon in che gy et ve oe ‘GL Sirs efor leer. Se damaged prt of \cpcmur met af the bec, gee pe ta SE i ede con Ts hoa Incr the ped ea eft Ru prt an Tacx ‘uae gui W qeac enon in inipee a we ae t ‘Ste wi any staan yh ae a he ean Wht meee Semen eee ie re ‘Se Conran Pom Sowa ber Come oo more manip ee by Ture Pek EM RE 1 {ihtomentan) andar ang ha bce seedy Risen, RE, Xi 18 "Scns ta, We ed fei) Bat bo eg meee ‘ic ih ret on fF and te ene ape Sits he monument worse at iy ath eg eeu 1S tents ssn nor psn fem rae (ea AB) Suku a: Al Honora eta ieg A eo) 0 Fy Madera, BIAB, XXIV, 1961, 26, Mo 2: VV eto seg 1G agen) anaes) fe neice Soe Le ‘ate se i et) war snes 103i mental in nos ue ect) tom Paonia ami fa la Se pe a thoes weet cdf may Sen oes ‘25 mah ke eve aod we ented py, titer butewaratnopoNenanen ber ara tonsa iw te Se of eons hey fe arson oy per, Towee ron bre tol ra ee eae Iss enti oe ae ad manera on Rodiorm os no 9) bested cna pe se rg of Gra 30 ‘fetes hw stom ee Scie ‘rat an Gc teppei epee fine ones othr arses gst ono It ve ben Gaede oe 6 wry ‘cic by Reece eh email a trp lato Seated ke pt of Sion ta Te buna oreo Monnens athe wel ford i eigen aah hed oe Boy agente tons ay re eed ‘he fer of he pone ws ter rane Sheps the ter stent snd able te ad sey ane erent be ch of Lacan Irene trot eats Wehr sp Pap tothe an bury etna Crean oni wet othe ig; Optus igre fora ot Maan ead te os Grads ye he Opn eel Mone ‘the ta pontve eens eh Tae gs "Paice fs na meer ter ats scents sat eeene tara or Seca ce men ncn oes Shoe eae neers Shige's tommnsehanaaa FESO erent mene 1S SS A Tek ote ‘of Kev and Kravoder™ which ie othe ext and south cast ft Montana at an idencal dntance as docs Gratin, mst have alo ben within the bound of repo Montane To the north, te eastern boundary se very key reached the Danube tothe wet of the Ogos etry tnce“Auustae was on the terior of Ose" Tee boundary lines of repo Monten Alera aabe terior which i gual to ht of he present ‘ay dst of Minajlverad “The mitar and poze contol ovr reio Montaenss exer- ised by a centro reionaris or his deputy, opto ages, mst have been nineruped slong as army mit were saioned there. Bul neverses there was can self-government here 15 well" Of that we ofr know about the senate (oda) rom icin by econ Te en fe none ‘res round forthe assomption Qh thre exited in Montana thug sdminstraton at wel" What & more, the atom. ‘onous administrative unit of elo Montana sated ain the reign of Gordian (236240) Ths ste offi dove not precode the existence of « musiipum in ado tothe rego. ‘The case here may as et prove tobe dential with hat of Norae were up tothe scovery fan inscription by an agua of ‘he moncpim, "there mas evidene of exitence. There eae acme seme Seema aie eee oe eee eo ae RE mn ‘Vetters,Dacis Rigen 12 assume hat Mostana had been granted the satus of Gian te eso mpl soon se Seer ae Sreesiee ‘hes of Aas, Aue, Valen sar eres Sep Hae 9 Sacco emanate Tid, veiw, Adela VIL 1, 1955 (95,96 apm 5. The senate aga ae SrneR ites ese TERS 105was a general tendency of enhancing the legal stats of peregrine [States without an urban centre when their chi setlements ‘were raised to municpia.™ The presence in Montana and ts snd Durestoram in Moesia Inferior “The presence at Montana of cohors II collec(anea)™ is auested during the covrule of Valrianus and Gallienus (255. ‘imply the civilian population of Montana and is environ which could Gnd refuge behind the city walls. Castrenses here refer (0 ‘he troops atthe garison of Montans and the neighbouring castella snd also 10 thei families which in Inter sources are Teferred to a5 castellan, castrciani,castrani or castresiani — ‘other terms for lmitanel and riparienses who were setled not fonly along the empire's froniers but abo in the militarily Strategic districts of the interior." The defense ofthe frontier Provinces especially atthe time of the Gothic invasions around the middle ofthe 3d century when groups of barbarians began (0 penetrate deep into the inteio, made it necessary that it should be orpanied ot only long the imes bat in depth ax well"™ The creation of this category of miliarly organized population is git Pham man, ge rm, 1B or et Oe a oat ome hint ae the ei ae bare ae eo 9 aon end alg ae OS Sh IH aon isl na cn to sin! Anette mening toe, were Digs 8, 106 sed ey pe So Ae 2 Siar eae cene srr eae e souk ont tose cape aac ni dre ar Seg oe ii a in ge Dame ne nt ee TE ans eae Re wae ih Me en Ss Sete Ths Race em cis tng dear igs Woon nie as Spas Sate ie caer nbn Sea Sas er aa See ipa ago coe eetetge TERE SaaS as pee OE ea Oe ec Pie Rikienee Se i cae a ace se ahs es ne Se Se anes sn Sonal i i Sages ape rele rina Fong pe Stes ea Soa es ae Seas SA Laie a ane tate Sao canta, a es ot ioe Oa ve ec Eee renee ‘Sch Er niu Stn Re tne 19, le Dean 30.2 sate ioe eee ie 21 Yeon BUA, OK 2: Au Vein irs "EE su Pema se My, Pann, The pave of he roan res: in era ops (lo a 18) Be nes 107settlement of colonists or veteran for atleast several decades. “The presence of veterans is atterted at otber places i regio Montanensis swell, «just as much asin Montana itself" As is plainly tobe deduced from the inscription from Kravoder, these ‘eterans belonged tothe landowning stat ofthe vlage popula- ‘on. Among them were also families of Thracian desent ‘Among the fest of the peasants, the veterans in the villages ‘onsituted a privileged Clase which provided guidance for the Uillag’s administrative and public Hf. Very possibly they Formed the nucleus of principe (ee note 123). The territory of Montana has been the object of intensive investigation in recat Year. Tree vila inthe city environs have been discovered and {heir excavation i sil in pogses. The first one, situated at a ‘stance of 7 km from the city, included living quarters with ‘mosaic Noors over 600 sq.m and workshops for marble and Carthenvare. The other vila to the north-east ofthe ify was ‘much bigger than the fst. Tt had living quarters with thre wo fat