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Mimo and Comp in Lte-Advanced: Special Articles On Lte-Advanced Technology - Ongoing Evolution of Lte Toward Imt-Advanced
Mimo and Comp in Lte-Advanced: Special Articles On Lte-Advanced Technology - Ongoing Evolution of Lte Toward Imt-Advanced
†0
The standardization of LTE-Advanced, which is an enhanced Radio Access Network Development Department Hidekazu Taoka
†0
version of LTE, is currently in progress at the 3GPP. LTE- Satoshi Nagata
†0
Advanced will maintain backward compatibility with LTE, Kazuaki Takeda
†0
while realizing considerably higher spectral efficiency and Yuichi Kakishima
†0
cell-edge user throughput than LTE. Extensions to MIMO DOCOMO Beijing Communications Xiaoming She
Laboratories Co., Ltd. †0
technology as well as CoMP technology are being studied DOCOMO Communications Laboratories Katsutoshi Kusume
Europe GmbH
for LTE-Advanced to accomplish these goals.
† Currently DOCOMO Communications Labora- *1 MIMO: A signal transmission technology that can be increased.
tories Europe GmbH uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter *3 Spectral efficiency: The number of data bits
and receiver to perform spatial multiplexing that can be transmitted per unit time and unit
and improve communication quality and spec- frequency band.
tral efficiency (see *3).
*2 CoMP: Technology which sends and receives
signals from multiple sectors or cells to a given
UE. By coordinating transmission among mul-
tiple cells, interference from other cells can be
reduced and the power of the desired signal
based on discussion and agreement For closed-loop SU-MIMO trans- Thus, LTE Rel. 8 uses codebook-based
reached at the 3GPP. mission on the downlink, precoding is precoding, in which the best precoding
applied to the data carried on the Physi- weights among a set of predetermined
2. MIMO Technology in cal Downlink Shared Channel precoding matrix candidates (a code-
LTE Rel. 8 (PDSCH) in order to increase the book) is selected to maximize the total
2.1 Downlink MIMO Technology received Signal to Interference plus throughput on all layers after precoding,
*7
Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) Noise power Ratio (SINR) . This is and the index of this matrix (the Pre-
was used for the downlink for LTE Rel. done by setting different transmit anten- coding Matrix Indicator (PMI)) is fed
8 to increase the peak data rate. The tar- na weights for each transmission layer back to the base station (eNode B)
*8
get data rates of over 100 Mbit/s were (stream) using channel information (Figure 1) [11].
achieved by using a 20 MHz transmis- fed back from the UE. The ideal trans- LTE Rel. 8 adopts frequency-selec-
sion bandwidth, 2 × 2 MIMO, and mit antenna weights for precoding are tive precoding, in which precoding
Parallel-serial
conversion
conversion
Transmit Channel Signal Reproduced
data estimation separation data
Antenna #4 Antenna #4
*4 Multiple access: Indicates methods in a ing (QPSK) or 16QAM. *8 Channel information: Parameters values
radio system in which channels are assigned *6 Transmit diversity: Technology which uti- representing the attenuation, phase change and
from among multiple vacant radio channels for lizes the differences in channel variation delay in the received signal relative to the
communication, when multiple UE are com- between transmission antenna channels to transmitted signal, due to traversing the radio
municating within the system. obtain diversity gain. channel between transmitter and receiver.
*5 64QAM: A digital modulation method used in *7 Received SINR: The ratio of desired-signal
wireless communication. Data is transmitted power to the total power from interference
using 64 different phase and amplitude costel- from other users in the same cell, interference
lations. Can transmit more data at a time from other cells and sectors, and from noise
(6bits) than either Quadrature Phase Shift Key- within the received signal.
*16
weights are selected independently for and the PMI described earlier, and the Diversity (CDD) , SFBC and
each sub-band of bandwidth from 360 eNode B adaptively controls the num- SFBC+FSTD achieve higher diversity
kHz to 1.44 MHz, as well as wideband ber of layers transmitted to each UE gain, irrespective of fading correlation
precoding, with single precoding based on this information. between antennas, and achieve the low-
weights that are applied to the whole 2) Open-loop SU-MIMO and Trans- est required received SINR. On the
transmission band [12]. The channel mit Diversity other hand, for PDSCH transmission
*12
estimation used for demodulation and Precoding with closed-loop control with rank of two or higher, fixed pre-
selection of the precoding weight is effective in low mobility environ- coding is used regardless of channel
*17
matrix on the UE is done using a cell- ments, but control delay results in less- variations. In this case, cyclic shift is
NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal
specific Reference Signal (RS) trans- accurate channel tracking ability in high performed before applying the precod-
mitted from each antenna. Accordingly, mobility environments. The use of ing weights, which effectively switches
the specifications require the eNode B open-loop MIMO transmission for the precoding weights in the frequency
to notify the UE of the precoding PDSCH, without requiring feedback of domain, thereby averaging the received
weight information used for PDSCH channel information, is effective in such SINR is over layers [9].
*18
transmission through the Physical cases. Rank adaptation is used, as in the 3) Adaptive Beamforming
Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), case of closed-loop MIMO, but rank- Adaptive beamforming uses anten-
and the UE to use this information for one transmission corresponds to open- na elements with a narrow antenna
demodulation. loop transmit diversity. Specifically, spacing of about half the carrier wave-
LTE Rel. 8 also adopts rank adapta- Space-Frequency Block Code length and it has been studied for use
*14
tion, which adaptively controls the (SFBC) is used with two transmit with base stations with the antennas
number of transmission layers (the antennas, and a combination of SFBC mounted in a high location. In this case
rank) according to channel conditions, and Frequency Switched Transmit beamforming is performed by exploit-
*15
such as the received SINR and fading Diversity (FSTD) (hereinafter ing the UE Direction of Arrival (DoA)
*13
correlation between antennas (Fig- referred to as “SFBC+FSTD”) is used or the channel covariance matrix esti-
ure 2). Each UE feeds back a Channel with four transmit antennas. This is mated from the uplink, and the resulting
Quality Indicator (CQI), a Rank Indica- because, compared to other transmit transmit weights are not selected from a
tor (RI) specifying the optimal rank, diversity schemes such as Cyclic Delay codebook. In LTE Rel. 8, a UE-specific
RS is defined for channel estimation in
Adaptive rank control order to support adaptive beamforming
Rank 2
UE #1 UE #2
[9]. Unlike the cell-specific RS, the UE-
Rank 1
Layer #2 specific RS is weighted with the same
Layer #1 weights as the data signals sent to each
Layer #1 Cell
・Low received SINR
・High spatial correlation ・High received SINR UE, and hence there is no need to notify
eNode B ・Low spatial correlation
the UE of the precoding weights
*9 Covariance matrix: A matrix whose diago- *11 Quantization: In digital communications, obtained (the channel data) are used for sepa-
nal components express the variance of each approximation of the amplitude and phase of rating MIMO signals and demodulation at the
variable in a set of variables and whose other an analog signal using discrete, digital values. receiver, and to compute channel data which is
elements each express the degree of correlation When converting to digital data, the number of fed back to the transmitter.
between two variables with respect to their levels used effects the quality of the informa- *13 Fading correlation: In this article, an index
direction of change (positive/negative). tion. indicating the correlation of fading between
*10 Channel matrix: A matrix composed of the *12 Channel estimation: Estimation of the different antennas used in MIMO transmission.
changes in amplitude and phase on the chan- amount of attenuation and phase change in the
nels between each transmit and receive antenna received signal when a signal is transmitted
pair. over a radio channel. The estimated values
configuration and reduce power con- significant issue with the radio interface data-rate services, will be developed to
sumption on the UE. This was done in supporting up to 8 layers is the RS complement LTE Rel. 8, and is expect-
because the LTE Rel. 8 target peak data structure used for CQI measurements ed to be adopted mainly in low-mobili-
rate of 50 Mbit/s or more could be and PDSCH demodulation. ty environments.
achieved by using a 20 MHz transmis- 1) Channel State Information (CSI)- 2) UE-specific RS
sion bandwidth and 64QAM and with- RS To allow demodulation of eight-
out using SU-MIMO. However, Multi- For CQI measurements with up-to- layer SU-MIMO, the UE-specific RS
User MIMO (MU-MIMO) can be used 8 antennas, new CSI-RSs are specified were extended for SU-MIMO transmis-
to increase system capacity on the LTE in addition to cell-specific RS defined sion, using a hybrid of Code Division
*23
Rel. 8 uplink, using multiple receiver in LTE Rel. 8 for up-to-four antennas. Multiplexing (CDM) and Frequency
*24
antennas on the eNode B. Specifically, However, in order to maintain back- Division Multiplexing (FDM) (Fig-
the specification requires orthogonal- ward compatibility with LTE Rel. 8 in ure 4). The UE-specific RS pattern for
*20
ization of the demodulation RSs from LTE-Advanced, LTE Rel. 8 UE must each rank (number of layers) is shown
multiple UEs by assigning different be supported in the same band as in that in Figure 5. The configuration of the
cyclic shifts of a Constant Amplitude for LTE-Advanced. Therefore, in LTE- UE-specific RS in LTE-Advanced has
Zero Auto-Correlation (CAZAC) Advanced, interference to the PDSCH also been optimized differently from
*21
sequence to the demodulation RSs, so of LTE Rel. 8 UE caused by supporting those of LTE Rel.8, extending it for
that user signals can be reliably separat- CSI-RS must be minimized. To achieve SU-MIMO as well as adaptive beam-
ed at the eNode B. Demodulation RSs this, the CSI-RS are multiplexed over a forming, such as by applying two-
are used for channel estimation for the longer period compared to the cell-spe- dimensional time-frequency orthogonal
user-signal separation process [9].
OFDM symbol multiplexing CSI-RS
3. MIMO Technology in
LTE-Advanced
3.1 Downlink 8-Layer Subframe Time
SU-MIMO Technology
Figure 3 Example configuration multiplexing CSI-RS
The target peak spectral efficiency
*14 SFBC: A type of transmit diversity technology *16 CDD: A type of transmit diversity technology, direction by controlling the amplitude and
in which Alamouti coding is used between in which differing amounts of cyclic delay is phase of multiple antennas to form a direction-
adjacent subcarriers on two transmit antennas, assigned to the same data signal between trans- al pattern of the antennas.
and by coding between frequencies and anten- mit antennas, producing frequency diversity *19 FDD: A method for implementing simultane-
nas, diversity gain equivalent to maximal ratio gain while avoiding inter-symbol interference. ous transmission and reception with technolo-
combining can be obtained. *17 Cyclic shift: For a transmitted signal, when gies like radio, in which transmission and
*15 FSTD: A type of transmit diversity technolo- the phase of each subcarrier is shifted by a reception are done using different frequencies.
gy, in which diversity gain can be obtained by fixed interval.
switching between two or more antennas for *18 Beamforming: A technique for increasing or
each subcarrier when transmitting. decreasing the gain of antennas in a specific
CDM to the multiplexing between ogy for satisfying these requirements ous multi-cell transmission. When these
transmission layers [7]. [13]. With MU-MIMO and CoMP sophisticated transmission techniques
transmission (described below), various are applied, the eNode B multiplexes
3.2 Downlink MU-MIMO sophisticated signal processing tech- the UE-specific RS described above
Technology niques are applied at the eNode B to with the PDSCH, allowing the UE to
In addition to the peak data rate, the reduce the interference between trans- demodulate the PDSCH without using
system capacity and cell-edge user mission layers, including adaptive beam information about transmission technol-
*25
throughput must also be increased in transmission (zero-forcing , block ogy applied by the eNode B. This
*26
LTE-Advanced compared to LTE Rel. diagonalization , etc.), adaptive trans- increases flexibility in applying sophis-
NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal
*27
8. MU-MIMO is an important technol- mission power control and simultane- ticated transmission techniques on
the downlink. On the other hand,
Layer Data PMI/CQI/RI feedback extensions are
UE-specific RS needed to apply these sophisticated
CDM
*20 Orthogonalization: When multiple signal small PAPR (see *28). *24 FDM: When transmitting multiple signal
series are multiplexed and transmitted in the *22 Channel estimation accuracy: The accura- sequences on the same radio system band, mul-
same radio system band, the process of adjust- cy of estimating the variation of amplitude and tiplexing them using frequencies that are mutu-
ing them so they do not interfere with each phase in the channel by using RS, which are ally orthogonal.
other (making them orthogonal). multiplexed with the data for each packet *25 Zero-forcing: When using precoding and
*21 CAZAC sequence: A type of orthogonal frame. beam forming on the transmitter, a method
spreading sequence, using cyclic shifts, which *23 CDM: When transmitting multiple signal which uses the ordinary inverse of the channel
has excellent characteristics for autocorrelation sequences on the same radio system band, mul- matrix to generate weighting coefficients such
and cross-correlation, has fixed amplitude in tiplexing them using spreading series’ that are that the interference between users is com-
both time and frequency domains, and has mutually orthogonal. pletely zeroed.
*29
Channel (PUSCH), it was agreed to using block spread together with this required [16].
apply SU-MIMO with closed-loop con- method is adopted [14].
trol using multiple antennas on the UE, 4. CoMP Technology
as well as codebook-based precoding 3.4 Uplink Transmit 4.1 Coordinated Multi-point
and rank adaptation, as used on the Diversity Technology Transmission/Reception
downlink. The eNode B selects the pre- Closed-loop transmit diversity is The implementation of intra-
coding weight from a codebook to max- applied to PUSCH as described above cell/inter-cell orthogonalization on the
imize achievable performance (e.g., for SU-MIMO. Application of transmit uplink and downlink in LTE Rel. 8 con-
received SINR or user throughput after diversity to the Physical Uplink Control tributed to meeting the requirements of
precoding) based on the sounding RS, Channel (PUCCH) is also being stud- capacity and cell-edge user throughput.
which is used for measuring the quality ied. For sending retransmission request On the downlink, simultaneously con-
of the channel transmitted by the UE. Acknowledgment (ACK) and Negative nected UE are orthogonalized in the
The eNode B notifies the UE of the ACK (NAK) signals as well as schedul- frequency domain. On the other hand,
selected precoding weight together with ing request signals, application of Spa- they are orthogonalized on the uplink,
the resource allocation information tial Orthogonal-Resource Transmit in the frequency domain as well as the
used by the PDCCH. The precoding for Diversity (SORTD)[15] using differing code domain, using cyclic shift and
rank one contributes to antenna gain, resource blocks per antenna or an block spreading. It is possible to apply
*32
which is effective in increasing cell- orthogonalizing code sequence (cyclic fractional frequency reuse to control
edge user throughput. However, consid-
SORTD
ering control-information overhead and
Orthogonal
increases in Peak-to-Average Power Antenna #1
resource* #1
*28
Ratio (PAPR) , frequency-selective Control Reed-Muller Data
data bit coding modulation
precoding is not very effective in
Orthogonal
Antenna #2
increasing system throughput, so only resource #2
wideband precoding has been adopted. * Orthogonalized frequency resource and code domains (cyclic shift, block spreading)
Also, for rank two or higher, when four Figure 6 Transmit diversity for the PUCCH
transmission antennas are used, the
*26 Block diagonalization: When using precod- state when transmitting the signal. signal sequence.
ing and beam forming on the transmitter, a *28 PAPR: As the ratio of maximum power to aver- *30 Cell design: The area handled by a single
method which uses singular value analysis of age power, an index expressing the peak magni- base station is called a cell, and cell design
the channel matrix to generate weighting coef- tude of the transmit waveform. If this value is refers to the process of designing how the
ficients such that the interference between large, the amplifier power back-off has to be large desired service area is to be covered using mul-
users is completely zeroed. to avoid nonlinear distortion, which is particularly tiple cells.
*27 Adaptive transmission power control: problematic for mobile terminals. *31 Coverage area: The area over which a single
When performing MU-MIMO or CoMP, adap- *29 Block spread: Spreading done using an base station can communicate with UE (cell
tively controlling the transmission power of orthogonal spreading code across multiple diameter). As coverage is increased, the num-
each antenna and cell based on the channel transmission symbols in the same transmission ber of base stations required decreases.
interference between cells semi-statical- transmission paths can be done with a trol based on independent eNode B
ly, but this is done based on randomiza- regular cell configuration, but signaling configurations and centralized control
tion in LTE Rel. 8. Because of this, we delay and overhead become issues, and based on RRE configurations as appro-
are planning to study CoMP technolo- ways to increase signaling speed or per- priate, and both are being studied in
gy, which performs signal processing form high-speed signaling via UE need preparation for LTE-Advanced.
for coordinated transmission and recep- study. With RRE configurations, multi-
tion by multiple cells to one or more ple RREs are connected via an optical 4.3 Downlink Coordinated
UE, as a technology for Rel. 11 and fiber carrying a baseband
*33
signal Multi-point Transmission
later in order to extend the intra- between cells and the central eNode B, Downlink coordinated multi-point
NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal
cell/inter-cell orthogonalization in LTE which performs the baseband signal transmission can be divided into two
Rel. 8 to operate between cells [17]. processing and control, so the radio categories: Coordinated Scheduling/
resources between the cells can be con- Coordinated Beamforming (CS/CB),
4.2 Independent eNode B and trolled at the central eNode B. In other and joint processing (Figure 8)
Remote Base Station words, signaling delay and overhead [18][19]. With CS/CB, a given sub-
Configurations between eNode B, which are issues in frame is transmitted from one cell to a
There are two ways to implement independent eNode B configurations, given UE, as shown in Fig. 8 (a), and
CoMP technology: autonomous distrib- are small in this case, and control of coordinated beamforming and schedul-
uted control based on an independent high speed radio resources between ing is done between cells to reduce the
eNode B configuration, or centralized cells is relatively easy. However, high- interference caused to other cells. On
control based on Remote Radio Equip- capacity optical fiber is required, and as the other hand, for joint processing, as
ment (RRE) (Figure 7) [17]. With an the number of RRE increases, the pro- shown in Fig. 8 (b-1) and (b-2), joint
independent eNode B configuration, cessing load on the central eNode B transmission by multiple cells to a
signaling over wired transmission paths increases, so there are limits on how given UE, in which they transmit at the
is used between eNode B to coordinate this can be applied. For these reasons, it same time using the same time and fre-
among cells. Signaling over wired is important to use both distributed con- quency radio resources, and dynamic
Central Independent
eNode B eNode B
*32 Fractional frequency reuse: A control *33 Baseband: The bandwidth of the data signal
method which assigns different frequency before and after being converted to the radio
ranges for cell-edge UE. frequency band on the transmitter and receiver
for radio communication. Normally this is a
low bandwidth.
Coherent/Non-coherent transmission
for implementation. We will also con-
tinue study towards introducing CoMP
eNode B RRE technology into LTE-Advanced, includ-
Cell
ing application environments and effec-
(b-1) Joint transmission tiveness.
transmission, two methods are being tion is occurring, so it should have little NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal, Vol.
12, No. 1, pp. 45-53, Jun. 2010.
studied: non-coherent transmission, impact on the radio interface specifica-
[5] 3GPP RP-080138: “Proposed workplan
which uses soft-combining reception of tions. for SI: LTE-Advanced,” Mar. 2008.
the OFDM signal; and coherent trans- [6] 3GPP TR36.913 V9.0.0: “Requirements
mission, which does precoding between 5. Conclusion for further advancements for E-UTRA
(LTE-Advanced),” Dec. 2009.
cells and uses in-phase combining at In this article, we have given an
[7] 3GPP TR36.814 V2.0.1: “Evolved Univer-
the receiver. overview of MIMO and CoMP tech- sal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Fur-
nologies being applied in LTE and ther advancements for E-UTRA Physical
4.4 Uplink Multi-cell Reception LTE-Advanced. The standard specifica- layer aspects,” Mar. 2010.
[8] 3GPP RP-091429: “Work Item Descrip-
With uplink multi-cell reception, tions for LTE are complete in Rel. 8,
tion: Enhanced Downlink Multiple
the signal from a UE is received by and standardization of LTE-Advanced
Antenna Transmission,” Dec. 2009.
[9] 3GPP RP-091430: “Work Item Description: technology submission of 3GPP LTE Advanced Radio Access,” IEICE Technical
Uplink Multi-Antenna Transmission,” Dec. Release 10 & beyond (LTE-Advanced) Reports, RCS2008-136, pp. 37-42, Nov.
2009. under Step 3 of the IMT-Advanced 2008 (In Japanese).
[10] E. Biglieri, R. Calderbank, A. Constanti- process,” Jun. 2009. [18] M. K. Karakayali, G. J. Foschini and R. A.
nides, A. Goldsmith, A. Paulraj and H. V. [14] 3GPP R1-074865, Nokia Siemens Net- Valenzuela: “Network coordination for
Poor: “MIMO Wireless Communications,” work, Nokia: “UL DM RS for Multi-band- spectrally efficient communications in cel-
Cambridge University Press, 2007. width Multi-user MIMO,” Nov. 2007. lular systems,” IEEE Wireless Commun.
[11] 3GPP TS36.211 V8.9.0: “Evolved Univer- [15] 3GPP R1-091211, LG Electrics: “PUCCH Mag., Vol. 13, No. 4, Aug. 2006.
sal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); TxD Schemes for LTE-A,” Mar. 2009. [19] J. G. Andrews, W. Choi and R. W. Heath
Physical channels and modulation,” Dec. [16] 3GPP R1-093508, NTT DOCOMO: “UL Jr.: “Overcoming Interference in Spatial
2009. Transmit Diversity Schemes in LTE- Multiplexing MIMO Cellular Networks,”
NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal
[12] 3GPP TS36.213 V8.8.0: “Evolved Univer- Advanced,” Aug. 2009. IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., Vol. 14,
sal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); [17] M. Tanno, Y. Kishiyama, H. Taoka, N. No. 6, pp. 95-104, Dec. 2007.
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[13] ITU-R Document 5D/496-E: “An initial “Requirements and Technologies for LTE-