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Footnote Table of Contents
# Description Page #
1 Terrence Chouinard, The Alexander S. Lawson Archive, April 18, http://www.lawsonarchive.com/april- 4
18/, accessed 10/10/2012.
2 Churchward, James; Lost Continent of Mu Motherland of Man; William Edwin Rudge; 1926; page 206. 5
3 Cornyn, J.H.; Bulletin of the Pan American Union; Mexico’s Mystery Writing; July 1926. 6-10
4 Churchward, James; Lost Continent of Mu Motherland of Man; William Edwin Rudge; 1926; page 206. 11
5 Legon, Jeordan; CNN Tech; Scientist: Oldest American skull found; http://articles.cnn.com/2002-12- 12
03/tech/oldest.skull_1_skull-and-other-bones-oldest-skull-ainu-people?_s=PM:TECH; accessed
10/10/2012.
6 Churchward, James; Children of Mu; Ives-Washburn Publishers; 1931; page 20 13
7 Ibid; page 20 14
8 Ibid; page 106 15
9 Ibid; page 169 16
10 Ibid; page 150 17
12a Churchward, James; Lost Continent of Mu Motherland of Man; William Edwin Rudge; 1926; page106 19
12b Churchward, James; Children of Mu; Ives-Washburn Publishers; 1931; page 215 20
13a Churchward, James; Lost Continent of Mu Motherland of Man; William Edwin Rudge; 1926; page107 21
13b Churchward, James; Children of Mu; Ives-Washburn Publishers; 1931; page 215 22
14 Churchward, James; Children of Mu; Ives-Washburn Publishers; 1931; page 217 23
15 Churchward, James; Lost Continent of Mu Motherland of Man; William Edwin Rudge; 1926; page 242 24
17 Churchward, James; Copies of Stone Tablets Found By William Niven in Santiago Ahuizoctla Near 26-27
Mexico City; Self; 1927; page 4
18 Ibid; page 5 28-29
19 Niven, William; Omitlán, A Prehistoric City in Mexico; Bulletin of the American Geological Society; 30-35
1896; pages 217-222
20 Niven, William; Remarkable Discovery of the Ruins of Prehistoric City in Mexico; American 36-37
Antiquarian; Volume XIX; July & August 1897; No. 4; pages 187-190
21 Wicks, Robert S., Harrison, Roland H.; Buried Cities, Forgotten Gods: William Niven’s Life of Discovery 38
and Revolution in Mexico and the American Southwest; Texas Tech University Press; 1999; page 153.
22 Niven’s discoveries at Placeros del Oro are discussed in The American Anthropologist; Volume 13; pages 39-68
29-55; 1910
23 Churchward, James; Sacred Symbols of Mu; Ives-Washburn Publishers; pages 189-196 69-76
26 3rd millennium B.C.E. is generally accepted as the earliest date of habitation of the city-state of Babylon 79-92
27 6000 B.C.E. is generally accepted as the earliest date of habitation of the city-state of Nineveh 93-104
28 3200 B.C.E. is generally accepted as the earliest date of habitation of the city of Thebes (Egypt) 105-108
29 Although most of the aforementioned article was included in the 1926 Lost Continent of Mu Motherland 109
of Man, the portion containing this sentence was lined out in the scrapbook and not included in the book.
30 See Niven's Mexican Buried Cities articles in the appendix. Not lined out but also not included in Chapter 110
11
31 Ibid; not lined out in the scrapbook 111
32 Ibid; not lined out, but also not included in Chapter 11 112
33 Wicks, Robert S., Harrison, Roland H.; Buried Cities, Forgotten Gods: William Niven’s Life of Discovery 113-114
and Revolution in Mexico and the American Southwest; Texas Tech University Press; 1999; pages 213,
235
34 Weeks, George F.; Footprints of Lost Tribes: Races That Once Inhabited the Valley of Mexico; Mexican
Review; April 1917; pages 10-12.
35 Ibid; page 11 115-118
36 Ibid
37 Ibid
38 CJ; From the Highlands of Lemuria III; Theosophy Quarterly; Vol. XV No. 57; July 1917; pages 164-168
39 Ibid; page 165 119-124
40 Ibid; page 166
41 Mena, Ramon; Un gran decubrimiento Arqueologico (A Great Archaeological Discovery), Imprenta 125-155
Nacional, S.A.; 1920
42 Wicks, Robert S., Harrison, Roland H.; Buried Cities, Forgotten Gods: William Ni’s Life of Discovery 156
and Revolution in Mexico and the American Southwest; Texas Tech University Press; 1999; page 208
43 Eifer, Maurice; Find Five Pre-historic Civilizations in Mexico; Charleston Daily Mail; November 10, 157
1923; page 4
44 Cornyn, John Hubert; Mexico’s Mystery Writing; Bulletin of the Pan American Union; Vol. LXI; January
– December 1927 6-10
45 Ibid
46 Yeeshing L. C. Tao; Prehistoric Chinese in Mexico; Mexican Review; August 1926; pages 44-45 158-159
47 C J Velarde, A NEW RECKONING in Mexican Archaeology; Los Angeles Times; Aug 1, 1926;
ProQuest Historical Newspapers Los Angeles Times (1881 - 1989) pg. K13
49 Ibid; page 233-234 161-162
50 Ibid; page 236 163
51 The Garden of Eden Under the Pacific Ocean?; San Antonio Light; May 15, 1932 164
52 Details are available on James Churchward’s Mu blog at http://blog.my-mu.com/ as well as any further 165-167
updates to the information
53 Ferguson, A.M. & J; The Planting Directory for India and Ceylon; 1878. 168-171
54 Griffith, Percy Tate; My Friend Churchey and His Sunken Island of Mu; unpublished manuscript; 1937; 171-173
page 28-29
55 Fishing Among the Thousand Islands (1894); A Big Game and Fishing Guide to Northeastern Maine -
(1897)
56 Griffith, Percy Tate; My Friend Churchey and His Sunken Island of Mu; unpublished manuscript; 1937; 174
page 95
57 See http://www.my-mu.com/radiodays/ for a complete listing of James’ WNYC Radio programs 175-180
58 See http://www.my-mu.com/jworks.html for links to some of James’ newspaper articles 181-183
and Revolution in Mexico and the American Southwest; Texas Tech University Press; 1999; page 240.
61 Churchward, James; Children of Mu; Ives-Washburn Publishers; 1931 186
and Revolution in Mexico and the American Southwest; Texas Tech University Press; 1999; page 217-
218, 249
64 Ibid., page 253 191
65 Churchward, James; Lost Continent of Mu; Ives-Washburn Publishers; 1931; page 248 192
66 Tietsort, Francis J.; Says Real Motherland of Mankind Now Lies at Bottom of Pacific; Danville Bee; Nov. 193
13, 1924
67 Tietsort, Francis J.; Locates Eden in Lost Land; New York American; Nov. 10, 1924; Front Page. 194
68 Churchward, James; Sacred Indian Tablets Disclose the New Story of the World’s Creation; Oakland 195
Tribune; August 16, 1925
69 De Camp, L. Sprague; Lost Continents: The Atlantis Theme in History Science and Literature; Dover; -
1970; Tompkins, Peter; Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids; Harper & Row; 1976
70 Churchward, James, Synopsis of Earliest History of Central America and Yucatan; Mount Vernon Daily 196-197
Argus; undated – text contained in appendix.
71 Churchward, Jack E; James Churchward and the Mongols; my-mu.com podcast at http://www.my- 198-199
mu.com/podcasts/pc29.html; 2012
72 Churchward, James; Lost Continent of Mu Motherland of Man; William Edwin Rudge; 1926; pages 221- 200-201
222; See appendix: Chapter 11: Niven’s Buried Cities.
and Revolution in Mexico and the American Southwest; Texas Tech University Press; 1999; Page 240
74 Ibid; pages 217-218, 249 203-205
and Revolution in Mexico and the American Southwest; Texas Tech University Press; 1999; pages 217-
218
76 Copies of the letters are available on James Churchward’s Mu blog at http;//blog.my-mu.com 208-212
The Alexander S. Lawson Archive » April 18 http://www.lawsonarchive.com/april-18/
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April 18
On April 18, 1925, a printer discussed in a radio talk the production of a book which had been printed in his plant.
Normally reticent about speaking in public, William Edwin Rudge was perhaps emboldened by the fact that it was also
his wedding anniversary.
The Printing House of William Edwin Rudge, then located in Mount Vernon, New York, was one of the notable printing
offices of its period. At the particular time, it was at the height of its fame for its production of fine books. In addition it
was noted for first class commercial printing, for which there was a somewhat better market.
Rudge, the son of a printer who had operated a very small shop in New York City, had no early love for printing.
However, he had, by force of circumstances, become responsible for his family’s business at an early age because his
father became too ill to continue it on his own. At the age of eleven he had worked in the shop, learning the trade in the
fashion of the typical printer’s devil. While he found it necessary to leave school in order to help out, he later managed to
complete a three years’ course in engineering at night at Cooper Union. But increased responsibilities in the small shop
interfered with such study, and young Rudge settled down to be a printer.
The quality of printing produced by his shop was quite ordinary and comparable to the output of the countless little plants
scattered through downtown Manhattan. In one aspect, however, Rudge slowly acquired a reputation, and this was in his
ability to schedule and deliver his work promptly.
Rudge became one of the founders of the Graphics Group which met at the National Arts Club, and included such men as
Thomas Nast Fairbanks, Frederic W. Goudy, Hal Marchbanks, and John Clyde Oswald. The intellectual challenge of this
group awoke in Rudge a love for the historic values of his craft and a realization that printing could be more than just a
livelihood. He enlisted the aid of the best typographic designers. By 1920 he was producing such a volume of top quality
printing that he was able to enter over a hundred pieces in the famous National Arts Club Exhibition of that year. Of the
thirty-nine medals awarded, his firm won six, with designs commissioned from Goudy, Bruce Rogers, and Elmer Adler.
In 1921 the plant was moved to Mount Vernon. For the next ten years some of the finest printing being produced in
America issued from its presses. It was this period that was dominated by Bruce Rogers, who designed eighty books for
the firm up to 1931. Among these are several of Rogers’ finest books, such as the Journal of Madam Knight, Pierrot of
the Minute, and Champ Fleury. The 18-volume Boswell Papers was another design of Rogers which was a unique
achievement of the firm.
With his reputation fully established and his dedication to fine printing in full swing, William Edwin Rudge died
prematurely in his fifty-fourth year in 1931. In its obituary, the Inland Printer stated, “. . . we have in the industry men
who are printers because they love their work beyond any other activity in life. Printing to this type of craftsman is an art,
a passion, a lifework of consuming interest. It was in this group that William Edwin Rudge towered above most printers.”
Posted on 18 April 2010 under A Printer’s Almanac.

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1 of 3 10/10/12 9:27 AM
Niven's Mexican Buried Cities
11
OUR first step on leaving the United States will be to pass into Mexico by
crossing the Rio Grande.
In Mexico our first stop will be about 29 miles north of Mexico City. There
we shall find a wonderful treasure.
One of the most remarkable, and, without doubt, one of the most valuable
geological and archaeological discoveries ever made has been achieved by
William Niven, mineralogist of Mexico, who recorded it some years ago; but
like all other American discoveries, it was apparently not considered in the
slightest way by the scientific world.
Niven's most wonderful discovery has a twofold significance; for, in
addition to enlightening the world about prehistoric man, and dating his
civilization far back into the Tertiary Era, thousands of years before the
majestic ranges of mountains raised their imposing peaks above the plains, it
also gives a clue as to when the great gas belts were formed and mountains
raised.
It shows that highly civilized races struggled through the most appalling and
terrific volcanic workings the earth has ever known.
- 206 -
By John Hubert Cornyn
the mystery of the Maya writing about to be solved? Explorers

IS in the Valley of Mexico and other parts of the Mexican Republic
believe so, and they back up their belief with what seems startling
evidence.
The Mayawriting bears no resemblance to any of the other known
systems of writing of the old or the new world. Like the ancient
Egyptian civilization it appears full blown. If it had its origin in
America, why did not other Indian races, who were almost as far
advanced in civilization as the Mayas, adopt the primitive glyphs
from which the Maya writing sprang and improve upon them as the
Mayas did? Why have we no evidence or knowledge of the origin
of the Maya writing?
Recent explorations, which have
set back thousands of years the
beginning of native Ahierican writing, may furnish the answer of
these questions; for they have brought to light hundreds of stones
upon which are engraved glyphs unlike anything heretofore found.
These glyphs are well made and suggest that the race which invented
and used them had gone through a long period of development before
it had perfected them.
When did the race which left these curious ancient glyphs flourish?
The answer might be given in the words that fre-
to this question
quently introduce the Indian hero or wonder tale: "In the days of
long ago." How long is uncertain; but it was before the Nahua
races began their first migrations southward, probably about the time
the Indo-European races were beginning their exodus from their
Asiatic home, in that dim-distant past which tradition characterizes
as the "days of long ago."
About a year ago well-worked stone blocks of various sizes ranging
from 1 inch square to 2 feet or more were found in the brick pits to
the west of the City of Mexico. These had engraved on them figures
of what have since been proven to be primitive gods; while many of
the smaller stones bore glyph-like figures or signs. In most cases,
the engraved lines had been filled in with red or yellow paint, thus
making the figures stand out with startling vividness. Careful com-
parisons of the various engraved stones show that the paint was
1 The Panama Times, Panama, July 11, 1926.
44
:
MEXICO'S MYSTERY WETTING 45
applied not only to make the engraved lines show up but also to convey
very definite meanings, in a religious or mythological sense. Yellow
was the peculiar color of the Sun God; red that of the Fire and the Vol-
cano gods; green that of the Earth Mother; white that of the God of
the Morning.
At first the finding of these engraved and painted stones created
very little interest in scientific circles because they were looked upon
as the barbarous art of a very primitive people, and because the signifi-
cance of finding stones with glyphs upon them, among a people who
must have lived several thousand years before the beginning of the
Maya civilization, was not appreciated. But as the excavations con-
tinued and it became evident that ancient Mexican people lived and
flourished before the lava streams to the south of Mexico City, which
were deposited probably 5,000 years ago, scientists began to realize
that here was something absolutely new, not only in Mexican civiliza-
tion, but in the history of the early civilizations of the world.
All the stones bearing glyphs were burned black, showing that they
had passed through fire. The roofs of the adobe houses in which they
were found, originally of thatch filled with mud, had also been sub-
jected, following some stupendous inundations, to an intense heat
that had turned the mud into terra cotta. Immense quantities of
these "baked roofs" were taken out of the brick pits about San
Miguel Amantla, a small village lying between Mexico City and the
foothills to the west. The skeletons of the dead found in the ruins of
these houses had also been charred until in many cases they resemble
charcoal. The evidence shows that this ancient people had been
drowned out; that the inundation had come upon them so suddenly
that they had not been able to escape and that they had perished in
the ruins of their homes.
Another new and unexpected ''find" of an unusual nature increases
the interest in this buried primitive civilization of Mexico
To the west of Mexico City in the foothills are great ''caves" from
which stonecutters have been taking out "tepetate," a sort of con-
glomerate stone, for many years. These caves or quarries extend far
underground, some of them having many ramifications. The inner
quarries are in absolute darkness, the quarrymen working with
candles or oil lamps. -
All about the Valley of Mexico to an elevation of approximately

half a mile above the level of the valley are great stretches of stratified
conglomerate rock: sand, gravel, volcanic ash, and other debris.
These lie in separate undisturbed strata which climb the foothills
far back into the mountains, that rise like a vast encircling wall
about the valley forming a circumference of more than 300 miles.
That these strata were all formed under water, as the formation
20979— 26t— Bull. 1 4
46 THE PAlSr AMERICAN UNION-
plainly shows, furnishes the most conclusive evidence that the Valley
of Mexico, in the dim and distant ages of the past, was subjected to
one of the most stupendous inundations of all time, an inundation
that turned the valley into an immense lake more than half a mile
deep.
At the time of the conquest of the empire of the Moctezumas in
1521 a tradition of this great flood still existed. So greatly had the
destruction of the primitive civilization of the Valley of Mexico
impressed the survivors, that Aztec tradition recorded that the flood
drowned out the sun leaving the world in darkness; that a new sun
had to be created by the gods and that the new sun ruled a new age
in the history of the world.
Many underground quarries or caves are at an elevation of
of the
from 200 500 feet above the Valley of Mexico. Above the floors
to
of the quarries extend 30 to 80 feet of stratified sand, gravel, partially
formed conglomerate stone and volcanic ash. The floors of the
quarries are generally formed of fine volcanic sand, gravel and ash,
all of which is fire-marked. In this are found engraved stones
similar to those found from 15 to 40 feet beneath the surface of the
Valley of Mexico. But none of these stones bear marks of fire, while
all those down in the valley are strongly fire-marked. The valley
stones are found in the ruins of houses and temples. Not a vestige
of civilization e:^cept the stones themselves has been found in the
tepetate quarries. Yet there is no doubt that the stones of the
valley and those from the tepetate quarries had the same origin.
Why then, are the valley stones fire-marked and the "cave" stones
untouched by the destructive element that has left its terrible marks
upon the buried cities of the valley?
The answer to this question is also the answer to the other question
already propounded as to when the race which built up this extensive
primitive civilization flourished.
To the south of the Valley of Mexico are vast lava beds from two
to several yards in thickness and fearfully scarred by time.. These
are known as the Pedregales. They are the result of extensive
volcanic eruptions from Mount Xitli some 5,000 years ago, according
to estimates made by geological experts. The strata in which the
glyph-stones are found extend under these volcanic beds, never over
them. The glyph-stone civflization, therefore, which was drowned
out by the great inundation, had disappeared before the activity of
Mount Xitli covered the Valley of Mexico with a vast winding sheet
of volcanic ash and buried the wrecks of dead cities under a far-
extending blanket of lava stone, through which, to-day, the heads
of very ancient pyramids project, while their bases are 30 feet or
more beneath the surface of the lava. This means that the stratified
rock, sand, gravel, conglomerate and volcanic ash, in which the
MEXICO'S MYSTEKY WEITING 47
glyphs are found, existed before the occurrence of the lava flows.
The formation of these vast stratified deposits must have taken a
long time during which the Valley of Mexico was under water. And
before this the dead and buried civilization of which the glyphs is
a survival, had lived, flourished, and died. This takes this primitive
Mexican civilization back to a comparatively remote age which was
not later than 8,000 years ago and probably much more.
All the fire-marked engraved stones found buried in the bed of the
Valley of Mexico are of heavy material such as could not easily have
been moved by floods of water, especially as they are always found
within the remains of massive walls. But the glyph-stones encoun-
tered in the tepetate stone caves or quarries are invariably pumice,
which is lighter than water. When the great inundation came and
filled the valley up to a height of half a mile the heavy engraved
stones remained behind within the walls of the buildings in the

flatlands of the valley, while the light pumice stones floated and were
carried up against the projecting foothills where they were buried
by the shifting sands, gravel and volcanic ash. When the great flood
went down, probably after many years, as the Valley of Mexico ha«
no natural drainage, the descending floods of burning volcanic ash
from Mount Xitli burned the glyph-stones that still remained in the
ruins of the dead towns of the valley; but as the pumice glyph-stones
were already buried under many feet of stratified deposits, these
escaped the ravages of the fires engendered by the burning volcanic ash.
Thus nature in one of her most violent cataclysms, has preserved
for posterity the most irrefutable evidence of a comparatively
advanced civilization that was swept out of existence in the most
tragic manner, in an age so far back that only the most fantastic
legend has any remembrance of it. This stupendous destruction
explains why these ancient glyphs, which display more evidence of
skill and a more organized system of writing than that of any of
the races which followed in the Valley of Mexico, should apparently

have had no influence on succeeding civilizations, unless it may be
that they were the forebears of the Maya writing. This, only a most
careful, detailed and far-extending comparison can prove or disprove
now that several thousand years separate the earlier system of
glyphs from the highly developed Maya writing.
When the glyph stones first began to appear, I thought they con-
sisted of a few conventional signs probably used in the temples or in
the religious ceremonies dedicated to the gods. But since then such a
vast number of these glyph stones have come to light, and they display
such a wonderful variety of signs, apparently both simple and
compound, that no room is left for doubt that the system of glyphs
was very extensive. The glyphs are in many cases so obviously
conventional that they convey the idea of a civilization that had
'
48 THE PAN AMEKICAlSr UNION
reached a high degree of development. The Niven Museum alone,

inMexico City, contains over 1,600 glyph-stones, most of which were
taken from the tepetate quarries or the debris about the mouths of
the "caves" described.
Each glyph-stone generally bears what is apparently a single image,
idea, word, or it may be phrase. As the stones were carried for
several miles on the flood, before being deposited against the side of a
projecting hill or in some bay or inlet, all knowledge of their original
order in the temples has been lost, so that we are unable to say whether
the glyphs expressed simple isolated ideas or a consecutive story
when placed in a certain order. There are a few stones of a more
complicated character which apparently bear numerous glyphs in
columns. As these signs relate to the nature gods it is possible to
read them in the light of what we know of the Aztec and other native
Mexican writing of a hieroglyphic character. This is an indication
that the vanished race had advanced beyond the stage of purely
separate glyphs.
Many of these glyphs are within an inclosing border, exactly as
are many of the Maya glyphs. It is probable that the Maya inclosing
border is the result of engraving a separate glyph or idea on a single
stone. These stones, if placed in horizontal lines or perpendicular
rows, would give the appearance the Maya glyphs present to-day.
In these ancient glyphs the gods who are apparently all nature gods
play a very prominent part. Naturally the deities who brought the
rain, who produced growth, fired the hearth, and cooked the food are
the most prominent in all systems of primitive religions; and the
glyphs and paintings of this primitive American civilization show that
their possessors were no exception to the rule. While the lightning,
wind and personified vegetation are represented on comparatively
small glyph stones, the sun, the fire, the volcano and the dual-god,
Sun-fire, are painted on great cement altar tops, on the summit of
adobe altars from 15 to 30 feet high. Frequently, too, they are
drawn on heavy stones which probably formed permanent' monu-
ments in the temples or on the truncated pyramidal altars, of which
there are scores about the town of Ajuixotla, to the west of Mexico
City, in the Valley of Mexico. Some years ago the summits of sunken
pyramids and altars projected by scores above the surface of the
ground in this locality. Most of them, however, have been leveled
by the small farmers and the adobe and brick makers. Yet their
presence is still indicated by the uneven nature of the land which,
being the ancient bottom of the lake, should be level. Some of these
large altar stones are elaborately carved and painted in a manner
that shows much skill and knowledge on the part of the artist.
Others, however, are very rudely done. The latter are probably
sacred survivals from a still more primitive past.
The Lost Continent of Mu
11
OUR first step on leaving the United States will be to pass into Mexico by crossing the
Rio Grande.
In Mexico our first stop will be about 29 miles north of Mexico City. There we shall find
a wonderful treasure.
One of the most remarkable, and, without doubt, one of the most valuable geological and
archaeological discoveries ever made has been achieved by William Niven, mineralogist
of Mexico, who recorded it some years ago; but like all other American discoveries, it
was apparently not considered in the slightest way by the scientific world.
Niven's most wonderful discovery has a twofold significance; for, in addition to
enlightening the world about prehistoric man, and dating his civilization far back into the
Tertiary Era, thousands of years before the majestic ranges of mountains raised their
imposing peaks above the plains, it also gives a clue as to when the great gas belts were
formed and mountains raised.
It shows that highly civilized races struggled through the most appalling and terrific
volcanic workings the earth has ever known.
206
Scientist: Oldest American skull found - CNN http://articles.cnn.com/2002-12-03/tech/oldest.skull_1_skull-an...
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Researchers said it may be the oldest skull ever found in the Americas: an elongated-faced woman
who died about 13,000 years ago.But perhaps more significant than the age, researchers said, is that
Beautiful Spanish Women the skull and other bones were found while digging a well near Mexico City International Airport.
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"Here Mexico is providing the opportunity to see what clues these bones can yield about man's arrival
in the American continent," Mexican anthropologist Jose Concepcion Jimenez Lopez said.
Find More Stories About » The oldest skull up to now, believed to be that of "Buhl Woman," was found in 1989 at a gravel quarry
Scientists in Idaho. Scientists said it dates back 10,500 to 11,000 years. But researchers scarcely studied those
Skull bones before the Shoshone-Bannock tribe claimed and reburied them.The "Peñon Woman III" -- which
scientists believe is now the oldest skull from the New World -- has been sitting in Mexico City's
Advertisement National Museum of Anthropology since 1959.
At the insistence of geologist Silvia Gonzalez, who had a hunch that the bones were older than
previously thought, the remains were taken to Oxford University to be carbon-dated. And indeed, tests
proved Gonzalez's assertion.
Scientists said they believe that the Peñon Woman died anywhere from 12,700 to 13,000 years ago at
the age of 27.Emboldened by her finding, Gonzalez will try to prove her theory that the bones of the
Peñon Woman belong not to Native Americans, but to descendants of the Ainu people of Japan.She
said she bases her hypothesis on the elongated, narrow shape of the Peñon Woman's skull. Native
Americans, she said, are round-faced with broad cheeks. "Quite different from Peñon Woman," she
said.She said she believes descendants of the Ainu people made their way to the New World by island
hoping on boats.
"If this proves right, it's going to be quite contentious," said Gonzalez, who teaches at John Moores
University in England and received a grant last week from the British government to conduct her
research. "We're going to say to Native Americans, 'Maybe there were some people in the Americas
before you, who are not related to you.' "
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1 of 2 10/11/12 8:20 AM
Children of Mu
CHAPTER II
THE EASTERN LINES
COLONIZATION.—When Mu, the Motherland, became overcrowded, or, among her great
navigators, some ambitious and enterprising company found new and available lands, a colonial
development was started. These emigrant children of Mu were called Mayas. All who left the
Motherland in any direction were called Mayas. Colonization must have started at least 70,000
years before Mu sank, for there are Naacal writings in the Orient stating that the Holy Brothers
carried the religion and the sciences of the Motherland to the colonies "over 70,000 years ago."
One of these colonies was said to "have a population of 35,000,000 people."
From the remains of man of great antiquity found in all parts of the earth, and of which in
many cases a fragmentary history is given in the form of symbolic writings, tableaux, tablets and
in ancient documents, I am enabled to plot out the courses or lines taken by the colonists from
the Motherland. From these remains it is very clearly shown that two main directions of
colonization were followed, with many branches from the main lines, and many independent
short lines. The two main directions were east and west from Mu. I have found no records
showing which of these directions was first commenced, or the approximate date when Mu's first
colony was established. The date of only one colony is to be found so far, the Maya Colony on
the Nile Delta in Egypt, which was set-tied about 16,000 years ago. Records point to the
possibil-
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Children of Mu
CHAPTER II
THE EASTERN LINES
COLONIZATION.—When Mu, the Motherland, became overcrowded, or, among her great
navigators, some ambitious and enterprising company found new and available lands, a colonial
development was started. These emigrant children of Mu were called Mayas. All who left the
Motherland in any direction were called Mayas. Colonization must have started at least 70,000
years before Mu sank, for there are Naacal writings in the Orient stating that the Holy Brothers
carried the religion and the sciences of the Motherland to the colonies "over 70,000 years ago."
One of these colonies was said to "have a population of 35,000,000 people."
From the remains of man of great antiquity found in all parts of the earth, and of which in
many cases a fragmentary history is given in the form of symbolic writings, tableaux, tablets and
in ancient documents, I am enabled to plot out the courses or lines taken by the colonists from
the Motherland. From these remains it is very clearly shown that two main directions of
colonization were followed, with many branches from the main lines, and many independent
short lines. The two main directions were east and west from Mu. I have found no records
showing which of these directions was first commenced, or the approximate date when Mu's first
colony was established. The date of only one colony is to be found so far, the Maya Colony on
the Nile Delta in Egypt, which was set-tied about 16,000 years ago. Records point to the
possibil-
Page 20
Children of Mu
Plongeon found inscriptions in Yucatan stating: "The first settlers in Atlantis were a company of
Mayas from Mayax," also, "Atlantis was first torn to pieces by earthquakes and then
submerged." In this respect Atlantis' fate was a duplication of the fate of Mu.
According to Dr. Henry Schliemann of ancient Troy fame: "In the Museum at St. Petersburg,
Russia, there is a papyrus roll, one of the oldest known. It was written in the reign of Pharaoh
Sent of the Second Dynasty. The papyrus relates that: 'Pharaoh Sent sent out an expedition to the
west in search of traces of the Land of Atlantis from whence, 3350 years before, the ancestors of
the Egyptians arrived carrying with themselves all of the wisdom of their native land. The
expedition returned after five years with the report that they had found neither people nor objects
which could give them a clue to the vanished land.'
"Another papyrus in the same Museum by Manetho, the Egyptian priest-historian, gives a
reference of a period of 13,900 years as the reign of the Sages (Kings) of Atlantis. This papyrus
places the height of the civilization of Atlantis at the very beginning of Egyptian history,
approximately 16,000 years ago."
The Sages referred to in this papyrus were the Kings of Atlantis. They reigned 13,900 years.
Atlantis disappeared 11,500 years ago. Therefore, Atlantis was governed by a king 25,400 years
ago, that is, Atlantis was a kingdom 25,400 years ago.
Dr. Schliemann made some wonderful discoveries about Atlantis which have been published
by his grandson Dr. Paul Schliemann: "When in 1873 I made the excavation of the ruins of Troy
at Hissarlik and discovered in the second city the famous treasures of Priam, I found among that
treasure a peculiar bronze vase of great
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Children of Mu
CHAPTER X
THE WESTERN LINES
VARIOUS important lines of colonization were followed from Mu in westerly directions. There
were two main lines, two secondary ones, and some small independent ones.
The lines about which most is known is the southern main line which ran from Mu to Burma,
Burma to India, and from India to Babylonia and Upper Egypt (Nubia), and to the White and
Blue Niles. The people who conducted this line were originally known as Nagas. Afterwards
they took the names which they gave to their various settlements.
A secondary line ran from Mu to the Malay Islands, from the Malay Islands to Southern India
which they called Dravida, from India to Africa. They settled south of Nubia. These people were
a black race with finely chiseled features and straight black hair—they were called Tamils.
Without question the most important westerly line from Mu was the northern main line
conducted by a people called Uighurs, the forefathers of the Aryan races. The Uighur Empire
was possibly the first, and unquestionably the largest, most important, and most powerful, of all
the colonial empires belonging to Mu.
A short independent line was carried out to the Malay Islands by a people known as Quiche
Mayas. The color of the Quiches varies more than that of any other race of man,
Page 169
them is so unorthodox to present theories that the recipients have looked upon it as a pack of
nonsense.
Egypt was colonized by two sets of people, commencing at two separate and distinct parts.
One set coming to Lower Egypt from the West, the other set coming to Upper Egypt from the
East. The colonists coming from the West made their first settlement at Sais on the Nile Delta
and were anciently known as the Nile Colony. The colonists coming from the East made
settlements on the East Coast of Africa from Cape Guardefui to the head of the Red Sea. In India
I find the name Maioo given as the name of this colony, but whether it included all of the
territory heretofore mentioned, or only a part near Suakin on the Red Sea, I cannot say. Maioo
was their Capital City, at least at the time of the writing of the Indian records, and it would seem
to have been the name of the district as well. From the coast they worked back until they came to
the Nile. Here they extended themselves both up and down. Eventually, the Upper Egyptians met
the Lower Egyptians on the Nile, thus forming another complete chain of man around the earth.
About ten thousand years after the first settlement was made at Sais, war broke out between
the people of Upper Egypt and the people of Lower Egypt, resulting in the overthrow of the
Lower Egyptians. The two were then joined and thereafter formed one empire. I will now go
back and trace the Upper Egyptians to their colony from India.
THE MAIOO COLONY.—After the Babylonian Colony was formed, how long afterwards is
not known, the Nagas from India took another step to the West. From India they went to
northeast Africa. They made settlements in the Gulf of Aden and at different points on the West
Coast of the Red Sea. Both Indian and Egyptian records
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Children of Mu
CHAPTER XIV
BABYLONIA
THE history of Babylonia is made up of the histories of the Akkadians, the Sumerians, the
Chaldeans, the Assyrians, the Medes and the Persians; only one of which exists today as a
distinctive people. The recorded history such as has been found, referring to what historians have
called "the old Oriental Empires" and recorded by our scientists, consists of the reading of a few
tablets and inscriptions written in cuneiform and then matching up their translations with the
Biblical Legends. The furthest any of these go back is less than 5000 years ago. The
commencement of Babylonia dates back 18,000 years or more when a settlement on the river
Euphrates was made by a company of Naga-Mayas from India. In after times they met the end of
the Eastern Line from Mu. The people they met were Semitics.
THE AKKADIANS.—The first Akkadians were a company of Naga-Mayas from India who
came through the Persian Gulf and made their first settlement at the mouth of the Euphrates
River. They called the place Akkad. Akkad is a Naga-Maya word meaning "soft and marshy
ground" which today is the character of the ground on the Euphrates Delta. When the settlement
was formed the people adopted the name they had given to their settlement and thus became
known as the Akkadians. Temple records in India speak of this settlement but give no date.
Contemporary records have dates of about 18,000 years
Page 229
I think the Uighur records will be all that is necessary to convince the most skeptical mind that it
is clearly proven by symbols alone that Mu was the motherland of man; but, as an old Hindu
saying goes:
"It is easier to snatch a pearl from the teeth of a crocodile, or to twist an angry, venomous serpent
around one's head like a garland of flowers, without incurring danger, than to make an Ignorant
or an obstinate person change his mind."
The Uighur was the principal colonial empire belonging to Mu at the time of the biblical
"Flood," which destroyed its eastern half.
Chinese legends tell that the Uighurs were at the height of their civilization about 17,000 years
ago. This date agrees with geological phenomena.
The Uighur Empire stretched its powerful arms from the Pacific Ocean across Central Asia and
into Eastern Europe from the Caspian Sea on. This was before the British Isles became separated
from the continent of Europe.
The southern boundary of the Uighur Empire was along the northern boundaries of Cochin
China, Burma, India and Persia, and this was before the Himalayas and the. other Asiaitic
mountains were raised.
Their northern boundary extended into Siberia, but how far there is no record to tell. Remains of
their cities have been found in the southern parts of Siberia.
Eventually the Uighurs extended themselves into Europe around the western and northern shores
of the Caspian Sea, as related in a very ancient Hindu record; from here they continued on
through Central Europe to its western boundary, Ireland.
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Children of Mu
CHAPTER XIII
THE GREAT UIGHUR EMPIRE
THE Great Uighur Empire was the largest and most important colonial empire belonging to Mu,
The Empire of the Sun. Next to Mu herself, the Uighur Empire was the largest empire the world
has ever known.
The eastern boundary of the Uighur Empire was the Pacific Ocean. The western boundary
was about where Moscow in Russia now stands, with outposts extending through the central
parts of Europe to the Atlantic Ocean. The northern boundary is undefined by record but
probably extended to the Arctic Ocean in Asia. The southern boundary was Cochin China,
Burma, India and a part of Persia.
The history of the Uighurs is the history of the Aryan races, for all of the true Aryan races
descended from Uighur forefathers. The Uighurs formed chains of settlements across the central
parts of Europe back in Tertiary Times. After the Empire was destroyed by the great magnetic
cataclysm and mountain raising, the surviving remnants of humanity or their descendants again
formed settlements in Europe. This was during the Pleistocene Time, The Slavs, Teutons, Celts,
Irish, Bretons and Basques are all descended from Uighur stock. The Bretons, Basques, and
genuine Irish are the descendants of those who came to Europe in Tertiary Times. The
descendants of those who survived the magnetic cataclysm and mountain raising.
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Book of the Dead
They settled in northern Spain, northern France, and far down into the Balkan region. The late
archaeological discoveries in Moravia are Uighur remains, and the evidences on which
ethnologists have based their theories that man originated in Asia, have been marks left by the
advancing Uighurs in Europe.
The history of the Uighurs is the history of the Aryans.
Ethnologists have classed certain white races as Aryans which are not Aryans at all, but belong
to a totally different line of colonization.
The capital city of the Uighurs was where the ruins of Khara Khoto now stand in the Gobi
Desert. At the time of the Uighur Empire the Gobi Desert was an exceedingly fertile area of land.
The Uighurs had reached a high state of civilization and culture: they knew astrology, mining,
the textile industries, architecture, mathematics, agriculture, writing, reading, medicine, etc. They
were experts in decorative art on silk, metals and wood, and they made statues of gold, silver,
bronze and clay; and this was before the history of Egypt commenced.
About one-half of the Uighur Empire was destroyed before Mu went down, the other half
subsequent to Mu's submersion.
Professor Kozloff unearthed a tomb 50 feet below the surface at Khara Khoto and in it found
wonderful treasures, which he photographed, not being allowed to disturb or take anything away.
Through the courtesy and kindness of the Sunday American I have obtained the loan of some of
these pictures, two of which I here reproduce with their decipherings, as they are symbolical. I
107
Children of Mu
CHAPTER XIII
THE GREAT UIGHUR EMPIRE
THE Great Uighur Empire was the largest and most important colonial empire belonging to Mu,
The Empire of the Sun. Next to Mu herself, the Uighur Empire was the largest empire the world
has ever known.
The eastern boundary of the Uighur Empire was the Pacific Ocean. The western boundary
was about where Moscow in Russia now stands, with outposts extending through the central
parts of Europe to the Atlantic Ocean. The northern boundary is undefined by record but
probably extended to the Arctic Ocean in Asia. The southern boundary was Cochin China,
Burma, India and a part of Persia.
The history of the Uighurs is the history of the Aryan races, for all of the true Aryan races
descended from Uighur forefathers. The Uighurs formed chains of settlements across the central
parts of Europe back in Tertiary Times. After the Empire was destroyed by the great magnetic
cataclysm and mountain raising, the surviving remnants of humanity or their descendants again
formed settlements in Europe. This was during the Pleistocene Time, The Slavs, Teutons, Celts,
Irish, Bretons and Basques are all descended from Uighur stock. The Bretons, Basques, and
genuine Irish are the descendants of those who came to Europe in Tertiary Times. The
descendants of those who survived the magnetic cataclysm and mountain raising.
Page 215
Children of Mu
Tibetian monasteries are some Naacal writings. I quote from one: "The Naacals, 70,000 years
ago, brought to the Uighur capital cities copies of the Sacred Inspired Writings of the
Motherland." Legendary history states that the Uighurs from the Motherland made their first
settlement in Asia, somewhere on the coast of the Yellow Sea of today. "From there they
extended themselves inland. Their first exodus was to a flat well-watered plain (the Gobi)." After
this records are found of them all through Central Asia to the Caspian Sea. Then through Central
Europe to the Atlantic Ocean.
Written records tell us that the Uighurs had many large cities. Today these are either washed
away or buried under the sands of the Gobi and surrounding lands.
Some Chinese records, bearing a date of 500 B.C., describe the Uighurs as having been "light-
haired, blue-eyed people." "The Uighurs were all of a light complexion, milk-white skins, with
varying color of eyes and hair. In the north blue eyes and light hair predominated. In the south
were found those with dark hair and dark eyes."
I will now consider the following: The cause and date of the destruction of the Uighur capital
city.
The cause of the rich, fertile Gobi becoming a desert, and at what period in the earth's history
it became a desert of sand and desolation.
An ancient record in a monastery states: "The capital city of the Uighurs with all its people
was destroyed by a flood which extended throughout the eastern part of the Empire, destroying
all and everything." This ancient record is absolutely corroborated by geological phenomena:
From the roofs of the capital city up to the foundations
Page 217
A VOLCANIC CATACLYSM
Such as completed the destruction of the Maya edifices in Yucatan, after the earthquakes
had shaken them to their foundations. The Yucatan Mayas – the builders – were virtually
wiped out, 9,500 B.C.
242
Yucatan’s Civilization
the rocks in forming the belt, "earthquakes shook the land like the leaves of a tree in a
storm," the "land rose and rolled like ocean waves." The shocks and rolls from the quakes
shook the Maya structures into ruins. The great waves of water following blotted out all
life (including the white Mayas of Yucatan). Thus not only were the structures destroyed,
but the builders as well.
On the opposite page I have made a sketch showing one of the waves overwhelming a
city.
The work of these cataclysmic waves is to be seen today in the form of sand, gravel, and
small boulders around and against the old ruins, and in some cases, where the buildings
were completely shaken down, this specialized stratum covers them.
Some old Egyptian Papyri refer to these cataclysms, which are confirmed by the Greek
philosophers, Plato and Plutarch (Plutarch's Life of Solon).
After these cataclysms had passed over Central America and Yucatan, wrecking the
structures and wiping out the whole population, the country for a long time was
uninhabitable. As soon as the land became fit for man again, surrounding peoples drifted
in and took possession of it. These were brown races speaking the Maya language. These
brown races were not a part of the white Mayas. Although they spoke the Maya tongue,
they were totally different, and without doubt came from a long way off. They were a
new set of colonizers. This would account for there being no traditions found among
them at the time the Spaniards conquered the country.
These newcomers were neither Nahuatls nor Aztecs. The Nahuatls came from the south
and conquered them.
243
Copies of Stone Tablets Found by William Niven
at Santiago Ahuizoctla Near Mexico City
The conception among all ancient people was: - that in the beginning when the
Creation of the universe was begun, it commenced by Four Great Commands from
the Deity – These commands had various names given them by the various
ancients such as:-
The Sacred Four:- The Builders:- The Four Great Kings:- The Four Great
Intellectual Commands, the Dhyhan Cohans or the Four Great Maharajas etc. But
by whatever name they were called, these Four Great Building Commands
commenced the creation of the universe by bringing law, order and form out of
chaos.
From various writings of these peoples I find that they dedicated their
temples to the Sacred Four. One inscription reads:-
"This temple is dedicated to the Great Creator who by His four great
commands brought law, form and order out of chaos."
I think this is a fair general reading of their temple dedications. Apparently,

occasionally, they vary somewhat in phraseology, yet this apparent variation may
be due to faulty or imperfect translation on my part.
The utmost anyone can do in deciphering and translating ancient inscriptions

and
Page 4
Page 48 of 168
Copies of Stone Tablets Found by William Niven
at Santiago Ahuizoctla Near Mexico City
Page 5
writings is to get the general meaning. Anyone who says he can decipher and
translate ancient writings and inscriptions so as to bring out all minor details is a
fraud and a humbug and has no respect for truth.
The Sacred Four was by far the most prominent symbol among these ancient
people of Mexico. I have never found it so prominently used anywhere else. The
Seven-headed Serpent was equally prominent among the Nagas, and the Egyptian
had Isis, the female aspects of the deity as their first call. The Assyrians made the
Sacred Four quite prominent of the Four Genii and the Babylonians frequently
referred to them.
A great evolution took place in symbolizing the Sacred Four. The first
symbol was a plain cross ! which ended in the Dhyhan Cohans, Swastika and
winged circle. There were many forms between the beginning and these three other
ends.
I will follow with deciphering and translating a few of the writings sent to
me by Niven. The first will be an altar painting.
Page 5
Page 49 of 168
CHAPTER VII
SACRED SYMBOLS CONNECTING NORTH

AMERICA TO MU
SLABS FROM PATAMBO.--These two slabs were found by William Niven in an ancient grave on the
banks of the river Rio del Oro in the state of Guerraro, Mexico. They are not the work of a very ancient
civilization like those of Chimalpa, Remedios et cetera. This civilization occupied Mexico less than
12,000 years ago as is shown by the inscription on one of the tablets, "returned to the region of darkness"
which was submerged Mu.
Their actual age I cannot estimate. Each slab has a top and bottom division. The divisions are formed by a
carved line running horizontally across the face of the slab near its center. The central figure in each of the
top divisions is a conventional, symbolical head of Quetzalcoatl the bearded or feathered serpent, the
symbolic serpent of the Creator in one part of Mu, and corresponds with Naga or Narayana the seven-
headed serpent of Oriental countries.
The ancient peoples of North America had various names for their Serpent of Creation. The Quiches,
called it Gucumatz, the serpent covered with feathers.
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Sacred Symbols of Mu
Sculptured Slab A.
Found by William Niven in a grave at Rio del Oro near Placeres del Oro, state of Guerrero, Mexico.
Size--28 inches long, 18 inches wide and 2 inches thick.
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Chapter 7 Sacred Symbols Connecting North America to Mu
The Mayas called it Ac le Chapat, the plumed or feathered serpent. The Quetzals, the first of men who
trod the soil of America called it Quetzalcoatl, the bearded serpent.
The Pueblo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, even at the present time, call it Quetzalcoatl, the
bearded serpent, thus showing that many thousands of years ago there was an intimate religious
connection between the Pueblo Indians and this past civilization which dwelt in the valley of Rio del Oro,
Mexico. An interesting question arises. Were they intimately connected by blood? Or were they even the
same people? The Quetzals, the first people to arrive in America, took their name from this serpent in the
Motherland just as the Oriental Nagas took their name from Naga, their serpent of creation.
These two slabs have far reaching significance. They are filled with hieratic letters from the alphabet of
Mu. I can find nothing on these slabs to even intimate by what name these people were known.
Slab A. Upper Division. The central figure of the upper division of this slab consists of portions of the
head of a symbolical serpent called Quetzalcoatl, the bearded, also the feathered serpent. A very important
detail in the head are the eyes. This part of the carving is too mutilated to make anything out of it. The
beard of the serpent is prominent and intact; this alone is sufficient to say to what serpent it belongs.
Page 191
The mouth is an oblong square in the form of the hieratic letter M.

Evidently the nose and eyebrows are formed by a pair of serpents in the act of gliding away, leaving for
some reason.
The head is resting on the hieratic letter U, the symbol of an abyss, deep down, et cetera.
The ends of the U are bent outwards ending with the symbol of the sun as Kin, not Ra, thus showing that
it is the earth referred to and not heaven. The bottom part of this division assumes the form of an urn,
symbolizing the body of the earth. The U opening at the top symbolizes the abyss. Within this urn are two
glyphs, squares pointing downward with the symbol, "lost light," engraved upon them (literal translation--
The light has gone forth from the day).
Slab A. Lower Division. This division symbolizes a grave where the body is lying in rest and darkness as
shown by the pointer glyphs. In the upper division the pointer indicated downward, the direction taken by
the body. Here the pointer is changed to horizontal.
The design of this lower division is the two halves of a head placed back to back with each other. The
eyes are again formed of the sun as Kin, the celestial orb, again telling us that this tableau refers to the
earth, not to heaven.
Beneath the eyes are two conventional mouths in the form of the hieratic letter M. This form of M was
used both by the Mayas and Egyptians.
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Within these mouths is another hieratic letter, the letter N, which was the alphabetical symbol of the
Serpent of Creation. This symbol is universal throughout the ancient world.
The American Serpent of Creation is adorned with either feathers or a beard, the Oriental with seven
heads, but in all cases, wherever found, an adorned serpent is the symbol of the Creator and Creation and
among all ancient peoples the hieratic letter N was its alphabetical symbol. Thus we find here in America,
the same symbol used as in the Orient.
Slab A. The Legend. Quetzalcoatl, the Creator, the Bearded Serpent called him, and his soul passed on to
the region of darkness (submerged Mu) there to await the call from the great serpent for re-incarnation.
Slab. B. Slab B, like Slab A, has two divisions, an upper and a lower. These two slabs are so intimately
connected that they may be looked upon as belonging to the same legend--Life and Death. Slab A
symbolized Death and B, Life.
Upper Division. The central figure in this tableau is also the conventional head of the Bearded Serpent,
Quetzalcoatl. In this drawing the action of the two serpents forming the nose and eyebrows differ from
that in Slab A. Instead of gliding away, they are here shown with their heads bent towards the eyes. The
double tongue of the serpents is curving around the eye, not striking it. Their tongues form the symbol for
speech, so they are giving a command.
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Sculptured Slab B.
Page 194
Above and surrounding the head is the hieratic diphthong letter, Dz, a glyph with three steps, which
symbolizes the three steps to the throne.
In the right hand lower corner of the slab the margin forms another Dz with the addition Am. It now reads
Dzam, translated--He who sits upon the throne. At the foot of the throne is the monotheistic symbol of the
Creator. Consequently, it is He, the Creator, who sits upon the throne.
The head, as in Slab A, rests over an urn having also an opening at the top in the form of U. This urn has
an ornamental border composed of a string or succession of the hieratic letter N. This appears to me to
form a strong adjective. Within the body of the urn which symbolizes the body of the earth are two
glyphs, symbolizing darkness, i. e. the region of darkness, submerged Mu.
Lower Division. In the lower division of Slab B we find the exact opposite of Slab A. Here we find the
two halves of the head brought together again and joined with opened, light-seeing eyes. This symbolizes
the soul and body being joined together again, the re-incarnation. This face is twice repeated, the second
forming the adjective to the accomplishment. The mouth in both faces is the oblong square, the symbol of
Mu, thus saying that it is in Mu that the re-incarnation has taken place.
This is identically the same conception as the Egyptian where the soul returns to "Amenti," "The region
Page 195
of darkness," "The domain of Osiris," "Submerged Mu." It was also the conception of the Mayas of
Yucatan, as it is in some Oriental countries today.
On each side of the lower division there are symbolical borders. The border on the left is composed of the
third glyph of the letter H in Mu's alphabet and extends from the top to the bottom of the division. On the
right hand border at the top is the hieratic letter H, the symbol of the Sacred Four.
The various symbols on the right hand border read: "the great serpent, who created all things. He who sits
upon the throne. He who embodies the Sacred Four."
The Legend. When Quetzalcoatl, the Bearded Serpent, the Creator, he who sits upon the throne, whose
Four Great Commands evolved law and order out of chaos, calls--the eyes of those closed in sleep are
opened, the time of their re-incarnation has arrived. They answer the call of the Great Serpent and come
forth into a new day.
Note. The glyphs on these slabs show an intimate connection between these people and the ancient Mayas
of Yucatan. They were also closely connected with the people of Arizona and New Mexico. The
cosmogony of all three is identical.
QUETZAL AND QUETZACOATL.--A popular misconception is that the sun was worshipped by the
ancients. A parallel misconception exists about Quetzal and Quetzalcoatl.
Quetzals was the name of the first people whose feet
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Within these mouths is another hieratic letter, the letter N, which was the alphabetical symbol of the
Serpent of Creation. This symbol is universal throughout the ancient world.
The American Serpent of Creation is adorned with either feathers or a beard, the Oriental with seven
heads, but in all cases, wherever found, an adorned serpent is the symbol of the Creator and Creation and
among all ancient peoples the hieratic letter N was its alphabetical symbol. Thus we find here in America,
the same symbol used as in the Orient.
Slab A. The Legend. Quetzalcoatl, the Creator, the Bearded Serpent called him, and his soul passed on to
the region of darkness (submerged Mu) there to await the call from the great serpent for re-incarnation.
Slab. B. Slab B, like Slab A, has two divisions, an upper and a lower. These two slabs are so intimately
connected that they may be looked upon as belonging to the same legend--Life and Death. Slab A
symbolized Death and B, Life.
Upper Division. The central figure in this tableau is also the conventional head of the Bearded Serpent,
Quetzalcoatl. In this drawing the action of the two serpents forming the nose and eyebrows differ from
that in Slab A. Instead of gliding away, they are here shown with their heads bent towards the eyes. The
double tongue of the serpents is curving around the eye, not striking it. Their tongues form the symbol for
speech, so they are giving a command.
Page 193
stops to consider the number of years required to deposit one foot of earth on a level
plain. Everywhere in this deposit of boulders, pebbles and sand above the first floor I
found fragments of broken pottery, small clay figures, diorite beads, spear and arrow
heads, spindle whorls and other artefacts, mostly broken.
"The second concrete floor is from 4 to 6 feet below the first, the difference in distance
between the two being accounted for by the broken condition of the lower pavement, due
probably, to seismic disturbances. In the intervening space between the two pavements,
one and two, I have failed to find a single piece of pottery, or any other trace to indicate
that people had once lived there.
"Underneath the second pavement, however, came the great find of my many years' work
in Mexican archaeology. First I came upon a well defined layer of ashes from two to
three feet in thickness, and since proved by analysis to be of volcanic origin. Just below
the ashes I found traces of innumerable buildings, large, but regular in size, and
appearing uniformly in more than 100 clay pits, which I have examined during my recent
investigations.
"All of these houses are badly ruined, crushed and filled with ashes and debris. In the past
week's work I found a wooden door, the wood of which had petrified and turned to stone.
The door was arched with a semicircular lintel, made by bending the trunk of a tree about
five inches in diameter or thickness. This is the first curved arch ever found in the ruins
of Mexico; and, as the walls of the house were laid of stone, bound together with a white
cement, harder than the stone itself, this wooden arch must have been put in as an
ornament. Cutting through
210
Babylon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
Coordinates: 32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E

Babylon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Babylon (Arabic: ‫ﺑﺎﺑﻞ‬, Babil; Akkadian: Bābili(m);[1] Sumerian

logogram: KÁ.DINGIR.RAKI;[1] Hebrew: ‫בָּבֶל‬, Bāvel;[1] Greek:
Βαβυλών, Babylṓn) was an Akkadian city-state (founded in
1894 BC by an Amorite dynasty) of ancient Mesopotamia, the
remains of which are found in present-day Al Hillah, Babylon
Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 mi) south of Baghdad.
All that remains of the original ancient famed city of Babylon
today is a large mound, or tell, of broken mud-brick buildings
and debris in the fertile Mesopotamian plain between the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers. The city itself was built upon the
Euphrates, and divided in equal parts along its left and right
banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal
floods.
Available historical resources suggest that Babylon was at first a

small town which had sprung up by the beginning of the 3rd The upper part of the stela of
millennium BC. The town flourished and attained independence Hammurabi's code of laws
with the rise of the First Amorite Babylonian Dynasty in 1894
BC. Claiming to be the successor of the ancient city of Eridu,
Babylon eclipsed Nippur as the "holy city" of Mesopotamia around the time an Amorite king named
Hammurabi first created the short lived Babylonian Empire; this quickly dissolved upon his death and
Babylon spent long periods under Assyrian, Kassite and Elamite domination. Babylon again became the
seat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 608 to 539 BC which was founded by Chaldeans and whose
last king was an Assyrian. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World. After the fall of Babylon it came under the rules of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian,
Roman and Sassanid empires.
Contents
1 Name
2 History
2.1 Classical dating
2.2 Old Babylonian period
2.3 Assyrian period
2.4 Neo-Babylonian Chaldean Empire
2.5 Persia captures Babylon
2.6 Hellenistic period
2.7 Persian Empire period
2.8 Arab conquest
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3 Biblical narrative
4 Archaeology
5 Reconstruction
6 Effects of the U.S. military
7 Babylon in popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 Notes
11 External links
Name
The Greek form Babylon (Βαβυλών) is an adaptation of Akkadian Babili. The Babylonian name as it
stood in the 1st millennium BC had been changed from an earlier Babilli in early 2nd millennium BC,
meaning "Gate of God" or "Gateway of the God" (bāb-ili) by popular etymology.[2] The earlier name
Babilla appears to be an adaptation of a non-Semitic source of unknown origin or meaning.[3]
In the Hebrew Bible, the name appears as ‫( בָּבֶל‬Babel; Tiberian ‫ בָּבֶל‬Bāvel; Syriac Bāwēl),
interpreted in the Book of Genesis (11:9) to mean "confusion" (viz. of languages), from the verb ‫בלבל‬
bilbél, "to confuse".
History
An indication of Babylon's early existence may be a later tablet describing the reign of Sargon of Akkad
(ca. 23rd century BC short chronology). The so-called "Weidner Chronicle" states that it was Sargon
himself who built Babylon "in front of Akkad" (ABC 19:51). Another later chronicle likewise states that
Sargon "dug up the dirt of the pit of Babylon, and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Akkad". (ABC
20:18–19). Van de Mieroop has suggested that those sources may refer to the much later Assyrian king
Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Empire rather than Sargon of Akkad.[4]
Some scholars, including linguist I.J. Gelb, have suggested that the name Babil is an echo of an earlier
city name. Herzfeld wrote about Bawer in Iran, which was allegedly founded by Jamshid; the name
Babil could be an echo of Bawer. David Rohl holds that the original Babylon is to be identified with
Eridu. The Bible in Genesis 10 indicates that Nimrod was the original founder of Babel (Babylon). Joan
Oates claims in her book Babylon that the rendering "Gateway of the gods" is no longer accepted by
modern scholars.
By around the 19th century BC, much of Mesopotamia was occupied by Amorites, nomadic tribes from
the northern Levant who were Semitic speakers like the Akkadians of Babylonia and Assyria, but at first
did not practice agriculture like them, preferring to herd sheep. Over time, Amorite grain merchants rose
to prominence and established their own independent dynasties in several south Mesopotamian
city-states, most notably Isin, Larsa and Babylon.
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Classical dating
Ctesias, who is quoted by Diodorus

Siculus and in George Syncellus's
Chronographia, claimed to have
access to manuscripts from
Babylonian archives which date the
founding of Babylon to 2286 BC by
Belus who reigned as Babylon's first
king for fifty five years.[5] Another
figure is from Simplicius,[6] who
recorded that Callisthenes in the 4th
century BC travelled to Babylon and
discovered astronomical
observations on cuneiform tablets
stretching back 1903 years before
the taking of Babylon by Alexander
the Great in 331 BC. This makes the
sum 1903 + 331 which equals 2234
BC as the founding date for Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension
Babylon. A similar figure is found in in 1792 BC and upon his death in 1750 BC
Berossus, who according to Pliny,[7]

stated that astronomical observations commenced at Babylon 490 years before the Greek era of
Phoroneus, and consequently in 2243 BC. Stephanus of Byzantium, wrote that Babylon was built 1002
years before the date (given by Hellanicus of Mytilene) for the siege of Troy (1229 BC), which would
date Babylon's foundation to 2231 BC.[8] All of these dates place Babylon's foundation in the 23rd
century BC; however, since the decipherment of cuneiform in recent centuries, cuneiform records have
not been found to correspond with such classical (post-cuneiform) accounts.
Old Babylonian period
The First Babylonian Dynasty was established by an Amorite chieftain named Sumu-abum in 1894 BC,
who declared independence from the neighbouring city-state of Kazallu. The Amorites were, unlike the
Sumerians and Akkadian Semites, not native to Mesopotamia, but were semi nomadic Semitic invaders
from the lands to the west. Babylon controlled little surrounding territory until it became the capital of
Hammurabi's empire a century later (r. 1792–1750 BC). Hammurabi is famous for codifying the laws of
Babylonia into the Code of Hammurabi that has had a lasting influence on legal thought. Subsequently,
the city of Babylon continued to be the capital of the region known as Babylonia. Hammurabi's empire
quickly dissolved after his death, although the Amorite dynasty remained in power in a much reduced
Babylonia until 1595 BC[9] when they were overthrown by the invading Hittites from Asia Minor.
Following the sack of Babylon by the Hittites, the Kassites invaded and took over Babylon, ushering in a
dynasty that was to last for 435 years until 1160 BC. The city was renamed Karanduniash during this
period. The Kassites, a people speaking a Language Isolate, originated from the Zagros Mountains to the
north east of Mesopotamia in what is now Iran. However, Kassite Babylon eventually became subject to
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domination by Elam to the east and the fellow Mesopotamian state of Assyria to the north, both nations
often interfering in or controlling Babylon during the Kassite period. The Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta
I took the throne of Babylon in 1235 BC, becoming the first native Mesopotamian to rule there.
It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from ca. 1770 to 1670 BC, and again
between ca. 612 and 320 BC. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000.[10]
Assyrian period
Throughout the duration of the Neo Assyrian Empire (911

BC to 608 BC) Babylonia was under Assyrian domination
or direct control. During the reign of Sennacherib of
Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt, led by
a Chaldean chieftain named Merodach-Baladan in alliance
with the Elamites, and suppressed only by the complete
destruction of the city of Babylon. In 689 BC, its walls,
temples and palaces were razed, and the rubble was
thrown into the Arakhtu, the sea bordering the earlier
Babylon on the south. This act shocked the religious Sennacherib of Assyria during his
conscience of Mesopotamia; the subsequent murder of Babylonian war, relief from his palace in
Sennacherib by two of his own sons whilst praying to the Nineveh
god Nisroch was held to be in expiation of it, and his
successor in Assyria Esarhaddon hastened to rebuild the
old city, to receive there his crown, and make it his residence during part of the year. On his death,
Babylonia was left to be governed by his elder son, the Assyrian prince Shamash-shum-ukin, who, after
becoming infused with Babylonian nationalism, eventually started a civil war in 652 BC against his own
brother and master Ashurbanipal, who ruled in Nineveh. Shamash-shum-ukin enlisted the help of other
peoples subject to Assyria, including Elam, the Chaldeans and Suteans of southern Mesopotamia, and
the Arabs dwelling in the deserts south of Mesopotamia.
Once again, Babylon was besieged by the Assyrians, starved into surrender and its allies violently
crushed. Ashurbanipal purified the city and celebrated a "service of reconciliation", but did not venture
to "take the hands" of Bel. An Assyrian governor named Kandalanu was entrusted with ruling the city.
After the death of Ashurbanipal, the Assyrian empire began to unravel due to a series of bitter internal
civil wars. Three more Assyrian kings Ashur-etil-ilani, Sin-shumu-lishir and finally Sin-shar-ishkun
were to rule. However, eventually Babylon, like many other parts of the near east, took advantage of the
anarchy within Assyria to free itself from Assyrian rule. In the subsequent overthrow of the Assyrian
Empire by an alliance of peoples, the Babylonians saw another example of divine vengeance. (Albert
Houtum-Schindler, "Babylon," Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.)
Neo-Babylonian Chaldean Empire
Main article: Neo-Babylonian Empire
Under Nabopolassar, a Chaldean king, Babylon threw off Assyrian rule and destroyed the Assyrian
Empire between 620 and 605 BC, in an alliance with Cyaxares, king of the Medes and Persians together
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with the Scythians and Cimmerians. Babylon thus became

the capital of the Neo-Babylonian (sometimes and possibly
erroneously called Chaldean) Empire.[11][12][13]
With the recovery of Babylonian independence, a new era of

architectural activity ensued, and his son Nebuchadnezzar II
(604–561 BC) made Babylon into one of the wonders of the
ancient world.[14] Nebuchadnezzar ordered the complete
reconstruction of the imperial grounds, including rebuilding
the Etemenanki ziggurat and the construction of the Ishtar
Gate – the most spectacular of eight gates that ringed the
perimeter of Babylon. A reconstruction of The Ishtar Gate is
located in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. All that was
ever found of the Original Ishtar gate was the foundation
and scattered bricks.
Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the

Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the seven wonders of
the ancient world), said to have been built for his homesick
wife Amyitis. Whether the gardens did exist is a matter of Detail of the Ishtar Gate
dispute. Although excavations by German archaeologist
Robert Koldewey are thought to reveal its foundations, many historians disagree about the location, and
some believe it may have been confused with gardens in the Assyrian capital, Nineveh.
Chaldean rule did not last long and it is not clear if Neriglissar and Labashi-Marduk were Chaldeans or
native Babylonians, and the last ruler Nabonidus and his son and regent Belshazzar were Assyrians from
Harran.
Persia captures Babylon
In 539 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, with an unprecedented
military engagement known as the Battle of Opis. The famed walls of Babylon were indeed
impenetrable, with the only way into the city through one of its many gates or through the Euphrates,
which ebbed beneath its thick walls. Metal gates at the river's in-flow and out-flow prevented underwater
intruders, if one could hold one's breath to reach them. Cyrus (or his generals) devised a plan to use the
Euphrates as the mode of entry to the city, ordering large camps of troops at each point and instructed
them to wait for the signal. Awaiting an evening of a national feast among Babylonians (generally
thought to refer to the feast of Belshazzar mentioned in Daniel V), Cyrus' troops diverted the Euphrates
river upstream, causing the Euphrates to drop to about 'mid thigh level on a man' or to dry up altogether.
The soldiers marched under the walls through the lowered water. The Persian Army conquered the
outlying areas of the city's interior while a majority of Babylonians at the city center were oblivious to
the breach. The account was elaborated upon by Herodotus,[15] and is also mentioned by passages in the
Hebrew Bible.[16][17]
Cyrus later issued a decree permitting captive people, including the Jews, to return to their own land (as
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explained in 2 Chronicles 36), to allow their temple to be rebuilt back in Jerusalem.
Under Cyrus and the subsequent Persian king Darius the Great, Babylon became the capital city of the
9th Satrapy (Babylonia in the south and Athura in the north), as well as a centre of learning and
scientific advancement. In Achaemenid Persia, the ancient Babylonian arts of astronomy and
mathematics were revitalised and flourished, and Babylonian scholars completed maps of constellations.
The city was the administrative capital of the Persian Empire, the preeminent power of the then known
world, and it played a vital part in the history of that region for over two centuries. Many important
archaeological discoveries have been made that can provide a better understanding of that era.[18][19]
The early Persian kings had attempted to maintain the religious ceremonies of Marduk, but by the reign
of Darius III, over-taxation and the strains of numerous wars led to a deterioration of Babylon's main
shrines and canals, and the disintegration of the surrounding region. There were numerous attempts at
rebellion and in 522 BC (Nebuchadnezzar III), 521 BC (Nebuchadnezzar IV) and 482 (Bel-shimani and
Shamash-eriba) BC native Babylonian kings briefly regained independence. However these revolts were
relatively swiftly repressed and the land and city of Babylon remained solidly under Persian rule for two
centuries, until Alexander the Great's entry in 331 BC.
Hellenistic period
In 331 BC, Darius III was defeated by the forces of the Ancient Macedonian Greek ruler Alexander the
Great at the Battle of Gaugamela, and in October, Babylon fell to the young conqueror. A native account
of this invasion notes a ruling by Alexander not to enter the homes of its inhabitants.[20]
Under Alexander, Babylon again flourished as a centre of learning and commerce. But following
Alexander's death in 323 BC in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar, his empire was divided amongst his
generals, and decades of fighting soon began, with Babylon once again caught in the middle.
The constant turmoil virtually emptied the city of Babylon. A tablet dated 275 BC states that the
inhabitants of Babylon were transported to Seleucia, where a palace was built, as well as a temple given
the ancient name of Esagila. With this deportation, the history of Babylon comes practically to an end,
though more than a century later, it was found that sacrifices were still performed in its old sanctuary.[21]
By 141 BC, when the Parthian Empire took over the region, Babylon was in complete desolation and
obscurity.
Persian Empire period
Main article: Babylonia (Persian province)
Under the Parthian, and later, Sassanid Persians, Babylon (like Assyria) remained a province of the
Persian Empire for nine centuries, until after 650 AD. It continued to have its own culture and people,
who spoke varieties of Aramaic, and who continued to refer to their homeland as Babylon. Some
examples of their cultural products are often found in the Babylonian Talmud, the Gnostic Mandaean
religion, Eastern Rite Christianity and the religion of the prophet Mani. Christianity came to
Mesopotamia in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, and Babylon was the seat of a Bishop of the Church of
the East until well after the Arab/Islamic conquest.
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Arab conquest
In the mid 7th century AD Mesopotamia was invaded and settled by the Arabs who brought with them
Islam. A period of Arabisation and Islamification followed. Babylon was dissolved as a province and
Aramaic and Church of the East Christianity eventually became marginalised, although both still exist
today (more so however among the Assyrians of northern Iraq) as does Mandeanism. A
Babylonian/Mesopotamian/Assyrian identity is still espoused by the ethnically indigenous
Mesopotamian and Eastern Aramaic speaking members of the Chaldean Catholic Church and Assyrian
Church of the East to this day.
Biblical narrative
In Genesis 10:10, Babylon is described as a neighboring city of Uruk, Akkad and Kalneh, in Shinar.[22]
Archaeology
The site at Babylon consists of a number of mounds
covering an oblong area roughly 2 kilometers by 1
kilometer, oriented north to south.[citation needed] The site is
bounded by the Euphrates River on the west, and by the
remains of the ancient city walls otherwise. Originally, the
Euphrates roughly bisected the city, as is common in the
region, but the river has since shifted its course so that much
of the remains on the former western part of the city are now
inundated. Some portions of the city wall to the west of the
river also remain. Several of the sites mounds are more
prominent. Babylon in 1932
These include:
Kasr – also called Palace or Castle. It is the location of the Neo-Babylonian ziggurat Etemenanki
of Nabopolassar and later Nebuchadnezzar and lies in the center of the site.
Amran Ibn Ali – to the south and the highest of the mounds at 25 meters. It is the site of Esagila, a
temple of Marduk which also contained shrines to Ea and Nabu.
Homera – a reddish colored mound on the west side. Most of the Hellenistic remains are here.
Babil – in the northern end of the site, about 22 meters in height. It has been extensively subject to
brick robbing since ancient times. It held a palace built by Nebuchadnezzar.
Occupation at the site dates back to the late 3rd millennium, finally achieving prominence in the early
2nd millennium under the First Babylonian Dynasty and again later in the millennium under the Kassite
dynasty of Babylon. Unfortunately, almost nothing from that period has been recovered at the site of
Babylon. First, the water table in the region has risen greatly over the centuries and artifacts from the
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time before the Neo-Babylonian Empire are unavailable to current standard archaeological methods.
Secondly, the Neo-Babylonians conducted massive rebuilding projects in the city which destroyed or
obscured much of the earlier record. Third, much of the western half of the city is now under the
Euphrates River. Fourth, Babylon has been sacked a number of times, most notably by the Hittites and
Elamites in the 2nd millennium, then by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Achaemenid Empire in the
1st millennium, after the Babylonians had revolted against their rule. Lastly, the site has been long
mined for building materials on a commercial scale.
While knowledge of early Babylon must be pieced together from

epigraphic remains found elsewhere, such as at Uruk, Nippur,
and Haradum, information on the Neo-Babylonian city is
available from archaeological excavations and from classical
sources. Babylon was described, perhaps even visited, by a
number of classical historians including Ctesias, Herodotus,
Quintus Curtius Rufus, Strabo, and Cleitarchus. These reports
are of variable accuracy and some political spin is involved but
still provide useful data.
The first reported archaeological excavation of Babylon was

conducted by Claudius James Rich in 1811–12 and again in
1817.[23][24] Robert Mignan excavated at the site briefly in
1827.[25] William Loftus visited there in 1849.[26]
Austen Henry Layard made some soundings during a brief visit

in 1850 before abandoning the site.[27] Fulgence Fresnel and The Queen of the Night relief. The
Julius Oppert heavily excavated Babylon from 1852 to 1854. figure could be an aspect of the
Unfortunately, much of the result of their work was lost when a goddess Ishtar, Babylonian goddess
raft containing over forty crates of artifacts sank into the Tigris of sex and love.
river.[28][29]
Henry Creswicke Rawlinson and George Smith worked there briefly in 1854. The next excavation, a
major one, was conducted by Hormuzd Rassam on behalf of the British Museum. Work began in 1879,
continuing until 1882, and was prompted by widespread looting occurring at the site. Using industrial
scale digging in search of artifacts, Rassam recovered a large quantity of cuneiform tablets and other
finds. The zealous excavation methods, common in those days, caused much damage to the
archaeological context.[30][31]
A team from the German Oriental Society led by Robert Koldewey conducted the first scientific
archaeological excavations at Babylon. The work was conducted every year between 1899 and 1917
until World War I intruded. Primary efforts of the dig involved the temple of Marduk and the
processional way leading up to it, as well as the city wall. Hundreds of recovered tablets, as well as the
noted Ishtar Gate were sent back to Germany.[32][33][34][35][36][37]
Further work by the German Archaeological Institute was conducted by Heinrich J. Lenzen in 1956 and
Hansjörg Schmid 1962. The work by Lenzen dealt primarily with the Hellenistic theatre and by Schmid
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with the temple ziggurat Etemenanki.[38]
In more recent times, the site of Babylon was excavated by G. Bergamini on behalf of the Centro Scavi
di Torino per il Medio Oriente e l'Asia and the Iraqi-Italian Institute of Archaeological Sciences. This
work began with a season of excavation in 1974 followed by a topographical survey in 1977.[39] The
focus was on clearing up issues raised by re-examination of the old German data. After a decade,
Bergamini returned to the site in 1987–1989. The work concentrated on the area surrounding the Ishara
and Ninurta temples in the Shu-Anna city-quarter of Babylon.[40][41]
It should be noted that during the restoration efforts in Babylon, some amount of excavation and room
clearing has been done by the Iraqi State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage. Given the conditions
in that country the last few decades, publication of archaeological activities has been understandably
sparse at best.[42][43]
Reconstruction
In 1983, Saddam Hussein started rebuilding the city
on top of the old ruins (because of this, artifacts and
other finds may well be under the city by now),
investing in both restoration and new construction.
He inscribed his name on many of the bricks in
imitation of Nebuchadnezzar. One frequent
inscription reads: "This was built by Saddam
Hussein, son of Nebuchadnezzar, to glorify Iraq".
This recalls the ziggurat at Ur, where each
individual brick was stamped with "Ur-Nammu, World Monuments Fund video on conservation of
king of Ur, who built the temple of Nanna". These Babylon
bricks became sought after as collectors' items after
the downfall of Hussein, and the ruins are no longer
being restored to their original state. He also installed a
huge portrait of himself and Nebuchadnezzar at the
entrance to the ruins, and shored up Processional Way,
a large boulevard of ancient stones, and the Lion of
Babylon, a black rock sculpture about 2,600 years old.
When the Gulf War ended, Saddam wanted to build a

modern palace, also over some old ruins; it was made
in the pyramidal style of a Sumerian ziggurat. He
named it Saddam Hill. In 2003, he was ready to begin
the construction of a cable car line over Babylon when
the invasion began and halted the project.
Plan of the city of Babylon during the time of
An article published in April 2006 states that UN
the king Nebuchadnezzar II, 600 BC.
officials and Iraqi leaders have plans for restoring
Babylon, making it into a cultural center.[44][45]
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As of May 2009, the provincial government of Babil has reopened the site to tourism.
Panoramic view over the reconstructed city of Babylon
Effects of the U.S. military

US forces under the command of General James T. Conway of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force were
criticized for building the military base "Camp Alpha", comprising among other facilities a helipad, on
ancient Babylonian ruins following the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
US forces have occupied the site for some time and have
caused irreparable damage to the archaeological record. In a
report of the British Museum's Near East department, Dr.
John Curtis describes how parts of the archaeological site
were levelled to create a landing area for helicopters, and
parking lots for heavy vehicles. Curtis wrote that the
occupation forces
"caused substantial damage to the Ishtar Gate, one of

the most famous monuments from antiquity [...] US
military vehicles crushed 2,600-year-old brick
pavements, archaeological fragments were scattered US Marines in front of the rebuilt ruins of
across the site, more than 12 trenches were driven into Babylon, 2003
ancient deposits and military earth-moving projects
contaminated the site for future generations of scientists [...] Add to all that the damage caused to
nine of the moulded brick figures of dragons in the Ishtar Gate by soldiers trying to remove the
bricks from the wall."
A US Military spokesman claimed that engineering operations were discussed with the "head of the
Babylon museum".[46]
The head of the Iraqi State Board for Heritage and Antiquities, Donny George, said that the "mess will
take decades to sort out".[47] In April 2006, Colonel John Coleman, former Chief of Staff for the 1st
Marine Expeditionary Force, offered to issue an apology for the damage done by military personnel
under his command. However he claimed that the US presence had deterred far greater damage from
other looters.[48]
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Babylon in popular culture

Due to the importance of Babylon in its time as well as the stories in the Bible the word "Babylon" in
various languages has acquired a generic meaning of a large, bustling diverse city. As such, the word
"Babylon" is used for various entertainment events or buildings. For example, sci-fi series Babylon 5
tells a tale of a multi-racial future space station. Babilonas (Lithuanian name for "Babylon") is also a
name for a major real estate development in Lithuania.
In the video game Age of Empires, 8 Babylon campaigns are available. Babylon is mentioned in the
history section and in the victory aftermath campaigns.
See also
Akkad
Babel (disambiguation)
Cities of the ancient Near East
Code of Hammurabi
Etemenanki
Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets
List of Kings of Babylon
Short chronology timeline
Tomb of Daniel
Tower of Babel
References
I.L. Finkel, M.J. Seymour, Babylon, Oxford University Press, 2009 ISBN 0-19-538540-3
Joan Oates, Babylon, Thames and Hudson, 1986. ISBN 0-500-02095-7 (hardback) ISBN
0-500-27384-7 (paperback)
The Ancient Middle Eastern Capital City — Reflection and Navel of the World
(http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/maul/ancientcapitals.html) by Stefan Maul ("Die
altorientalische Hauptstadt — Abbild und Nabel der Welt," in Die Orientalische Stadt:
Kontinuität. Wandel. Bruch. 1 Internationales Kolloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft.
9.–1 0. Mai 1996 in Halle/Saale, Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag (1997), p. 109–124.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Babylon". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press.
"UNESCO: Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon" (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31842219
/18424719) . Associated Press. July 10, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31842219
/18424719.
Notes
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1. ^ a b c The Cambridge Ancient History: num=100#PPA60,M1)

Prologomena & Prehistory 14. ^ Saggs, H.W.F. (2000). Babylonians, p. 165.
(http://books.google.com University of California Press. ISBN
/books?id=HRwo6dBekUQC&pg=PA150) : Vol. 0-520-20222-8.
1, Part 1. Accessed 15 Dec 2010.] 15. ^ Herodotus, Book 1, Section 191
2. ^ Dietz Otto Edzard: Geschichte Mesopotamiens. 16. ^ Isaiah 44:27
Von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Großen, 17. ^ Jeremiah 50–51
Beck, München 2004, p. 121. 18. ^ Cyrus Cylinder (http://www.britishmuseum.org
3. ^ Liane Jakob-Rost, Joachim Marzahn: Babylon, /the_museum/news_and_press/statements
ed. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. /cyrus_cylinder.aspx) The British Museum.
Vorderasiatisches Museum, (Kleine Schriften 4), Retrieved July 23, 2011.
2. Auflage, Putbus 1990, p. 2 19. ^ "Mesopotamia: The Persians"
4. ^ Stephanie Dalley, Babylon as a Name for other (http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO
Cities Including Nineveh, in Uchicago.edu /PERSIANS.HTM) . Wsu.edu:8080. 1999-06-06.
(http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc62.pdf) , Archived (http://web.archive.org
Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre /web/20101206180919/http://www.wsu.edu:8080
Assyriologique Internationale, Oriental Institute /~dee/MESO/PERSIANS.HTM) from the
SAOC 62, pp. 25–33, 2005 original on 6 December 2010.
5. ^ Records of the Past, Archibald Sayce, 2nd http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO
series, Vol. 1, 1888, p. 11. /PERSIANS.HTM. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
6. ^ Simpl. ad Arist De Caelo. ii. 503A) 20. ^ Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger,
7. ^ N.H. vii. 57 Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, (1999).
8. ^ The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston,
Eastern World, George Rawlinson, Vol. 4, p. IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X.
526-527. 21. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Babylon".
9. ^ 1595 BC: Please see Chronology of the ancient Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge
Near East for more discussion on dating events in University Press.
the 2nd millennium BC, including the Sack of 22. ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage
Babylon /?search=Genesis+10%3A10&version=NIV
10. ^ Tertius Chandler. Four Thousand Years of 23. ^ Claudius J. Rich, Memoirs on the Ruins of
Urban Growth: An Historical Census (1987), St. Babylon, 1815
David's University Press (etext.org 24. ^ Claudius J. Rich, Second memoir on Babylon;
(http://web.archive.org/web/20080211233018 containing an inquiry into the correspondence
/http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems between the ancient descriptions of Babylon, and
/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC- the remains still visible on the site, 1818
1988AD) ). ISBN 0-88946-207-0. See Historical 25. ^ Google Books Search (http://books.google.com
urban community sizes. /books?id=HkAGAAAAQAAJ) , Robert Mignan,
11. ^ Bradford, Alfred S. (2001). With Arrow, Sword, Travels in Chaldæa, Including a Journey from
and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient Bussorah to Bagdad, Hillah, and Babylon,
World, pp. 47–48. Greenwood Publishing Group. Performed on Foot in 1827, H. Colburn and R.
ISBN 0-275-95259-2. Bentley, 1829 ISBN 1-4021-6013-5
12. ^ Curtis, Adrian; Herbert Gordon May (2007). 26. ^ Google Books Search (http://books.google.com
Oxford Bible Atlas Oxford University Press ISBN /books?id=4ZiBAAAAIAAJ) , William K.
978-0-19-100158-1 p. 122 Google Books Search Loftus, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and
(http://books.google.co.uk Susiana, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and
/books?id=E7aXDYZ8SxkC&pg=PA122& Susiana: With an Account of Excavations at
dq=Babylon+%22chaldean+empire%22& Warka, the "Erech" of Nimrod, and Shush,
num=100) "Shushan the Palace" of Esther, in 1849–52,
13. ^ von Soden, Wilfred; Donald G. Schley (1996). Robert Carter & Brothers, 1857
William B. Eerdmanns ISBN 978-0-8028-0142-5 27. ^ Google Books Search (http://books.google.com
p. 60 Google Books Search /books?vid=03JlRdCUdLQX2YtuE62w&
(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XE- id=378HAAAAIAAJ) , A. H. Layard,
AnPOmma4C&pg=PA59& Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and
dq=Babylon+%22chaldean+empire%22& Babylon, J. Murray, 1853
28. ^ J. Oppert, Expédition scientifique en
12 of 14 2/3/13 2:41 PM
Mésopotamie exécutée par ordre du 39. ^ G. Bergamini, Levels of Babylon

gouvernement de 1851 à 1854. Tome I: Rélation Reconsidered, Mesopotamia, vol. 12, pp.
du voyage et résultat de l'expédition, 1863 (also 111–152, 1977
as ISBN 0-543-74945-2) Tome II: Déchiffrement 40. ^ G. Bergamini, Excavations in Shu-anna
des inscriptions cuneiforms, 1859 (also as ISBN Babylon 1987, Mesopotamia, vol. 23, pp. 5–17,
0-543-74939-8) 1988
29. ^ H V. Hilprecht, Exploration in the Bible Lands 41. ^ G. Bergamini, Preliminary report on the
During the 19th Century, A. J. Holman, 1903 1988–1989 operations at Babylon Shu-Anna,
30. ^ Archive.org (http://www.archive.org/download Mesopotamia, vol. 25, pp. 5–12, 1990
/asshurlandofnimr00rass 42. ^ Excavations in Iraq 1981–1982, Iraq, vol. 45,
/asshurlandofnimr00rass.pdf) , Hormuzd Rassam, no. 2, pp. 199–224, 1983
Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an 43. ^ Farouk N. H. Al-Rawi, Nabopolassar's
Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Restoration Work on the Wall "Imgur-Enlil at
Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, Babylon, Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 1–13, 1985
[etc]..., Curts & Jennings, 1897 44. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey. Unesco intends to put the
31. ^ Julian Reade, Hormuzd Rassam and his magic back in Babylon (http://www.iht.com
discoveries, Iraq, vol. 55, pp. 39–62, 1993 /articles/2006/04/13/news/babylon.php) ,
32. ^ Google Books Research International Herald Tribune, April 21, 2006.
(http://books.google.com Retrieved April 19, 2008.
/books?id=NTmFAAAAIAAJ) , R. Koldewey, 45. ^ McBride, Edward. Monuments to Self:
Das wieder erstehende Babylon, die bisherigen Baghdad's grands projects in the age of Saddam
Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen, J.C. Hussein (http://www.metropolismag.com
Hinrichs, 1913, with online English translation: /html/content_0699/ju99monu.htm) ,
Agnes Sophia Griffith Johns, The excavations at MetropolisMag. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
Babylon By Robert Koldewey, Macmillan and 46. ^ Leeman, Sue (January 16, 2005). "Damage
Co., 1914 seen to ancient Babylon" (http://www.boston.com
33. ^ R. Koldewey, Die Tempel von Babylon und /news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/01
Borsippa, WVDOG, vol. 15, pp. 37–49, 1911 /16/damage_seen_to_ancient_babylon/) . The
(German) Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com
34. ^ R. Koldewey, Das Ischtar-Tor in Babylon, /news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/01
WVDOG, vol. 32, 1918 /16/damage_seen_to_ancient_babylon/.
35. ^ F. Wetzel, Die Stadtmauren von Babylon, 47. ^ Heritage News from around the world
WVDOG, vol. 48, pp. 1–83, 1930 (http://www.worldheritagealert.org/Pages
36. ^ F. Wetzel and F.H. Weisbach, Das /news.htm) , World Heritage Alert!. Retrieved
Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon: Esagila April 19, 2008.
und Etemenanki, WVDOG, vol. 59, pp. 1–36, 48. ^ Cornwell, Rupert. US colonel offers Iraq an
1938 apology of sorts for devastation of Babylon
37. ^ F. Wetzel et al., Das Babylon der Spätzeit, (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world
WVDOG, vol. 62, Gebr. Mann, 1957 (1998 /middle-east/us-colonel-offers-iraq-an-apology-
reprint ISBN 3-7861-2001-3) of-sorts-for-devastation-of-babylon-474205.html)
38. ^ Hansjörg Schmid, Der Tempelturm Etemenanki , The Independent, April 15, 2006. Retrieved
in Babylon, Zabern, 1995, ISBN 3-8053-1610-0 April 19, 2008.
External links
Babylon (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y25j) on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/p004y25j/In_Our_Time_Babylon) )
Webpage – Babylon The Great (http://www.babylonthegreat.org)

Iraq Image – Babylon Satellite Observation (http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse
/Babylon.html)
Site Photographs of Babylon – Oriental Institute (http://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery
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/asp_meso_babylon/)
Encyclopædia Britannica, Babylon (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011618/Babylon)
Plans of Babylon Ruins – Oates, J. Babylon. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979
(http://cuneiform.ucla.edu/wiki/index.php/Image:Plan.jpg)
1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Babylon (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com
/view.jsp?artid=51&letter=B)
Iraq war
Babylon wrecked by war, The Guardian, January 15, 2005 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story

/0,2763,1391042,00.html)
Mirosław Olbryś, The Polish contribution to protection of the archaeological heritage in central
south Iraq, November 2003 to April 2005, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites,
Volume 8, Number 2, 2007 , pp. 88–104(17) (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search
/article?option1=tka&
value1=The+Polish+contribution+to+protection+of+the+archaeological+heritage+in+central+sout
h+Iraq%2c+November+2003&pageSize=10&index=1)
"Experts: Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon" (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31842219
/18424719) . Associated Press. July 10, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31842219
/18424719.
UNESCO Final Report on Damage Assessment in Babylon (http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images
/0018/001831/183134e.pdf)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babylon&oldid=536220891"

Categories: Babylon Babil Governorate Amorite cities Ancient cities Archaeological sites in Iraq
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Nineveh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh
Coordinates: 36°21′34″N 43°09′10″E

Nineveh
Nainawah; Classical Syriac: ; } Nīnewē; Greek: Νινευή Nineuē; Latin: Nineve; Arabic:
‫ ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬Naynuwa; Persian: ‫ ﻧﯿﻨﻮﺍ‬Nainavā) was an ancient Assyrian city on the eastern bank of the Tigris
River, and capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. It was the largest city in the world for some fifty years[1]
until it was sacked and completely depopulated by an unusual coalition of Medes, Scythians, Jews,
Babylonians and Elamites in 612 BC. Its ruins are across the river from the modern-day major city of
Mosul, in the Ninawa Governorate of Iraq.
Nineveh
Contents
1 Etymology Nineveh
2 Geography
3 History
3.1 Biblical Nineveh
3.2 Classical history
4 Archaeology
4.1 Excavation history
4.2 Archaeological remains
4.3 City wall and gates
5 Threats to Nineveh Location in Iraq
6 Rogation of the Ninevites (Nineveh's Coordinates: 36°21′34″N 43°09′10″E
Wish)
7 Nineveh in popular culture
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Etymology
The origin of the name Nineveh is obscure. Possibly it meant originally the seat of Ishtar, since Nina was
one of the Babylonian names of that goddess. The ideogram means "house or place of fish," and was
perhaps due to popular etymology (comp. Aramaic "nuna," denoting "fish").[2]
Geography
Ancient Nineveh's mound-ruins of Kouyunjik and Nabī Yūnus are located on a level part of the plain
near the junction of the Tigris and the Khosr Rivers within a 7 km² (1732 acres) area circumscribed by a
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12-kilometre (7.5 mi) brick rampart. This whole extensive space is now one immense area of ruins
overlaid in parts by new suburbs of the city of Mosul. [3]
Nineveh was an important junction for commercial routes crossing the Tigris. Occupying a central
position on the great highway between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, thus uniting the
East and the West, it received wealth from many sources, so that it became one of the greatest of all the
region's ancient cities,[4] and the capital of the Neo Assyrian Empire.
History
Nineveh was one of the oldest and greatest cities in antiquity. The area was settled as early as 6000 BC
and, by 3000 BC, had become an important religious center for worship of the Assyrian goddess Ishtar.
The early city (and subsequent buildings) were constructed on a fault line and, consequently, suffered
damage from a number of earthquakes. One such event destroyed the first temple of Ishtar which was
then rebuilt in 2260 BC by the Akkadian king Manishtusu.
Texts from the Hellenistic period and later offered an eponymous Ninus as the founder of Nineveh,
although there is no historical basis for this. The historic Nineveh is mentioned about 1800 BC as a
centre of worship of Ishtar, whose cult was responsible for the city's early importance. The goddess's
statue was sent to Pharaoh Amenhotep III of Egypt in the 14th century BC, by orders of the king of
Mitanni. The Assyrian city of Nineveh became one of Mitanni's vassals for nearly a century until the
mid 14th century BC, when the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I reclaimed it in 1365 BC while
overthrowing the Mitanni Empire.[5]
There is no large body of evidence to show that Assyrian monarchs built at all extensively in Nineveh
during the 2nd millennium BC; it appears to have been originally an "Assyrian provincial town". Later
monarchs whose inscriptions have appeared on the high city include Shalmaneser I and Tiglath-Pileser I,
both of whom were active builders in Assur (Ashur); the former had founded Calah (Nimrud). Nineveh
had to wait for the Neo Assyrian Empire, particularly from the time of Ashurnasirpal II (ruled 883–859
BC) onward, for a considerable architectural expansion. Thereafter successive monarchs such as Sargon
II, Esarhaddon, Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal kept in repair and founded new palaces, temples to Sîn,
Ashur, Nergal, Šamaš, Ishtar, and Nabiu of Borsippa.
It was Sennacherib who made Nineveh a truly magnificent city (c. 700 BC). He laid out new streets and
squares and built within it the famous "palace without a rival", the plan of which has been mostly
recovered and has overall dimensions of about 503 by 242 metres (1,650 ft × 794 ft). It comprised at
least 80 rooms, many of which were lined with sculpture. A large number of cuneiform tablets were
found in the palace. The solid foundation was made out of limestone blocks and mud bricks; it was 22
metres (72 ft) tall. In total, the foundation is made of roughly 2,680,000 cubic metres (3,505,308 cu yd)
of brick (approximately 160 million bricks). The walls on top, made out of mud brick, were an
additional 20 metres (66 ft) tall. Some of the principal doorways were flanked by colossal stone door
figures weighing up to 30,000 kilograms (30 t); they included many winged lions or bulls with a man's
head. These were transported 50 kilometres (31 mi) from quarries at Balatai and they had to be lifted up
20 metres (66 ft) once they arrived at the site, presumably by a ramp. There are also 3,000 metres
(9,843 ft) of stone panels carved in bas-relief, that include pictorial records documenting every
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construction step including carving the statues and transporting

them on a barge. One picture shows 44 men towing a colossal
statue. The carving shows three men directing the operation
while standing on the Colossus. Once the statues arrived at their
destination the final carving was done. Most of the statues weigh
between 9,000 and 27,000 kilograms (19,842 and 59,525
lb).[6][7]
The stone carvings in the walls include many battle scenes,

impalings and scenes showing Sennacherib's men parading the
spoils of war before him. He also bragged about his conquests:
he wrote of Babylon "Its inhabitants, young and old, I did not
spare, and with their corpses I filled the streets of the city." He
later wrote about a battle in Lachish "And Hezekiah of Judah
who had not submitted to my yoke...him I shut up in Jeruselum
his royal city like a caged bird. Earthworks I threw up against Refined low-relief section of a
him, and anyone coming out of his city gate I made pay for his bull-hunt frieze from Nineveh,
crime. His cities which I had plundered I had cut off from his alabaster, c. 695 BC (Pergamon
land." [8] Museum), Berlin.
At this time the total area of Nineveh comprised about 7 square

kilometres (1,730 acres), and fifteen great gates penetrated its
walls. An elaborate system of eighteen canals brought water
from the hills to Nineveh, and several sections of a magnificently
constructed aqueduct erected by Sennacherib were discovered at
Jerwan, about 65 kilometres (40 mi) distant.[9] The enclosed area
had more than 100,000 inhabitants (maybe closer to 150,000),
about twice as many as Babylon at the time, placing it among the
largest settlements worldwide.
The king hunting lion from the North
Nineveh's greatness was short-lived. In around 627 BC after the Palace, Nineveh seen at the British
death of its last great king Ashurbanipal, the Neo-Assyrian Museum
empire began to unravel due to a series of bitter civil wars, and
Assyria was attacked by its former vassals, the Babylonians and
Medes. From about 616 BC, in a coalition with the Scythians and Cimmerians, they besieged Nineveh,
sacking the town in 612 BC, after which it was razed to the ground. Most of the people in the city who
could not escape to the last Assyrian strongholds in the north and west were either massacred or
deported out of the city. Many unburied skeletons were found by the archaeologists at the site. The
Assyrian empire then came to an end by 605 BC, the Medes and Babylonians dividing its colonies
between them.
Following the defeat in 612 BC, the site remained largely unoccupied for centuries with only a scattering
of Assyrians living amid the ruins until the Sassanian period, although Assyrians continue to live in the
surrounding area to this day. The city is mentioned again in the Battle of Nineveh in 627 AD, which was
fought between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanian Empire of Persia near the ancient city.
From the Arab conquest 637 CE until modern time the city of Mosul on the opposite bank of the river
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Tigris became the successor of ancient Nineveh.
Biblical Nineveh
In the Bible, Nineveh is first mentioned in Genesis 10:11 (http://bibref.hebtools.com

/?book=%20Genesis&verse=10:11&src=) : "Ashur left that land, and built Nineveh". Some modern
translations interpret "Ashur" in the Hebrew of this verse as the country "Assyria" rather than a person,
thus making Nimrod the builder of Nineveh.
Though the Books of Kings and Books of Chronicles talk a great deal about the Assyrian empire,
Nineveh itself is not again noticed until the days of Jonah, when it is described (Jonah 3:3
(http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Jonah&verse=3:3&src=) ff; 4:11
(http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=%20Jonah&verse=4:11&src=!) ) as an "exceedingly great city of three
days journey in breadth". But it is also possible that it took three days to cover all its neighborhoods by
walking, which would match the size of ancient Nineveh. The ruins of Kouyunjik, Nimrud, Karamles
and Khorsabad form the four corners of an irregular quadrangle. The ruins of Nineveh, with the whole
area included within the parallelogram they form by lines drawn from the one to the other, are generally
regarded as consisting of these four sites. The book of Jonah depicts Nineveh as a wicked city worthy of
destruction. God sent Jonah to preach, and the Ninevites fasted and repented. As a result, God spared the
city; when Jonah protests against this, God states He is showing pity for the population who are ignorant
of the difference between right and wrong ("who cannot discern between their right hand and their left
hand" [10]) and the animals in the city.
Nineveh was the flourishing capital of the Assyrian empire (2 Kings 19:36 (http://bibref.hebtools.com
/?book=2%20Kings&verse=19:36&src=) ); and ostensibly was the home of King Sennacherib, King of
Assyria, during the Biblical reign of King Hezekiah and the prophetic career of Isaiah. According to
scripture, Nineveh was also the place where Sennacherib died at the hands of his two sons, who then fled
to the land of `rrt Urartu. (Isa. 37:37-38 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Isa.&
verse=37:37-38&src=) ). The book of the prophet Nahum is almost exclusively taken up with prophetic
denunciations against this city. Its ruin and utter desolation are foretold (Nahum 1:14
(http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Nahum&verse=1:14&src=) ; 3:19
(http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=%20Nahum&verse=3:19&src=) , etc.). Its end was strange, sudden,
tragic. (Nahum 2:6–11 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Nahum&verse=2:6–11&src=) )
According to the Bible, it was God's doing, his judgment on Assyria's pride (Jonah Nah
(http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Jonah&verse=Nah&src=10:5-19) ). In fulfillment of prophecy,
God made "an utter end of the place". It became a "desolation". Zephaniah also (2:13–15
(http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=%20Zephaniah&verse=2:13–15&src=) ) predicts its destruction along
with the fall of the empire of which it was the capital. Nineveh is also the setting in the Book of Tobit.
Nineveh's repentance and salvation from evil is noted in the Gospel of Matthew (12:41
(http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=%20Matthew&verse=12:41&src=) ) and the Gospel of Luke (11:32
(http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=%20Luke&verse=11:32&src=) ). To this day, oriental churches of the
Middle East commemorate the three days Jonah spent inside the fish during the Fast of Nineveh. The
faithful fast by refraining from food and drinks. Churches encourage followers to refrain from meat, fish
and dairy products.[11]
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Classical history
Before the great archaeological excavations in the 19th century, historical knowledge of the great
Assyrian empire and of its magnificent capital was almost wholly a blank. Other cities that had perished,
such as Palmyra, Persepolis, and Thebes, had left ruins to mark their sites and tell of their former
greatness; but of this city, imperial Nineveh, not a single vestige seemed to remain, and the very place on
which it had stood became only matter of conjecture.
In the days of the Greek historians Ctesias and Herodotus, 400 BC, Nineveh had become a thing of the
past; and when Xenophon the historian passed the place in the Retreat of the Ten Thousand the very
memory of its name had been lost. It was buried out of sight. [12]
In his History of the World (written c. 1616) Sir Walter Raleigh erroneously asserted (attributing the
information to Johannes Nauclerus c. 1425-1510), that Nineveh had originally had the name Campsor
before Ninus supposedly rebuilt it. This was still regarded as correct information when news of Layard's
discoveries (see below) reached the west.[13]
Archaeology
Excavation history
In 1842, French Consul General at Mosul, Paul-Émile Botta began to search the vast mounds that lay
along the opposite bank of the river. The Arabs whom he employed in these excavations, to their great
surprise, came upon the ruins of a building at the mound of Khorsabad, which, on further exploration,
turned out to be the royal palace of Sargon II, which was largely explored for sculptures and other
precious relics.
In 1847 the young British adventurer Sir Austen Henry Layard

explored the ruins. [14] [15] [16] [17] In the Kuyunjik mound
Layard rediscovered in 1849 the lost palace of Sennacherib with
its 71 rooms and colossal bas-reliefs. He also unearthed the
palace and famous library of Ashurbanipal with 22,000
cuneiform clay tablets. Most of Layard's material was sent to the
British Museum, but two large pieces were given to Lady
Charlotte Guest and eventually found their way to the
Metropolitan Museum. [18] The study of the archaeology of
Nineveh reveals the wealth and glory of ancient Assyria under
kings such as Esarhaddon (681–669 BC) and Ashurbanipal
(669–626 BC).
The work of exploration was carried on by George Smith,

Hormuzd Rassam, and others, and a vast treasury of specimens
of Assyria was incrementally exhumed for European museums.
Palace after palace was discovered, with their decorations and
their sculptured slabs, revealing the life and manners of this
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Bronze lion from Nineveh. ancient people, their arts of war and peace, the forms of their
religion, the style of their architecture, and the magnificence of
their monarchs. [19] [20]
The mound of Kouyunjik was excavated again by the archaeologists of the British Museum, led by
Leonard William King, at the beginning of the twentieth century. Their efforts concentrated on the site
of the Temple of Nabu, the god of writing, where another cuneiform library was supposed to exist.
However, no such library was ever found: most likely, it had been destroyed by the activities of later
residents.
The excavations started again in 1927, under the direction of Campbell Thompson, who had already
taken part in King's expeditions. [21][22] [23][24] Some works were carried out outside Kouyunjik, for
instance on the mound of Nebi Yunus, which was the ancient arsenal of Nineveh, or along the outside
walls. Here, near the northwestern corner of the walls, beyond the pavement of a later building, the
archaeologists found almost 300 fragments of prisms recording the royal annals of Sennacherib,
Esarhaddon, and Ashurbanipal, beside a prism of Esarhaddon which was almost perfect.
After the Second World War, several excavations were carried out by Iraqi archaeologists. From 1951 to
1958 Mohammed Ali Mustafa worked the site.[25][26] The work was continued from 1967 through 1971
by Tariq Madhloom.[27][28][29] Some additional excavation occurred by Manhal Jabur in 1980, and
Manhal Jabur in 1987. For the most part, these digs focused on Nebi Yunus.
Most recently, British archaeologist and Assyriologist Professor David Stronach of the University of
California, Berkeley conducted a series of surveys and digs at the site from 1987–1990, focusing his
attentions on the several gates and the existent mudbrick walls, as well as the system that supplied water
to the city in times of siege. The excavation reports are in progress.[30]
Archaeological remains
Today, Nineveh's location is marked by two large mounds, Kouyunjik and Nabī Yūnus "Prophet Jonah",
and the remains of the city walls (about 12 kilometres (7 mi) in circumference). The Neo-Assyrian levels
of Kouyunjik have been extensively explored. The other mound, Nabī Yūnus, has not been as
extensively explored because there is an Arab Muslim shrine dedicated to that prophet on the site.
Kuyunjik - The ruin mound rises about 20 metres (66 ft) above the surrounding plain of the
ancient city. It is quite broad, measuring about 800 by 500 metres (2,625 ft × 1,640 ft). Its upper
layers have been extensively excavated and several Neo-Assyrian palaces and temples have been
found there. A deep sounding by Max Mallowan revealed evidence of habitation as early as the
6th millennium BC. Today, there is little evidence of these old excavations other than weathered
pits and earth piles. In 1990, the only Assyrian remains visible were those of the entry court and
the first few chambers of the Palace of Sennacherib. Since that time, the palace chambers have
received significant damage by looters due to the turmoil in the area. Portions of relief sculptures
that were in the palace chambers in 1990 were seen on the antiquities market by 1996.
Photographs of the chambers made in 2003 show that many of the fine relief sculptures there have
been reduced to piles of rubble.
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Nebi Yunus - located about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of

Kuyunjik, is the secondary ruin mound at Nineveh. On the
basis of texts of Sennacherib, the site has traditionally
been identified as the "armory" of Nineveh, and a gate and
pavements excavated by Iraqis in 1954 have been
considered to be part of the "armory" complex.
Excavations in 1990 revealed a monumental entryway
consisting of a number of large inscribed orthostats and
"bull-man" sculptures, some apparently unfinished.
Bull man excavated at Nebi Yunus by
City wall and gates Iraqi archaeologists
The ruins of Nineveh are surrounded by the remains of a massive

stone and mudbrick wall dating from about 700 BC. About
12 km in length, the wall system consisted of an ashlar stone
retaining wall about 6 metres (20 ft) high surmounted by a
mudbrick wall about 10 metres (33 ft) high and 15 metres (49 ft)
thick. The stone retaining wall had a'foresticking stone towers
spaced about every 18 metres (59 ft). The stone wall and towers
were topped by three-step merlons.
The city wall was fitted

with fifteen monumental
gateways. In addition to
serving as checkpoints on
entering and exiting the
city, these structures were
probably used as barracks
and armories. With the
Mashki Gate. Reconstructed.
inner and outer doors
Simplified plan of ancient Nineveh
shut, the gateways were
showing city wall and location of
virtual fortresses. The bases of the walls of the vaulted passages
gateways.
and interior chambers of the gateway were lined with finely cut
stone orthostats about 1 metre (3 ft) high. A stairway led from
one of the interior chambers to the top of the mudbrick wall.
Five of the gateways have been explored to some extent by archaeologists:
Mashki Gate
Translated "Gate of the Watering Places", it was perhaps used to take livestock to water from the River
Tigris which currently flows about 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) to the west. It has been reconstructed in
fortified mudbrick to the height of the top of the vaulted passageway. The Assyrian original may have
been plastered and ornamented.
7 of 12 2/3/13 2:45 PM
Nergal Gate
Named for the god Nergal, it may have been used for some ceremonial purpose, as it is the only known
gate flanked by stone sculptures of winged bull-men (lamassu). The reconstruction is conjectural, as the
gate was excavated by Layard in the mid 19th century, and reconstructed in the mid 20th century.
Adad Gate
Named for the god Adad. A reconstruction was begun in the

1960s by Iraqis, but was not completed. The result is an uneasy
mixture of concrete and eroding mudbrick, which nonetheless
does give one some idea of the original structure. Fortunately,
the excavator left some features unexcavated, allowing a view of
the original Assyrian construction. The original brickwork of the
outer vaulted passageway is well exposed, as is the entrance of
the vaulted stairway to the upper levels. The actions of Nineveh's
last defenders can be seen in the hastily built mudbrick
Restored Adad Gate
construction which narrows the passageway from 4 to 2 metres
(13 to 7 ft).
Shamash Gate
Named for the Sun god Shamash, it opens to the road to Arbil. It
was excavated by Layard in the 19th century. The stone retaining
wall and part of the mudbrick structure were reconstructed in the
1960s. The mudbrick reconstruction has deteriorated
significantly. The stone wall sticks outward about 20 metres
(66 ft) from the line of main wall for a width of about 70 metres
(230 ft). It is the only gate with such a significant projection. The
mound of its remains towers above the surrounding terrain. Its
size and design suggest it was the most important gate in Eastern city wall and Shamash Gate.
Neo-Assyrian times.
Halzi Gate
Near the south end of the eastern city wall. Exploratory excavations were undertaken here by the
University of California expedition of 1989–90. There is an outward projection of the city wall, though
not as pronounced as at the Shamash Gate. The entry passage had been narrowed with mudbrick to
about 2 metres (7 ft) as at the Adad Gate. Human remains from the final battle of Nineveh were found in
the passageway. [31]
Threats to Nineveh
The site of Nineveh is exposed to decay of its reliefs by a lack of proper protective roofing, vandalism
8 of 12 2/3/13 2:45 PM
and looting holes dug into chamber floors.[32] Future preservation is further compromised by the site's
proximity to constantly expanding suburbs.
In an October 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund named Nineveh
one of 12 sites most "on the verge" of irreparable destruction and loss, citing insufficient management,
development pressures and looting as primary causes.[33]
Rogation of the Ninevites (Nineveh's Wish)

Assyrians of the Ancient Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic
Church, Syriac Catholic Church, and Assyrian Church of the
East observe a fast called Ba'uta d-Ninwe or Bo'utho d-Ninwe
( ) which means Nineveh's Wish.
Copts and Ethiopian Orthodox also maintain this fast.[34]
Nineveh in popular culture

In Age of Empires in the eighth Babylon campaign "Nineveh, the
mission is to fight through the Assyrian navy and army and
destroy Nineveh's wonder in order to win the campaign. Also
Nineveh is mentioned in the history section and in the victory
aftermath campaign.
See also The Prophet Jonah before the Walls

of Nineveh, drawing by Rembrandt,
Cities of the ancient Near East ca. 1655
Historical urban community sizes
Isaac of Nineveh
List of megalithic sites
Short chronology timeline
Tel Keppe
Notes
1. ^ "Largest Cities Through History" (http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm) .
geography.about.com. http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm.
2. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11549-nineveh) : Nineveh. accessed
October 2011.
3. ^ Geoffrey Turner, Tell Nebi Yūnus: The ekal māšarti of Nineveh, Iraq, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 68-85, 1970
4. ^ "Proud Nineveh" is a constant emblem of earthly pride in the Old Testament prophecies: "And He will
stretch out His hand against the north And destroy Assyria, And He will make Nineveh a desolation, Parched
like the wilderness." (Zephaniah 2:13).
5. ^ Genesis 10:11 attributes the founding of Nineveh to an Asshur: "Out of that land went forth Asshur, and
builded Nineveh".
6. ^ "The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World" edited by Chris Scarre 1999 (Thames and Hudson)
7. ^ An experiment in the 1950s required 180 men to tow a ten-ton colossus on Easter Island.
9 of 12 2/3/13 2:45 PM
8. ^ Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. (1995)
9. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24
(http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf) , University of Chicago Press, 1935
10. ^ Mechon Mamre Hebrew Bible translation, Jonah 4 (http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1704.htm)
11. ^ "Three Day Fast of Nineveh" (http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-
of-nineveh/) . syrianorthodoxchurch.org. http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-
of-nineveh/. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
12. ^ Menko Vlaardingerbroek, The Founding of Nineveh and Babylon in Greek Historiography, Iraq, vol. 66,
Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assriologique Internationale, Part One, pp. 233-241, 2004
13. ^ "Dr. Layard and Nineveh", Bentley's Miscellany Vol 29 (1851), p. 102
14. ^ A. H. Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains, John Murray, 1849
15. ^ A. H. Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, John Murray, 1853
16. ^ A. H. Layard, The monuments of Nineveh; from drawings made on the spot, John Murray, 1849
17. ^ A. H. Layard, A second series of the monuments of Nineveh, John Murray, 1853
18. ^ John Malcolm Russell, From Nineveh to New York: The Strange Story of the Assyrian Reliefs in the
Metropolitan Museum & the Hidden Masterpiece at Canford School, Yale University Press, 1997, ISBN
0-300-06459-4
19. ^ George Smith, Assyrian discoveries; an account of explorations and discoveries on the site of Nineveh,
during 1873 and 1874, S. Low-Marston-Searle and Rivington, 1876
20. ^ Hormuzd Rassam and Robert William Rogers, Asshur and the land of Nimrod, Curts & Jennings, 1897
21. ^ R. Campbell Thompson and R. W. Hutchinson, The excavations on the temple of Nabu at Nineveh,
Archaeologia, vol. 79, pp. 103-148, 1929
22. ^ R. Campbell Thompson and R. W. Hutchinson, The site of the palace of Ashurnasirpal II at Nineveh
excavated in 1929-30, Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, vol. 18, pp. 79-112, 1931
23. ^ R. Campbell Thompson and R. W. Hamilton, The British Museum excavations on the temple of Ishtar at
Nineveh 1930-31, Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, vol. 19, pp. 55-116, 1932
24. ^ R. Campbell Thompson and M E L Mallowan, The British Museum excavations at Nineveh 1931-32,
Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, vol. 20, pp. 71-186, 1933
25. ^ Mohammed Ali Mustafa, Sumer, vol. 10, pp. 110-11, 1954
26. ^ Mohammed Ali Mustafa, Sumer, vol. 11, pp. 4, 1955
27. ^ Tariq Madhloom, Excavations at Nineveh: A preliminary report, Sumer, vol. 23, pp. 76-79, 1967
28. ^ Tariq Madhloom, Excavations at Nineveh: The 1967-68 Campaign, Sumer, vol 24, pp. 45-51, 1968
29. ^ Tariq Madhloom, Excavations at Nineveh: The 1968-69 Campaign, Sumer, vol. 25, pp. 43-49, 1969
30. ^ Shelby White - Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications - Nineveh Publication Grant
(http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/digsites/Mesopotamia/Nineveh_07/index.htm)
31. ^ Diana Pickworth, Excavations at Nineveh: The Halzi Gate, Iraq, vol. 67, no. 1, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th
Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part Two, pp. 295-316, 2005
32. ^ "Cultural Assessment of Iraq: The State of Sites and Museums in Northern Iraq – Nineveh"
(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0611_030611_iraqlootingreport2.html) . National
Geographic News. May 2003. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003
/06/0611_030611_iraqlootingreport2.html.
33. ^ Globalheritagefund.org (http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/)
34. ^ article about the Roagation of the Ninevites (http://christiansofiraq.com/BaootaFeb86.html)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew
George (1897). "article name needed". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson
and Sons.
References
John Malcolm Russell, Sennacherib's "Palace without Rival" at Nineveh, University Of Chicago
Press, 1992, ISBN 0-226-73175-8
10 of 12 2/3/13 2:45 PM
Richard David Barnett, Sculptures from the north palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668-627
B.C.), British Museum Publications Ltd, 1976, ISBN 0-7141-1046-9
R. Campbell Thompson and R. W. Hutchinson, A century of exploration at Nineveh, Luzac, 1929
Carl Bezold, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British
Museum: Volume I, British Museum, 1889
Museum: Volume II, British Museum, 1891
Museum: Volume III, British Museum, 1893
Museum: Volume IV, British Museum, 1896
Museum: Volume V, British Museum, 1899
W. L. King, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British
Museum: Supplement I, British Museum, 1914
W. G. Lambert, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British
Museum: Supplement II, British Museum, 1968
W. G. Lambert, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British
Museum: Supplement III, British Museum, 1992, ISBN 0-7141-1131-7
M. Louise Scott and John MacGinnis, Notes on Nineveh, Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 63–73, 1990
C. Trümpler (ed.), Agatha Christie and archaeolog (London, The British Museum Press, 2001) -
Nineveh 5, Vessel Pottery 2900 BC...
Gwendolyn Leick. The A to Z of Mesopotamia. Scarecrow Press, 2010. - Early worship of Ishtar,
Early / Prehistoric Nineveh
Will Durant. Our oriental heritage. Simon & Schuster, 1954. - Early / Prehistoric Nineveh
External links
Joanne Farchakh-Bajjaly photos (http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/IRAQ/dbfiles/farchakh
/sitephotos.htm#niniveh_a) of Nineveh taken in May 2003 showing damage from looters.
John Malcolm Russell, "Stolen stones: the modern sack of Nineveh" (http://www.archaeology.org
/online/features/nineveh/) in Archaeology; looting of sculptures in the 1990s.
Nineveh page (http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/middle_east
/room_9_assyria_nineveh.aspx) at the British Museum's website. Includes photographs of items
from their collection.
University of California Digital Nineveh Archives (http://www.digitalnineveharchives.org) A
teaching and research tool presenting a comprehensive picture of Nineveh within the history of
archaeology in the Near East, including a searchable data repository for meaningful analysis of
currently unlinked sets of data from different areas of the site and different episodes in the
160-year history of excavations.
CyArk Digital Nineveh Archives (http://archive.cyark.org/nineveh-region-info) , publicly
accessible, free depository of the data from the previously-linked UC Berkeley Nineveh Archives
project, fully linked and georeferenced in a UC Berkeley/CyArk research partnership to develop
the archive for open web use. Includes creative commons-licensed media items.
Photos of Nineveh, 1989-1990 (http://www.flickr.com/photos/28803198@N06/sets/)
11 of 12 2/3/13 2:45 PM
ABC 3 (http://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nineveh/nineveh02.html) : Babylonian Chronicle Concerning

the Fall of Nineveh
Layard's Nineveh and its Remains- full text (http://books.google.com/books?as_brr=1&
id=llVFb6qLmsgC&vid=OCLC15094280&dq=greek+pottery&jtp=1)
A history (http://history-world.org/nineveh.htm)
Austen Henry Layard - Nineveh and Its Remains (http://books.google.se
/books?id=llVFb6qLmsgC) full book readable
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&oldid=536164190"

Categories: Ancient Assyrian cities Archaeological sites in Iraq Hebrew Bible cities
Nineveh Province Former populated places in Iraq Jonah

organization.
12 of 12 2/3/13 2:45 PM
Thebes, Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt
Coordinates: 25°43′14″N 32°36′37″E

Thebes, Egypt
Thebes (pron.: /θiːbz/;[1] Ancient Greek: UNESCO World Heritage Site

Θῆβαι, Thēbai) is the Greek name for a
city in Ancient Egypt, natively known as Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis
Waset, located about 800 km south of the Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list)
Mediterranean, on the east bank of the
Country Egypt
river Nile within the modern city of Luxor.
The Theban Necropolis is situated nearby Type Cultural
on the west bank of the Nile. Criteria i, iii, vi
Reference 87 (http://whc.unesco.org
/en/list/87)
Contents UNESCO region (http://whc.unesco.org Arab States
/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&
1 Name
2 History type=&media=&region=&order=region)
3 Archaeology Inscription history

4 See also
Inscription 1979 (3rd Session)
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Name
The Egyptian name of Thebes was Waset
(w s.t) "City of the Sceptre". The name
Thebai is the Greek designation of opet,
the Egyptian name of the Karnak temple
complex situated across the Nile, west of Location of Thebes, Egypt in Egypt.
Thebes proper. Classical Egyptian Ta-opet
became Demotic ta-pe, which was adopted
in Greek as thebai, assimilated to the name of the Greek city. Due to its association with the Egyptian
city, Greek Thebes also had a statue and temple of Ammon (Amun) from the 5th century BC.[2]
As the seat of the Theban Triad of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu, Thebes was known in the Egyptian
language from the end of the New Kingdom as niwt-imn, "The City of Amun." This found its way into
the Hebrew Bible as ‫ נא אמון‬nōʼ ʼāmôn (Nahum 3:8), probably referring to the Egyptian deity Amun-Ra,
most likely it is also the same as ‫"( נא‬No") (Ezekiel 30:14-16, Jeremiah 46:25). In Greek this name was
rendered Διόσπολις Diospolis, "City of Zeus", as Amun in the interpretatio graeca became Greek Zeus
Ammon. The Greeks surnamed the city μεγάλη megale, "the Great", to differentiate it from numerous
other cities called Diospolis. The Romans rendered the name Diospolis Magna.
1 of 4 2/3/13 2:47 PM
w s.t niw.t rs.t iwnw-sm’

w s.t
City of the Sceptre[3] in hieroglyphs Southern City[4] Heliopolis of the South[5]
in hieroglyphs in hieroglyphs in hieroglyphs
History
Thebes was inhabited from around 3200 BC.[6] It was the
eponymous capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian nome.
Waset was the capital of Egypt during part of the 11th Dynasty
(Middle Kingdom) and most of the 18th Dynasty (New
Kingdom), when Hatshepsut built a Red Sea fleet to facilitate
trade between Thebes Red Sea port of Elim, modern Quasir, and
Elat at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. According to George
Modelski, Thebes had about 40,000 inhabitants in 2000 BC
Lithic core: Museum of Toulouse (compared to 60,000 in Memphis, the largest city of the world at
the time). By 1800 BC, the population of Memphis was down to
about 30,000, making Thebes the largest city in Egypt at the
time. By the Amarna period (14th century BC), Thebes may have grown to be the largest city in the
world, with a population of about 80,000, a position which it held until about 1000 BC, when it was
again surpassed by Memphis (among others)[7]
With the 19th Dynasty the seat of government moved to the Delta. The archaeological remains of
Thebes offer a striking testimony to Egyptian civilization at its height. The Greek poet Homer extolled
the wealth of Thebes in the Iliad, Book 9 (c. 8th Century BC): "... in Egyptian Thebes the heaps of
precious ingots gleam, the hundred-gated Thebes."
Archaeology
In 1979, the ruins of ancient Thebes were inscribed by UNESCO
as a World Cultural Heritage site. The two great temples the
Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens, Luxor Temple
(Arabic: ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺼﺮ‬, Al-Uqṣur, "The palaces") and al-Karnak (‫)ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻧﻚ‬,
are among the great achievements of ancient Egypt. Luxor Temple
See also
Memphis, Egypt
2 of 4 2/3/13 2:47 PM
Notes
1. ^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition.
Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 1588
2. ^ according to Pausanias, Description of Greece ix.16 § 1.
3. ^ Adolf Erman, Hermann Grapow: Wörterbuch der ägyptischer
Sprache. akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1971. p.259
4. ^ Wörterbuch, p.211
5. ^ Wörterbuch, pp.54,479
6. ^ http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/egyptkarnak.htm
7. ^ George Modelski, "Cities of the Ancient World: An Inventory
(-3500 to -1200) (https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski The Theban Necropolis
/WCITI2.html) "; see also list of largest cities throughout history.
References
Gauthier, Henri. 1925–1931. Dictionnaire des noms géographiques contenus dans les textes
hieroglyphiques. Vol. 3 of 7 vols. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale
du Caire. (Reprinted Osnabrück: Otto Zeller Verlag, 1975). 75, 76.
Polz, Daniel C. 2001. "Thebes". In The Oxford Encyclopedia of ancient Egypt, edited by Donald
Bruce Redford. Vol. 3 of 3 vols. Oxford, New York, and Cairo: Oxford University Press and The
American University in Cairo Press. 384–388.
Redford, Donald Bruce. 1992. "Thebes". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel
Freedman. Vol. 6 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 442–443. ISBN 0-385-42583-X (6-volume set)
Strudwick, Nigel C., & Strudwick, Helen, Thebes in Egypt: A Guide to the Tombs and Temples of
Ancient Luxor. London: British Museum Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8014-3693-1 (hardcover)/ISBN
0-8014-8616-5 (paperback)
External links
More information on ancient Thebes, a World Cultural Heritage site (http://whc.unesco.org
/en/list/87/)
Theban Mapping Project (http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/)
Ramesseum/Ancient Thebes Digital Media Archive (photos, laser scans, panoramas)
(http://archive.cyark.org/ancient-thebes-intro) , data from an Egyptian Supreme Council of
Antiquities/CyArk research partnership
ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2001/2002 (http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/2001
/egyp2001.htm)
Preceded by Capital of Egypt Succeeded by

Herakleopolis 2060 BC - 1785 BC Avaris
Avaris 1580 BC - c. 1353 BC Akhetaten
3 of 4 2/3/13 2:47 PM

Akhetaten c. 1332 BC - 1085 BC Tanis
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thebes,_Egypt&oldid=536358640"

Categories: World Heritage Sites in Egypt Archaeological sites in Egypt Cities in Ancient Egypt
Former populated places in Egypt Amun

organization.
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The Ancient Tecpanecs in the
Valley of Mexico
The archaeological researches and explorations carried into effect
by Professor William Niven during the years 1918-19 last past, in a zone
lying in the northwestern portion of the valley of Mexico, have indeed
proven most fruitful to the cause of antiquarian research as many
interesting specimens of a prehistoric civilization have been found, and
which serve most efficaciously to penetrate the mists and dissipate to a
great extent the dense darkness which has here tofore enshrouded the
social activities of our ancient ancestors.
By means of a constant and methodic system of explorations, places
and districts have been thoroughly covered which include an area of
territory absolutely TECPANECAN without doubt, such as SAN JUAN
TLILHUACA, AZCAPOTZALCO, SANTIAGO AHUIZOCTLA, SAN MI-
GUEL AMANTLA, TACUBA, (TLACOPAN), SAN JUANICO, POPO-
TLA and SAN JOAQUIN (CACALCO).
The tecpanecan territory in the valley of Mexico, according to the
fixed opinions as shared by all the early historians, as well as the pic-
tographs as shown by the Codicils, embraced the districts of Azcapot-
zalco, Tacuba, a portion of Tacubaya, CoyoacÃ¡n, Magdalena and Cul-
huacÃ¡n; and this uniformity of ideas on the part of the various writers
has been fully proven to he correct by the abundance or archaeological
material discovered, and therefore the geographical situation of the
tecpanecan settlements in the valley of Mexico can now be definitely
determined. The accompanying map shows all the details with suf-
ficient clearness, and defines the extent of the relations existing between
the tecpanecs and the dwellers in the old lava fields.
As regards the system of exploration observed, properly speaking,
it was made at all times along the lines of a stratigraphic method which
experience had shown to Mr. Niven to be the correct one after years
of research work in the valley of Mexico, with the view of determin-

Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us-google
ing the respective archaeological horizons with greater exactness than
has been the case with the International School of Archaelogy, in
1911-12.
See our stratigraphic representation. We annotate thereon for
the first time the "tecpanecan horizon"r and which is unquestionably of
a period prior to the" one enshrouding 'the mysteries of "Teotihuaean."
â€” 27 â€” "

Generated on 2013-01-30 16:58 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101067585719
The importance of the tecpanecan horizon is of such a nature as to
forge the link which connects the prehistoric or archaic era of the
dwellers in the old lava fields, with the "teotihuacan" period, and thus
we again confirm the opinions handed down by historians, by means
of the archaeological discovery, to the effect that the "teotihuacan"
civilization began to flourish with the dedication of the celebrated
pyramids in the VII seventh century of the Christian era; and
at that time, there is no doubt whatever but that a long time had
elapsed, perhaps centuries had passed by, since the tecpanecan
peoples had taken up their abode in the valley of Mexico with
the Capital of their kingdom located in Azcapotzalco. Furthermore
by considering the information which we have plucked, as it were, from
the Chronicle of the Chronicles as contained in the History written by
Orozco y Berra,â€”I repeat, by considering, taking into account the fact
that when Torquemada was writing his "Indian Monarchy" about the
year 1595, or before, the tecpanecan peoples claimed to have been
residing in and around the environs of Azcapotzalco for 1565 years, it
thus results that they had established their Capital city about the year
30 of the Christian era; and then when we realize that in order for
them to perfect a norganization as a tribe and become so unified as to
be able to constitute a stable form of government and establish their
Capital, we see that this would not only require a period of thirty years
but perhaps cover a whole century; so thus it becomes quite evident
to us that the tecpanecs must have been dwelling in the valley of
Mexico, previous to the birth of Christ. At all events, these are the
conclusions formed in view of the discoveries made and referred to in
this monograph, and the quantity and quality of the archaeological
material which has been collected certainly serves to prove the cor-
rectness of same.
THE ORIGING OF THE TECPANECS.
The pre-Cortesian Codicil recording the Aztec Peregrination tells us

that they were one of the tribes belonging to the great "Nahua" family
who formerly had their abodein "Chicomoztoc" and afterwards pere-
grinated towards the valley of Mexico. This same authority gives us
the hieroglyphic name, phonetically figurative, as: a "tecpatl (hard fossil)
with which we can definitely and graphically portray the word as TEC-
PANEC; but there have not been those lacking who have written the
word as "tepanec", signifying a people with palaces, which alters con-

siderably the correct application of same.
"Tecpatl" means a hard fossil, and "necatl" is the termination of a
word applied in connection with the names of tribes ending in pa or tl;
so therefore we have the word "tecpanecatl" signifying the people of
the "hard fossil" of the people of "tecpatl" (place). According to
the Codicil, and also to the historians, the tecpanecan tribes abandoned
their dwelling place in "Chicomoztoc" in three sections, and arrived in this
valley a long time before the coming of the Aztecs; but during their
â€” 28 â€”
[4 L'
~~
â€º Â¬(.â€º
Â¿Ml-
K -+--â€œ \
Â»'â€œâ€•"*PÂ«\
V:/'
Â¢Ã£-
4:-; Ã•
\.__;/ ~
, _. Â¢--Ã¸ .HÂ± nf
,. - 2-
~ 'R ,. .' ".I- -
~ ' ,Â¬_:â€º-_\\-â€œ,'y~ Â¿ ~ \ X
â€œ_ ~ _ ~ ,SB
'__:;`Â¡!_ 1 \_Â¿ vâ€º
Â¿__ ..Â»._:, ~
\` -\Ã£$`â€º_Â¿â€º; Â¡ .g..
â€º' . ~
.'.v
~.â€ºÂ«
I" Â§~
â€ºw
,H .â€º
~~~
-(Fig. 9.)
_..29_
several journeys into other lands they became divided into different
groups or parties, and so it occurs that even according to the traditions
of their own kingdom, they appear to have arrived at different periods:
the first ones who made their appearance at a very early date were those
of Azcapotzalco, and later came the tribes of Tlacopan. As( the tribes
or different fragments of the "nahuatl" race brought along with them
their deities, we are of the opinion that the one known as "Tlacatecpane-
catl" pertained to the "tecpanecs", and the archaeological material col-
lected shows after study that when the division among the tribes took
place, they had already an established religion and were performing
their acts of divine service in accordance with the tenets of same;
furthermore, we can see that they possessed considerable cosmogonical
knowledge without doubt, as is evident from the fact that the various
"nahua" tribes, even when on the march, always celebrated the festivals
corresponding to the cycle of the seasons; and we find the Toltec tribes
who belonged to the same etnographical and linguistical familiy, reforming
the calendar 133 years before the dating of the Christian era.
With reference to the "tecpanecan" types, we will take up this
subject later, after having finished with a study of' the archaeological
material which we have in hand.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL
From the month of July 1918 to the end of the year 1919. owing to
the many discoveries of archaeological obiects made bv my friend and
associate in study, Mr. Niven. my attention was very stronglv attracted
to these explorations on account of the rare speciments found that weê
heretofore unknown, as well as their peculiar manufacture, and the de^th
at which they were located in the subterranean beds lying beneath the
surface of the valley. The first one consisted of an oval-shaped piece,
without paint or coloring, and on the reverse side about half way down
there extended around a branch which formed an angle with the front
part and which combination seemed to serve as the reoreseni'ation of a

church desk or reading stand. On describing this figure we r^nves^ted
that it refers to the irtes of "Xochiquetzal" and "Chicomerochitl" nresent-
ing the floral offering ("xorhimecatl") the enrd or spiritual foo^ in
accordance with the ceremonials, and the worship of thÂ» ^?ve~s ^m'Hn5
of the "Flower days." We observed then the a'titudes of the miniature
figures revealing entire body, and r>'acedNsidewise s~ps to comoafrinat")
with the festivals of the cvde of the seasons, and we became aware of
the perfectness of the modeling and the style of headê^r. in "on+rats
with the extremities of the human figures: and also the bulbs of the
flowers, as well as the cord imperfectly done in a very nrimitive man-
ner. However we arrived at the conclusion that the tvoes were
anthropologically tecpanecan. in view of strati,o"*a'ohical evidences, and
that the SDecimen was found at a deoth of a little ov*>r three infers
embedded in a stratum of sand Tnired with ashes. mud-bncV and stone
dust composing the remains of fallen walls or the floors of dwellings or
temples. This valuable specimen to which we refer, measures 22 by 15
â€” 30 â€”
4
Q
~
IP
1.
,Q
Â¿
po
!^
__
(1-
;~\
2~
_ _..
Â¢\.
r"`
31*-
~ ~.
Â¡..;_
Â«\ ~
40' .;.
NvÃ±
'\_.Â¡*
'<Â¢-'
- ""Â¬
_.ÃÂ¢
-' fr: ''"
-L., ~ .K
"Â¡"*n4-
(Fig. 10.)
*,,.-,_Â¡ nf
~s-~~ â€º=
.nlï¬•hlrqy Ã•
centimeterg. Its elaboration has been incomplete, although the exterior
is smooth and evenly distributed. The stratigraphical horizon as revealed
by the discovery is seen to be "tecpanecan" at a second period. The
general technic observed shows applications in adhesive pastile work: the
floral cord, flowers, vases and anthropomorphic figures having been modeled
separately and attached jn a crude manner... so unique and peculiar in
their class: the miniature heads and bodies have been cast in molds,
(Figure 3.), and proceed from Santiago Ahuizoctla in the Azcapotzalco
district.
From this same place, and in a similar underground stratum as well
as at the same depth were found the vases as per the Figures numbered
4 and 5. The No. 4 is of the "apaztli" order, 16 centimeters high and
24 centimeters in diameter, adorned with the floral chain or cord, and
with sufficient space left in the belly of the vessel as to permit the
grouping therein of miniature figures of night-birds, and the deities of
the "Floral days" as was the custom, all placed and attached thereabouts
by means of adhesive pastiles. The heads of the deities appear with eye-
shades and which are archaic representations of "Xochipilli," the god of
fire and flowers. The "tlacatecolotl" reveals the belly part as ornamented
with flowers.
Figure 5 is a vase of the "comitl" type proceeding from the same
place as before mentioned, as well as from the same-stratum and found
lying also at the same depth as the other specimens hereinbefore des-
cribed. The workmanship is not even and imperfectly finished; the deco-
ration is of the "xochimecatl" style, and encircling the belly appears the
mould of a face surrounded by flowers of different kinds; of a primitive
nature which in this instance we will call aztec; the flowers numbering
seven and to which we apply the word "Chicomexochitl" the masculine
god of "Xochiquetzal," with a height reaching 13 centimeters, and in
diameter 7 centimeters. In this stratum, the same as in the other one,
besides the objects discovered, there existed considerable gravel.

With reference to the "Chicomexochitl" we cannot fail to notice the
pronounced racial type, with the long, oval face, high smooth forehad
indented, as it were, in the center along the hair line. In fact, the
little head was distinctly tecpanecan and pertaining to one of the three
periods embraced in this most interesting culture.
Figure 6 represents a group of mothers with their babies. The man-
ner in which they are carried forms a veritable, ethnographical document,

the one marked with the letter A, a, carries twins,â€”one twin is being
held in the arms, and the other one is carried on the back. The mother is
entirely nude revealing her breasts; the headdress consists of bands of
cloth through which the hair protrudes and hangs along the sides as
disk-shaped ear coverings. Proceeding from out the back part of this
headdress as mentioned, there appears a large, heavy band of material
which extends down connecting with the waistband, wihch forms a space
or place appropriate for the carrying of one of the twin babies.
The mother's countenance shows much expression; the eyelids are
turned downwards in contemplation of the child, and the mouth reveals
a lingering smile peculiar to the mongoloid racial type.
-32 â€”
As we find takes place in this culture, the extremities are not well
designed, and in fact are badly modeled.â€”a characteristic which do^s
not occur in the head work; however, the same conditions do not ob-
tain in the technics of the children.
The B, does not represent a living woman, but a goddess recotrnized
by the flowers garlanding the arms and feet, and who carries in her
arms not a live child, but a household god.
The C, is a small representation of the face-mask of "Xochioilli"
with a nose-ring consisting of a spheroidal flower and large discoidal
ear coverings, as well as a head ornament in the form of a flower (Is
this "Xochiquetzal?). At all events, it pertains to a period previous to
A and B.
It is surprising to note by the headgears, ear coverings and ventral
bands around the infants, that they continued in vogue up to the aztec
period in the time of the Spanish conqueror HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s.
Figure A, is 6 centimeters in height, by 6 in diameter measured
from arm to arm, and 11 centimeters in length.
Figure B, is 6 centimeters in height, by 7 centimeters in width,
with a length of only 5 centimeters, as the legs are folded inwards.
Figure C, is 5 centimeters high, by 5-1 ]2 centimeters in width, and
7-1(2 centimeters in length.
The figures are all made of a fine clay material, of a yellowish color,
and incompletely baked.
They all proceed from the subterranean stratums discovered in
San Juan Tlilhuaca on the dividing line between Atzcapotzalco and
the State of Mexico, and found embedded at a depth of between 4 and
4-112 meters beneath the surface in a layer of gravel, sand and ashes.
The interior parts of the arms and legs were found filled with the sand
and fine gravel, with the sand alone adhering greatly to the hollows
and projecting parts of the face.
SECRET RITES.
Figure 7, represents a group of these little human images pert-
aining distinctly to the tecpanecan stratigraphic horizon, found here
and there in the districts of Tlilhuaca, San Juanico, Amantla and
Ahuizoctla, as well as in Tepalcatitla, a place situated between Amantla
and Ahuizoctla,â€”and in every one of these locations the composition
of the underground stratum was just the same, consisting of sand and
gravel. I accompanied Mr. Niven to the places where the excavations

were being made, and I can assist the discoverer just mentioned, to the
extent of being able to testify as to the authenticity of these subter-
ranean deposits, untouched until now,â€”as well as the interesting
specimens being brought to light from out the subsoil of this ancient
valley which will so enrich the archives of American archaeology.
The general characteristics of these little figures are similar to
the ones before described; floral representations abound in all the
styles of headdress, as well as in the neck ornaments, and it is very
notable to see that in all these little images, whether masculine or
-33 â€”
feminine, of deities or of human beings, they always show one hand as
pressed to the lips, and the other one resting on a muscle. At other
times, the hand is held against the breast. And in connection with
this sign which still prevails in modern secret rites as has been
transmitted down the centuries from remotest ages, it cannot be said
that it is strange that same exised among the tecpanecans during
(he solemn and mysterious rites dedicated to the gods of the Â¡lowers
and fire. It seems wonderful to discover here in this horizon, the old
and venerable god, Huehueteotl, the most ancient of the American
pantheon, whose face is crossed and recrossed by the lines and furrows
of age,â€”and the little figure of this god appears in the attitude of
making.. the secret sign. .. !!
And what is to be said of "Xochiquetzal" which from the earliest
periods of tecpanecan history, appears with the sacred "quetzal,"â€”that
worshiped symbol, of the compressed crest and brilliant plumage, of
the ancient races, iridescent on the headdress, and with a necklace of
flowers encircling below? In our figures mentioned, this sacred bird,
"quetzal" shows the beak as broken; and the rest of the head adorment
is similar to that of "Xochiquetzal" and "Xochipilli," but of fine execut-
ion, design and special style; on the other hand, that is to say with
reference to the neck ornaments and flowers, it is readily seen that they
are of primitive fashion, and the body is substituted by a very poorly
modeled cone and with applications effected by means of adhesive pas-
tiles in representation of cords and flowers; and furthermore, the
goddess has assumed a mysterious. . . secret attitude. Neither is this
all: there are miniature archaic figures pertaining to the first period of
the tecpanecs, who without doubt were contemporaneuos with the ancient
inhabitants of the old lava fields, and with whom they must have been
in contact, (perhaps ten thousand years ago,)â€”which reveal the ritualistic
attitudes to which we have referred,â€”and these miniature human figures,
both masculine and feminine, in these secret mysteries, show the genital
organs in a perfectly nude condition as if such rites had some relationship
with those of phallicism, as will be mentioned later.
PHALLICISM OR THE WORSHIP OF THE PHALLUS.
The group represented by the Figure 8, shows the conic form of
headdress with floral ornamentations. From ancient history we have
known that the conic form of headdress has had some connection to the
phallic rites, or at least this occurred among the aztecs and totonacs, al-
though they were not the only ones addicted to phallic worship, in view
of the fact that we know that this practice was current and in vogue,
(as proven by old manuscripts,) among the "quichÃ©s-mayas" and the
tarascan races. So now it occurs that we find that there existed an ana-
lagous system of worship as practiced by the tecpanecs in the earliest
periods; in fact, a large portion of the human figures with the conic
form of headdress, exhibit the male organ and even the feminine figures
â€” with identical headdressâ€”also reveal the pudendum or vulva with
every detail; and here is something more.... wonderful..... There
â€” 34 â€”
â€” 35
(Fig. 11.)
is an object which aeems to be falling, which at first sight appears
to represent a small timbrel, but on closer inspection it is seen
to be the representation of a drop of semen oozing from the deminine
organ of generation. In fact, in the Jonuta work of relief (No.
26 in the Gallery of Monoliths in the National Museum of Archaelogy)
the group of symbols of the male organ of generation which are portrayed
in the manner of projecting cloves around the head of the priest of the
temple, are evidently ejecting semen, and thus the seminal fluid is seen
to be falling in ovoid drops in a form very similar to the specimen which
we have just described. Given the importance of the semianl production
in the matter of generation, it is congruent to conjecture and form opin-
ions regarding the deity of which it is an attribute.
The relation existing between the phallus and the principle of ge-
neration was established in the tecpanecan period, and yet survived
throughout the Aztec pantheon, in the "Coatlicue," for example, in the
Milky Way; Iztacmixcoatl where took place the worship and the repre-
sentation of serpents among the Aztecs, were all due to a phallic origin,
neither more nor less, as initiated among the tecpanecs'as demonstrated
by the specimens examined. They are of identical general characteristics
as the preceding ones, and their dimensions vary from between... and.. .
centimeters.
They were found in Tlilhuaca, in the stratum as described, and with
the sand tenaciously adhesive.
OTHER HUMAN FIGURES.
We have two types of men and one of a woman represented by
Figure No. 9; with reference to the first mentioned, the A, is notable
for the headdress arrangement, as well as for an additional piece in the
form of a church desk or stand which serves as a support; the hair shows
as being trimmed in the form of a ringlet over the forehead, leaving two
large locks of hair that hang down past the ears, and not interfering
with the diskshaped ear coverings as have been previously mentioned.

Palm leaf ribbons or bands encircle the head; as regards the face portion
the nose has been considerably worn owing to the destroying effects of
external agencies,â€”and the necklace is a representation of three flowers.
and the whole piece has a height of 14 centimeters. The face shows as
having been prepared by a molder.
The B. has been cast into two different parts: one for the head and
right hand, and the other for the rest of the body. The expression on
the face, and the hieratic nature of the specimen together with the
tecpanecan type, is most surprising,â€”and cushions of flowers dot here and
there the hair dressing as it hangs below on the left side. The bust is
nude, and the arms and legs have their floral coverings. Across the
breast extends a garland of flowers, and then appears a marvelous "max-
tlaltl" resplendent and imposing as the turrets of a fortress; besides,
there is a belt at the waist exhibiting the elegant knotted cord so typical
of the deities of the gods of fire, wohse countenance it bears. The little
- 36 â€”
sosva
("21 2]d)
v?*>3 N VÃdL D 3J
figure is 15 centimeters in height by 7 centimeters in width, and the
back part of the facial portion is smooth and even.
With C, we have marked a womanish figure 11 centimeters in height
by 7 centimeters in width. The countenance resembles very closely the
type and technic in modeling, as those of the lava field dwellers; the head
costume is almost oriental in design and characteristically tecpanscan;
and with reference to the clothing, the "huipilli" (shirt) and the "cueitl''
(skirt) are eminently of a distinct buddhistic nature. This style of dress
with the various parts adorned with ribbons, bands, and rich designs
subsisted up to the time of the Aztecs, and we find it in vogue among
the inhabitants of "teoticuacan" during the building of the pyramids,
who as we have before demonstrated, flourished at a much later date
than the tecpanecs.
Notwithstanding the remoteness of the ancient period to which this
little figure belongs, it has a collar piece with ornamentation consisting
of three flowers, and below there appears two necklaces with five beads
in each one: four small ones, two at each end, and a long one in the
center. The number 5 ("macuilli") may have a reference to "Macuil-
xochitl."
It is convenient to here observe that neither one of these three mi-
niature figures represents in itself any one deity. They are persons
adorned in the fashion of the deities, and this womanish one, no doubt
was a household goddess,â€”because on examination it is seen that thy
lower portion of the posterior part of the face has a small pivot which
serves to sustain same in a vertical position.
There are other miniature figures, representing generally household
gods: the head is well modeled with the head costumes corresponding
to their category, and the body is invariably without arms and legs
resembling considerably the form of a truncated pyramid with its great-
er base reversed. These bodies are evenly elaborated, and with smooth
lines showing the points of insertion for the arms and muscles; and also
reveal on the front portions a series of graphic diagrams and tracings.
They are molded in one piece.
Â«
THE MOLDS.
The molds for heads, bodies, household gods, breadmaking rollers,
showing whole body,â€”are heavy and well baked, and it is very evident
that they were constructed of the very best clay material, highly pulv-
erized and beaten into shape while yet fresh, on a model which had been
most carefully fashioned. The use of the mold was as absolute necessity
imposed by the cult of the deities, and this accounts for the large number
of household gods and heads of deities so modeled. Furthermore the
art of taking familiar portraits was practiced, at least, the types desired
were copied by the tecpanecan sculptor among the kinsmen, and which
is the only explanation to be offered when it is seen that the deities
all show the same characteristic racial type, notwithstanding the use of
elaborate head costumes, ear coverings and collar pieces, which of course
altered to some extent the physiognomy.
â€” 38 â€”
By means of these molds, they cast their figures and images by
applying a great pressure around the plastic clay to give the perfect
form which they knew so well, and then leaving it to dry in the sun
within the mold; thus after the water had evaporated from the earthy
material, the molded form began to loosen, whereupon it was removed to
the shade where same was subjected to the baking process over a wood
fire, or inside of rudely prepared ovens which system was hardly known
to them. The heat was not directly applied in the second instance, be-
cause we know this from the fact that in the tecpanecan horizon we
have found some very small pieces resembling the bottom of a vase
with three feet attached. The object was passed on down to the Aztecs,
and even in this XX century the native Indian potters use this method
for placing their ceramic products inside the oven in such a manner as
to prevent the fire from exercising a direct heat over them, and this
process is still called.... in the Aztec or Mexican tongue, but com-
monly known in Spanish as "caballitos" (little horses).
We do not find that the tecpanecs ever molded any of their works
in relief, to apply them afterwards to their vases, urns, and incensa
burners by the system of adhesive pastiles; at least this technic peculiar
to the Aztec and Teotihuacan periods has not been discovered in any
of our explorations effected up to the present time in the stratigraphical
horizon of the tecpanecan peoples.
The mold used for the manufacture of the bread-dough rollers
consists only of a hollow portion necessary for forming the body of the
instrument, as the handles on the sides are prepared otherwise and
inserted by adhesive methods, previous to the baking process.
SORCERERS or MYTHOLOGICAL BEASTS.
Figure 11 is a very remarkable specimen showing two human
subjects in molding having a head resembling probably that of a
monkey and with such a peculiar headgear, that by inverting the figure
â€¢ owing to the adjustment of the headtire just referred to, and the way
the eyes are placed, the face remains the same as if no reverse move-
ment had been effected. There is also one, :n which the body ap-
pearing to be seated when in its normal position, turns out to be pei-
i'orming an acrobatic feat, upon inversion, with the head in the sam<j
position as before stated, and this is of the most primitive design.
Heads of the same humanized types, so to speak, are found at-
tached to bodies of quadrupeds, and even some of them have the crest
of "Macuilxochitl." What is this? The specimens are authentic ones
discovered in the subterranean beds and places as described at the
beginning of this monograph.
When it is realized that from the remotest times of antiquity, there
existed among the tecpanecan peoples many peculiar rites, and an
interesting and extensive cult based on cosmogonical principles,â€”it is
not out of place to consider that there must have existed sorcerers or
necromancers who changed the aspect of their bodies, and transformed
themselves completely, with frequency. At any rate, the interest in
these specimens becomes very great.
â€” 39 â€”
VASES.
Everything, in this interesting culture as analyzed, is a wonderful
revelator: the vases are by no means lacking in this feature, and especial-
ly those corresponding to the first period so exclusively consecrated to
the worship of the floral deities, are plethoric with floral adornments,
both around the mounthpiece and the belly of the vessel.
With reference to the morphology of the subject, the form in (?)
,badly modeled, without decorated edges, and with floral applications,
are continued in the structural arrangement of the jar ("comitl") with
well defined lines and proportions, but of a rudimentary style of modeling,
with applications attached by means of adhesive pastiles. There exists
the tendency to reproduce the human form, as well as the forms of
various animals on these vases, especially in the (?) ; thus we
have the representation of the night-birds (resembling owls) and the
face of a man, all attached by the adhesive pastiles to the belly of the
vases. Mention should here be made that the vases referred to, are fre-
quently very small, and appear to be mere playthings, or perhaps, simply
patterns.
As pertaining to another period, we find the form "xicalli" with
heavy pastile applications adorming the belly portion; also the same
form with feet extending from the upper edge of the object to the
bottom; 3 feet, and even 4 alternating in this way with frequency:
two extending down from the upper rim, and two attached to the
bottom. This form does not pertain to the "nahua" civilization but
to the "tarascan," and perhaps are to be considered as souvenirs of the
transit of the "nahua" tribes across the territories of Mihuacan. Even
the graphic decorations, the free hand tracings, together with the zig-zag
lines or little circies of diverging rays, recall to memory the primitive
nature and the ingenuity displayed in the technics of the early periods.
(Megaliths of the Lava Beds.)
Among the vases shown in Figure 12, there is a ventral decoration

which is hollowed work,â€”a style which is seen to have subsisted during
the "teotihuacan" epoch, and showings symmetry and elegance in its
sobriety of detail.
Comparing this figure with numbers 4 and 5, we can appreciate the
morphological evolution of vase manufacture as performed by the
tecpanecs. As regards the coloring, we have not fuond a similar one on
any vases pertainning to this culture,â€”but on the miniature human

figures representing the god of fire, alternating red yellow bands or
stripes appear thereon.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE TECPANECAN TYPE.
In the tecpanscan horizon, there begins to be defined an anthropolo-
gical type which is "sui generis," and at the same time brings to memory
the prehistoric epoch of the lava field dwellers; and as we ascend in the
mentioned horizon, we find that owing to an improvement in the technic
followed in the modeled forms, as well as in the art of portraiture, the
features are considerably truer, and finer in detail as the art continued
â€” 40 â€”
to be perfected; but the head which requires nothing but observation,
fixes its silhouette in 3 periods: flat forehead and sunken on the top
of the head.â€”High flat forehead, and also curved and bulging.
The first mentioned corresponds to the stratum lying at the greatest
depth, and forming the link, as it were, with the lava dwellers' period.
The second and the third ones relieve as it were, and perpetuate so
to speak the "teotihuacan" civilization as these types reached by
transmission down through the ages to their dominios,â€”and we still
fina them among the Aziecs in the Cortesian period of the XVI century.
In this way can be explained the presence of the tecpanecan type found
in "Teotihuacan," where the large quantity of Little Heads existing
there, show the characteristic type as before stated. So thus we deduct
that the cultural extension of the peoples of "Teotihuacan" did not
reach the "tecpanecans" because it has been established that these
existed with priority, and in their horizon there appears neither anthro-
pological types, domestic ceramics, nor vestige of the "teotihuacan" ri-
tual.
This is not the place for making a comparative study of the
anthropological types of the seven "nahuatl" tribes; but we can say "a
priori" that it would show a distinct setting as the result of habits,
methods of alimentation, and other characteristics, undoubtedly.
With further reference to the type of the tecpanecs, we can affirm
that from the period of their earliest history, when the sculptors ap-
plied by means of an imperfect system of adhesive pastiles, the eyes,
nose, lips, and ornaments,â€”the anthropological characteristic of the head
can be defined.
The tendency towards prognathism exists in the tecpanecan type,
but only as a tendency; because a distinct and well-defined prognathism
has not been found by us, neither in the first tecpanecan period, nor are
the miniature heads of an orthognathous character.
The depression observed in the front part,â€”Has it been produced

artificially? It so appears, although we are not in possesion of any
creaneums of this type, in order to be able to prove such an assertion.
GEOGRAPHY and REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY.
The tecpanecan geographical data is duly shown on the map ac-
companying figure 1., and from it can be followed the evolution of
the tecpanecs from the southeast to the northwest across the valley
of Mexico,â€”and considering at the,same time the relations which must

have existed between them and the dwellers in the old lava fields of
whom we have spoken, during their occupation and journey from the
southland as they descended and advanced from out the mountain fastnes-
ses of Ajusco, along the slopes adjacent to Mixcoac, Tacubaya, and San
Joaquin; and finally arriving on the table-lands surrounding Azcapot-
zalco, the Capital of the kingdom whose hosts were to push the Aztecs
back toward the old lava, beds, and thence to the shores of the lake,
where destiny had reserved for them the site for the founding of the
great "TENOCHTITLAN."
â€” 41 â€”
During the tÃ©cpanecan period, the hydrography of the region in
question was by no means the same as we to-day know it: in the first
place, the waters of Lake Tezcoco at that time reached a point within
one kilometer to the east of Atzcapotzalco; a little over one kilometer
to the east of Tlilhuaca, and inundating Popotla; the waters reached
within one kilometer to the east of Amantla, and a little over 2 kilometers
in the same direction towards Ahuizoctla; they invaded the precincts,
or say, a portion of Tacubaya and Chapultepec; they also bathed the lands
adjacent to Mixcoac and Culhuacan, as well as Churubusco, and ap-
proached the territories of Tlacopaque, CoyoacÃ¡n, and Tenamitla (San An-
gel) among the lava beds of Ajusco.
With reference to the rivers of the valley, the Tlalnepantla stream
followed practically the same course as to-day; the Los Remedios in the
northwestern portion and extending over about a third of the distance
towards the lake, and the San Joaquin river flowed through the eastern
half of the valley.
During our explorations we have discovered the course of an old
river now disappeared, which flowed from north to south passing to the
westward of Tlilhuaca and Ahuizoctla, and thence continuing in the same
direction adjacent to the districts lying north of Tepalcatitla and Aman-
tla. There is absolutely no doubt but that it is the same course known
now as the Naucalpan. Well, it so happens that that old river bed oÃ
sand and gravel constitutes in part and accompanies at other times these
stratums or subterranean deposits of the archaeological material collected,
and treated of in this monograph. This explains, of course, the presence
of sand and gravel in the specimens unearthed. It is very reasonable to
suppose that the invasion of the waters of this river overflowing the
principal tecpanecan settlements in the valley, simply carried everything
before it, and destroyed them completely. There are even miniature
figures polished by the action of the waters, losing their principal features
by the friction of the movements produced when they ware hurled onward
and downward before the mad rush of the liquid element. Thus, we
see that Geography is intimately connected with regional Stratigraphy,
as demonstrated in the present instance, and which we will refer to in
detail when describing the respective Figure. Just now, we will proceed
to conclude with the suject relating to the names of places.
"TLILHUACAN."â€”A dry and black place: "tliltic" black;" "huacqui"'
dry, and "can" place. The site certainly confirms the etymology making
reference to the earth.
"AHUIZOCTLAN" place where is potters' earth or plastic clay:
"ahuic" on both sides; "zoctli" potters' earth, clay; "tlan" place. In fact,
it is still a potters' quarry, and abounds in deposits of plastic clay.
Erroneously, and without a foundation for thus referring to the site
in question, it has been called:
"Ahuexotla" place abounding in willows; also "Ahuizotla" land of
the "ahuizotl" a species of water-dog. (not existing in the place.)
"AMANTLA."â€”Land or place of the "amantecatl," or the plumed
workmen. (There is absolutely no record of the subsistence of this
â€” 42 â€”
industry in Amantla.) Perhaps, "amantli" may mean the native blankets
woven with feather work.
"AZCAPOTZALCO."â€”Place of the ant-hills: "azcatl" ant; "azcaputz-
alli" ant-hill. It is a fact that ant-hills are plentiful there. Thus the
name should not be written as "Atzcapotzalco."
"POPOTLA."â€”Place of the "popotl," a graminieous product for
industrial purposes. This site is made famous by the untenable tradition
to the effect that HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s stopped and shed bitter tears here under
the old cypress tree which is still standing, and which was near to an
Aztec temple, on the memorable "Sad Night" when his hosts fled before
the victorious Aztec legions on or about of lo. July of the year 1520, and
were pursued to the vicinity of "Los Remedios" where he at last rested
and gathered together his scattered army.
"TETETLAN."â€”Name of the "Pedregal" (Lava Fields) celebrated
at present for the of the most ancient men of America.
"TENAMITLA."â€”Place of turrets or palaces. It occupied the site
on which San Angel now stands.
"COYOHUACAN."â€”Place of the lean "Coyotl" (barking dog.):
"coyotl" coyote; "huacqui" lean, in composition: "huaca," "Coyohuaca,"
and the final "n," the place. This site being celebrated for having been
the residence of HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s after having taken the city of Tenoch-
titlan; and it is said that it was here that he tortured Cuauhtemoc by
burming his feet, and also strangled his first wife to death. However
nothing like this occurred in the old edifice of the Palace of CortÃ©s, ac-
cording to recent investigations made by Mrs. Nuttal, and which edifice
was erected at a later date in the la ConcepciÃ³n suburb of the same
Coyuacan.
"ATLACUIHUAYAN." -(Tacubaya.) Place in the river to go for
water: "atlacuihua" to go and draw water from the river; "yan"â€”a
verbal termination. The hieroglyphic consists of a "apilloli" or water
jug filled with the liquid.

There also exists an hieroglyphic of a hand seizing hold of an
"atlatl" or wooden instrument with which to throw darts, and is a figure
taken from the Codicil showing the Aztec Peregrination, which according
to the respected opinion of Orozco y Berra, and Don Fernando Ramirez
signifies a place meaning: place from whence the "atlatl" was taken or
seized, and in view of the fact that there exists a tradition to the effect
that the exists a tradition to the effect that the Aztecs invented the
"atlatl" on the site referred to.. The eminent Robelo makes mention
in his Dictionary of Aztec terms, of the surprising fact that by means
of divers hieroglyphical elements is formed one orthological word. . .
We, taking all in consideration, believe in the hieroglyphic "atlatl"
as being purely phonetic, because if it were representative it would
necessarily have to preserve elements of the word "atlatl," the name of
the place, which does not occur.
"CULHUACAN."â€”Place of the "colhua," the tribe. "Coltic" is
twisted, and the hieroglyphic is a hill with its top bent over. The place
is also referred to by the name of "Teoculhuacan" or "Tecolhuacan" in
â€” 43 â€”
Page Four T H E C H A B y y s S T O N D A I L Y M A l L . S A T U R D A Y E V E N I N G , N O V E M B E R 10, 1923
THE CHARLESTON DAILY MAIL clear, as. it must ever make clear,
Walter E. Clark that this country participates only on LITTLE CHICKS WITH BIG As the World Wags FIND FIVE PRE-HISTORIC
Published on Every WeeU Day Evening the terms and in such manner as we
and on Sunday Morning by
The Charleston Mali Association
Telephone Capitol C200
Connftctlus all Departments
may be able to accomplish real serv-
ice. : We do not participate in Euro-
RESOUNDING CROWS .
By HERBERT KAUFMAJJNT '.
Massachusetts
plumbers. -
reports a shortage of CIVILIZATIONS IN MEXICO
Aztecs, Pro-Aztecs, Plmitivcs, and Two
Opinions of The Press
Publication Office 1003 Virginia St. pean quarrels but we do participate Copyright, '23, by Herbert Kautmana More, Probably of Oriental
The marine congress is in session in Origin, Found The Charleston Da3y Mail's Editorial Review
IT*. H. MARTIN toi in 'all reasonable and sensible efforts New York.'
8. O. JDAMKON Managing Editor, to compose the differences and quar- $600,000 has just been offered and Maurice BIfer in the New Orleans
C. 3. BABNKTTE TeJeBraph Editor Nearly a quarter million competi- Times-Picayune Making the Young Men Think: In is true thafTthe modern girl la be-
» H. HOitNBR.... aund'ay Editor rels that may arise, and will do this | refused for an Oregon timber trait
B. H. ANDERSON...Business Manaer«r tors for the Bolt peace plan are re- The recent discovery of the two ad- the radio Thomas A. Edison'. sees coming stoop -shouldered, she might
C. E. ANDERSON.Advertistns Manager only when we can do it effectively ! which several .folks still living In the ported. ditional stratas of artifacts in the means of making thinking creatures try wearing lighter .earrings—From '
a. E. EVANS Circulation Manaôr and impartially. Having no-' seH'ish neighborhood could have bought for valley of Mexico, showing a total of o£ young Americans: During j a long the Birmingham News.
P. J. CAXOVA. JR. Superintendent
design of our own to serve, we just ?G,000. Two women elected to the house of five prehistoric civilization In Mexico, Interview, which, if it did not'concern But Ho Has Met Coxjlidgre: "Mor«
FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES as firmly insist that we shall not be Prime truck farms between Taco- I delegates will be the first to sit in the has given a good deal of excitement' cabbages and kings, did coverl a wide love is the need of the hour," says ,
BRVA.NT. GRIFFITH & BHU.NriON regarding one of the most interesting | range of topics, including the linfltness
CHICAGO NKV7 YORK BOSTON dragged or coerced into helping in ma and Seattle bring $800 an acre. Virginia assembly. of historical revelations. Up t> a few of Henry Ford for the presidency. Mr. Magnus Johnson. Ancl that is true.
feoplesGa- Brunswick 201 Devonshire any way the designs of other nations. Yet he is supposed to be a disciple ^
Building Building Buiidlr.ff Not'so.very, long-ago they went.beg- French authorities have anally lift- months ago it was known that there i Efiison touched upon the radib craze. of that Kate specialist,-La Fcllettei—
ATlÂNTA—Grant Building . Consequently there Is no truth in ging for 550. ed the ban on showing of the film had lived three different races in the He described the j radio as "one of the From the Chicago News.
the broad statement which we have "Birth of a Nation." valley of Mexico—the Aztecs, the pre- greatest things for .young
RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION A hundred thousand square leagues Aztecs and the "Primitives." 'brought out," and explained that he
DAILY AND SUNDAY Bryan's Battered Hat; Age jnaj ,
By carrier one week.; . . . . » .15 heard . so often that it has become of available. Northwest -land, now News .comes from China that an • For years excavations have revealed BO considered . it'because It Unduced
gy carrier OUR month.. «S tiresome that the United States has purchasable with clerks' savings and American has cornered the market for remains of these peoples. But thfl thorn to experiment, to read scientific not be able to wither, but in the case
By carrier one year 7.80 of Bryan'there is no question of cus-
By mail, tares months, in x.tvancci I S O refused to help Europe. We do try school teachers' nest eggs, will re- genuine Oriental mah-jonss sets. recent discovery of the two additional Utnrature, and to think. There is thus tom staling his Infinite variety for
By mail, one year, in advance 8.UU to help Europe' by offering to remove peat the performance before black- stratas has startled those who had ho'pe that the young man whose read- there Is no variety to be staled. With, -
' SUNDAYS ONLiV Remodeling and rearrangement of felt positive that only three stratas of Inc has heretofore been confined 10
By mail, one year, in advance..... 2.50 the obstacles to that understanding haired generations turn grey. the interior buildings at Ellin Island prehistoric civilization could be found the sporting page may turn to the him -it is a settled monotony. He. it -
KONDAV-S AND. THURSDAYS • .which prevents war, red revolution, Villages near Puyallup haven't yet for greater comfort of immigrants Is In that part of the world. column" ot ! popular science, and fro.m a presidential quadrennial, ripening ,
iBy mail, one year. In advance..... 2.00 there go on to explore new worlds regularly every four years, though he
anarchy and destruction, and then, shed- their false fronts, despite the proposed. , - Exposing some of the world's-great- of does not always come to blos-som a-R^l *
Eatered. at the Charleston, W. Va., after our efforts have been rejected fact that they snuggle the nation's est tragedies of the far-off past, in knowledge.
as Second Class Mattel Trade of the United States with the which temples and cities and millions Mr Edison views the .radio as an never has reached the fruit stage.
and distress and horrors come.. w?' p r e m ier berry district and chief pre- British colonies,• protectories and de- educational force in arousing interest Since his change of residence to Flor-
When our friends send us letters or dlg down deep into our pockets anl serving., center. pendencies .has more than doubled of human creatures were buried and in scientific subjects, rather, perhaps, | Ida it might be suggested that he is
obliterated thousands of years ago, the
laws matter for publication they since the war. i than as a means of dlssemlnatingjin a. political lemon but for ihe horticul-
should in Ul cases sign' their namea— expend millione of dollars in relieving discoveries have brought to light al- formation about the crops, current tural fact that the pale citrus {n-
ti&hough not necessarily to be printed.1 distress "which has come about be-
Anonymous letters. hoVever excellent Forty-five bankers from various most Incredible chronicles of horror. literature and religious precept and stead of waiting four years makes
md desirable in themselves, in no.in- cause of the rejection of the tender Mother Hubbard parts of the country are making a Explorations and exhuming bones, doctrine. Perhaps there is In his dis- two seasons of every year. Senator;,;
Hanco win bo published. Little chicks of industry, breaking! study of manufacturers' financing of Idols, pottery. Implements and other covery something to offset his own Doctor Copeland of New York is sur-,
of our good offices. things pertaining to these peoples of fear that the four-hour working day prised that Bryan is a presidential•>
The Associated Press is exclusively Qur 'record Is clear, and history, shell on the Pacific when McKlnley i automobile sales.
entitled to the use for re-publication bygone ages were made by excava- pret>cted
tlons b by Dr. Steinmetz would not candidate, but that is an emotion he'
ol all news dispatches credited t o - i t at least, .will no doubt .vindicate it. first entered the white house, are rap- No navy tickets to the Army-Navy I l' permission of the Mexican be a good thing, inasmuch as idle- monopolizes. The rest of the coun-
or not otherwise credited in thta paper, government, most of the excavations
4tn£ also thQ local news contained idly becoming cocks of commerce, | game on November 24 are available.' ness is dangerous. But leisure, well tr;, experiences a different emotion in
herein. •. . . Today's Game and Its Place in sending challenging crows around the The supply of 29.000 seats was ex- having been done by William Nlven, sp<:nt contains no dangers. And by contemplating tho possibility. Tha
noted mineralogist and archeologist-
INTENSIVE College and Athletics world. huusted before October I. thn time the four-hour da_y is attained only room for surprise .is that thedry-
t Total destruction was the fate of that process of scientific'lhciuiry and on-principle Br;. an should solicit an
Advertisers are assured that for Southern arid central % eat Virginia Old Mother Columbia must open I A drive for $5,000,000 is to be made | several peoples that inhabited the val- attention
many years the circulation at The Dally to things worth .while which alliance with the wet-on-princlpla
Mall In Charleston's retail trade trea are' well represented in Charleston other cupboards if she hopes to keep in Philadelphia for the scsqulcenten- j ley of Mexico at different times. Some Mr. Edison thinks the radio will in- Copeland, but it is not new to
has largely exceeded (as it largely es- today at the annual classic gridiron hungry factory packs supplied with nial celebration of 'the signing of the died because ot nood; some because of spire may have so far progressed that wl>y commoner to calculate.on catch-
:e«da ztow> that of any other newa- declaration of independence. tire and deadly volcanic gases; some tho completion of the four-hour working votes coming.and going;" and the
japer printed or circulated in this ter- contest between the r,West Virginia bones. from pestilence and famine. Cities ing day will see the workers turning ponderous'strength of New York-in'
ritory. , ;
and.the Washington and Lee elevens. They've eaten themselves bar* of j Tne New Tear's reception at the and villages were ruined, probably in to the systematic improvement of the national, convention apparently
The game here has become somewhat adjacent natural resources, so neces-1 White. House, perhaps the most plc- the time of ancient Babylon. thflr minds, and thus shunning the .would be equally welcome to him
of a fixture and makes Charleston slty whips them over the Rockie.i to I '"resque feature of life in Washing- perils of Idleness. whether it carae wringing wi>t or dust
the Mecca for an ever-larger crowd cheap abundance. i ton, Is to be revived this year. The first race of people inhabited The radio is to be regarded in this j .dry:
the valley many thousand of years connection merely as Illustration of | J hope Senator Copeland laya
EATXrjRDAT, NOVEMBER 10, 1»23 making pilgrimages to the shrine of The law of supply a-nd demand, not Confirmation is made of the fact ago. They saw the forests and the the changes in the world tending to I no mistaken unc"tion to his soul
football. booster clubs and railway promotion that the acute scarcity of raw silk wild beasts and their .population in- multiply "the interests of the indi- through these 01 ertures coming from
• Much has been said about the departments, is "settling the suge" expected because of the Japanese creased. A deluge drowned them. yldual and ao to keep him out of that' Byran in Florida and McAdoo in Cali-
Our Help to Europe • game here being played i n ' neutral with millers and furniture makers, earthquake will not materialize. Then, thousands of ypars afterward, miHchief which is supposed to be the j fornia. No thought of a "strong vice-
j another race came, unconscious of the work of hands otherwise idle, Had i presidential canflidate" stirs, ei'her of
; Those who have been so - continu- territory, which, of course,, Is a mis- vegetable packers and fruit canners, Restoration of 400 canvases from j great dfcath that had killed those be- tho 12-hour working day of :j cen- these worthless, but the convention
ally ringing the changes on the slogan nomer. Rather, it might be said that cement kilns, and brickyards, ore the National Portrait gallery is being i fore.
tury ago been suddenly cut to eight support of New York is uorth eyeiy
that the United States must help the game is played in a bi-partisan smelters and milk condensers, chemi- made preparatory to assembling them | Relics of the inhabitants of the val- jbuui.a hours it 11 might
tiu^-iiL well uu.lJt'ditru j effort or subterfuge.
have âppened
\ven niivju . —v The —...*—..».„
incorisis-
•Europe might take counsel of the field with an element also that is cal laboratories and looms. in Independence hall in Philadelphia. I ley of Mexico were f o u n d - a t various that the four.hours of le'isuBo would I tenc;y °f such a political alliance 11
i depths, showing the different strata have palled on those on whom it too trifling to worry over. Moreover,
present situation when, after , the more or less neutral. Estimates ot The movement is irresistible, Bai- Governor Plnchot has carried his I of civilization. From theae various
United.States has been asked by oth- the proportions vary, nor do we im- ance sheets compel it. "dryneits" to the movies. Censorship i stratas strikingly interesting relics hail been conferred. There was little there is no probability of Its coming
| officials have been instructed to c u t ; have been found, including many with to add variety to life as compared to pass. New York is for Governor
ers ^Df. the Allied powers to participate agine that it makes any great mate- its interests today. And today's tachable AL Smith and Copeland is an unde-
in a fact-finding. inquiry as to how rial difference. i out scenes showing violation ot the i small clay images, pieces of pottery. abundance may seem "paucity In that! cog In the Smith machine.
• [ 18th amendment. : head and breast o r n a m e n t s and
ratten- in the way of reparations Oer-' Over and above the matter of stato Bargain Counter Lure I weapons. distant time when the four-hour day Empire state Democrats will be In-
clined to r e s e n t the . imputation,
many Is able to pay, finds the way pride, which must always cluster A vicious circle of long hauls, in- Paris officially celebrated tho' 100th Living in the valley, probably from is an accomplished fact. In the mean-
whether it comes from Bryan or Me- '
Blocked by the attitude -of France about the West Virginia team, there creasing: all fundamental costs from •birthday of Mme. Celestlne ManoUry seven to ten thousand years ago, was time there is food for thought in the Adoo, that Smith is impossible be-'
•which proposes such restrictions on is that fine spirit of fair play which wages to rents in one half the* United] In the
thla
week. She has lived for 71 years a race of Neolithic people, alleged to remark of the Inventor concerning the
cause he approved the repeal of the ^
same street and for 00 years have arrived frora some northern re- radio. .It Is indicative of the increas- state
the scope of the inquiry that the we have always boasted as being one States, Is breaking by calculation. in the same apartment. gion, near the end of the glacial ing means through which the time enforcement law.—From the Pi-
United States government thinks it of the prothinent traits of the Amer- The rest of the country needs raw eppch. It is said that about five thou- not devoted to bread-winning may be oneer Press.
.would be a 'mere waste of time to ican character—and West Virginians stuffs; the Northwest ; needs develop- Twelve gallons of cod liver oil, live sand years ago Mount Popocatepetl made leisure profitably spent rather One Ktad of Drj: The hardened
take part In any such conference, j are genuine Americans. ment. barrels ot liniment and three barrels ttllu and „,„„
other vu,^,,^
volcanoes u,^..^ belched <um thun- than
and »iuu- period of idleness with tempta-
tion to mischief.—From tho Boston old fellows who hive had to give up
It's less expensive to process and of hair tonic were carried away on dored , ava Durylll( , tho inhabitants drinking because they have ruined
France is Indeed the most interested j First of all, it is sport, while sport, truck by thieves who robbed a for many mile.s around. Transcript.
their health by excessive indulgence
f party when it comes to both the | as sport, occupies a field all by itself. finish merchandise where bases aro Philadelphia drug store. In many .parts of the valley of Mex- in it, the notorious evil liver whose
amount of reparations that Germany j One of the characteristics of sport in | exhaustless than to tote double bur- The barge Twin Ports arrived in
ico there have been found, at va- A Credit to Labor: . In two widely escapades have landed him in the di-
can pay and the times and manner j America is the zest in which it Is dens over the range and pay confls- New York this week from Duluth, the rious depths, countless small clay im- separated cities. New York and Port- vorce courts and the narrow-back who
ages of human faces, some showing land, Ore., events occurred recently
of payment. Any agreement that tne ! entered' into, and with zest there goes catory taxes at every economy toll- first unbroken freight shipment to typea,unmistakably Egyptian, Persian, which reflect credit upon organized cannot sleep . nights because some -
Allied powers bad reached after an enthusiasm. Little incidents now_.an<l gate en route. . . j travel the all-water route from the hardworking foreigners have out-
Hindustan and Chinese. There is a labor. In Portland, the Arqerican stripped-him in the race tot material
impartial fact-finding investigation then are'bound to occur and they add Nothing, can withstand a twenty- • head ot the Great Lakes. I belief that in the long ago there may federation of labor in convention re- success should not expect that the
Avould have benefited France first of spice i to the natural controversies six million • horse-power • .
tug, plus tho i , , , ~
I Americana who formerly looked on have been a means for the Mongols voked the credentials of William F. public la going to Bivo them a. coat
-all,'.Germany next and then the world which sports engender, hut while lure of a two thousand-mile bargain j Europc a3 the tourists' paradise arc to pass over the Bering straits, which Dunne of the Butte, Mont., central .of whitewash and accept them as -
may have been farther south' than labor _council as a delegate. The members of the angelic hosts because
at large. these may flare up for a moment, j counter, crowded with wood, copper, i turning in increasing numbers to Gen- now.- and that Asia and America were charge laid against him was that h? of their hoarse protestations of de-
1 wool and pasturage. tral and South America, s:.ys E. C. ,hen one countrv> and that tradcra waji a "traitor to organized labor" on votion to the cause of law enforce-
That the United Slates'is w.illing to they die down 'as quickly as they
That's what's drawing another col- Plummer of the shipping b-mrd. ' j f r o m the Orien£ travele(i to tho placea account of his activities as a Com- ment.—From the Lawrence Telegram.
'help Europe has been demonstrated arise. The public refuses to take munist. . .
lection of Pittsburgh.1?, Lawrences, At N*»w Middletown, nfar Youngs- now known as tre Americas.
over and over again. For instance, these things too seriously. In New York city the Internation-
Detroit*. Daytons and Grand Rapids town, O., Karl Kllcktnser, who. said Mysteries undreamed of may have al Ladles' Garment Workers* union Hearing _.-VnfH drop'lu the presence!*
inore than a year ago the United Football, while only an incident," he was the only man In the village I been'discovered
over the hills to the Storehouse. as the result of exca- ousted 19 of the 25 members of the Mr. CodliagT. „£<< become one ot
States had suggested an expert in- and not the main object of college
it's all a matter of dollars and not a member of the Ku Klux Klan, | vations in the valley. As Egyptian executive committee o f , one of the ! Washington's:: indoor sports From
eruiry as the only sensible and feasible life, is nevertheless an important fac- received just one vote, presumably his headdresses and Chinese writing were strongest locals in the organization j tho Chicago'Sews. '
sense—all for the sake of bigger dol- , owrii for mavor .
means of settling the reparations tor in it. Intercollegiate contests arc- found during excavations, much spec- and debarred them from holding of- i .•••.. —
lars, and because success senses de-
question and all the host of questions only the spectacular exhibit of the
feat if the distance from initial to How a three inch shell became im- ulation has prevailed as to the identi- flee after a trial in.which It was shown Honoring str. Wilson On IrinKdcn
'bound up with and growing out of principle, which, rightly ty of the first settlers of that part of that they were affiliated with W. Z. P"W: It is said arrangements are be-
*""•"' "•"•" carried- out, . f i n a l operation isn't promptlv s h o r t - ' bedded ; , W in the rocf , v. of • a home, '»««•- in
tha unsettled nature of that contro- means the physical betterment of the I ened.- - j toria. N. 1.. and how it remained un- the world. Some believe that the In- Fonter's organization and espoused I '"«' made to broadcast a radio talk
' ; exploded. Is a mystery the family of dians aro descrndenta of the Chi- his "borlng-from-within" tactics in an by former President Wilson dealini-
versy. Later it had renewed these entire student body, with beneficial ! Thnma.s J. Elliott and the police are nese. efCort to contaminate organized labor wlt h the German reparations prob
proffers of participation. Then, still reaction on the American people, and i trying to solve. A Inak in the roof Mr. Niven Is of opinion that the an- in America with foreign s<Tcialistic I ' em > either on Armistice dav- or thn
later, when the former allies of the extension ot this principle so as Knot Holes | led to the discovery of th eshell. cient civilizations that he recently dis- înrf iis\m rv». • » : . . » > • » J
and communistic i~;
doctrines. ~ ~ ItilrrVi*
i "Jght U-ê
before. . __
According •—«-..•
to" aui Newtill*
France had met and come to -the con- it may be wrought out, not merely The tree must be chopped, sav/cd, i
covered were identified with Jews, That organized labor in this coun- Toi'k World dispatch, Mr Wilson "13
Bad! Lecointe, Franco's airplane Egyptians and Babylonians. The clay try Is thoroughly alive to the menace understood to regard the police- of '
clusion that only by means of a genu- in the choice of physical specimens sanded, lathed, t u r n e d to trim, mould, I can beat images alluded to'bear resemblance to of foreign propaganda along this line, i Secretary of State ICughes as too cir
ine fact-finding commission could a that we see on the football field, but door, shutter, sash, chair and show- the records recently established In those, people, and'on the pottery and and resents it, is shown by constantly I c«mscribed,; and to favor a bolder:
possible solution be reached and a among the entire .student body, and case, within sight of Its own stump, j this country. Lecointe says when a spinning wheels found underneath the recurring Incidents similar to those of Ichaos method of dealing with the Eurnno.m - -
and the very .sUimp VriactTated, puln- 600 horsepower engine now under acters. valley of Mexico are Babylonian char- Vyesterday. PHfnt*rIl4\'.
Too
Titr.
much' credit cannot, II p h ^ n u-"" •
n-,,,nU' ~_ .ali
n
1
"V -""
final settlement effected, the United the people at large. be aiven labor for its watchfulness
Unless football contests lead to ed and pressed into substitute lumber. • u. . . . . , . , . .construction in France Is 'completed, J he annual pilgrimage to Mr Wil-
States again reiterated its willingness .,.1,1 i,^t« ,1, ^ , , , Some of the inscriptions on objects and prompt action when facts are; de- son's home will again be made by his
; he w i l l bring the speed record back
and tendered, its good offices. ' this, they are merely useless adorn- Ot all criminal extravagance, none ; to that country. ' j excavated were translated by Profes- veloped warranting It, — From the admirers on Armistice day. Last year , '
However, •willing as tho United f ments to college life, an expense transcends payment of freight charges \ For the flrst t i m e an_ sor Ramon Mena, curator of the Na- Washington Star. Mr. Wilson made a short speech to
States is thus to participate in an hardly justified by thu cost and tinio on saw-dust, shavings, chip and k n o t - j tion picture star is to American mo-_ moft tional Museum of Mexico, but tablets the crowd in which he said the United
appear under recently discovered by Mr. Niven What Is a Living Wasc? We won- Mates _„„„„,. with
had "remained content „,,„ UJtt
the
earnest, scientific, impartial effort to they require, and as sport might bet- hole.s. Ship in net form and kmick- j: the auspices of a foreign government. |"nave characters which no one has der what the working girls and young armistice" and had "not moved for- '
ter be turned over to professionals - down, and behold prices tumble from t h u s fi'ar been able to decipher. Among J
bring economic order and recupera- : The French government has com- i men mean when they use the phrase '"
ward to peace," and denounced the
tion to Europe, which would also as we have done in the case of base- their insolent peaks. pleteil arrangements to have an A m - i lhe most Interesting tablets found by "a, living wage." enemies of his international policies
Jtr Nivcn arn
Why load five cars with live , j erican star go to France to play Mitrle I - the tablets of life und , What'is a jiving wage? us "puny persons."
tend mightily to restore political quiet- ball. eo£
Antoinette in a historical drama of death, which have been placed in the Hoes it Include enough income to
and mutton, when the dressed To honor Mr Wilson on Armibtico r
ude and remove alike the dangers of the French revolution. museum of Harvard university. slvu the worker an automobile, a vic- day. Is'appropriate. He is one of thtt
war, revolution and anarchy, the Utility and Service casses may be held in one. "I may be askod why I am so con- trola, a trip to Europe, a good bank war casualties. The people 'should
United States ia not willing to engage It is a notable thing that when men Little journeys to distant slaughter- When A. C. Dunn of Allentown, fident that I found ihe.se tablet's account, tickets to the opera, diamons not forget his great service. It is
in useless parleys, in a bandying of interested in developing our public ] houses for hoof, horn, hide, hair, five
Pa
- boarded a street car he was short where waa a tomb," said Mr. Niven. to wear, and luxuries to eat? not appropriate, however, for his ad-
cents of a seven-cent fare. Ho "First of all, I found fragments of Other people do not call their In- mirers to encourage him to use Arm-
words, in making gestures, and in utilities gather at a banquet the dis- | o f f a l ' iinil blood, explain why meat is offered the conductor a razor as se- a skull of an adult male! then there comes "livable" unless these things istice day to make attacks on his ,
killing time through foolish motions. mission turns, not to complaining of j so dear at the butcher's block, curity, but It was refused. At police were bones of a. child, and, in addi- can be bought with them. political opponents. Armistice day
If - Europe means business, will talk ! lessened or Insufficient rewards, or Additional stockyards are bre.ist- court he was lined $25 but the chief tion, the general form of the struc-
o f pollcB
What Is a "living wage" to work- Is a time for honoring those who -
ture, which while torn and practically ing people generally. And who is to 'served in the World war and for pay- '
business and will do business, t h e n ! how to increase profits, but that they ing the Oregon trail. Armours and J interceded; paid the nickel
and discharged tho prisoner. wrecked by the slipping of the earth determine it? — From the Christian ing tribute to the memory of the war-
Mie United States is willing to do all j spend all the evening practically In' Swifts and Wilsons are too shrewd to under the action of'water during past, Herald. ; .
dead. On that day there should be , •
\t can, in any proper way, to help j hearing how to render th« best and I leave loop-hole for underselling j Horn-rimmed spectacles are now centuries, was still the same as that
Let Her Llghtc'n the Load: If it —From an armistice between political foes.
Europe out of .the bo? into which most efficient service to the commu- j competition, j regarded by Europeans aa the Infal- of other tombs into which I looked the Worcester Telegram. ;
nlty. Yet, such wus the keynote of lible label of Americanism, says a in the same ruined city. This, how-
European ambition, hate and wjr despatch from Munich. Since it is ever, was by far the richest of all
have piungefl it. the addresses at the banquet lilst CASH AXD CREDIT
, hard to 1 reconcile the tortoise shell tombs found, and muy havo belonged
In the light of the.se tacts, and pos- night of the men who are managing
Not for Wall Street
Hill and propetlc Wiill Street furo- "specks' "with camps and In- to a man of the rank ot Montezuma LAUGHING GAS From Tho Baltimore Sun
the public utilities of West Virginia. diana, Europeans aro getting some- of the Aztecs, though It rnu.it be re- Character is what takes you to-'-
sibly because of other facts which j snw the Inevitable trend of progress what>* muddles heaven; reputation is the thing you, -'
Never before in the history of the their conceptions membered that the people with which BUT DID IT GO?
may not be known but which influ- cash at the paying teller's window"'
country has the idea of service been and stretched anticipatory rails fj'om of American life. the report avers. this tomb is identified far antedated Jealous Wife—You ought to be j here and now. -
ence the attitude, of -the administra- the Aztecs and were in no .way kin- ashamed at your age', running after!
so conspicuously kept to th" front us Minneapolis elevators to Pacific har- - Passengers on trains soon may pick dred to tho tribe of the Montezuma.
tion at Washington, it might occur to i pretty women. . I
in the days in which we live. Man- bors. up a telephone and cajl about "From the depth of the sepulchre DEATH MASKS FOR THESI
"some of our more prominent castlga-
kind is beginning to realize us never And please note that they double- the £RH they forgot to turn off, or any- and the depth of the channel of the 'Hub—My dear, that ought to p u t ) Kroni Omaha. Bee
tora of tho American attitude, that you at your ease—it proves, doesn't I
tracked the system. j thing else they didn't attend to be- Hlo Del O'ro below the foundations of It, that they are trying'to (jet away I Moonshiners were found in Ken-
they might in the f u t u r e direct some before the duty mankind owes to Chicago, Milwaukee and St. __ i fore leaving. Railway electrical en- tho mounds, more than 20 feet In solid from me?—Now York Sun.
Paul ! tucky wearing gas masks. But that :-
of their admonitions and- scoldings mankind. More and more individuals formation, and the extent of the re- was no protection to the consumers'''
are endeavoring to make service the gion over which the ruins are scat- or the product. -, ^
toward Europe. In 1914 the United and courageously bridged a. two-day I auch communication, aa well- as using tered, the race which tnhabttated FEARED IT A PREMONITION^
States tendered its good auspices :o basis of effort, both because they aro expanse of wilderness with the most [radio to control trains automatically. them must have been of great ari- Doctor — He'll be up. in a day or two,
MERELY A PARKING PTiACE ~
prevent the great war which followed I beginning to learn not only "he prof- efficient traffic Htructure on .earth. tiquity and of considerable Mrs. Jones. Why all this distress?
From Detroit News
its best who serves must," but be- THK YOUNG GIRL WEDDED "And though I wna the lirst whito patient's Wife — I was so afraid,
and the nation which rejected this The lute J. P. Morgan knew when doctor. He was practicing the harp fi. A flapper understands home vague.
tender of service when the others
cause of the high ethical values in-
and how great our reserves wen
•f
Like that big bee droning
man to gaze on the great ruined city
volved. There muy be much wrong to which I refer, and the first to bring Tribune ^ "*"" *" n ' sht —Chlcatro 5?If between dance engagements.
were willing is the one today that is j o u couldn't get him to sell America' Along the shadowed beam:;, to light any of its treasures. I barely
1 with the world today,'but that we are Into my life Love blundered. I
suffering the most from the conse-. scratched the surface. Today it lies
hitting the broad trails that lead to short while the virgin Northwest Through my defense of dreurns. a greater ruin than ever was Palenque WHOSE TOE A PLACE TO HALT
truence.s of that war. While there , , , , . , , . „ .,. ! guaranteed dividends on constructive Jtadge—So your husband dances? From Illinois State Journal
may bo no analogies between the past the worth-while things is one of the i " or Mitla. of Chlchen-ltza; a city that Admire a. woman, hut rin^'f f~
sure things of tho present and also optimism. Into my lite so quiet. was in its day more pretentious than I didn't know he
and the present, yet these tenders of Harriman studied the prospect :ind Like a long lort where hidden was Tenochititlan when Cortez de- fantastic toe.
one of the most hopeful things for
its services to European nations which poured millions Into the fertile lap My girlish thoughts fluttered— manded admittance to its portals." De Lores—He doesn't. He trips
BUT IT'S A HARD FALL
the United States has made .in good the future. of possibility.
All worldly elae u n b i d d e n . Mr. Niven has been making ex-' mine.—Kansas Cily Star.
. From Toledo Blade
faith and with Intent' only to help cavatlons in Mexico since 1S9G. He
It. might seem to be the psychology Seattle's amazing port facilities, the In that stealthy silence— has worked tirelessly In various parts WORD NOT HIS ASSET Even .to the exaggerated- ego - thera
! comes a
Europe show that at loast In the past loat word In competence and maifnl- And only now and then of Mexico In the interest of archeo- Blink—What kind of a fellow ia Period of deflation.
of a football contest that the team
Kurope might have be™ the gainer Swift, sunflecks of peculiar joys loglcal research and has removed, Slicflr? . ' ' i ".'. . ~ " " *• • •—i
that was losing needed the cheering tude, were Inspired by analysis, not Danced and vanished again. with the help of some "Mexicans, about Kink—Well, I tell you. I'd lend him I
âd these lenders been accepted. fatuous enthusiasm. Boomera ;ind
( u p ) , not the one that was winning. 60 thousand tons of earth in search a hundred on his word, but he hasn't"!
Those Coffers by the. United States speculators build the best caatles-in- There Love the bcc found nu-, of the remains of Mexico's past. Dur- got one.—New York Sun. A Thought for Today -
show furthermore that the United It's a liberal nation that can stand Spaln, but It takes hard-hvaded, veri- Leil the expectant throng, ing thu time, he has donated to the
States, while Isolated " f r o m partisan equally well George Harvey In knee- fying finance -to underwrite :md Till all my world resounded National Museum of Mexico objects THE I* AND THE OUT All flesh Is as grass, and all the -
political or other polîcal entangle- pants and silken hose and Magnus operate the machinery for an ea/;er, With their tumultouH song. valued'at more than ?10,000. . From Springfield News glory of man as tho flower of grass. .
You have to "dig in' on a Job to The grass withereth, and thoflower• '
ments In European affairs, is neither Johnson in overalls. young empire. And strange aching troubles WHAT IT MEANS Set anything out of it.
: thereof falletb. away.—1 Pet. 1:24. '\,t
callous' nor Indifferent to either the
interests of Europe or those of tho
•world.
Westward Ho! A.id go the limit!
Over here we are going to celebrate No man with a little of vision can And hiving doubts and sorrows—
Armistice day, while Europe is con- stand on the Great Divide, scan the
But the United' States floes make. tinually breaking it. future, and remain a conservative.
I never knew before.
But oh, the honey store!
—Gerald Miller tn
The Spectator. for her.
From Klchmond News-Leader
When a wlf« says her husband
doesn't understand her, she means
she has found a man who feela aorry
WHERE THE WOHRSf IS
From Rockford Republic w
It Is not dying penniless that wpr- as though it were never to hS,va -
riea us, it is having to live that way.
E make provisions for this ~
life as if It were never to have- .,
an end, and for the other lif* - '
a beginning.—Addlson. ,"
WGarden of EdeiAJn
An English Scholar's Evidence That the Cradle of Mankind Was the "Lost
Continent of Mu," Which Sank Beneath the Sea 13,000 Years Ago With
Its 64,000,000
Inhabitants,
and From
Which Came
the Civilization
of Egypt and
All Others
T HE Garden of Eden was not in
Asia, but on a now sunken con-
tinent in the Pacific Ocean. The
Biblical story of Creation, the epic of
the seven days from chaos to man, did
not come first from the Euphrates
Valley or the Nile, but from this sub-
merged continent which was called
Mu, and was the Motherland of man.
Civilization did not originate in Egypt
about fi.OOO years B. C., as some scien-
tists believe. It originated on Mu
more than 200,000 years ago and
spread from there all over the earth.
Mu was sunk with 64,000,000 people
about 13,000 years ago. It was de-
stroyed by volcanic forces and tidal
waves.
The civilization of Mu flourished be-
f o r e e i t h e r the The Destruction of the Motherland of Mu by Earthquake and Cataclysmic Waves. From a Drawing by Colonel James
Andes or Himalayas Churchward ill His Book, "The Lost Continent of Mu." Copyright by James Churchward.
existed, and when
South America had One of llic Gijiuiilic Ancirni Sionc Slniiics on Mysterious Easier
Island Vi'hit-li May ITiivc Been Carved \Vlirii II Yi'iis
an inland sea com- a Part of llir Mainland of Mu.
parable to the Medi-
terranean. This sea
is now the wiper to Colonel C!ni;-'-!i-
basin of the Ama-
ward, al.-o i'v, •'".'
zon River and its this:
tributaries. T h e "Fleeing from the
mysterious c a n a l s wrath of her brother
about Lake Titicaca Aac, Queen Moo (of
in the Andes were Yucatan) dh'ecrnl
•nade by colonists her course to\ ";n <!
from Mu, and at the rising sun, and
that time the region, at last reached the
which is now at an M a y a settlement
elevation of 12,500 which had recently
feet, was at sea- been established "11
level. So was the the banks of the
plateau of Mexico Nile. There she met
on which is Mexico Thoth, the founder,
City, which is now w h o became her
7,000 feet high. The
.South American In- friend and preceptor
cas and the Central i n religious m a t-
American Mayas of ters."
prehistoric t i m e s Herodotus, the old
were the dying em-
bers of the earlier G r e e k c a 11 ed the
civilization. C o 1 o- "Father of History,"
nists from Mu were Colonel Churchward's Conception of llic Rcmnaiils of llic Losl Continent Jiisl After Its Submergence. says: "The Egyp-
the forefathers of Showing the Highest Mountains as Islands, Which Later Became the Hawaiians, Mysterious Easier Island tians boasted that
the G r e e k s a n d
probably o f t h e and Oilier.South Sea Isles. Copyright by James Churchward. their ancestors it
Scandinavians. the lands of the
Atlantis, the leg- West were the old-
endary island conti- A Page of the Troanii Manuscript, un An- Drawing of ihe Inscriptions Upon a Stone
cient Mayan Hook From Yucatan, Which Tablet Found in Mexico, Which Colonel est men on earth."
nent which is sup- Churchward Asserts He Has Translated and
posed to have Jain Colonel Churchward Claims lo Have Trans- Diodorus Siculus,
lated nnd Which He Says Contains the Slory Which, He Claims, Kcfer lo the Losl Con- a Greek historian of
between A m e r i c a of the Destruction of Mu. tinent. His Translation Appears in the
and Europe, w a s Accompanying Article. The Line of the 1st Century, B.
settled by o t h e r Symbols Are "Phrases" in the Losl C., w r i t e s : "The
colonists from Mu, and some hundreds Some years ago William Niven, a Tonpuc of Mu, He Says.
of years after the sinking of the well-known American archeologist, dis- Egyptians t h e m -
Motherland in the Pacific it was de- covered in Mexico the ruins of three selves claimed that
stroyed in identically the same manner colonization from Mu had been going their ancestors were strangers who in
and through the same causes. great cities, two of which had been on for untold ages. Colonel Church- very remote limes settled on the bank
These and many other interesting built successively on the ruins of the ward says the colonizers "were gener-
assertions which, if true, explain a others. The top, and therefore latest, ally called Mayas," and carried with of the Nile, bringing with themselves
number of historic mysteries, are city was covered with a foot of earth, them the culture of the Mother coun- the civilization of their Mother coun-
made hy Colonel James Churchward and then nine feet of boulders, gravel try. Maya is also the name of the try, the art of writing and' a polished
in two books, "The Lost Continent of and sand, showing it had been de- highly civilized race which preceded language. They had come from the
Mu," and "The Children of Mu," re- stroyed by a flood. the Aztecs in Mexico.
cently published by Ivcs Washburn, direction of the Setting Sun and that
Between this and the next city were The migrations took two main direc-
New York. Extraordinary as his six feet of boulders, gravel and sand tions, one to the east and the other they were the most ancient of men."
statements are, they are being seri- indicating it had been wiped out in the westward. The main easterly line, he Colonel Churchward believes that
ously considered by scientists in Amer- same way. Then came fourteen feet says, left behind a plain trail in the his evidence shows "the first Egyp-
ica and abroad who are studying his of the same materials and a layer of form of many records. One of these, tians were Mayas; the first settlers in
evidence. volcanic ash. Beneath this were the which the writer claims to have de- lower Egypt came from Atlantis; the
Colonel Churchward is an English ruins of the third city, which, of ciphered, is set out in what is known first settlers in Upper Egypt came
scholar. He says that in 1875 he was course, must have been built first. as the Troana Manuscript. This is one from India; subsequently both colonies
sent to Central India to assist in This had been destroyed by volcanic The Kxplorcr's Mnp of llic "Losl Conliiienl of Mn," Slioiving Ils Hypoihciical of a half-dozen or so hooks of the May- were augmented by colonies from the
famine relief. Here he met a high forces and earthquakes, and later cov- Position in ilic Pacific Ocean Between llic Americas and Asia. ans which survived the wholesale de- Motherland; that the inhabitants of Mu
priest in a temple school monastery. ered by water. struction of the Mayan libraries by the were the first men on earth; that At-
They became fast friends and the In these ruins Niven unearthed was created upon it, and the name terious statues with which it is dotted religious fanatics who accompanied the lantis was destroyed by earthquake
priest showed him some extremely un- some small stone tablets engraved is seventy feet high. There are also ' Spaniards during their conquest of ;md submerged; that America was
dent tablets which had been hidden with symbols unlike any before found thereof is the Land of Mu."
Mexico. It is now in the British Mu- destroyed nnd made impassable and
"for thousands of years" in the temple in Mexico. They were so curious that The symbols, which are phrases or several platforms of enormous cut and seum. Colonel Churchward asserts uninhabitable for a long time by cata-
vaults. They were written in "Naacal," he spent three years searching for more, words, have been segregated from the dressed atones. These seem to have that it "speaks of Mu, using the same clysms; that in Egypt Mu the Mother-
which the priest, told him was the ori- and finally got together 2,GOO of them. inscription^ and are-shown in a line been awaiting shipment somewhere symbols for it that one finds in India, land was also called the Lands of the
ginal language of the world. The These are now in Tampico, Mexico, beneath the main drawing. when occurred whatever catastrophe
priest taught Churchward this lan- because the Mexican Government will The. land of Mu, he says, was an it was that put an end to Easter Is- Burma and Egypt." West and K u i land; that Egypt was
According to Colonel Churchward'? once a colony of Mu, and a f t e r Mi;
guage, and together the two de- not allow them to be taken out of the island rontinent measuring 5;000 miles land's statue-making. Many scientists translation^ the page'from the Troana went down became an Empire."
ciphered the tablets. They narrated country. Colonel Churchward heard from east to west and about 3,000 believe that the island must have been
from north to south. Narrow chan- much larger in the long ago, and-tha t manuscript reproduced on this page The lost continent is described by
the story of creation and designated of the discovery and went to look at nels or seas cut it into three portions. what remains of it was actually an reads: thp writer, from tablets and ancient
"the lost land of Mu" as the birth- the tablets. He found to his astonish- "In the year fi Kan, on the 11 Muluc, documents, as a tropical country, im-
place of man. It extended from the north of what is immense quarry where monuments and mensely fertile, with no mountains.
ment that Kevin's inscribed stones now Hawaii, with a line between the dressed stones were cut to be removed in the month of Zac, there occurred
This friendship continued for twelve were written in symbols which he was
present Easter Island and the Pijis as to other parts now beneath the ocean. earthquakes
until the 13 Chucn with- .Roaming through the primeval forests
years, by which time Churchward had able to interpret' by comparison with
mastered the Naacal, and had sufficient the Naacal. He translated them, and its southern boundary. Easter Island, The explanation of Mu's submersion out interruption. The country of the were mastodons and othel' vanished
hills of earth—the land, of Mu—was forms of animal life. Broad, smooth
knowledge of the civilization described there again was the story of the lost whose gigantic statues arc one of the which Colonel Churchward furnishes, sacrificed. Twice unheavcd, it disap- roads ran in all directions.
on the tablets to search for further Motherland. His conclusion is that greatest mysteries of archeology, was based on years of occanographic study, peared during the night, having been Many scientists are likely to take
evidences of it. the ruins among which they were found then a part of the mainland of Mu. is that the primary rock foundations constantly shaken by the fires of the issue with Colonel Churchward upon
He went first to the Caroline Islands had been originally a colony of Mu. The statues arc relics of its civilization, on which Mu rested were undermined underneath. Being confined, these some of his statements and conclu-
in the South Seas, which islands, he The translation of the Niven tablet according to the new theory. by n scries of cavities filled with caused the land to rise and to sink sev- sions. They will probably assert that,
says, are remnants of the sunken con- No. 51, a drawing of which is on this The Easter Island natives have n highlv explosive gas. This gas at last eral times in .various places. At last prepossessed by an idea, he has taken
tinent. There he found rock carvings page, reads as follows, according to legend that runs: "This place was once found volcanic vent, and as a result the surface gave way and the ten coun- many things for confirmations which
in the lost language which he claims Colonel Churchward: a part of a great continent of land, the caverns were shattered, their roofs tries (or tribes) were torn asunder arc equally as susceptible to other and
he was able to read. Then he journeyed "By command of the great Creator, crossed with many roads, beautifully fell and with them collapsed the land and scattered. They sank with their quite different interpretations. It is
to Tibet nnd Central Asia. After this the Nameless, whose symbol is the Sun, paved with flat stones. The roads they upheld. H is, of course, well- (M.000,000 inhabitants 8000 years be- also unfortunate that there is none but
he went to Egypt and discovered in the called Ha, the Forces which emanate were cunningly constructed to repre- known that the whole territory taken fore the writing of this hook. himself who can read what lie terms
Muhiq Museum, of Cairo, ancient rec- from His wishes and desires put the sent the plan of the web of the grey in by Colonel Churchward's hypo- Egypt was colonized by Mnyna, com- "the Naacal characters," and so pro-
ords which his knowledge of the Naacal fires of the underneath into action, for and black pointed spider, and no man thetical mup of Mu is volcanic. ing from Atlantis under the leadership vide a check upon his translation.
ennblrd him to translate and which also the purpose of using their powers and could discover the bcginnihg or the end Although the cradle of humanity of Thoth, about Ki.OOO years ago, Nevertheless, his books reveal an
told of Mu. He studied prehistoric force to raise the bed of the ocean thereof." was wiped out, except n few fragments Colonel Churchward thinks. Thoth enormous amount of ethnological and
ruins nml monuments in many other until it appeared above the waters for Easter Islnnd is a tiny spot, only now constituting island groups of the was later defined by the Egyptians as archeological research, and his illus-
lands, Bloodily gaining further con- man, who was to ho created, to live thirteen miles in length. Its greatest South Pacific, the world was not there- the god of wisdom. trations arc full of interest, irrespec-
firmation. upon. The Inml was raised and man width Is seven miles. One of the mys- by deprived of its population, because The Troann manuscript, according tive, of his hypothesis.
J. I'T Amtrlun W*rkll. Inc. flrfMl Jlrlt»ln l I!c*trrrd. 13
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The Search Continues for William Niven's Buried Cities
Blog Links to The Search Continues for William Niven's Buried Cities parts One, Two, Three, Four.
PART 1
When William Niven closed up shop of his archaeological discoveries in Mexico City to move back to the United States, the entire
contents of his store was carefully placed in wooden boxes for the trip. Niven had excavated in Guerrero and the Valley of Mexico
for three decades and been allowed to keep duplicates of everything he had found. Literally thousands of relics were found by
Niven, including the 2600 tablets that were made famous through James Churchward's books.
From 'Children of Mu' (facing page 41)
According to Buried Cities, Forgotten Gods, William Niven's biography, he had an arrangement with the Mexican government that
he would give them the best example of any relic, but he was permitted to keep duplicates. Niven donated thousands of relics to
the National Museum and rightly felt that he was entitled to maintain possession of his collection. Referencing Buried Cities,
Forgotten Gods again, Ramon Mena, head of the archaeological division at the National Museum, estimated that Niven had
excavated 40,000 tons of earth and donated more than $10,000 worth of material to the Museum at no cost to the Mexican
government. In addition to the material donated to the Mexican National Museum, he also contributed items to the Peabody
Museum. These artifacts are known, however the whereabouts of his collection from his Mexico City storefront remains a
mystery.
In the past decade, fellow researchers have approached various Texas institutes of higher learning about his discoveries to no
avail. Needless to mention is that they were not the first to search for the artifacts. In Part 2, we'll examine one such earlier
attempt.
PART 2
In part 1 it was established that literally thousands of artifacts uncovered by William Niven in Mexico during the late 19th and
early 20th century are missing. In November 1974, an official letter from the Mexican government was sent to the Paperback
1 of 3 5/25/14 2:34 PM
Library publishers. The letter asked for information on how they might contact the author of the Mu books so that they might
locate the artifacts that Niven had uncovered. Eventually the letter from Guadalupe Rivera Marin reached Howard Keresy, James'
nephew and inheritor of the rights to James' books and royalties. The text of the letter held some sense of urgency as barely a
month had passed between the first and second letters to Mr. Keresy. Quoting from the first letter (dated February 3rd) to
Howard Keresy:
In this regard, (Niven's discoveries,) we are requesting your invaluable cooperation in order you to furnish us with
the data you may have, due to we presume Mr. Churchward knew about the collection of prehispanic pieces Mr.
Niven found in Mexico City, so we are very interested in knowing the site where such a collection is an study the
possibility to make a visit to. We want to stress the importance that this information represents for us, so your kind
attention will be very high appreciated.
The second letter (dated March 10th) read (in part):
As up to date we have not received your answer, we are sending these few lines to recall to you the importance this
information represents for us.
Howard had thankfully written his response to Mr. Marin explaining that he did not have any of the original correspondence
between Niven and Churchward, except for a quote from Niven that he included in the return mail.
From the correspondence it is clear that Senor Marin was extremely interested in more information and Howard wrote back at
least three times (one undated, April 9th and July 23, 1975) to deliver the message over the next few months. Keresy made
clear in his responses that "maybe the relics were being stored at one of the archaeological collections in Mexico City." Also
included in the correspondence was a note bearing the address and telephone number of the Mexican Consulate in New York
City. This raised some questions in my mind.
What was so urgent about Niven's discoveries some 40 to 50 years later?

What was Senor Marin's motivation to find the relics?
Did Mr. Marin come to speak with Howard Keresy in the US and what did they talk about if he didn't know anything?
Obviously, a letter to the those in charge in Mexico could clear up the questions, the letters were official and even numbered. In
Part 3 we'll continue the story...
PART 3
In parts 1 & 2, we established that the whereabouts of William Niven's collection of Valley of Mexico artifacts is a mystery and
that someone in the Mexican government was very urgently interested in learning where those relics were located in 1975.
Obviously, I could not just sit on these letters. Why would a Mexican government official be so concerned half a century and
more about where the artifacts were located? Did he actually read the books on Mu and wanted to know more or was this part of
an legitimate effort to recover 'stolen' cultural relics?
Casting aside any hint of disparaging the name or activities of William Niven, it is obvious that Niven's widely publicized
discoveries in the Valley of Mexico had the support of the Mexican government at the time. Niven's Mexico City storefront selling
the relics he recovered and his donations of countless artifacts to the National Museum attest to the fact that he had at least
tacit approval of his archaeological efforts.
A quick internet search indicated that this particular agency that sent the letter in 1975 no longer existed. The obvious choice
was to contact the Mexican Embassy in Washington DC and ask. The extremely helpful gentleman from the Embassy of Mexico
to the United States provided the address of a successor organization in a return letter.
I sent a letter (in English) to the address of the successor organization. I wanted to be straight to the point - no use in cluttering
up a piece of paper with unnecessary words or wasting these folks' time. I had enclosed a copy of the official letter with tracking
number. I told them I was writing a book, explained about the original letter and asked
"I am writing to find out if any further information has been discovered concerning the tablets found by William
Niven."
I believed that I was straight and to the point, however...
In Part 4 we'll discuss the response.
PART 4
In parts 1 and 2, it was established that the artifacts in William Niven's Mexico City storefront have never been found and that
there still is interest in finding them, including a Mexican government official, Guadalupe Rivera Marin.
In part 3, letters to the Mexican Embassy to the United States in Washington DC were discussed as well as letters to the
successor organization to Senor Marin's office.
2 of 3 5/25/14 2:34 PM
The reply did take a while to arrive. First by email with a scanned copy of the two page letter and a few days later saw the
arrival of express package with hard copies.
Now, my Spanish language skills are non-existent and require the use of translator. Since the return letter was in Spanish, I
turned to an online tool to perform the task. After the excellent communications with the Mexican Embassy in Washington, I
thought for sure that my short and to the point letter (not to mention that the first letters were in English,) that it would be an
easy answer.
Rule One must be "It Can't Be Easy" because in the reply, there was no mention of the enclosed original letters from 1974-5.
What I got out of the online translation was that they knew I was writing a book and thought I wanted to copy materials for the
book about Niven's discoveries. They provided a list of reference material and a link. The letter also mentioned that they did not
transfer any rights to the material, that belonged to the Mexican state.
OK - nothing about the correspondence that I had written about and enclosed.
On the good side, there were a few references that perhaps I could use for my upcoming book, Lifting the Veil on Copies of
Stone Tablets Found by William Niven.
Of the references, it appeared that all referred to the same article/monograph, A Great Archaeological Discovery: The Ancient
Tecpanecs in the Valley of Mexico by Ramon Mena. Senor Mena was the chief archaeologist of the National Museum in Mexico
City while William Niven conducted his digs. Unfortunately, that particular paper had been criticized as some of the figures inside
were found to be hoaxes (see Buried Cities, Forgotten Gods; William Niven's Life of Discovery and Revolution in Mexico and the
American Southwest; Wicks and Harrison; Texas Tech University Press; 1999; pages 205-209.)
Figures deemed to be hoaxes.
The remainder of the references were Spanish language and were I to find them and try to translate, I would still be typing for
the next few months.
Unfortunately, the provided link didn't work either.
So, armed with all this new knowledge, I will embark on a path to uncover the secrets behind the old correspondence, details to
follow...
© 2005-2014 Jack Churchward
3 of 3 5/25/14 2:34 PM
Mu-Mu.com: James Churchward, Tea Planter

From another book scanned by Google, another important piece of information about the life of James Churchward.
1 of 4 5/28/13 9:22 PM
1878 Ceylon Handbook and Directory.
As shown in these following extracts from the online addition, James Churchward was a Tea Planter in 1878 with two plantations,
Hatherleigh & Okehampton. He owned (at least on paper), 925 acres and kept 380 acres under cultivation.
2 of 4 5/28/13 9:22 PM
3 of 4 5/28/13 9:22 PM
© 2010-2013 Churchward & Company, Inc.
4 of 4 5/28/13 9:22 PM
My-Mu.com: Radio Days http://www.my-mu.com/radiodays/index.html
James Churchward
(1851-1936): Radio Days
Clippings covering the radio lectures.
WNYC Archives & Preservation: WNYC and the Land of Mu
Clippings
1 of 6 5/26/13 9:07 PM
RADIO LECTURES 1924-1925

Many thanks to Historian Yannis Deliyannis, author of the Chronicon Mirabilium blog for his assistance.
1924
November
12
WNYC:
Col. James Churchward, World Traveler and Geologist. Length: 15 min. (Wednesday)
08.15
PM
Talk, Col. Churchward, Big Game Hunter. Length: 20 min. (Wednesday)

Review: On Wednesday night we had the pleasure (?) of hearing snatches of two geology lectures at the same
26 time. - We liked best the one by James Churchward, at WNYC, even if the lecturer did forget his ings. - He went
WNYC: back 50,000 years and proved by quotations from books that there were folks on this side of the ocean then who
08.10 were anything but slouches in the matter of civilization. - Maybe, after some more digging is done, the
PM antiquarians will turn up a few ten bulb sets and a logbook, showing that John Jones of that day got the Garden
of Eden and heard the famous apple-sauce duet of the Adamses. (On the Radio last night, Brooklyn NY Daily
2 of 6 5/26/13 9:07 PM
Eagle, Nov. 28, 1924)
December
02
WNYC:
Talk, Col. Churchward, Big Game Hunter. Length: 20 min. (Tuesday)
07.10
PM
09
WNYC:
Talk, Col. Churchward. New Geology. Length: 55 min. (Tuesday)
07.35
PM
15
WNYC:
Talk, Col. Churchward. Length: 30 min. (Monday)
08.00
PM
23
WNYC:
Talk, Col. Churchward. Jungle Tales for Kiddies. Length: 20 min. (Tuesday)
08.30
PM
29
WNYC:
Talk, Col. Churchward. Jungle Tales for Kiddies. Length: 20 min. (Monday)
08.10
PM
1925
January
Origin of Savagery, Col. Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Tuesday)

Review: Col. James Churchward, at WNYC, interested us with his assertion that civilization never came out of
06 savagery, but savagery came out of civilization. He wound up after many deductions, with the famous clincher,
WNYC: Q.E.D. after which there is no more to be said. He spoke of Darwin and his monkey-business in a tone that
08.50 showed he had a very decided opinion about Mr. Darwin's mental processes, so far as the origin of man is
PM concerned. Colonel Churchyard [sic] regretted that he could not give his talk with illustrations, but his
explanations were simple and easy to grasp, and we felt at the end that his Q.E.D. was perfectly justified.
(Brooklyn NY Daily Eagle, January 7, 1925).
13
WNYC:
Atlantis, Egypt and Greece, Col. Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Tuesday)
09.00
PM
24
WNYC:
The Sun is a Cool Body, Col. James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Saturday)
08.15
PM
30 Talk, Col. James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Friday)

WNYC: Review: Talking of elocutionary stunts and all that, Colonel Churchward at WNYC used the words delicious fish.
08.40 He did it without making a mess of it, but we defy anyone to say these two words five times in succession quickly
PM without hashing them. (Brooklyn NY Daily Eagle, January 31, 1925).
3 of 6 5/26/13 9:07 PM
February
07
WNYC:
Electricity, Lighting, Col. James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Saturday)
08.30
PM
20
WNYC:
The Origin of the Cliff Dwellers, Col. James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Friday)
07:45
PM
March
06
WNYC:
Greece and Egypt, Colonel James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Friday)
08.45
PM
20
WNYC:
Coal, Col. Churchward's talk. Length: 15 min. (Friday)
08.15
PM
April
02
WNYC:
Atlas, a satire, Col. James Churchward. Length: 30 min. (Thursday)
08.15
PM
09
WNYC:
The Glacial Period, Col. James Churchward. Length: 10 min. (Thursday)
07.35
PM
The Great Magnetic Cataclysm, Colonel James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Thursday).
Review: Magnetic Cataclysms choked the Municipal Voice of Greater New York last evening, and for a few
16
moments the usual over-powerful WNYC station wheezed and gurgled and then passed out into the Great
WNYC:
Silence. It recovered, however, the malady being diagnosed as a technical difficulty, and Prof. James Churchward
08.30
resumed his discussion of the peculiar sort of cataclysms from which, forever more, he told us, the earth will be
PM
happily immune. The reason we shall have no more magnetic cataclysms, the learned lecturer told us, is that the
earth's crust has thickened. (On the Radio Last Night, Brooklyn NY Daily Eagle, April 17, 1925).
The Seven Inspired Sacred Writings of the Land of Mu, Col. James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Friday)
24 Review: He [E.T.] even dished us out of what promised to be a highly interesting and instructive lecture on 'The
WNYC: Land of Mu' by Professor Churchward. Professor Churchward, it was explained, wasn't feeling topnotch anyway
08.45 and had to catch a train, not caring to wander to the suburbs, or wherever he was going, by the milk express, so
PM we were told that we would have to wait for our 'Mu' enlightenment till a later date. (On the Radio Last Night,
Brooklyn NY Daily Eagle, April 25, 1925).
May
01 Talk, Col. James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Friday)

WNYC: Review: Col. James Churchward, who was talked out of his turn last week at WNYC, got in front of 'Mike' early
08.00 last night, and declared that though he had been euchred the week previous, he wasn't going to let such a thing
4 of 6 5/26/13 9:07 PM
happen this time. Then he told us what we were dished out of last week, the wonderful tale of the Land of Mu.
Professor Churchward dealt in no topics of today after the manner of Will Rogers. Everything Mu-ish happened
over 16,000 years ago, and we just had to believe all he said about those dear old days. Nothing was said about
PM the Mu cows, or any of the other homely things of life in the Land of Mu, but as a hylogriphical tale it was a first-
rater. We learned a lot about cosmic eggs from which the ancients believed life came. We used to know some
barnstorming actors that had good reason to share that notion. (On the Radio Last Night, Brooklyn NY Daily
Eagle, May 2, 1925).
08
WNYC:
Globe Trotting among the South Sea Isles, Col. James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Friday)
08.00
PM
19
WNYC:
Globe Trotting in Angkor, Col. James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Tuesday)
08.10
PM
29
WNYC:
Pygmy Hunting in Central America, Col. James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Friday)
08.00
PM
June
05
WNYC:
Talk, Colonel James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Friday)
08.15
PM
12
WNYC:
Travelog, Col. Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Friday)
08.15
PM
July
03
WNYC:
In the Himalayas, Col. James Churchward. Length: 15 min. (Friday)
08.00
PM
24
WNYC:
Life on Mu, Colonel James Churchward. Length: 20 min. (Friday)
07.10
PM
October
22
WNYC:
Mu and Her Ancient Past, Col. James Churchward. Length: 20 min. (Thursday)
08.00
PM
November
5 of 6 5/26/13 9:07 PM
12
WNYC:
Col. James Churchward, traveler and geologist. Length: 15 min. (Thursday)
08.15
PM
This page was updated on 03/30/2013

All images and text copyright © 2000-2013 by Jack Churchward
Permission for reproduction is not granted without written authorization from the
author.
Please send your comments to Jack Churchward
6 of 6 5/26/13 9:07 PM
My-Mu.com: James' Works http://www.my-mu.com/jworks.html
James Churchward's Works

Back to Resources
Book Data
pdf version here.
Blog Entry (01-2012)

Fishing Among the 1,000 Islands of the St. Lawrence (1894)
(New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company; 56 pages; 4 track
series.
Printed by American Bank Note Co (1894))
A Big Game and Fishing Guide to Northeastern Maine (1898)
pdf & plain text version here
Data Reduction:
Blog Entry (01-2008)
Lost Continent of Mu, the Motherland of Man (1926)
Data Reduction:
James Travels
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Copies of Stone Tablets Found by William Niven at Santiago Ahuizoctla Near Mexico
City (1927)
...
Books of the Golden Age(1927)
Data Reduction:
James Travels
Lost Continent of Mu (1931)
Data Reduction:
James Travels
Children of Mu(1931)
Data Reduction:
James Travels
Lecture before the American Society of Psychical Research(1931)

New York April 20, 1931
html version here
Data Reduction:
James Travels
Sacred Symbols of Mu(1933) html version here

pdf version (in German)
2 of 4 5/26/13 9:09 PM
Data Reduction:
James Travels
Cosmic Forces of Mu(1934)
Data Reduction:
James Travels
2nd Book of the Cosmic Forces of Mu(1935)
Data Reduction:
James Travels
Teachings of the Rishi Unpublished
Egypt (undated)
html version here
Data Reduction:
James Travels
Miscellaneous Articles by James Churchward
From Recreation magazine,

INDIAN JOE, A TALE OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDS
March 1895
From the Mount Vernon Daily

The Sun is Not a Superheated Body, He Declares Argus,
date unknown..
From the Mount Vernon Daily

Synopsis of the Earliest History of Central America and Yucatan Argus,
date unknown..
From The World Magazine,

Who Lived in America 50,000 Years Ago?
March 4, 1928
3 of 4 5/26/13 9:09 PM
,,
THE BEE, DANVILLE, VA., THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 1924. THEM
Meet Mrs. Arnalulunguak Voschell Pleased

SAYS REAL MOTHERLAND With Response to
OF MANKIND NOW LIES Clinics Here
Dr. Allen Vosehell loft here last"
night after holding the last orthope-
AT BOTTOM OF PACIFIC dic clinic which will take place In *
IN 1923
Danville until next Januwy. He
treated 25 afflicted children durlnjr ,
the clinic hours vestorday, twelve of
these belnir hew cases. Dr. Voschell
££* ofarewhat
O Col. Churchwood, Geologist, There we now call America.
two Egyptian, two Hindu expressed hlmaoif a* hicbJy .—fO*p>v
br the ImisroTeinent sho-K-n fcy cfcliu- '
Declares Continent Big- and other records of Central Asia
ger Than America Wa» Asia
showing It was to the eastward of Four Individuals Gave Over
in the Pacific. There'are three
ill even Charged With Forci- ren for whom message treatment Is
possible through the Rpnerosity of the l
Egypt'an maps and one Maya map $1,000 and 12 Over $500 Danville Lions Club. Several children
ble Trespass in Auction suffering
Swallowed in Quake— of the Mu continent. Last Year Warehouse
from club-foot which can be '
relieved In children since bone for-
Records Show People vulsions"After two cataclymic earth con-
13,000 vears ago, the conti-
mation has not been completed by
More Intelligent Than nent of Mu .with its stalking ele- marked The Community Chest has had a the process of nature, have received
A complete disavowal of respon- this treatment through the local or-
Today Had Flying Ma- and
growth here in the two years
phants~and mastodons, its sreat cities of its existence ibllity for the "raid" which took ganization when It would not I
chines. and
monumenta l temples and palaces
its fertile plains were swallowed
as is shown by the
figures released by R- B. Murray, the lace at one o'clock this morning on
'lanters WarehoUse, during which
been possible otherwise.
Dr. Voschell has treated approxi-
j
up in the Pacific. Enormous subter- (.ecrpâry of the organization- In the hirteen baskets of tobacco belonging mately 130 children of Danville and
ranean gas pockets, which had held first year of its life there were 2.049 o James Murphy, of Hinesvllle, this section since he has been coming
. By FRANCIS J. T1ETSORT
(Copyright, 1924, by Universal
it up, burst out through fiery volca-
noes. The cont'nent collapsed with
individuals who subscribed to the
f u n d in nuking it a marked success. vas bodilv carried to the "pool" re-
eivine station was made early this
here andi many of them have so
much Improved that there Is every
^
the exception of Islands, that remain- During the second campaign conduct- fternoon by E. L. Walton, local di- reason to believe that -they will grow
Service) ed because there were no gas cham- ed during last year the numjjer was
NEW YORK. Nov. 13.—The Moth- increased tremendously. ector of the Tobacco Growers' Co- up to be active children and will not
bers beneath them." Operative Marketing Association. suffer the handicaps which coine
erland of Mankind was in a tropical Hawaii, he said, is an instance, was in accounting for more than doub- He said that it was a matter purely with deformed limbs whiqh restrict
continent larger than North America, one of the spots left above the sur- ling » > e numbe r of subscribers to the ietween the persons alleged to be re- movement. Representatives of the
known as Mu. wh'ch went to the bot- face with its volcanoes. Eastern Is- che-i. last ypar Mr. Murray says it ponsible for it and that the associa- Lions Club were present yesterday at
tom of the Pacific with its 04.000,000 land some of the South sea islands was largely due lo the fact that the ion not only had' nothing to do with the clinic and were gratified to see
white inhabitants and their templed were among others that remained employes of the Riverside and Dan t but that it would take no official that results are being- obtained.
Cities 13.000 years ago. The Garden Survivors of the engulfing waters River mills gave so generousiy and in
of Eden, stored through the ages. n p r e left h u d d l e d on the islands with- such great numbers. The final result notice of it.
\vas in that continent mor« t h a n sixty
thousand years, ago. and not in Asia
out food and resorted to cannibalism.
This, said Col. Churchward, was the
of the last campaign .showed the
number of fubscriptions had been
Immediate results f i o m what ap-
eared at one moment to be an open SORE, BLEEDING
nor in Asia Minor
The forego'ng wds one of a serfea
I'avin of savagery on earth that ha",
continued m spots to the present
boosted to 5751 or approximately 1
lor every 5 persons in town. This is
'I.'.'JS n-each betxveen the rival tobacco dis-
sosal forces were the swearing out of GUMS STOPPED
of startling assertions bv Col. James
Churchward, of Mount Vernon. N'. T.,
time.
Back of the civilization of Abia and
a record of which Danville may well
be proud. It ha bin it the real ideal She's an Eskimo lady whose name .means "little woman." Knud
eleven warrants late this morning
against eleven men which are alleg- IN 12 HOURS
when questioned respecting the aF- ed to have taKgp an active part in
those of the lost motherland, those of a Community Client, namely, a Rasrnussen, Danish arctic explorer, is introducing her to Washington
tonishing contents of 125 tablets d's- of Asia being colonies, the archaeal- great host 01 the folks living on the
he undertaking early this morning, You Can Now Get Dental Chair
society. i'he warrants charge forcible trespass
covered in India which he and Budd-
hist scholars translated Some of the og'st declared he had traced the an- city hharmg tJie welfare burden. and are sworn to by James H. Wil- Treatment At Home . Without
tecedents of modern man back a total Should the chest be'filled by a few ion, president of the Danville TVare- The Pain and Expense.
tablets, he said, went b a c k ' i n history
30,000 years.
The contents of these tablets, con-
clusions based upon them and core-
of fifty thousand years.
_ o
people's subscriptions, it would not be
a success except in a financial way.
but \vheii the people of the commun-
ity acce-" their responsibility in such
South Boston louse Corporation, it being one of the
\areho.uses controlled by that or-
anization which was "raided."
Through a new discovery, Cre"»sene. •r
gums can be healed and pyorrhoea.
The warrants are against J. TV. prevented. The medicine in Credserie ~
lauve informat on colected over a
period of years, are soon to be made
public in detail. Col Churchward said.
Community Chest splendid fashion it indicates that the
lesioji of community giving has been
(Special to The Bee.)
SOUTH BOSTON, Xov 13.—The
Tate. R. Y. Blair. G. T Hastings, C.
_ Blair. J. L. Blair, Dewey Blair,
are well known and used by the d«n-~*
tal profession for relieving pain, tight-
•K eil learned. localr tobacco market has been
He added.
"These findings, as d. vhole, may
be expected to rauEe something of a
Question Box The fact that a la-ge number share
In the work does not relieve any of
<-\va inped with tobacco all this week-
The \\aiehouses are handling b;g
Robert Blair, Et M. Blair. C. W. Giles,
Andrew Jackson and J. A. Owen.
The offense under the Code is a
ening loose teeth, healing pus pockets. •-
destroying decayed teeth odors and
killing the germs that lead to. pyof- -_
=tire in the international scientific us of our d_uiy to give the most - - sales dailv and the farmers are ap- misdemeanor and is punishable by rhoea. k
\Vhst ar° the agencies m Danville's can. said Mr Murray. The big O'ifts parently well pieased with the prices ine only. The names of the men The new discovery is the method of
KILLINGS
v orld and on some of the noirts in- The total sales at the three open
volved 1 shall no doubt be challenged. Community Chest? ' ure v^ry necessary and so are the said to have been responsible were penetration, which carries Jiese gum- .
bu tl am prepared to meet objectors Hilltop Sanatorium. Library Atso- =malle rones. flooi warehouses Tuesday were 212,- secured this morning by several healing, germ destroying medicines di- v \
whether they be geolog cal o: ar- ciation. Red Cross. .Community Wel- In last year's campaign the gifts* 172 pounds with top pile , prices of police officers. None of the rect to the roots of tV><s teeth and injo , -
chealogica!. I shall in most cases of Vi ere classified as follows $70 per 100 pounds. warrants has been served, but efforts every nook, corner and crevice, in a.nd
fare Association, Salvation Army o bet%veen the teeth, thereby' accom-,
dispute use facts and records against Danville1 Boy Scouts, i". M C. A, 1 Over 51.000. 4. will be made to have returns made
sheer theory. ' \V C. A , Travelers' Aid, Sqf'U to Sl.OOO. 12 Two Men Murdered in Door- The prajer meeting held at the on thern so that the trial may be dis- plishing at home, in a pleasant way.
all the benefits of dental chair treat-
Colonel Churchward, formerlv of §250 to 5501, 15. Baptist church Tuesday night, was posed of on Saturday morning.
the British army, was educated at
How much shou'd I give?
Consult your conscience. Remem- $100 to --=250, 5? way of Garage—Slay- well attended. Giving to the absence
Should the case be definitely set for
ment, without tlie pain and expense.
r of the pastor. »v. T. Ryland San- Creosene is sold and recommended by •'
"Oxford University and the Sandhurst ber tli's fact—t'oat you are giving^ to ?50 to -Sloo. IDS.
s.'5 to S50, 204
ers Escape ford, the services were conducted
that day there is reason to believe
b> all good drug stores. A dollar bottle „
Royal military college He is widely nine agencies ins ead of one and tha' that manv will come to hear the evi- is guaranteed to give relief In twelve
known as a geologist, archaeologist. ilO to S25, 557. rBy The Associated Press) Mi Hill, who made a splendid talk hours. Creosene Co., Atlanta, Ga.—adv.
j o u wnl rot be asked to contribute w h i c h was greatly enjoyed. Talkb
metaiurficaK chemist, and as the in- again, for an entire >ear. r rider 510, 901. CLEVELAND, Ohio, Nov. 13.—A The alleged raiders are understood n
vpntor of vanadium sieel, used for Can individual organizations, be Employes of Riverside mills, 1,301- bootlegger's war, culminating in an were also made by E. C. Garrand and to have expressed the belief that
Emp'oyes of Dan River mills, 2,500. ambush eaily today, police declare, S R. Crews. Murphy's tobacco was pledged to the
the armor plat:ng of the world'? na-
• ies and in automobile construction.
designated to receive gifts?
Any contributor may designate Letiers have be-n sent to the pas- brought death to Louis Rosen. 29. of •poo!' and hearing that it was on the Says Grandest Stomach
He has, given a half century of his Miss Lena Osborne, of News Ferry, auction floor about tt> T>e "bootlegged"
life and much of his personal fortune
whic h agency or agencies inaj ie- to-s of all loral churches and the Cleveland and his biother-m-iaw, isthe
ceive his contributions- , superintendents of the Sunday schools Adolph Adelson. 23. of Philadelphia, euest of lier sister, Mrs Irene today they went to get it and actually Medicine in the World
to tra'Lng the mysteries of the origin If he does ?o. hov.- will he knov. it mg:n? their support in this program. colleee graduate. Owen on Broad street carried the thirteen baskets down to
Mis Major Hogan was taken sick Farmer's wherehouse Murphy him-
of the eaith. the origin of animate
) fe and its development and to study- is"bemg done' v A hst of ^hose to receive th » latter Both were murdered in the door- at her home on Broad street A\"ednes- self, a. few others anl the night watch- Relief Conies At Once But Better' j
StiU Chronic Indigestion Does' ^,
The character of the citizens in rollov. s. way of Rosen's garage and the rear man are said to have interposed ob-
ing the records of the lost Pacific charge of the Chest is sufficient guar- Methodist. of his home in a fashionable residen-
dav. but is leported better now. For Good.
continent. -Mam Street—Rev. T A Smoot; tial district. K. W. Thaxton continues quite ill jection, the watchman expressly for- Get a bottle of Dare's Mentha-Pep-
By some standards the present Civ- antee of its good faith. Accurate at his home. bidding the removal of the leaf but sin from any druggist today with the
ilization is by no means the greatest, records of every contribution are kept Supt. A D Keen. Adelson and his wife came here it was carried away. distinct understanding that your mon- -
at the office of the Chest, and an.» Moun' Vernon—Rev. S. T. Senter: two dajs aero to, \ipit the Rosens-^nd
he declares. The original civilization Supt. J. C. Watson TV. M. Presgrave, motored to Dan At six o'clock this morning Mr. ey will be promptly refunded if it does"
contributor may stop thsre at
of the white race of the bun in Mu. Cabell Street—Rev G TV. M. Taj- to attend a weddm o
ville Tuesday night.
o—
Wilson went to the Farmer's ware- not stop the most acute stomach dis-
It! io: . Supt E G. Moseley. house and on one of the alleged to tress quicker than any remedy you -
(By TheKAsso Press)
nei Sledd . Memorial—Rev. J TV. Rus- Mr and Mrs. TV. T. Shotwell, o have taken part in the proceeding ever used. - -i
CLEVELAND, O , Nov 13 — Police Republican Grove are visitors in town being pointed out to him. he went to Your stomach may be so distended -
:in. Supt. E. F- Bragg today were confronted with solving Q
him and requested the return of the with gas tjiat you thmk every minute
Calvary—Rev J? S. Gresham: Supt. the mysterious murder of Louis Ros- Mrs Ehrhch has returned home tobacco within an hour. A man near- your heart is going- ,to stop beating;
more ago iver in possssion of many whejj charity -nil! be unnecessary but H. M Ma.ru n.
sreat secrets that were Jost to sub- that time has not yet arrived The en. 29, and his brother-in-law. Adolph by is said to have upbraided Mr- yet with one dessert spoonful of
Conference Evangelical—Rev. J. M. Adelson. of Philadelphia. i~ho with from Richmond after \:sitmg rela Wilson. In any event the thirteen Dare's JMentha-Pepsin that dreadful
sequent civil^za'rons during many poor we seem to alwajs have with us. Oakey. itves here.
centuries Armies m 10.000 B, C.. m and the progress of civilization has his wife was visitins the Rosens. The baskets were back In their row at feeling of suffocation will vanish in
-India, records st-'te. had 3}ing ma- not been marked so much by the IraGrace—Rev. Elliott.
C E. Johnson, Supt. men were shot and killed bv d.fferent- Mrs. Tucker Watkins of Richmont Planter's warehouse before the ex- a few minutes.
It's a. wonderful formula—this com-
Kh.nes that we'.!! carry scores of speed of the leaders as by the s-lov, sized bullets early today in the rear is v siting relatives piration of the Wilsonion ultimatum.
men- These aer.u.1 vehicles were pro- pace of tb_ose less fortunate who Baptist. of Rosen's home in the East Boule- Then followed the swearing out of bination, of Pepsin "with other good
First Baptist—J. M. Shelburne: vard district off Rockefeller park. Miss Mildred Merritt is visiting he the-warrants- stomach hmgorators—so wonderful
nelled bi engines if great simplicity weigh, them down.. The agencies in
that emoloyed natural forces such as Danville are working to.ward pre- Supt C. B. Clements. The first police theory was robbery. aunt. Mrs . Hunter Moorefield in Murphy's father is a member of the that In^'one smaU town in New Jersey
science todav is seekine to harness. vention and treatment an dthe^r well- - ' Baptis:—Rev. A G Carter: They also were . puzzle dover an Greensboro, is'. C. Association and is said-to-have signed in la 21, ov.er 6,«00 bottles- wer,e -sold. • '
•anonymous telephone call received at Never mind*; wh"aF*causes~ youf,~Indi7 "'
"There is z. record of the general directed efforts do not make habitual Sum._ " *l lie Austin the five year contract before his son gestion
Ramchander having flown from the paupers but self-respecting workers, street— Rev. H. P. East headquarters telling them "if vou get Mrs. Fred Carr motored to Danvill reached his majority. On reaching have hador"it,gastritrs, or how long-you
or how many/other* rem-
Canitol of Ceylon to Northern India who are willing to he'p themselves Keen Street— ,~ J. R Hite: Supt. a report of the gang shooting their todaj on business. Ms majority Murphy is said to have edies you have"
TV. C Chanev g-uns in East 97th street, don t pay leased a farm to have. undertaken medicine that will make tried, this is the one
'n such a machine, one of a kind that after the oroper stimulus. your old
vas also employed to drop bombs on I give through my church Moffetf Memorial — Rev C. J. D. any attention to it The noise was A. E. Edmonrtson. Jr.. of Dan Rive tobacco growing patronising the local
r ties in wartime. The people of that The Community Chest gives a prac- Parker. Supt. T. 3V. TVilkins their automobile exhaust. s= a v'sitor :n town. auction "market and not signing: up thy that you can digest anything-heal-
disabled stomach so strong and
you
oav emplojed gun powder and Sre- tical expression t" th? spirit which is Presbyterian. The shooting- occurred after Rosen o with the Association.
and Acelson returned from a pm- - Wallace Moore of Dan Ruer is i. eat without the slightest distress.
arms. behind eiery v r°li"ion T-~e<=o on er~- r irst Presbyterian — Rev. Joseph
1-resoyi.eria.n—n.t:\. ouaep Even catarrh of the stomach can he
"Tho«e things occurred in Inaia in ing to your church and afl Its depart- ^ngllnson: Supt W ^- Mo.ore Jr. ochle same. As they drove m Ros- ;own. DIES AT BLAJfCHJE banished in a reasonable length of
tre Bama-TVaga dynasty of the Hindu dents because it is right but remem- Shelton Memorial—Rev. Philip en's yard in his automobile, their time. t
empire of the sun. Scientists of those ber there are o T her practical i\ork» ticke!: Supt. B. C. Sides wives." whoare sisters, heard six or J >i Perry who has been quit \Vord was received here this morn- And you know that when, your
ages had a complete ph'Iosophy on which also have their demands. Christian seven shots The women found then s:ck at his home on Second street i ing of the death a£ Ringgold of Mrs. stomach is in fine shape, nervousness,
-he origin of human life and held Church of Christ—Rev. C L. Gar- husbands lymz face down in the grass able to be out again. Jennie Swanson at the age of sev- headaches and dizziness won't bother
Wan to be a snecial creation among HEon, Supt. E. G. Corwine. j outs.de the open garage enty years at 11:45 o'clock yesterday you. Every regular druggist' guaran-
animals. They also held that the
-un o' our svstam is a cold body and
C .W. A. toActas Third Avenue—Rev P. P. Knapp clothes were rumpled and the sod
Episcopal. trampled. Adelson was killed bv two
morning'. No particulars about "her tees one bottle of Dare's ilentha-Pep'
death were received. ) sin. All druggists sells lots of it.—adv.
EpiDhany—Rev. M. S. Taylor; Supt. th'rty-two calibre leac bullets, one of
ihat its soca'lled neat is the result of
Clearing House
^n emanative earthly force meeting
a force from the sun in our atmos-
pheric belt. ' For Xmas Giving
M- S". Taylor.
Lutheran—Rev. J. TV. Link.
Catholic—Rev. Halbleib.
which pierced his throat and the other
oa=sed~ through his head. Rosens
wound was above.his heart, vinere a
38-calibre steel jacketed bullet had
You Can Quickly Limber Up
"I believe, incidentally, that Christ
studied many vears in India among
th" szeat mahatmas of the day. The The regular monthly meeting of the
records in India of a metaphysical board of directors of the Community designated as welfare Sunday,
Salvation Arm -—Adj. Duerr.
Jewish Synagogue—Rabbi Muskat. passed
Sunday .the 18th night wiJJ. be ih"
No weapons were found in
yard or garage. Neighbors report-
ed having seen three men drive awa>
Sore, Stiff, Swollen Joints
stranger o.nd truth seeker from the "Welfare Association was held Tues- "As the •workers in the Community in an automobile shortly after the Even Chronic Rheumatic Swell- comfort penetrate to the Bone and" blessed
v. est who went there and studied day. :nu the office in the Municipal Chest Campaign continue to organize " The~Adelsons arrived in Cleveland Both Found With Heads comes quickly.
faithfully. absorb:ng much, and who building. After the routine reports their teams for the drive next week." two davi ago to visit the Rosens and ings in Knee, Elbow, Shoulder It absorbs instantly and is so clean
a-'frwards returned to his own coun- were heard the reorgan zation of the said A. A. Booth. Campaign chair- to attend a wedding in the ..amily. Blown Off—Leave Four or Finger Joints Yield to the and stainless that yo can rub it on of-
try Christ's teachings followed those decisions committee was discussed man, this morning, 'there seems to be
of the east. The essentials of Christ- and Mrs. Thomas R. "White .'"reed a lot of sat'sfaction over the manner slip of paper bearing a Columbus au-
On the garage floor police louna a Children Mighty Powerful Influence of ten and get thereby, results much
more quickly, whe nths joint is In-
teachrns or analogious to those of to serve as chairman again. It was in which the prospect cards will be tomobile license and other numbers JOINT-EASE. flamed and the agony Intense.
Buddahism. announced at the last meeting of the ditided Every effort has been made (By The Associated Pre«») Being such a powerful counter irri-
social workers club that the C. TV. A- which they could not identity. tant, it cannot help bringing speedy
In India. Col. Churchward said, he would act as a clearing house *for to divide vthe city into equal p_arts. so KINSTOX. -X C . Nov. 13.—Ray- It's here, right in town and Mc- and helpful results in congestion, sore
had access through the aid cf schol- Christmas giving. It is hoped that that each division and each team HEAP OF~ATOIT COMPANY mond Jackson. 35. white farmer living Fall's Drug: Store and every live drug-
will have as nearly as possible an four miles north of Kinston. early thsi g:si has it. throat, chest colds, lumbago and neu-
^•e"fa^ «Srtinr*riostUc1??nem through'a J,"™"*^ ^ well £ organized clearing equal chance. The distribution ap-
will be less dupl'ca- plies to the Ladies" Division as well - far The A»sociat*e Tr««s» morning shot to death his wife. Mrs. It's a low price remedy, to be sure, ralgia much quicker than almost any
PHILADELPHIA. Xov. 13.—Adolph MnrOCas.-y Jackson 28 as she la> but that doesn't stops.it from taking remedy you can buy.
£oM£»o£n o? ore anc: at the same as to the three divisions handled by But vou must remember that it is
fflanKr-th?moT" I tionlhan heretofor
e a Christmas in the home will Adelson. slain in Cleveland, was Hie asleep weapon
in bed. He then turned <he the kinks, lameness or torture out of
a shot gun, to his own head for jo'nt afflictions that It Is mostly
erland of man."to the Egyptians, and J the men." h»ad of the" Fidelity Audict company. and killed h'mself- your troubled joints.
e for each family un- "The bas-'s of division this year, 1 Mr and Mi*. Joint-Ease is the name, so called dispensed and its helpfulness will as-
was re...
ble 11.500 years old at J
He added:
%
SiS: __. .... __' anv social organiza- continued Mr. Booth, "will be geo-
tion. Mrs- J- A. Herman has agreed graphical rather than by selection as
to help with this work and informa- in previous years. Each Division will
"ln Mu flourished the Empire of tion can be secured by phonins S9.5. have a definite section of the city in
-W s«£ ^-rsst-V
r^.-JS?. "SiHa-f S3SS
Jackson are survived
children. th» oldest a boy 01 nine.
o-
by four small because
the
ments.
it is compounded solely for tonish
purpose of relieving all joint
,
ail-
you after all ordinary liniments
and other treatments have failed.
Always remember, when Joint-Eaoe
gets in 'joint agony gets out—quick.—
Jjist rub it on tlrt tormented, lame
she Sun. with colonies throughout the The C. TV. A. wiH also furnish names which to work and each team in the Adelson had been successful in busi-
world. Its emneror had the title 01 of families to organizations wishing f»u will have a subdivision of the ness.
Prompt Response joints and in just a. few seconds it will adv.
•=on of the Sun. meaning, however, to give Thanksgiving baskets. Plans .. , n. In this way a great saving
that he was a child of the royal family were also made for the annual meet- of time and labor will be 'effected.
l,ne and not a figurative son of the ing which will be held December ?th Revival to Start Saves Man's Life;
Sunday Mt, Vernon He Took Arsenic
at" S'o'clock at the Y. M. C. A- audi-
"There are twentyone Egyptian, five torium. At this time the nominating BATTLESHH*, COSTING
Gr»«»k and seven Xaya records r committee win present the slate and
Central America in existence staur tating officers for the new year will be 16 MILLION, MUST GO -Tames Taylor, a resident of Roden-
ihat the motherhooci of man lay to tne elected.
Two Killed In
TYASH1NGTOX. Nov.
n<tvai tug? were ordered today to
Announcement is mad° "f a series hiser street, was treated late yester-
12.—Five of meetings to be held for * g day evening for arsenic po:son3nc as
Baptist Church «art- result of swallowing a qeneroiife quan-
GIVE US THE
HURRY-UP
proceed to Philadelphia Nov. 15 to The revival titv of an arsenate solution at hr*
pastor. Rev. hom«>. Doctors were called and prob-
How to Win a Crossing Crash ow the hull of the uncompleted i-at- c<fn<jycted by
leship "Washington to a po:nt off the
firginia capes where it is to be <3es-
k and L. B Fa<5?ttt. «f
ha* been secured to leafl
ablv "their quick response and the h»-
rot5<- treatment accorded saved him
Pet Elephant At Ocean View troved by gunfire and mining te^ls.
This program 5s opposed 3n a suit
Jn the District of Columbia.
ic of hymns which will be a
-j-Jie revival
,-rom serious harm, before much of
poison had been absorbed hv Jh«?
«=v>i*>jTi Tavlcr is said l» have taken
on Ihe poison al a time he was suffering
ORDER
(By The A*«>eUt<rd •supreme court where an injwciion re- at eleven o cJock with a <.'«wons-c-
IS T«*0 .................. i: the department 5s being The Fountain of Our Fa.th. a s - - , rrt>w temporary aberrat'on He was sometime -when you are m
bv "V\*m. B. Shearer of New s-rvice at ihrec « ^l reported loday to be abJc to »e uj»
NORFOLK, Va . Xov. 13.—Two
n the a afternoon.. Th*rc H 5* bVj h25 condition is heins wai<-h««5 a special rush lo get some
men . one white an<3 one negro, wore York. clothes cleaned or pressed
instantly killed early ihis afternoon al statistics on 1he \\asnins- " rvJces each day. on at two and th« ( closely for possibl
•when a freight car on the Ocean View ton wp to- date *hen work on her other •her at half r-asl sevon «v.iock ; and see what happens.
line struck their asitomobil*. was stopped as a result of the Warti- B1KTO
J»o<33 of the wen jnaji be- Jn?t«n arms oonference agrfeên*- You're going to be in for
and show 3 total cost to the sovernmem is i> rowncs Born »« B. Par-
a real surprise, for we've
the victims were not oWainahie an of Sl'S.Sf'M'f'O whJch had oeen r-e- sh" 3223 West Paxton strict, on
after Hie by site of surplus material and PUI.ASKI —The tnalk nlwr 12th, -a made a specialty of rush
•other income *o «9a1e to «15.24«. work.
Ths Tvorea-u of •cMis1n;ict3c>n and
DEATH OF >«F?S. GVTHRIE
•naJr •estimated the Washington
Pslaski. Backed !•> ih- vot- of <-<i«mr>- needs 1 On*1 day sen-ice cnmcs in
majority of 'he town'? \<*~r* a! a
The death occurred! 75.3 per cent completed — not S^ per four yar* aso. ««. mighty handy now a«d
ihmkins;
shortly jflfter noon <vf Mrs Martha •cent as has been reported — -svh-n then.' Call <R1S when
Lawson Vjsthrif. a1 her hotn* near work was stopped In August 1»33. ard the rush.
Q Mountain Hi33.1 Deceaj^d. who was $3
at will throws^ ^"- sl
r<? flr^> many CI-ASSIKICATION
you've got to havo your
years of sg* . 3^ survived hi lour ARGESTIN A EAST PULLS think PulasW «TOWJI 1 « , h - > size TOO UYTi; garments back JJv* s-ame.
oWMren a* follows: >5rs. -Iphn Hud- DOWN WHEAT PKICES Ijo«J: A Small Bay Mnrc, Seven day and still waul a par-
sins, of RinrcoJ-dl: Mrs A. M. Truitt. th» cow rmaffl he «3e: her On . Cen-
of Sntherlin: Mass Betfc Tulhrie, and CHICAGO. Xov. 12.— Good rains ^p<- a sr'ecisil refer^niluni 'Warehouse, or Phone Central ticular good jofr.
3 D Guthrie, both of 1n Arsentina. wlwre ?3d at which the voters will again Warehouse. 131 3
'
The fwnera, JwJll b» has be«n complahul of drought. decade In*1 qw^stioiii. _
niornini; at 13 o'clock from the th<> price of vh-Mt heavily to-
Step up. everybody, and guess <3enre anri burial will taV> 5>3ace near
she number of beans an the jar
on display :n the window of
Semora. hut sharp ralHes resm]t«<3 from
important late "ommis»:on house WillianTButler CRYSTAL
SALESMAN SAM'S new store " :s ESCAPE hHvJna tose'-J mnre or less «yi com
Succeeds Lodge
RICHMOND. Va — Tr.o rears Do- *trength. \Vh?at Hosing quotations
The one who guesses the cor-
rect number of beans g*tt$ Bozo.
the baby elephant.
Sam's* -efforts Jo grv* away
rothy Russei of this ettv recently •define.
went thro-:sh the miraculous
of fcelnc tossed from an awtomo- Mar 1 3C»i»*i>
•wtre «ns«tt3*d at 3» Jo
3>r^ni5>eT ISC 3
1^ 35S 5 i- Corn
1 H cent net
^ 1o 152 H and
- IS
\ BATH
Bozo and thus win new custo- onto the railroad tracks, near i'- J -- i 5 wr
? -!>a ts
' from
an<1 s-
mers to his store lead to a series and havsnc several ârs Oeclln* to H S* T. and of Rc-
of air.asJnJt Incidents pictured of a heavily laden freight car pass. c*nts lower 10 fen cents to-
da'lv in the comic strip, Sales- national
over her without suffering serious a»poJnt«d Governor
raa:n Sam Follow thss feature h'Jrt- The child fell between the to *tjc<x?od the Ja:e lit Xarlwt ft
every day 3n THE BSE and just 3n front of the train's en- ;n Athedeed oi bargain and sale recorded
you'll get a lot of laughs out of gine . badly damaged the aato- court conveys clerk's ot[iL.e of_ the Corporation
from
lodge as United
from Massachusetts. The Phonei95d
it. - but when the train had governor, i* was «ai3. was essnr-
on* that Mr. Butler will accept.
slight scratches and braise*.
SAC RED INDIAN TABLETS
Disclose NEW STORY of
WORLD'S CREATION
Evidence Submitted by Retired Officer of the British Colonial Army, Who Is Also Recognized
As an Archaeologist and Geologist of Standing, That the First Home
of Mankind Was on a Continent in the Pacific Ocean That
Was Submerged by a Cataclysm Twelve Thousand Years Ago, Leaving to
Mark Its Site the Present Easter, Marquesas, Fijian and Samoan
Islands-Ancient Records Discovered in Shape of Mysterious Tablets s
germs) came forth life as commanded." The sixtK
After Long Search in command was:
"Let Life come forth upon the land. And the shafti
of the Sun met the shafts of the earth in the dust of
the Orient With the land, and out of it formed cosmic eggs; and from
these cosmic eggs life broke forth upon the earth as
was commanded."
By COL.
w
t*
JAMES CHURCHWARD Assistance of Learned And when all this was done, the Seventh Intellect
said:
•"pHE Garden of Eden was not in Asia but on a now "Let us make man after our own fashion, and let u»
A
sunken continent in the Pacific ocean. The orig- ASIA \AMERICA Priest in a Native endow him with powers to rule this earth.
"Then Narayana, the Seven-Headed Intellect, tin
inal Biblical story of Creation—the epic of the Seven
Days and Seven Nights—comes originally not from CHINA PACIFIC \ Temple—History of a
Creator of all things throughout the universe, created
man, and placed within his body a living imperishable
the peoples of the Nile or the Euphrates Valley, but spirit, and man became like Narayana in power. Then
from this now submerged country, Mu—the Mother- was creation completed."
land of Man.
6URMAH
High Civilization This is truly a remarkable legend, as handed down
to us from the earliest times of man by those old tab*
These assertions can be proven by the complex
lets. Note that there are seven commands. Thej
records which I discovered on long-forgotten sacred
Traced and Linked to doubtless indicate seven periods of time. Here wt
tablets In India, They told of this strange country of
64,000,000 inhabitants, who, 50,000 years ago, had de-
UESAS see how closely the Biblical version has followed th*
first part of this original account—except that h«»
!Wfc>ped a civilization superior in many respects to our .NINA TOO Those of Chaldeans,
\ and there is no attempt to limit the periods of time to
AJUU fcuty ueouiiucu, tuuuug ui/ucx buiugcs, tuts days, as the Bible does. As far as the tablets are ton*
• TAHITI *at*mari ATOaHrm tn*Tr Vvorro tnVon TnfWrvrm rtr *0n* rtf
of man in the land of Mu.
this tradition with records of other TON&A* .
SAMOA Ancient Babylonians, millions of years to accomplish.
tiki dviteations, as revealed in written documents, u ~ . MANOALA The Seven-Headed Serpent is almost anivewal. W«
find it in all ancient writings and it always symboSie^
prehistoric roins and geological phenomena, I found Persians and Hindus— the Creator and Creation.
that afl these centres of civilization had drawn their Whenever or wherever we see it, we know ft say*
"I am the symbol of the Deity, the Creator. Looking
caftan from a common source—the land of Mu.
We may, therefore, be sure that the Biblical story
{
W WESTERN BOUNDARY UNDEFINED a
NORTHERN OOUMOAR.V
^ V-/ \*> t M IN Code of Laws Issued at me compels you to think of Him. I am the veirfdb
which carries your thoughts to God."
<rf the Creation as we know it today has evolved from HOME OFTHENJONOOLCID There is a,splendid example of the use of the Sevett-
the impressive account gathered from those ancient
tablets which relate this history of Mu—history 500
by Supreme Mind Headed Serpent in a ruined temple at Angkor Thorn,
Great stone image (above) of the seven-headed serpent at the ruined temple of Angkor Thorn, Cambodia, among the tropical jungles of Cambodia, near Burmah*
centimes old. consisting of fifty-four gigantic figures of men, each eight feet high, holding in their arms the lengthened- my friend, they had probably looked only at the con This temple may be classed among the wonders of th»
The manner in which this original story of the Cre- out "naga," or sacred snake. Photo from Asia Magazine. Below, chart of the Pacific ocean, indicating the tainers. world, and in it the Seven-Headed Serpent appears in
ation came to light forms a tale that takes us back submerged continent of Mu. Once, in Burmah, I tried at an old Buddhist temple many places. The principal one is the approach to the'
more than fifty years. to find some of the missing records. temple. On either side of this approach are carved
that must not be taken out of their containers. I dare he exclaimed. "I will get the next series out tomor- "Where do you come from?" the high priest asked Seven-Headed Serpents, their heads ten feet abort
It was famine time in India, 1872, and I was assist- not satisfy your wish." row."
ing the high priest of a college temple where I hap- me. the ground at the beginning of the approach, their taflf
pened to be located during this trying period. Al- "But think—they may not be packed properly and Fortunately, he made a mistake, and the ones he "From India," I replied. ending at the temple walls.
though I did not know it at first, he was tremendously may break and crumble in their boxes," I urged. "We got were not the next series but a different one. "Then go back to India and ask the thieves who On these walls there is an inscription: "This tempi*
interested in archaeology and the records of the should at least look at them to see that they are safe." Therefore, to find the consecutive story he had to get stole them from us to show them, to you!" And, is dedicated to the Creator—the Seven-Hesded Ser*
ancients and had a greater knowledge of those sub- But no argument had any effect. Six months them all out. It was lucky, 'for more reasons than spitting on the ground'at my feet, he turned and pent, the Creator of all the worlds." And one great
jects than almost any other living man. passed. One night as I entered the temple for my les- one, that he did so. Many of the tablets had been walked away. distinguishing mark on the serpents is the symbol of
So when he saw one day that I was trying to de- son the old man met me with an air of caution and of badly packed, or not packed at all, and some of them These rebuffs disheartened me somewhat, but I had the motherland, the land of Mu, delicately carved both
cipher a peculiar bas-relief he took an interest in me warning. He put his finger to his lips, then motioned were broken. These we restored with cement. When a.ij.t»u.jalready gubi/wu
gotten so much -*.-LVIH
a\J j.i*uv.ii from the other tablets
mt- wt/j.ici. i/c»iLut»bia that
biu»ir I
A u— ,* * i J n J I on the front of the neck and on the back of the head!
that brought about one of the greatest friendships I to me to close the door. I did so, then turned around, I repacked them, I wrapped each one in tissue paper determined to study the sacred writings of all the old U mi0n of Adam
' * J » Michelangelo's celebrated mural in the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican. Above, Herb Roth's conception of the cataclysm that engulfed the continent cf Mu with its primitive civilization in the After the creation of the earth, as we have learned
have ever known. He showed me how to solve the and on the table in front of me saw two ancient tablets and cotton. civilizations and compare thfem with the legends Pacific ocean 12,000 years ago. from the tablets, came the creation of man. He ift
covered with a cloth. Curiosity or anxiety about their "My son," said the old priest, "I feel that it was a of Mu. represented as a deer, to symbolize his power of pro-
puzzle of these peculiar inscriptions and offered to and as a symbol it n sented the Creator and the bled themselves in the form of a whirling mass." The gressing by leaps. Man, says this old story, came ori
give me lessons which would lit me lor still more dii-
1 _ J _,,.i.i_-,
sacred warning sent to me throueh vour voice to at- Thi? ! <?id, ??<* îo^nvpy^fl fVist thp civilizations of so that no land appeared anywhere. The gases that command was: earth perfectly developed. He did not have to go
chance had come at last. tend to these relics." BCUJ.UU was . diu not form me waters formed cne acmo&pnbie, aim. "Let the eases that are within the earth raise the
ficult work. Needless to say, I jumped at the chance. the early Greeks, the Chaldeans, the Babylonians, the "The desire came t< ;m to create worlds, and He tiuuugu i~»ie v«.i.iuua «»,• k.iv/îi.t,.î«j w_ - . •
For over two years I studied diligently a deaci lan- The tablets were of sun-burnt clay and extremely Months of hard work in translating proved to be Persians, the Egyptians and the Hindus were only the "Let the gases solidify to form the earth. Then the "The Light was contained in the atmosphere. land above the face of the waters. Then the fires of nature forced on other forms of life—he was a special
created worlds; and tl desire came to Him to create
dusty. With great care I cleaned them off and then worth all the labor. The writings described in detail dying embers of the motherland of Mu. "And the shafts of the Sun met the shafts of the the underneath lifted the land on which the waters creation.
guage which my priestly friend believed to be the
set to work deciphering the characters, which were of the creation of the earth and of man and told where the earth with living s upon it, and He created gases solidified; volumes were left on the outside, out Light in the atmosphere and gave birth to Light. rested until it appeared above the face of the waters; Such is the origin of the story of the Creation. We
original tongue of mankind. He also believed that J, learned how Mu, a vast continent extending from the e£rth and all thec ; and this is the manner of of which water and the atmosphere were to be formed; do not know all the details. But there were many,
this language was understood by only two other high this same dead language that I had been studying for he first appeared—namely, in the land of Mu. Hawaii to the Fiji Islands, was the original home of Then there was Light upon the face of the earth; and: and this was the dry land." The fifth command was: other tablets as full of information as the ones I saw«
Kealizing that I had now struck something exceed- mankind. I learned that in this beautiful country of the creation of the e b, with all the living things and volumes were enveloped within the new world. "Let Life come forth in the waters. And the shafts
priests in all India. Its difficulty was due to the fact so long. Darkness prevailed and there was no sound, for as yet "The Heat was also contained in the atmosphere. They have either been lost forever—or are merely hid-
upon it." of the Sun met the shafts of the earth in the mud of
that many of the apparently simple inscriptions had Luck was with me. These two precious forms of ingly precious, I tried to trace the other lost tablets, low, rolling hills and immense plains, with great slow- "And the shafts of the Sun met the shafts of the den, awaiting the day of discovery. When that daj
clay told us just enough so that we knew we -were in- but without success. I took letters of introduction to running riverp, there lived a people which colonized The seven snperiati ntellects of the Seven-Headed neither the atmosphere nor the waters were formed." Heat in the atmosphere and gave it life. Then there the waters and there formed cosmic eggs out of par- comes, we shall learn more about the story of the be-
hidden meanings which had been designed especially Serpent, say the "tabl then gave seven great com- The third command was: ginning of things than we know now.
deed reading the records of Mu ; and they broke off high priests of temples throughout India, but in every the earth; and how, about #12,000 years ago, there came was Heat to warm the face of the earth." The fourth ticles of the mud. Out of these cosmic eggs (life
for the Holy Brothers of the Naacals, an ancient peo- mands. The first co: and was: "Let the outside gases be separated and let them
ple who had drifted here by way of Burmah. at such an interesting point that not even .the high case was received with coldness and suspicion. a terrific cataclysm, when the whole continent was
One day, x^hen he was in a talkative mood, he told priest could restrain his curiosity to see the rest. "I have not seen any such tablets," each would de- submerged 'in the midst of fire aAl water. And I
"It is impossible for us to leave off here, my son!" clare, and doubtless they were telling the truth. Like learned the original story of the Creation.
"Let the gases, w! are without form and scat- form the atmosphere and the waters. And the gases
tered through- ipace, brought together and out of were separated, one part went to form the waters, and YOUTHFUL WISDOM-LIGHT ON SCHOOL EXAMINATION REPORTS
me that there were a number of ancient writings in them let the earth be med. The gases then assem- the waters settled upon the earth and covered its face
Mu .was the place where man first appeared upon "The kid's got a bad school report it behind her and come into the room "didn't you PUT h.i\e had report*• when the kid's eye. think it a fitting opportunity to melt
'he secret archieves of the temple. What they were «2;a'n, Henry,' 'I remarked. We ex- \\ith a •Rhoop, which H her uûal mode out oE the room.
the earth. To the records of that place we must KO N U U were at school ?" "X-no, dear. I don't believe f ever
Be did not kno'.v, for he had glimpsed only the boxes changed trloomv glances. This unfail- of entrance, but sidled in unostenta- Tlinrn 11 i-; •! jvni-c When T ( ' l i n e t o —I mean, I don't think I aluays got "Well, that's over," remarked
ihat held them. The writings themselves he had for the first story of how the earth and man were ing atiirma of mediocrity w h i c h marks tiously. In slimt, «he was aware that
out offspring's reports fill*. u>> •with 'he report had arrived and that her think of it. I was, in my school day a, good reports." Henry, folding up the report with e»i«
never inspected. created. mauvN q u a it d'henre would short!} apt to he mi-underMood. Wa-n't Sir ''\Vell. you're all right now, aren't deut relief. "I think I managed t»
And then he added something which sent my curi- Colonel James Churchward, author of the accompanying article, is an I have traced this same story from Mu to India, "I learr how Mu, a vast continent extending from Hawaii to the I cannot help feehns; that she ought be in till! MurifT
you, nnimmuf So w h a t doe- it matter
Walter Scott jepiited tn fie the dullest in the end? mipre.--s the kid that time—I'm sure mj
osity up to a new high point. He had already men- where colonizers from the'motherland had settled; to do '-o well consdeimg that i—but, ''[ expect l'\e got bad niaik? from judgment was sufficiency severe."—"
tioned the legendary moiher^nd of mgn, the tend of archaeologist of Mount Vernon, New York. He is also a geologist and from India to Egypt; from Egypt to the place whew Fiji Islands, thr original home of mankind/' says the writer of the ac- ot course, her-character is not inherit- M.s-i Daw-on," she said, opening tne
bov in hi*- da—•? Theie^nie -coie^ of Henry and I, in spite of ourselves
dustiioi.s examples like that. I met began to laugh. The kid seemed to
Florewe A. Kilpatiick, Humoru%
London.
ed entirely from tlie maternal side. caijvcrie, 'but she's a mingy old thing,
Mu. Now he told me that these mysterious tablets metallurgical chemist, and has over i 00 patents that he has taken out on Moses copied it; and from Moses to the irdstiaiisla-
companying icle. Continuing, he says: Some ot Ileiii'y's relate e& aie aa\ thing and h;^ pot a dov,n on me."
were supposed by some men to have been written by tion by Ezra 800 years later. but brilliant. Henry looked suitably stern. "Mins
ANTELOPE IN LASSEN COUNTY
the Naacale, either in Burmah or in the motherland processes for the treatment of steel. The plausibility of this will be apparent even to "I don't want to boast, but I al \va\t: Dairson i^ jour form mistre.ss, I take
itself. those who have not studied the subjecfc carefully when that in this country tKere lived a people which colonized the did so -well at school thyself," remarked
Henn. "Gamed prizes, in fact, I re,illy
it. but *-he does not give marks ior
e \ e i v Mihject. A i e all 1\oiir teachers—
The writer has spent mo4 of his peared. Although I rode the range ride. Dunng the winter of 1924 titt
My anxiety to see them can well be imagined, and 1 This article relates io discoveries lie has made on excursions in the they see the close resemblance between th story of
,- about 12,000 years ago, the continent was submerged. don't know who the kid takes alter." er—iJiiiifr\, ma\ I ask? ' t u n e in I,a>-en county since 1800 and
IMS ciuM, j i\ ualcueu it-* game. One OL
continuously, no more were seen until writer saw one band of 125 and beliflfM
the Creation as we know it today and the legend that His eyes rested on me and I bridled. '•M"-.t of 'em," agreed the kid read- iat« in thu laJl ot li)UO, when quite a mere were 3uu or more on HUM
grew even more impatient when I learned that these
writings were only fragments of a vast collection that
Orient, where he has devoted a large part of his time to exploration work originated in Mu. The old tablets start the tale by
"Perhaps you think she takes n i t er ily. tl,e most interestinsf tilings, observed 1 irge hand appeared on the range neai During the summer of 1924 tbe
her mother in this respect,1' I .said dis- '•1 dou'i b c l i t \ e it. The fact is. \i>n
had J>een taken to the seven Rishi (sacred) cities of since his retirement from the British Colonial Army. saying: ed this story from Mu to India, where colonizers from the tantlj. don't apply yourself. You don't try—"
hits been the a b i l i t y of tin- promjionud
antelope to M i n n e under ad\erse con-
my lanch. However, within a lew
day-* hunters from Susanvillc and other
;.ials bufl.'tte me/re tame than eret
fore scarcely running from aa
''No, no, my dear—not you. But "But I do try, daddy, ever so barn.
India. The bulk of them, it was said, had by now
Twelve years were passed in India, where he was instructed by one
"Originally the universe was only a soul or spirit;
everything was without life; calm, silent, void and in
motherland settled; from India to Egypt. heredity is a strange tiling. The kid'e Reports aren't always ripht, are they ? ditions. placet were alter them and I knew of
mobile, and could be fonnd ii
any of the fields of tbe tog*
been destroyed. Still, there remained this one precious lack ot application to her lessons may Don't you rem»mber the nasty one the During the nineties several bands, about 10 being killed. The band broke ranches'. They travel over a wid« :
chance that must not be missed. darkness was the immensity of space. , ari-e from some curiou^ strain derived man c;ave in the paper about mamma'h nuniheni'g horn 'JO to 50, \\ere, eat- and fcattcred: three spent the entire and with the splendid protection i
Day after day I tried to find some way of getting whom he regards as "the greatest archaeologist^the world has known." "Only the Supreme Spirit, the Great Self-Existing '.The tablets start the tale: 'Originally the universe was only a from jour Aunt Martha." ia<t boo'; ? You both said it wa« aw- tered o\er fhc Madeline plains aiiv the winter of 1901 in sight of my house, them by Nevada arfd tbe intern! !
Before I had time to reply—suitably f'llv unfair." but disappeared the following spring. in them, the writer antietpttftw
to the hidden writings. My friend was courte-
Great difficulty was experienced in gaining access to the ancient Power, the Creator, the. Seven-Headed Serpent moved
within the abyw of darkness."
soul ovspirij N$iything was without life; calm, silent, void and in darkness —he added: "But that's not the point.
The child must be made to apply her-
Henry and I were a little taken nuuby table lands in eastern LKSM-U
county. During this period, the last
From 1901 to 1909 a lone antelope wait their former
tet flr» IB his refusal. *. mi »»» aback. There was something particu- sometime* seen, then a pair, or *>»*-
was ity 3jf space.>" band seen by the writer was a group
•I ' ^^^
self. I am gping to speak to her very larly embarrassing in the aptness of timea a half down. By 1916 b*adt *l tte
," ht would u& with * trace of sad* records referred to here. It.should b«,noted*here that it Is a mistake to be- s*rion«ly, to—tr—imprw* her. I—I the allusion. / of about 15 head in the spring of 1897. 10 to 16 wtw •<*
L eaded Serpent wu jranhlpped will to firm." . * Tfcat wa* not a report, but merely With the coming of the home><tender fall of 1918 & bird of»i
I I I I I t> ' " I , • ' : I '
Mu-Mu.com: Synopsis of the Earliest History of Central America and Yucatan
Editor Argus: - We constantly see a great deal written about the ruins of Yucatan and Central America. These writings appear to
be exclusively guess work. Herewith is a short synopsis of the history of Yucatan, based on Maya writings, Maya inscriptions,
Hindu records, Egyptian records, and Greek writings, and geological phenomena.
Synopsis of the Earliest History of Central America and Yucatan
According to traditions, the first people who inhabited Central America and Mexico were a white race.
Their last king was named Quetzal, sometimes he was called Quetzalcoatl, also Cucumatz.
How long this white race had been in America up to the time of Zuetxal (Quetzal ? ) has not been revealed. The end of this white
race was; They were conquered by a people of darker skins called Maya who took and settled on the land. The Mayas were
composed of several distinct tribes among them being various tribes of Mongols and Semitics.
When conquered, King Quetzal refused to surrender to become a slave to the conquerors, saying, "he would die in captivity." So
he, with a remnant of his white people took their ships and sailed to a far off land beyond the setting sun, i.e., to the east of
America. Quetzal and his people arrived safely at that far off land where they settled and became great again.
The people of this Quetzal settlement were the forefathers of the white races of Europe, except the Latin races, the Greeks, the
Semitics and the Egyptians.
All these came to Europe later in the history of man's colonization of the earth.
The American Mayas, the conquerors of Quetzal and the white race, were composed of Mongols and Semitics but dominated as a
whole by another white race of a more swarthy complexion than the original white race. According to written history, they called
the conquered lands Mayasc, from which the name Mexico of today came. Mayasc was the original name of Mexico, but Mayasc
included Central America as well.
According to Maya and Hindoo records the Maya dominated this land for 18,000 years, during which time there were eleven
1 of 2 5/28/13 9:21 PM
separate dynasties of emperors or kings. The last dynasty was called the Cau dynasty and the preceeding one the PPeu Dynasty.
Each king or emperor assumed the title "son of the sun" to show that he came from the royal family of the earth's first empire,
"The Empire of the Sun." The title "son of the sun" was the patent showing his royal descent.
During the time of the Mayas, the great structures, whose ruins we now find in Central America, Yucatan and Mexico, were
erected. There were no distinctive people called Toltecs. Toltec means builder, therefore the Mayas were the Toltecs because they
were the builders. The last dynasty was called the Cau dynasty. Cau was the family name of the royal family and Cau means
serpent. When the Cau family became the royal family and its head the emperor, he adopted as his emblem, the great
symbolical feathered serpent of creation. In these ancient days it was usual to carve in various places and to adorn all temples,
palaces and the various governmental buildings with the symbol of the reigning family, - thus all such buildings having the
feathered serpent carved upon them, show that they were either built by or during the reign of the Cau emperors. Maya history
tells us most of the structures of Clucheu (Chichen ?) Itza, Uxmal and other cities in Yucatan were re-built by the last king Cau
and for this reason we find the bulk of the ancient buildings in Yucatan adorned with carvings of the feathered serpent. Maya
history does not supply us with the reason that these cities were built, but Egyptian temple histories do. They had been shaken
down into ruins by earthquakes.
Some few structures still remain that were built during the PPeu Dynasty. These are known by the carvings of elephants' heads
on them. The elephant was the royal symbol of the PPeus. The last reigning monarch of the Cau dynasty was Queen Moo, who
died 16,000 years ago on her return from a visit to the new Maya colony on the banks of the Nile Delta, at Sais.
Civil wars and internal strife sapped the vitals of the Mayax empire, so that surrounding peoples found them an easy prey, and
thus virtually ended the old Mayax empire; it became split up into small kingdoms.
During the Maya ascendancy in America they pushed colonies eastward first to Atlantis then to southern Europe, Northern Africa
and Asia Minor.
The Latin races, the Greeks, the Semitic races and the Egyptians are all descended from this migration.
From the end of the Cau dynasty down to the invasion by the Spaniards under Cortez, but little is known of what took place in
Central America and Yucatan. Wars and invasions were constant. History records one prominent invasion by a people who came
from the south, called Nahuates. Whether they were Mongol or not, we cannot say, but they were, without doubt a very highly
enlightened people as they understood the origin and workings of the great forces far better than scientists of today. The date of
this invasion is wrapped in mystery, Somewhere between 14,000 BC and 2,000 BC, a great cataclyom (cataclysm ?) swept over
the whole land, wiping out all life and destroying the edifices. We get this from the Egyptian temple history. So that, today, there
is not a single one of the ancient Mayas in existence in Central America and Yucatan. When the country became habitable again,
races from surrounding lands drifted in and repopulated the land. Then our next bit of history is where the blood-thirsty Aztecs
from the north swept down over the land, putting the men to the sword and taking the women into slavery. The Aztecs
introduced the human sacrifice; before the time of the Aztecs offerings consisted of fruits and flowers, which was laid on an altar
having the taw "T" associated with it. The taw is the symbol for resurrection and a picture of the constellation of the southern
cross. When the southern cross appears over Central America and Yucatan, it brings the rain. Seeds spring forth from the
ground, trees yield flowers and fruit, and al nature is again resurrected and brought into life. After reading the Egyptian tale of
the Yucatan cataclyom (cataclysm ?). We asked some geologists who were going to Yucatan to examine the ground around some
of the ruins and see if anything showing geologically of the flood. We got back the information from them that not only are the
marks of a flood found around the Yucatan structures, but appears also around the Central American structures and monoliths,
in very distinctive form.
We think we have perfect records of Central America and Mexico having been peopled by a very highly enlightened and cultured
people, more than 35,000 years ago, and we have incontrovertible records and proof that the first people in Europe and Asia
Minor came from America.
James Churchward
© 2009-2013 Churchward & Company, Inc.
2 of 2 5/28/13 9:21 PM
My-Mu.com: Podcast #29 - James Churchward and the Mongols file:///Users/jack/Documents/Websites/My-Mu.com/mymu_htm...
Podcast #29 - James Churchward and the Mongols
James Churchward and the Mongols
This podcast is a meager attempt to dispel and repudiate an ugly and insulting stereotype used by my great-grandfather, James
Churchward in his writings. As discussed in podcast #13, James Churchward and Race, I reject the antiquated attitudes about
race and dismiss them as a product of his 19th century upbringing. One example, however, deserves special attention.
Apparently, whenever a bugaboo is needed, James raises the spectre of the Mongol hordes.
Quoting his 1926 book, Lost Continent of Mu Motherland of Men on page 220:
"the northern hordes of Mongols overran and conquered the whole of Mexico and Central America. They put the
men to the sword and made slaves of the women..."
Another example in his 1931 book, Children of Mu, on page 224, James writes that Mongols are the 'yellow inferior race' whose
country lay to the south of the Great Uighur Empire. He further states that the intermarriage of the highly advanced Uighurs and
Mongols resulted in the Chinese race.
These examples should suffice and demonstrate my point that James used the stereotype of the Mongols as his literary tool to
1 of 2 5/28/13 9:19 PM
My-Mu.com: Podcast #29 - James Churchward and the Mongols file:///Users/jack/Documents/Websites/My-Mu.com/mymu_htm...
be a malevolent force changing history.

From these two examples one can easily start to punch holes in this fallacy.
If the Mongols were inferior and lived in south Asia, south of the Great Uighur Empire, who were the northern hordes of Mongols
that conquered Mexico and Central America? How did the Mongols get to North America to be the conquering northern hordes?
Did they fight their way through the 'highly advanced' Uighur Empire and through the Bering Land bridge or did they all build
boats and sail over for the conquest?
Prevalent attitudes about the real historical Mongols have been shaped by the writings of those who opposed them and wound
up losing. Chinghis Khan was a man of his time and he even provided those he faced the opportunity to submit before he and
his army crushed them. There are no comparable reports from those that allied themselves with the Mongols, except for the
Tangut people of Xi Xia. The discipline of his troops was paramount to the success of his conquests and to permit the execution
of complex military maneuvers that are still studied today. It is preposterous to suggest otherwise and the characterization of
the Mongols as a 'horde' comes very close.
James' description of Mongols has been addressed. The Mongols of today are the descendants of nomadic herders that have
lived in harmony with the Inner Asian grasslands for thousands of years. My own personal experience compels me to repudiate
any link between my great-grandfather's description of Mongols and reality.
James' reliance on last century's stereotypical descriptions in his works might have been OK in the 1930s, but to reference it
today as fact is inexcusable and the continuation of this myth is insulting. This isn't a PC issue; this stereotype as bolstered by
my great-grandfather's writings is blatantly false and deserves to be repudiated.
Such characterization builds walls between people and makes it less likely for us to recognize our shared human existence. The
human experience can be rich and rewarding and increasingly so as these stereotypes that marginalize whole peoples are
confronted and dispelled. Ancient, distinct cultures do have a place today regardless what some people call progress. How
arrogant it is to assume some unearned superiority and through ignorance or stupidity fail to recognize the inherent value of
their human experience and the experience of countless generations of the people before them?
Great efforts are undertaken to protect endangered animal species. What about efforts to protect the collective experience of
humankind? Since this podcast deals with the Mongolians and I don't care if it gets banned in the Peoples Republic of China, the
people and culture of Southern (Inner) Mongolia are under attack. The laws, regulations, and policies of the Chinese government
have been designed to marginalize and eliminate their culture except for TV programs or in books. The same is true for Tibetans
and Uyghurs. The introduction of unsustainable agricultural practices into the Inner Asian grasslands has resulted in whole
regions turning to desert. Who does the Chinese government blame? - The herders. The very people that have lived in harmony
with the grasslands for thousands of years are being removed from their lands in some misguided effort to reverse the situation.
Recent news reports that when grievances are raised with the government, the Public Security Bureau steps in and silences
them, either through intimidation, arrests, beatings, and/or torture. Defenders of human rights in Southern Mongolia fare even
worse. Brave souls like Mr. Hada and Ms. Huuchinhuu are in detention and have not been charged with any crime. Hada has
endured seventeen (17) years in prison for his views. When he finished his sentence in December 2010, he was not released,
but pressured to sign an agreement to remain quiet. They even arrested and jailed his wife Xinna and son, Uiles, but they all
remain in some form of custody because they refuse to sign the papers and stop advocating for basic human rights. Ms.
Huuchinhuu is a prolific author and the Chinese government has banned her books. She has been held in detention since
January 2011 for calling on the release of Hada and his family. Pictures surfaced in July 2011 showing the horrific beatings she
sustained while in custody. Mr. Hada and Ms. Huuchinhuu are but two dissidents fighting an uphill battle for the survival of their
culture and lifestyle.
I believe that it is important to save species and maintain genetic diversity, but is it also not important to save human cultures
and lifestyles that are under attack?
That's my two cents.
Thanks for listening and have a great day.
© 2012 Churchward & Company, Inc.
2 of 2 5/28/13 9:19 PM
Courtesy of the Dearborn Independent

TABLETS FROM NIVEN’S MEXICAN BURIED CITIES. SECOND
CITY
- 221 -
Courtesy of the Dearborn Independent

TABLETS FROM NIVEN’S MEXICAN BURIED CITIES. SECOND
CITY
- 222 -

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Footnote Table of Contents

Posted on 18 April 2010 under A Printer’s Almanac.

the mystery of the Maya writing about to be solved? Explorers

1 The Panama Times, Panama, July 11, 1926.

MEXICO'S MYSTERY WETTING 45

All about the Valley of Mexico to an elevation of approximately

stones remained behind within the walls of the buildings in the

the races which followed in the Valley of Mexico, should apparently

48 THE PAN AMEKICAlSr UNION

reached a high degree of development. The Niven Museum alone,

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Scientist: Oldest American skull found

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Biblical Adam, First Man

I think this is a fair general reading of their temple dedications. Apparently,

The utmost anyone can do in deciphering and translating ancient inscriptions

SACRED SYMBOLS CONNECTING NORTH

The mouth is an oblong square in the form of the hieratic letter M.

Coordinates: 32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E

Babylon (Arabic: ‫ﺑﺎﺑﻞ‬, Babil; Akkadian: Bābili(m);[1] Sumerian

Available historical resources suggest that Babylon was at first a

Ctesias, who is quoted by Diodorus

Berossus, who according to Pliny,[7]

Old Babylonian period

Throughout the duration of the Neo Assyrian Empire (911

Neo-Babylonian Chaldean Empire

Main article: Neo-Babylonian Empire

with the Scythians and Cimmerians. Babylon thus became

With the recovery of Babylonian independence, a new era of

Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the

Persia captures Babylon

explained in 2 Chronicles 36), to allow their temple to be rebuilt back in Jerusalem.

Persian Empire period

Main article: Babylonia (Persian province)

While knowledge of early Babylon must be pieced together from

The first reported archaeological excavation of Babylon was

Austen Henry Layard made some soundings during a brief visit

with the temple ziggurat Etemenanki.[38]

When the Gulf War ended, Saddam wanted to build a

Panoramic view over the reconstructed city of Babylon

Effects of the U.S. military

"caused substantial damage to the Ishtar Gate, one of

Babylon in popular culture

1. ^ a b c The Cambridge Ancient History: num=100#PPA60,M1)

Mésopotamie exécutée par ordre du 39. ^ G. Bergamini, Levels of Babylon

Webpage – Babylon The Great (http://www.babylonthegreat.org)

Babylon wrecked by war, The Guardian, January 15, 2005 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babylon&oldid=536220891"

This page was last modified on 2 February 2013 at 18:04.

Coordinates: 36°21′34″N 43°09′10″E

construction step including carving the statues and transporting

The stone carvings in the walls include many battle scenes,

At this time the total area of Nineveh comprised about 7 square

Tigris became the successor of ancient Nineveh.

In the Bible, Nineveh is first mentioned in Genesis 10:11 (http://bibref.hebtools.com

In 1847 the young British adventurer Sir Austen Henry Layard

The work of exploration was carried on by George Smith,

Nebi Yunus - located about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of

The ruins of Nineveh are surrounded by the remains of a massive

The city wall was fitted

Five of the gateways have been explored to some extent by archaeologists:

Named for the god Adad. A reconstruction was begun in the