See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/277250347

Estimation of carbon stocks of Balganga Reserved Forest, Uttarakhand,

India

Article  in  Forest Science and Technology · April 2015

DOI: 10.1080/21580103.2014.990060

CITATIONS READS

7 94

2 authors:

Dr Amit Kumar Mahendra PAL Sharma

Hohai University Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
37 PUBLICATIONS   110 CITATIONS    193 PUBLICATIONS   3,884 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

power system View project

GHG emissions from hydropower reservoirs and its catchments View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Dr Amit Kumar on 27 May 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

This article was downloaded by: [New York University]
On: 26 May 2015, At: 08:39
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Forest Science and Technology

Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tfst20

Estimation of carbon stocks of Balganga Reserved

Forest, Uttarakhand, India
a a
Amit Kumar & M.P. Sharma
a
Biomass and Ecosystem Lab, Alternate Hydro Energy Center, Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
Published online: 26 May 2015.

Click for updates

To cite this article: Amit Kumar & M.P. Sharma (2015): Estimation of carbon stocks of Balganga Reserved Forest,
Uttarakhand, India, Forest Science and Technology

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2014.990060

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained
in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no
representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of
the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,
and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied
upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall
not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other
liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or
arising out of the use of the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any
form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://
www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
 Forest Science and Technology
2015, 1
5

Estimation of carbon stocks of Balganga Reserved Forest, Uttarakhand, India

Amit Kumar* and M.P. Sharma
Biomass and Ecosystem Lab, Alternate Hydro Energy Center, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India

(Received 20 August 2014; Accepted 9 November 2014)

Forest carbon (C) stock estimation was carried out for tree species of Balganga Reserved Forest (BRF) in district Tehri
Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. The highest total biomass density (TBD) and total carbon density (TCD) were estimated at
site III in the altitudinal range of 1800
2600 m as 108.26 and 53.45 Mgha¡1 followed by site II in the range of
1600
1800 m as 83.92 and 41.96 Mgha¡1, and the least at site I in the altitudinal range of 1000
1400 m as 57.22 and
28.61 Mgha¡1 with an average of 83.13 and 41.56 Mgha¡1, respectively. The study found average TBD and TCD of the
BRF are 23% more when compared to forests located in the same ecoregion due to difference in diameter at breast height
and height of tree species. It also found that the C stock increases with increasing altitude due to fine root area, fine root
length growth, and decreasing temperature. The BRF was found to have 16.65 million tons of forest organic C stocks in the
year 2014. Accordingly, the C transported to the reservoir from the catchment undergoes aerobic/anaerobic degradation to
Downloaded by [New York University] at 08:39 26 May 2015

release greenhouse gases to atmosphere. The study also reveals that oak, devdar, and fir have greater C sequestration
capacity compared to other species found in BRF.
Keywords: carbon stock; reserved forest; density; biomass; greenhouse gas emissions

Introduction forest degradation, conserve forest C stocks, estimate the

Global warming due to carbon (C) emissions and its effect
on climate change is a serious environmental issue world-
wide. Rapidly increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere
call for an urgent need to find feasible solutions by man-
aging ecosystems to sequester and store C (Johnson &
Kern 2002). An accurate estimation of tree C, forest floor
and soil organic carbon (SOC) are important to assess
their contribution to global climate changes. Few studies
are carried out to investigate the regional and continental
scale patterns of C stocks in forest ecosystems (Sheikh et
al. 2012; Nazir et al. 2013; Christopher et al. 2013). The
changes in C storage in different components (vegetation,
forest floor, and soil) as a function of elevation in forest
ecosystems are still poorly understood (Sheikh et al.
2012). The quantity of biomass in a forest, however, is an
indicator of the amount of C that can be emitted to, or
sequestered from, the atmosphere when the forests are
managed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
below the targets (Brown et al. 1999). The estimation of
forest biomass (Brown & Lugo 1984), its spatial distribu-
tion (Brown et al. 1999) and its changes over time
(Richards & Flint 1994), and strategies to increase the
production and conservation of biomass (Schlamadinger
& Marland 1996; Marland 1997) have therefore initiated
extensive research worldwide. Estimates of existing C
stock pools in different forests can help in decision-mak-
ing for the C management of forests. Sheikh et al. (2009)
estimated forest C and SOC stocks along altitudinal gra-
dients in Garhwal Himalaya and found that forest C stock
decreases with decreases in altitude. Carbon stock estima-
tion helps to predict and reduce GHG emissions from
amount of C sequestered, and enhance the forest C stocks.
Keeping the importance of forests in global and regional
C cycles, the present article reports the C stock estimation
of Balganga Reserved Forest (BRF) spread between 1000
and 2600 m altitude in Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarak-
hand. The results obtained may act as a benchmark to
study the changes in forest C stocks under land use
changes, plant species with more C sequestration capac-
ity, and estimate the fraction of total stocks undergoing
aerobic/anaerobic degradation in reservoirs releasing
GHGs to the atmosphere.
Material and methods
Site description
The Balganga Range of the Garhwal Himalaya region,
with a catchment area of 400.62 km2, was selected as the
study area (Figure 1). The area is within the administrative
boundary of Tehri Garhwal district (79 020 1100 N longi-
tude, 30 030 0800 E latitude) of Uttarakhand state, India.
The elevation starts at 350 m on the piedmont floor and
rises to 6578 m at the highest mountain glacier peak. The
agroecological subregion map (Valayuthum et al. 1999)
shows that the area is characterized by warm humid to per
humid (600
1200 m) and warm to moist dry subhumid
climate (1700
3000 m). The mean annual minimum tem-
perature was 3  C at higher altitudes in winter and 30  C
in valleys and piedmont plains during the summer. The
topography of the area is rugged with temperate forests,
predominantly, under pine (Pinus.wallichiana and P. rox-
burghii), devdar (Cedrus deodara), kachnar (Bauhinia

*Corresponding author. Email: amit.agl09@gmail.com

ISSN 2158-0103 print/ISSN 2158-0715 online

Ó 2015 Korean Forest Society
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2014.990060
http://www.tandfonline.com
 2 A. Kumar and M.P. Sharma
Downloaded by [New York University] at 08:39 26 May 2015
Figure 1. Sampling locations in BRF, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.
variegate), burans (Rhododendron arboretum), oak
(Quercussemecarpifolia, Q. leucotrichophora, and
Q. floribunda), and fir (Abiespindro and A. alba) as in
Figure 2.
Sampling and data analysis
As per the working plan (2003
2013) of Tehri Garhwal
forest division, the total area of BRF is estimated as
40,062 ha (Sinha 2014). For the present study, the entire
area was divided into three main sites based on altitude:
site I (1000
1400 m); site II (1600
1800 m); and site III
(1800
2600 m). A total of 30 quadrants of 10 m £ 10 m
each were laid down in the study area. Quadrat locations
were selected randomly to estimate the representative
mass of the entire forest area as well as tree species
(Figure 2). The height and diameter at breast height (dbh,
i.e. 1.37 m) of all the trees was measured in sampling
quadrats. The tree height was measured using a clinometer
(Peco, DCC-1), dbh by measuring tape of 10 m size and
latitude, longitude and altitude across different cover
types by GPS (Garmin, Rino-130). After laying the
quadrats, the trees were counted. Plants with dbh  30 cm
were considered trees and dbh < 30 cm as shrubs (Knight
1963). Density was calculated using the formula given by
Mishra (1968).
The growing stock volume density (GSVD) was esti-
mated using volume tables or volume equations based on
the Forest Research Institute (FRI) and Forest Survey of
India (FSI) publications for the respective species
(Chaturvedi 1973; Sharma & Jain 1977). The estimated
GSVD (m3ha¡1) was finally converted into above ground
biomass density (AGBD) of tree components by multiply-
ing GSVD of the tree species by the appropriate biomass
expansion factor (BEF; Brown et al. 1999). The BEF for
hardwood, fir, and pine was calculated using the following
equations, as given in Table 1.
Using the regression equation of Cairns et al. (1997),
below ground biomass density (BGBD) was estimated for
different tree species as follows:
BGBD D expf ¡ 1:059 C 0:884£ln ðAGBDÞ C 0:284g
(1)
 Forest Science and Technology 3
Downloaded by [New York University] at 08:39 26 May 2015

Figure 2. Trees found in BRF, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.

AGBD and BGBD were added to get total biomass management interventions, the forests can act as a source
density (TBD). The total carbon density (TCD) was and/or a sink of C (Masera et al. 2003). The highest amount
finally computed using: of AGBD, BGBD, and TCD is estimated as 172.11 §
118.56, 42.87 § 25.37, and 107.49 § 71.95 Mgha¡1 for fir
TCD D TBD£ð0:5Þ (2) (Abies pindrow) followed by 132.69 § 32.8, 34.57 § 7.60,
and 83.63 § 20.20 Mgha¡1 for devdar (Cedrus deodara),
where, TCD (Mgha¡1); and TBD (Mgha¡1) (IPCC respectively, while the lowest is found as 24.32 § 11.04,
2000). 7.66 § 3.12, and 15.99 § 7.08 Mgha¡1 respectively for
anyar (Lyonia ovalifolia) trees.
Tables 2
4 show that Abies pindrow (fir) and Cedrus
Results and discussion deodara (devdar) forests store more C and behave as C
The biomass and C stock of tree species at sites I, II, and III sinks in Tehri Garhwal forest division due to the specific-
in BRF of Tehri Garhwal are shown in Tables 2, 3, and 4, ity of the ecoregion. The Tables also show the highest
respectively. Depending on the successional stages and TBD and TCD at site III as 106.90 § 87.43 and 53.45 §
43.72 Mgha¡1, at site II as 83.92 § 74.37 and 41.96 §
Table 1. BEF for hardwood, fir and pine. 37.19 Mgha¡1, and the lowest at site I as 57.22 § 69.90
and 28.61 § 34.95 Mgha¡1, with an average of 83.13 §
S. Plant
No types Equation/value for BEF
77.22 and 41.56 § 38.62 Mgha¡1, respectively. Nazir
et al. (2013) estimated average TBD and TCD at Mukhem
1. Hardwood GSVD  200 m3ha¡1, BEF D exp sacred forest in Garhwal Himalaya as 67.38 and 33.69
{1.91¡0.34£ln(GSVD)} Mgha¡1, which is found to be 23% less than in BRF in
For GSVD > 200 m3ha¡1, BEF of 1.0 is used. the same ecoregion due to differences in dbh and height
2. Fir GSVD  160 m3ha¡1, BEF D exp{1.77 ¡ of the tree species. Forest C stock is also found to increase
0:34 £ ln(GSVD)}
with increases in elevation, mainly due to fine root area,
For GSVD > 160 m3ha¡1, BEF of 1.0 is used.
fine root length growth, and decreases in temperature
3. Pine For GSVD < 10 m3ha¡1, BEF of 1.68 is used.
(Jobbagy & Jackson 2000; Amundson 2003; Villela et al.
For GSVD 10-100 m3ha¡1, BEF of 0.95 is
2012; Girardin et al. 2013). The TCD (16.65 million ton)
used.
of the BRF is calculated by multiplying (average TCD per
For GSVD > 100 m3ha¡1, BEF of 0.81 is
used. hectare) with its total catchment area (40,062 ha). No
study from the western Himalaya on SOC stocks is
 4 A. Kumar and M.P. Sharma

Table 2. Biomass and carbon stocks of tree species at site I of BRF, Tehri Garhwal.

S. Tree density AGBD BGBD TBD TCD

No Name of tree species (Trees.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1)

1. Banj (Quercus leucotrichophora) 22 43.06 § 48.21 12.24 § 11.96 55.30 § 60.15 27.65 § 30.07
2. Chir (Pinus roxburghii) 64 37.48 § 63.49 10.62 § 14.72 48.10 § 78.20 24.05 § 39.10
3. Devdar (Cedrus deodara) 14 122.96 § 24.55 32.35 § 5.73 155.31 § 30.28 77.66 § 15.14
4. Kachnar (Bauhinia variegate) 32 25.82 § 48.57 8.04 § 12.22 33.86 § 60.78 16.93 § 30.39
5. Total 122 44.65 § 56.41 12.57 § 13.51 57.22 § 69.90 28.61 § 34.95

Note: mean § SD.

Table 3. Biomass and carbon stocks of tree species at site II of BRF, Tehri Garhwal.

S. Tree density AGBD BGBD TBD TCD

No Name of tree species (Trees.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1)

1. Anyar (Lyonia ovalifolia) 7 24.32 § 11.04 7.66 § 3.12 31.99 § 14.17 15.99 § 7.08
2. Banj (Quercus leucotrichophora) 65 49.62 § 31.12 14.28 § 7.86 63.89 § 38.98 31.95 § 19.49
3. Burans (Rhododendron arboretum) 15 67.74 § 41.26 18.89 § 9.77 86.63 § 51.02 43.31 § 25.51
4. Chir (Pinus roxburghii) 54 80.86 § 80.66 21.57 § 18.55 102.43 § 99.19 51.22 § 49.59
Downloaded by [New York University] at 08:39 26 May 2015

5. Devdar (Cedrus deodara) 25 86.20 § 68.71 22.72 § 17.21 108.92 § 85.92 54.46 § 42.96
6. Total 156 65.86 § 60.12 18.06 § 14.27 83.92 § 74.37 41.96 § 37.19

Note: mean § SD.

Table 4. Biomass and carbon stocks of tree species at site III of BRF, Tehri Garhwal.

S. Tree density AGBD BGBD TBD TCD

No Name of tree species (Trees.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1) (Mg.ha¡1)

1. Aayar (Lyonia ovalifolia) 11 41.00 § 29.37 11.98 § 7.72 52.98 § 37.08 26.49 § 18.54
2. Banj (Quercus leucotrichophora) 67 35.68 § 20.35 10.71 § 5.30 46.39 § 25.66 23.19 § 12.83
3. Burans (Rhododendron arboretum) 5 116.51 § 93.23 30.14 § 21.54 146.65 § 114.77 73.33 § 57.38
4. Devdar (Cedrus deodara) 47 132.69 § 32.8 34.57 § 7.60 167.26 § 40.4 83.63 § 20.20
5. Fir (Abies pindrow) 14 172.11 § 118.56 42.87 § 25.37 214.98 § 143.91 107.49 § 71.95
6. Kharshu (Quercus semecarpifolia) 19 76.15 § 54.69 20.79 § 12.97 96.94 § 67.65 48.47 § 33.82
7. Total 163 83.80 § 68.18 23.10 § 19.25 106.90 § 87.43 53.45 § 43.72

Note: mean § SD.

available to enable a comparison with the results of this
study. The mean TCD of Uttar Pradesh (UP) in year 2001
was reported by Chhabra et al. (2002) as 134.65 Mgha¡1,
which is much more than the stocks of present study. The
difference in TCD between 2001 and 2014 is attributed to
rapid changes in land use, infrastructural development of
hydropower, industries, residential complexes, etc. in the
catchment. The TCD was further reduced with increases
in developmental activities in the catchment as well as
increases in deforestation, forest age, climate, soil type,
species composition, and the mode of forest management
(Vilen et al. 2012; GRID-Arendal/UNEP 2013).
The BRF in Uttarakhand extends over 40,062 ha at
different altitudes with 16.65 million tons of forest
organic C stock. In order to increase and conserve the for-
ests, the trees with longer rotations may be preferred over
shorter rotation of the dominant tree species. The high C
stocks in these forests calls for the need to manage or
increase the number of protected areas (Sharma et al.
2010). The BRF can be conserved by local communities
as well as by the government. The C stock in the catch-
ment of BRF without/with reservoirs (Tehri, Koteshwer,
and Kotli Bhel) may act as a benchmark to assess the
future land use changes. Part of C stocks entering into the
reservoirs undergoes aerobic/anaerobic degradation to
emit GHGs to the atmosphere (Kumar & Sharma 2012;
Kumar & Sharma 2014a, 2014b).
Conclusions
Forests have the potential to store C and respond posi-
tively to the sequestration of C if managed properly. The
present study deals with the estimation of C stocks in the
catchment of BRF divided into three sites. The ’ stocks
was estimated using allometric equations, which show
that the highest TBD and TCD were found at site III as
108.26 and 53.45 Mgha¡1, at site II as 83.92 and 41.96
Mgha¡1, and the lowest at site I as 57.22 and 28.61
Mgha¡1, with an average of 83.13 and 41.56 Mgha¡1
respectively due to growth of fine root, and differences in

temperature and altitudes. The study found TBD and TCD
in BRF are 23% more when compared to the study con-
ducted in the same ecoregion due to differences in dbh
and height of tree species. The study also found that the
BRF had approximately 16.65 million tons of forest C
stocks in 2014. Accordingly, the C transported to the res-
ervoir in the catchment undergoes degradation to release
GHG to atmosphere. The study also reveals that oak, dev-
dar, and fir have more C than other tree plants in the area
and so afforestation with mixed species should be recom-
mended in the Tehri Garhwal region to sequester greater
amounts of C from the atmosphere. Further studies are
required to find the exact causes of the increase in C with
increasing elevation.
References
Amundson R. 2003. Global patterns of the isotopic composition
of soil and plant nitrogen. Global Biogeochem Cy.
17:1031
1042.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 08:39 26 May 2015
Brown S, Lugo AE. 1984. Biomass of tropical forests: a new
estimate based on forest volumes. Science. 223:1290
1292.
Brown SL, Schroeder P, Kern JS. 1999. Spatial distribution of
biomass in forests of the eastern USA. Forest Ecol Manag.
123:81
90.
Cairns MA, Brown S, Helmer EH, Baumgardner GA. 1997. Root
biomass allocation in the world’s upland forests. Oecologia.
111:1
11.
Chaturvedi AN. 1973. General standard volume tables for Semal
(Bombax ceiba L.). In: Indian forest records (vol. 12). Dehra
Dun: Manager of Publications, Forest Research Institute;
p. 1
8.
Chhabra A, Palria S, Dadhwal VK. 2002. Growing stock-based
forest biomass estimate for India. Biomass Bioenerg.
22:187
194.
Christopher AW, Collatz GJ, Jeffrey M, Chengquan H, Samuel
NG. 2013. Impacts of disturbance history on forest carbon
stocks and fluxes: merging satellite disturbance mapping
with forest inventory data in a carbon cycle model frame-
work. Remote Sens Environ. 151:57
71.
Girardin CAJ, Aragao LEOC, Malhi Y, Huaraca Huasco W,
Metcalfe DB, Durand L, Mamani M, Silva-Espejo JE, Whit-
taker RJ. 2013. Fine root dynamics along an elevational gra-
dient in tropical Amazonian and Andean forests. Global
Biogeochem Cy. 27:252
264.
GRID-Arendal/UNEP. 2013. http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/
natural-fix/page/3724.aspx. (Assessed on 12 December 2013).
IPCC. 2000. Land use, land-use change and forestry: a special
report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC). Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press; p. 2¡300.
Jobbagy EG, Jackson RB. 2000. The vertical distribution of soil
organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation.
Ecol Appl. 10:423
36.
Johnson MG, Kern JS. 2002. Quantifying the organic carbon
held in forested soils of the United States and Puerto Rico.
In: Kimble JM, Heath LS, Birdsey RA, Lal R, editors. The
potential of U.S. forest soils to sequester carbon and mitigate
the greenhouse effects. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Knight DH. 1963. A distance method for constructing forest profile
diagrams and obtaining structural data. Trop Ecol. 4:89
94.
View publication stats
Forest Science and Technology 5
Kumar A, Sharma MP. 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions from
hydropower reservoirs. J Water Energy and Environ. (Hydro
Nepal). 11:37
42.
Kumar A, Sharma MP. 2014a. Impact of water quality on GHG
emissions from hydropower reservoir. J Mater and Environ
Sci. 5:95
100.
Kumar A, Sharma MP. 2014b. Review of methodology for esti-
mation of labile organic carbon in reservoirs and lakes for
green house gas emission. J Mater and Environ Sci.
5:653
660.
Marland G, Schlamadinger B, Leiby P. 1997. Forest biomass
based mitigation strategies: does the timing of carbon reduc-
tions matter? Critical Reviews in Environmental Science
and Technology. 27:S213
S226.
Masera OR, Garza-Caligaris JF, Kanninen M, Karjalainen T,
Liski J, Nabuurs GJ, Passinen A, De Jong BHJ, Mohren
GMJ. 2003. Modelling carbon sequestration in afforestation,
agroforestry and forest management projects: the CO2
FIXV.2 approach. Ecol Model. 164:177
199.
Mishra R. 1968. Ecology work book. Calcutta: Oxford and IBM
Publishing Co.; p. 244.
Nazir AP, Negi AK, Yogesh G, Showkat A, Vikrant KK, Todaria
NP. 2013. Carbon stock estimation for tree species of Sem
Mukhem sacred forest in Garhwal Himalaya, India. Forestry
Res. 24:457¡460.
Richards JF, Flint EP. 1994. Historic land use and carbon esti-
mates for South and Southeast Asia 1880
1980. ORNL/
CDIAC-61, NDP-046. Tennessee, USA: Oak Ridge National
Laboratory; p. 326.
Schlamadinger B, Marland G. 1996. The role of forest and bio-
energy strategies in the global carbon cycle. Biomass Bioen-
erg. 10:275
300.
Sharma CM, Baduni NP, Gairola S, Ghildiyal SK, Suyal S. 2010.
Tree diversity and carbon stocks of some major forest types
of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Forest Ecol. Manag. 260:
2170
2179.
Sharma RP, Jain RC. 1977. General standard volume tables for
Jamun (Syzygium cumini). In: Indian forest records (vol. 1).
Dehra Dun: Manager of Publications, Forest Research Insti-
tute; p. 1
9.
Sheikh MA, Kumar M, Bussmann RW. 2009. Altitudinal varia-
tion in soil organic carbon stock in coniferous subtropical
and broadleaf temperate forests in Garhwal Himalaya. Car-
bon Balance Manage. 4:1
6.
Sheikh MA, Kumar S, Kumar M. 2012. Above and below
ground organic carbon stocks in a sub-tropical Pinus roxbur-
ghii Sargent forest of the Garhwal Himalayas. For Stud
China. 14: 205
209.
Sinha AR. 2014 Working plan for the forests in Tehri-Garhwal
Division, for the period 2003-13. Uttarakhand, India. p. 45.
Valayuthum M, Mandal DK, Mandal C, Sehgal JL. 1999. Agro-
ecological sub regions of India for planning and develop-
ment. NBSS Publication. 35:372.
Vilen T, Gunia K, Verkerk PJ, Seidl R, Schelhaas MJ,
Lindner M, Bellassen V. 2012. Reconstructed forest age
structure in Europe 1950
2010. Forest Ecol Manag.
286:203
218.
Villela DM, De Mattos EA, Pinto AS, Vieira SA, Martinelli LA.
2012. Carbon and nitrogen stock and fluxes in coastal Atlan-
tic Forest of southeast Brazil: potential impacts of climate
change on biogeochemical functioning. Braz J Biol.
72:633
642.