Judgmental Sampling Advantages

 Consumes minimum time for execution: In this sampling approach,

researcher expertise is important and there are no other barriers involved
due to which selecting a sample becomes extremely convenient.
 Allows researchers to approach their target market directly: There
are no criteria involved in selecting a sample except for the researcher’s
preferences. Due to this, he/she can communicate directly with the target
audience of their choice and produce desired results.
 Almost real-time results: A quick poll or survey can be conducted with
the sample using judgmental sampling since the members of the sample
will possess appropriate knowledge and understanding of the subject.

Judgmental Sampling Definition

Judgmental sampling, also called purposive sampling or authoritative
sampling, is a non-probability sampling technique in which the sample
members are chosen only on the basis of the researcher’s knowledge and
judgment. As the researcher’s knowledge is instrumental in creating a
sample in this sampling technique, there are chances that the results
obtained will be highly accurate with a minimum margin of error.

The process of selecting a sample using judgmental sampling involves the

researchers carefully picking and choosing each individual to be a part of
the sample. The researcher’s knowledge is primary in this sampling
process as the members of the sample are not randomly chosen.

When to execute Judgmental Sampling?

Judgmental sampling is most effective in situations where there are only a
restricted number of people in a population who own qualities that a
researcher expects from the target population. Researchers prefer to
implement Judgmental sampling when they feel that other sampling
techniques will consume more time and that they have confidence in their
knowledge to select a sample for conducting research.

Judgmental or Expert sampling is usually used in situations where the

target population comprises of highly intellectual individuals who cannot be
chosen by using any other probability or non-probability sampling
technique. It is also used in situations where the sample selected using
 other sampling methods need to be approved or filtered. For instance, in
situations where a researcher conducts convenience sampling to gather
feedback from professors about their university but the fact that there are
high chances of the results to be skewed, researchers prefer judgmental
sampling to select those professors who will provide 100% feedback about
the university.

Selecting each individual of the sample is a critical challenge that an

intellectual researcher will undertake. It is a tedious task to handpick
members of a sample while ensuring there is no bias involved.

The authority involved in the selection process may not necessarily be

“experts” in the field but they have to comply with certain characteristics
expected from a Judgmental sampling authority. Education or work
experience is not considered while appointing authorities for the selection
process.

Purposive sampling is used where there is time-constraint for sample

creation and the authorities involved would prefer relying on their
knowledge and not on other sampling methods. But, one must keep in
mind, the fact that a researcher may or may not have the appropriate
proficiency to conduct an effective sampling process. This is the only
disadvantage of purposive sampling. Each researcher who takes up the
responsibility of creating a sample using expert sampling will have to be
extremely confident in their own skills and understanding of the subject.

Examples of Judgmental Sampling

Here are two distinct Judgmental Sampling examples:

 Consider a scenario where a panel decides to understand what are the

factors which lead a person to select ethical hacking as a profession.
Ethical hacking is a skill which has been recently attracting youth. More
and more people are selecting it as a profession. The researchers who
understand what ethical hacking is will be able to decide who should form
the sample to learn about it as a profession. That is when judgmental
sampling is implemented. Researchers can easily filter out those
participants who can be eligible to be a part of the research sample.
 There are many tribes in the world which have their own religious beliefs,
for instance, the Balinese people follow syncretism, which is considered
to be a mixture of Hinduism and Buddhism. For researchers who plan to
study the culture of Southeast Asian countries, it is advised that they
select strata using judgmental sampling as religious beliefs are
considered to be highly sensitive in this part of the world. Due to the
sensitivity of the topic, if samples of those who have appropriate
knowledge are created and research is conducted with those samples,
results will be highly accurate. Probability sampling techniques often
produce altered results in such cases.

Advantages of Simple Random Sampling

1.It is a fair method of sampling and if applied appropriately it helps to
reduce any bias involved as compared to any other sampling method
involved.

2. Since it involves a large sample frame it is usually easy to pick smaller

sample size from the existing larger population.

3. The person who is conducting the research doesn’t need to have a prior
knowledge of the data being collected. One can simply ask a question to
gather the researcher need not be a subject expert.

4. This sampling method is a very basic method of collecting the data.

There is no technical knowledge required and need basic listening and
recording skills.

5. Since the population size is large in this type of sampling method there is
no restriction on the sample size that needs to be created. From a larger
population, you can get a small sample quite easily.

6. The data collected through this sampling method is well informed, more
the samples better is the quality of the data.

Disadvantages of Simple Random Sampling

1. It is a costlier method of sampling as it requires a complete list of all
potential respondents to be available beforehand.
2. This sampling method is not suitable for studies involving face-to-face
interviews as covering large geographical areas have cost and time
constraints.

3. A sample size that is too large is also problematic since every member of
the population has an equal chance of selection. The larger population
means a larger sample frame. It is difficult to manage the large population.

4. The quality of the data depends on the researcher and his/her

perspective. If the researcher is experienced then there are fair chances
the quality of data collected is of a superior quality. But if the researcher is
inexperienced then the data collected may or may not be upto the mark.

Read more about:

Advantages of Simple Random Sampling

1.It is a fair method of sampling and if applied appropriately it helps to
reduce any bias involved as compared to any other sampling method
involved.

2. Since it involves a large sample frame it is usually easy to pick smaller

sample size from the existing larger population.

3. The person who is conducting the research doesn’t need to have a prior
knowledge of the data being collected. One can simply ask a question to
gather the researcher need not be a subject expert.

4. This sampling method is a very basic method of collecting the data.

There is no technical knowledge required and need basic listening and
recording skills.

5. Since the population size is large in this type of sampling method there is
no restriction on the sample size that needs to be created. From a larger
population, you can get a small sample quite easily.

6. The data collected through this sampling method is well informed, more
the samples better is the quality of the data.
 Disadvantages of Simple Random Sampling
1. It is a costlier method of sampling as it requires a complete list of all
potential respondents to be available beforehand.

2. This sampling method is not suitable for studies involving face-to-face

interviews as covering large geographical areas have cost and time
constraints.

3. A sample size that is too large is also problematic since every member of
the population has an equal chance of selection. The larger population
means a larger sample frame. It is difficult to manage the large population.

4. The quality of the data depends on the researcher and his/her

perspective. If the researcher is experienced then there are fair chances
the quality of data collected is of a superior quality. But if the researcher is
inexperienced then the data collected may or may not be upto the mark.

Read more about:

Systematic Sampling Advantages:

 It’s extremely simple and convenient for the researchers to create,
conduct, analyze samples.
 As there’s no need to number each member of a sample, systematic
sampling is better for representing a population in a faster and simpler
manner.
 The samples created are based on precision in member selection and
free from favoritism.
 In the other methods of probability sampling methods such as cluster
sampling and stratified sampling or non-probability methods such
as convenience sampling, there are chances of the clusters created to be
highly biased which is avoided in systematic sampling as the members
are at a fixed distance from one another.
 The factor of risk involved in this sampling method is extremely minimal.
 In case there are diverse members of a population, systematic sampling
can be beneficial because of the even distribution of members to form a
sample.
When to use Systematic Sampling?
Let’s take an example where you want to form a sample of 500 individuals
out of a population of 5000, you’d have

Advantage and Disadvantage of Judgmental Sampling

The advantages of judgment sampling

1. The approach is understood as well and has been refined through experience over
many years;
2. The auditor is given an opportunity to bring his judgement and expertise to play. Well
all auditing in professional judgement is an exercise;
3. No special knowledge of statistics is utilized;
4. No time is wasted playing along with mathematics;

Its disadvantages are that:

1. It is unscientific;
2. It usually too large samples are selected and It is wasteful;
3. You cannot extrapolate the conclusion to the population such as a entire as the
samples are not representative;
4. Personal bias in, to choice the sample is unavoidable;
5. There is no logic to the selection of its size or the sample;
6. The sample selection is so erratic which is cannot be said to have applied for all
items in a year;
7. So the result reached is usually vague.

Judgment sampling is still the preferred method through the majority of auditors and this is
defended on the grounds which the auditor is weighing few pieces of evidence and is
investigating few things on the similar time which the whole process is too complex to be
reduced to easy formulas.

dvantages and Disadvantages

Stratified sampling offers several advantages over simple random sampling.

  A stratified sample can provide greater precision than a simple random sample of the same size.
 Because it provides greater precision, a stratified sample often requires a smaller sample, which
saves money.
 A stratified sample can guard against an "unrepresentative" sample (e.g., an all-male sample from
a mixed-gender population).
 We can ensure that we obtain sufficient sample points to support a separate analysis of any
subgroup.

Compared to simple random sampling, stratified sampling has two main disadvantages. It may require
more administrative effort than a simple random sample. And the analysis is computationally more
complex.

Disadvantages of Systematic Sampling

There are also drawbacks to this research method:

Assumes Size of Population Can Be Determined

The systematic method assumes the size of the population is available or can be
reasonably approximated. For instance, suppose researchers want to study the
size of rats in a given area. If they don't have any idea how many rats there are,
they cannot systematically select a starting point or interval size.

Need for Natural Degree of Randomness

A population needs to exhibit a natural degree of randomness along the chosen
metric. If the population has a type of standardized pattern, the risk of
accidentally choosing very common cases is more apparent.

For a simple hypothetical situation, consider a list of favorite dog breeds where
(intentionally or by accident) every evenly numbered dog on the list was small
and every odd dog was large. If the systematic sampler began with the fourth
dog and chose an interval of six, the survey would skip the large dogs.

Greater Risk of Data Manipulation

There is a greater risk of data manipulation with systematic sampling because
researchers might be able to construct their systems to increase the likelihood of
achieving a targeted outcome rather than letting the random data produce a
representative answer. Any resulting statistics could not be trusted.

Systematic Sampling Example

In a systematic sample, chosen data is evenly distributed. For example, in a
population of 10,000 people, a statistician might select every 100th person for
sampling. The sampling intervals can also be systematic, such as choosing
one new sample every 12 hours.

Advantages of Systematic Sampling

The pros of systematic sampling include:

Easy to Execute and Understand

Systematic samples are relatively easy to construct, execute, compare, and
understand. This is particularly important for studies or surveys that operate
with tight budget constraints.

Control and Sense of Process

A systematic method also provides researchers and statisticians with a
degree of control and sense of process. This might be particularly beneficial
for studies with strict parameters or a narrowly formed hypothesis, assuming
the sampling is reasonably constructed to fit certain parameters.

Clustered Selection Eliminated

Clustered selection, a phenomenon in which randomly chosen samples are
uncommonly close together in a population, is eliminated in systematic
sampling. Random samples can only deal with this by increasing the number
of samples or running more than one survey. These can be expensive
alternatives.

Low Risk Factor

Perhaps the greatest strength of a systematic approach is its low risk factor.
The primary potential disadvantages of the system carry a distinctly low
probability of contaminating the data.

ystematic Sampling: An Overview

Systematic sampling is simpler and more straightforward than random
sampling. It can also be more conducive to covering a wide study area. On
the other hand, systematic sampling introduces certain arbitrary parameters in
the data. This can cause over- or under-representation of particular patterns.

Systematic sampling is popular with researchers because of its simplicity.

Researchers generally assume the results are representative of most
normal populations, unless a random characteristic disproportionately exists
with every "nth" data sample (which is unlikely).

To begin, a researcher selects a starting integer on which to base the system.

This number needs to be smaller than the population as a whole (e.g., they
don't pick every 500th yard to sample for a 100-yard football field). After a
number has been selected, the researcher picks the interval, or spaces
between samples in the population.

Y TAKEAWAYS

Because of its simplicity, systematic sampling is popular with

researchers.
 Other advantages of this methodology include eliminating the
phenomenon of clustered selection and a low probability of
contaminating data.
 Disadvantages include over- or under-representation of particular
patterns and a greater risk of data manipulation.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Systematic Sampling
By Rebecca Renner ; Updated August 03, 2018

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In statistics, sampling is when researchers choose a smaller set of items or

individuals within a larger group to study. Researchers then predict the
characteristics of a whole population based on that sample. Sampling is
advantageous to researchers because it allows them to study l arge groups
even when their time and resources are limited.

Systematic sampling allows researchers to take a smaller sample according to

a set scheme or system. Systematic sampling by definition is systematic, but
there are still systematic sampling advantages and disadvantages.

Systematic Sampling Definition

One systematic sampling definition is that it is used in probability, especially in

economics and sociology. To take a sample using systematic sampling, a
researcher selects individual items from a group at a random starting point and
takes additional items at a standard interval, called the sampling interval.
Researchers determine the sampling interval by dividing the population size by
the size of their desired sample. Systematic sampling has advantages and
disadvantages.

VIDEO OF THE DAY

Systematic Sampling Example

One systematic sampling example involves population analysis. If a polling

company asked 10,000 people who they voted for in an election, to make their
method a systematic sampling example, researchers would have to determine
the overall population they would like to compare their sample to. Those
researchers would then use that number to come up with a sampling interval.
So in taking their sample, they might not ask every person who they voted for.
The might ask every fifth person instead.

Systematic Sampling Advantages and Disadvantages

The pros and cons of systematic sampling include, on the pros side, the
simplicity of systematic sampling. Cons include the fact that this method can
induce accidental patterns like the overrepresentation of cer tain characteristics
from a population.

Systematic Sampling: Advantages

Creating a systematic sample is relatively easy. Compared with random

sampling, it also gives researchers a degree of control. It can help eliminate
cluster selection. Systematic sampling also has a notably low risk of error and
data contamination.

Systematic Sampling: Disadvantages

Systematic sampling becomes difficult when the size of a population cannot be

estimated. This makes systematic sampling less likely to be effective in areas
like field research on animals. In that kind of scenario, researchers cannot
exactly go out into the field and count how many chipmunks live in a five -mile
area.
Systematic sampling also needs to be done in populations with natural
randomness. Data will become skewed if it is taken from a group that already
has a pattern.

Because of the factor of researcher choice in selecting the sampling interval,

systematic sampling comes with the possibility of data manipulation and bias.

List of the Advantages of Simple Random Sampling

1. It is easier to form representative groups from an overall
population.
The random sampling process identifies individuals who belong to an
overall population. This demographic is a reflection of the exact sample that
researchers wish to interview or study. Because of the structure, it
becomes much easier to form a sample group since the only work
necessary is to identify the components of the targeted demographic.
Once that overall population is identified, the only work to do is to
randomize which individuals or what circumstances will receive study.

2. It allows the findings to apply to the entire demographic.

Because researchers are randomly pulling individuals for a simple random
sampling, there is a strong likelihood that the information received through
this process will apply to the entire population. Although there are times
when people will purposely misrepresent who they are because they are
following their own agenda, this process typically produces accurate
information within a small margin of error. Then researchers can use this
data to apply their findings for everyone within the overall population.
3. It provides for multiple randomness types to be included in the
research.
When you have a group of researchers pursuing information, then there is
the possibility that a conscious or unconscious bias may apply to the
application of this data. Simple random sampling reduces this risk by
allowing for multiple types of randomness in the selection of the individuals
or circumstances being studied. The most common option with this
advantage is called the “lottery method.” It involves the population group
being selected through a random draw, which could be done through the
example of having everyone’s name in a hat.
The second option for this advantage utilizes random numbers which
researchers can then assign to specific individuals or events. Then these
numbers can be pulled without any foreknowledge of whom they represent,
reducing the likelihood that those involved in the research will be going into
the data collection process with preconceived notions.

4. It is the easiest method of data collection that is available for

research.
Simple random sampling uses common recording skills and standard
observation techniques to collect information. It does not require the
individuals who are being studied to have specific skills or life experiences
to create useful data. This process can also remove the classification errors
that can occur in other forms of information collection. There can be some
disadvantages because of the overall simplicity of this process, but it
typically allows for a greater understanding on specific questions or needs
without the costly processes of qualification that other research methods
may mandate.
5. It request less experience and knowledge to complete the work.
Unlike other forms of research, the individuals involved with simple random
sampling are not required to have industry-specific knowledge about the
data points they work to collect. Think of this process as a journalistic
interview. You can ask someone something about anything, and then
record their answers. You would then repeat this process with multiple
individuals to create comparable data points. Then you would look for
patterns within the information that show trends, problems, solutions, or
whatever else the researchers want to find within a specific population.
The only requirement necessary to be a researcher in simple random
sampling is to have the ability to collect and record data.

6. It offers an equal chance of selection for everyone within the

population group.
Have you ever watched a roulette wheel at a casino? Some tables come
equipped with a board that shows the history of the numbers that have
been recorded. The goal is to make the randomized numbers seem to have
a pattern to them, encouraging people to visit the table with a bet.
Repetitive numbers can happen, even if the odds are against it. Why this
can happen is because there is an equal chance of selection as the wheel
spins with the ball. The same process holds true for simple random
sampling.
Researchers can build fairness within the data they collect because there is
no foreknowledge of who will be part of the effort. That is why the
information can apply to the entire population group. There is more fairness
involved because there is always an equal chance for selection.

7. It provides information with a lower chance of data errors.

Simple random sampling offers researchers an opportunity to perform data
analysis and a way that creates a lower margin of error within the
information collected. This advantage occurs because the sampling
structure happens within specific boundaries set to reflect population
groups. Thanks to the randomization of selection, the entire population
receives usable observations that can offer specific insights at the
individual level even though a small group (and not the entire population)
was surveyed or studied.
List of the Disadvantages of Simple Random
Sampling
1. It relies on the quality of the researchers performing the work.
This disadvantage occurs frequently with simple random sampling because
the skills of the researcher are necessary for information collection. If the
work requires individual researchers to interview subjects in person, then
the quality of the data relies on the ability to follow the structure of the
study. Interviewers who fail to stick to a script or do not have the ability to
follow up on ambiguous answers could create gaps in the information that
would become a misrepresentation of the overall demographic.
Simple random sampling must endure the same overall disadvantage that
every other form of research encounters: poor method application will also
result in inferior information.

2. It can require a sample size that is too large.

Simple random sampling works best when you can manage a small
percentage of the overall demographic. In the example used in the
introduction for this piece, drawing names from the hat represent 10% of
the total population. Larger groups require a more significant frame for the
information collected so that it could be accurate. If researchers use a
structure that is too small, then the margin of error will rise significantly,
effectively rendering the data unusable. That is why the overall size of a
survey is limited in its scope.
3. It must have a significant population or demographic at the
beginning of the process.
If simple random sampling is going to be an effective research method,
then there must be a significant population or demographic available to
start the selection process. If you only have 10 people in a specific
situation, surveying only two of them will not give you an accurate
representation of how everyone feels in many circumstances. There must
be a larger size available to use this method. Smaller groups work better
when researchers include everyone in the sample because that process
gives you a complete look at the situation instead of only a partial one.
4. It does not provide a guarantee that the data conclusions will be
accurate.
A simple random sampling is the preference for many researchers because
the process reduces the risk of bias or inaccuracy within the data being
collected. When you are pulling a small group out of an overall
demographic to determine what they think or feel, then there is no
guarantee that the information will be a reflection of how everyone else
perceives the situation. Although the margin of error is typically lower with
this process, you could also end up with inaccurate results because the
random pulling managed to include more weight on one side of the
equation than the other.
5. It does not work well with widely diverse or dispersed population
groups.
This research method works well when the demographics being studied all
fall into a similar geographic situation, employment pattern, and household
structure. When there are numerous differences in household income,
culture, ethnicity, and even race, the different perspectives that each
individual encounters every day can skew the data that researchers collect.
It is imperative that small groupings occur in situations where the overall
population is scattered and diverse to ensure that the margin of error stays
within an appropriate level.
6. It can require additional monetary investments when compared to
other methods.
Researchers use simple random sampling because the data collection
methods used for this process are fast and easy to implement. Because the
research occurs at the individual level when choosing this option, there is
another cost component to it that must receive consideration. Random
samples tend to be more expensive than other research methods because
you must have one-on-one interactions with the people involved. Follow-up
conversations, interviews, or surveys are sometimes necessary to validate
the answers given as well.
The information that this sampling offers is accurate and valuable to those
who use the data to solve the problems of the overall population, but there
are times when the actual expense of the work can outweigh the potential
profits that are possible.

7. It cannot remove intentional bias from the data collection process.

Simple random sampling is effective because of how its structure can limit
the influence of an unconscious bias. What does process cannot achieve is
a limitation of intentionally influenced data from researchers or participants
who wish to create a specific result that benefits their own needs in some
way. Researchers can choose people from a specific geographic region
because they know that there is a greater likelihood that the results will be
favorable for the outcome as they wish to see.
There is also no guarantee that the participants in a simple random
sampling will provide authentic information for use. Respondents tend to lie
when given a survey online. Up to 50% in any given sample, including
random ones, will provide dishonest responses. People will create this
disadvantage because they are defensive about the questions posed to
them, wish to be socially accepted, or are trying to be polite because they
don’t want to be offensive with their answer.

8. It cannot predict the future because individuals can change their

mind frequently.
The information researchers collect with a simple random sampling cam
provide an accurate representation of an overall population, but it provides
accuracy for a brief window of time. No one can predict the future, and
some people can change their minds frequently about specific issues. 23%
of people between the ages of 18 to 29 say that information that they
discovered on social media change their mind about how they felt or an
opinion they held. Even in the 65 and older category, 6% said that they
changed their mind because of something they saw online. That means the
information you gather today through this process might not be accurate
tomorrow.
9. It can be a time-consuming process to conduct this research.
Researchers must include every person or circumstance selected through
the random sampling process to complete the work. If the size of the
sampling is significant, then this research process can take a significant
amount of time to complete. You must avoid speaking with people in
groups for the data to be accurate because individuals tend to shift their
answers when they want to get along with others or feel threatened if their
response is different. That means this process requires one-on-one
conversations, requiring a massive time commitment for each step.
10. It requests expertise in data collection methods.
Researchers using this method may not need to hold industry-specific
experience to produce results, but they do need to have information
collection experience to be effective at what they do each day. It is up to
each researcher to determine if the data they collect is accurate or not.
They are the guardians of authenticity in results generation as well, which
means there must be an understanding of what each observable point
represents to the overall population. If this disadvantage is present, then
there is no guarantee that the published findings are accurate, even if the
data itself was collected without bias.
11. It may not start with the entire population.
The entire population or demographic must be included with the
randomization process for the information collected by researchers to be
accurate. Because many groups can have an extensive size, having a full
list of each person who could be randomly drawn may be impossible.
Although you can sometimes access details on specific demographics
within an institution, this disadvantage still applies because the individual
perspectives are more important to the results than statistical data. Without
the entire group, there is no way to extrapolate the results from a subset to
everyone else.
One Final Thought on Simple Random Sampling
If you have ever looked at survey results on a news broadcast, then you
might have thought that the information provided was in accurate because
the results are not a reflection of who you are. A misrepresentation of the
overall population can doom simple random sampling before the work ever
begins. You can tell how effective the process was on reported results
because a more inclusive study will drop the margin of error to 2% to 3%. If
you see 5% or higher, there is little evidence to assume that the data is
accurate.

When we take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of simple

random sampling, then we can see how a correctly structured research
project can provide accurate information. It removes the bias of the
researcher without adversely impacting the quality of the data being
collected through this process. We can then analyze the results, look for
patterns, and expand the conclusions to reach the entire population.
There must be controls in place for this work to be beneficial. If we can plan
for potential problems before the research starts, then simple random
sampling is an easy, straightforward method of collecting data. If we cannot
accomplish this result, then the information could be useless.

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WHAT IS SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING?
Simple random sampling means that every member of the sample is
selected from the group of population in such a manner that the
probability of being selected for all members in the study group of
population is the same.
SAMPLING:
The following are the advantages of simple random sampling:
1. One of the great advantages of simple random sampling method is
that it needs only a minimum knowledge of the study group of
population in advance.

2. It is free from errors in classification.

3. This is suitable for data analysis which includes the use

of inferential statistics.
4. Simple random sampling is representative of the population

5. It is totally free from bias and prejudice

6. The method is simple to use.

7. It is very easy to assess the sampling error in this method.

DISADVANTAGES OF SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
Simple random sampling suffers from the following demerits:

1. This method carries larger errors from the same sample size than
that are found in stratified sampling.

2. In simple random sampling, the selection of sample becomes

impossible if the units or items are widely dispersed.

3. One of the major disadvantages of simple random

sampling method is that it cannot be employed where the units of
the population are heterogeneous in nature.
4. This method lacks the use of available knowledge concerning the
population.

5. Sometimes, it is difficult to have a completely cataloged universe.

6. It may be impossible to contact the cases which are very widely

dispersed.

Cluster sampling studies a cluster of the relevant population. It is a

design in which the unit of sampling consists of multiple cases e.g. a
family, a class room, a school or even a city or a school system.
Cluster sampling is also known as area sampling. Some authors
consider it synonymous with multistage sampling. In the multistage
sampling, the cases to be studied are picked up randomly at
different stages.
For example, in studying the problems of middle class working
people in a state, the first stage will be to pick up a few districts in
the state. The next stage will be to pick up a few rural and urban
areas randomly for the study. In the third stage, a few families
belonging to middle class will be picked up. The last stage will be
that of selecting working couples out of these families.

Thus, the stages will be:

MERITS OF CLUSTER SAMPLING
Cluster sampling offers the following advantages:

1. Cluster sampling is less expensive and more quick. It is more

economical to observe clusters of units in a population than
randomly selected units scattered over throughout the state.
2. Cluster Sample permits each accumulation of large samples.
3. The loss of precision per individual case is more than
compensated for by the possibility of studying larger samples
for the same cost.
4. Cluster sample may combine the advantages of both random
sampling as well as stratified sampling.
5. Cluster sampling procedure enables to obtain information from
one or more areas.
DEMERITS OF CLUSTER SAMPLING
The following are the disadvantages of Cluster sampling:

1. In a cluster sample, each cluster may be composed of units that

is like one another. This may produce large sampling error and
reduce the representativeness of the sample.
2. In Cluster sampling, when unequal size of some of the subsets is
selected, an element of sample bias will arise.
3. This type of sampling may not be possible to apply its findings
to another area.
4. Sometimes, adequate number of cases from the stand point of
increasing the precision of sample is not selected, an
overlapping effect may take place.

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