Magnetic Circuits

Outline

•  Ampere’s Law Revisited

•  Review of Last Time: Magnetic Materials
•  Magnetic Circuits
•  Examples

1
 Electric Fields Magnetic Fields

  
 · dA
o E = ρdV  · dA
B =0
S V S

= Qenclosed
GAUSS GAUSS

FARADAY AMPERE

   
  d  · dA
  · dl
E · dl = − B H
C dt S C  
  d  · dA

= J · dA + E
S dt S
dλ
emf = v =
dt
2
 Ampere’s Law Revisited
In the case of the magnetic field we can see that ‘our old’ Ampere’s law can
not be the whole story. Here is an example in which current does not gives
rise to the magnetic field:

  = 0??
B
B
Side
View

I I
I
I


B

B

Consider the case of charging up a capacitor C which is connected to very long wires.
The charging current is I. From the symmetry it is easy to see that an application of
Ampere’s law will produce B fields which go in circles around the wire and whose
magnitude is B(r) = μoI/(2πr). But there is no charge flow in the gap across the capacitor
plates and according to Ampere’s law the B field in the plane parallel to the capacitor
plates and going through the capacitor gap should be zero!
This seems unphysical. 3
 Ampere’s Law Revisited (cont.)
If instead we drew the Amperian surface as sketched below,
we would have concluded that B in non-zero !

 
B
B
Side
View

I
I I I


B
Maxwell resolved this problem by adding a term to the Ampere’s Law.
In equivalence to Faraday’s Law,
the changing electric field can generate the magnetic field:
  
 · dl =   d  · dA
 COMPLETE
H J · dA + E AMPERE’S LAW
C S dt S
4
 Faraday’s Law and Motional emf
What is the emf over the resistor ?

dΦmag vΔt
emf = −
dt

B
L v
In a short time Δt the bar moves a
distance Δx = v*Δt, and the flux
increases by ΔФmag = B (L v*Δt)

ΔΦmag There is an increase in flux through the circuit

emf = = BLv as the bar of length L moves to the right
Δt (orthogonal to magnetic field H) at velocity, v.

from Chabay and Sherwood, Ch 22

5
 from Chabay and Sherwood, Ch 22

Faraday’s Law for a Coil

The induced emf in a coil of N turns is equal to
N times the rate of change of the magnetic flux on one loop of the coil.

Moving a magnet towards a coil produces a

time-varying magnetic field inside the coil

Rotating a bar of magnet (or the coil)

produces a time-varying magnetic field Will the current run
inside the coil CLOCKWISE or ANTICLOCKWISE ?

6
 Complex Magnetic Systems
DC Brushless Stepper Motor Reluctance Motor Induction Motor

   
 · dl = Ienclosed
H  · dA
B =0 f = q v × B

C S

We need better (more powerful) tools…

Magnetic Circuits: Reduce Maxwell to (scalar) circuit problem

Energy Method: Look at change in stored energy to calculate force

7
 Magnetic Flux Φ [Wb] (Webers) due to macroscopic
& microscopic
Magnetic Flux Density B [Wb/m2] = T (Teslas)
Magnetic Field Intensity H [Amp-turn/m]

due to macroscopic
currents
   
 = μo H
B  +M
 = μo H  = μo μr H
 + χm H 

Faraday’s Law
dΦ mag
emf = −
dt
 
emf =  N C · dl
E and
Φmag =  · n̂dA
B 

8
 Example: Magnetic Write Head

Ring Inductive
Write Head

Shield

GMR
Read
Head

Recording Medium
Horizontal
Magnetized Bits

Bit density is limited by how well the field can be localized in write head
9
 Review: Ferromagnetic Materials
B
s
B
r
B B,J
Initial
Magnetization
Curve
H
C
−H 0 C
H H>0

r
−B hysteresis
s
−B H
0 Slope = μ
C Behavior of an initially unmagnetized
i

Hr : coercive magnetic field strength material.

B S : remanence flux density Domain configuration during several stages
B : saturation flux density of magnetization.

10
 Thin Film Write Head

Recording Current

Magnetic Head Coil

Magnetic Head Core

Recording Magnetic
Field

How do we apply Ampere’s Law to this geometry (low symmetry) ?

 
 · dl =
H J · dA

C S

11
 Electrical Circuit Analogy

Charge is conserved… Flux is ‘conserved’…


 · dA
B =0
i S
i
+
V i

Ф
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUITS
Electrical
Magnetic

i φ

V R  

12
 Electrical Circuit Analogy

Electromotive force (charge push)= Magneto-motive force (flux push)=

 
v=  · dl
E  · dl = Ienclosed
H
C
i i
i
+
V
Ф
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUITS

Electrical Magnetic

i φ

V R  

13
 Electrical Circuit Analogy

Material properties and geometry determine flow – push relationship

i φ

V R  

 = μ o μr H
B 
OHM’s LAW J = σE
 DC

B

Recovering macroscopic variables:

 
V 
I= J · dA
=σ  
E · dA = σ A H
l
l ρl
V =I = I = IR
σA A N i = Φ
14
 Reluctance of Magnetic Bar

Magnetic “OHM’s LAW”

l N i = Φ

φ l
A
=
μA

15
 Flux Density in a Toroidal Core
Core centerline
H

μN i
R B=
2R
2πR
μN i = 2πRB = lB
N turn
coil lB l
mmf = N i = =Φ
μ μA
(of an N-turn coil)
i

mmf = Φ

16
 Electrical Circuit Analogy

Electrical Magnetic

Voltage v Magnetomotive Force  = N i

Current i Magnetic Flux φ
Resistance R Reluctance 
Conductivity 1/ρ Permeability μ
Current Density J Magnetic Flux Density B
Electric Field E Magnetic Field Intensity H

17
 Toroid with Air Gap
Magnetic
flux

Electric
current

A = cross-section area

Why is the flux confined mainly to the core ?

Can the reluctance ever be infinite (magnetic insulator) ?

Why does the flux not leak out further in the gap ?
18
 Fields from a Toroid Magnetic
flux
 
 · dl =
H J · dA

C S Electric
= Ienclosed current

A = cross-section area

 
B  +M
 = μo H 
Ni Ni
H= B=μ
2πR 2πR
μA
Φ = BA = N i
2πR
19
 Scaling Magnetic Flux

Magnetic
N i = Φ flux

&

l 2πR
= = Electric
μA μA current

A = cross-section area
μA
Φ = BA = N i
2πR

Same answer as Ampere’s Law (slide 9)

20
 Magnetic Circuit for ‘Write Head’
Core Thickness = 3cm

2cm
l
=
8cm 2cm
μA

0.5cm

core φ gap

N=500
i

+  -
A = cross-section area

Φ≈
21
 Parallel Magnetic Circuits

10cm 10cm

i Gap b 0.5cm
1cm Gap a

A = cross-section area

22
 A Magnetic Circuit with Reluctances in Series and Parallel

“Shell Type” Transformer Magnetic Circuit

1
+ + φa φb
N1 turns v1 v2 N2 turns
3 + 2



- -
N1 i1
-
+ φc

Depth A N2 i2
-
l2 l1 l=l1+l2 φc

l1 l2
1 = 2 =
μA μA

23
 Faraday Law and Magnetic Circuits

Ф
i1 i2

+
+ +
sinusoidal N1 N2 Load
v1 v2
- -
-
Primary Secondary

Laminated Iron Core A = cross-section area

dλ
Flux linkage λ = NΦ v=
dt

Step 1: Estimate voltage v1 due to time-varying flux…

v2
Step 2: Estimate voltage v2 due to time-varying flux… =
v1
24
 Complex Magnetic Systems
DC Brushless Stepper Motor Reluctance Motor Induction Motor

Powerful tools…

Magnetic Circuits: Reduce Maxwell to (scalar) circuit problem

Makes it easy to calculate B, H, λ

Energy Method: Look at change in stored energy to calculate force

25
 Stored Energy in Inductors

In the absence of mechanical displacement…

   
dλ
WS = Pelec dt = ivdt = i = i (λ) dλ
dt

For a linear inductor:

λ
i (λ) = Stored energy…
L
 λ
λ  λ2
WS = dλ =
0 L 2L
26
 Relating Stored Energy to Force

Lets use chain rule …

WS (Φ, r) ∂WS dΦ ∂WS dr

= +
dt ∂Φ dt ∂r dt

This looks familiar …

dWS dr
= i · v − fr
dt dt
di dr
= iL − fr
dt dt

Comparing similar terms suggests … ∂WS

fr = −
∂r
27
 Energy Balance
heat

i·v dr
−fr
dWS dt
electrical mechanical
dt

dWS (λ, r) ∂WS dλ ∂WS dr

= + neglect heat
dt ∂λ dt ∂r dt

For magnetostatic system, dλ=0 no electrical power flow…

dWS dr
= −fr
dt dt
28
 Linear Machines: Solenoid Actuator
x

l
Coil attached to cone

If we can find the stored energy, we can immediately compute the force…

…lets take all the things we know to put this together…

∂WS 1 λ2
fr = − |λ WS (λ, r) =
∂r 2 L

29
KEY TAKEAWAYS
  
 · dl =   d  · dA

COMPLETE AMPERE’S LAW H J · dA + E
C S dt S

Electrical Magnetic

Voltage v Magnetomotive Force  = N i

Current i Magnetic Flux φ RELUCTANCE
Resistance R Reluctance  l
Conductivity 1/ρ Permeability μ =
Current Density J Magnetic Flux Density B μA
Electric Field E Magnetic Field Intensity H

30
 MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

6.007 Electromagnetic Energy: From Motors to Lasers

Spring 2011

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