The Atlas of Economic Complexity PDF

the atlas of
M a p p i n g P a t h s
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY
T o P r o s p e r i t y
Hausmann, Hidalgo et al.

the atlas of
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY
Hausmann, Hidalgo et al.

THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXIT Y
MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY
AUTHORS:
Ricardo Hausmann | César A. Hidalgo | Sebastián Bustos | Michele Coscia
Sarah Chung | Juan Jimenez | Alexander Simoes | Muhammed A. Yıldırım
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research on which this Atlas is based began around 2006 with the idea of the
product space. In the original paper published in Science in 2007, we collaborated
with Albert-Laszlo Barabasi and Bailey Klinger. The view of economic development of
countries as a process of discovering which products a country can master, a process
we called self-discovery, came from joint work with Dani Rodrik and later also with
Jason Hwang. We explored different implications of the basic approach in papers
with Dany Bahar, Bailey Klinger, Robert Lawrence, Francisco Rodriguez, Dani Rodrik,
Charles Sabel, Rodrigo Wagner and Andrés Zahler. Throughout, we received significant
feedback and advice from Lant Pritchett, Andrés Velasco and Adrian Wood.
We want to thank the dedicated team that runs Harvard’s Center for International
Development (CID) for helping bring the Atlas to life: Marcela Escobari, Jennifer Gala,
Irene Gandara Jones, Aimee Fox, Adriana Hoyos, Andrea Carranza, Anne Morriss and
Catalina Prieto. We are also indebted to the Necsys team at the MIT Media Lab and to
Sandy Sener. We thank the leadership at Harvard Kennedy School and the MIT Media
Lab who were early enthusiasts of our work.
The editorial design of this book was produced by DRAFT. We would like to especially
acknowledge the contributions of Francisca Barros and Beltrán García.
ISBN-10: 0615546625
ISBN-13: 9780615546629
the atlas of
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY
| Ricardo Hausmann | César A. Hidalgo | Sebastián Bustos | Michele Coscia |

| Sarah Chung | Juan Jimenez | Alexander Simoes | Muhammed A. Yıldırım |
PRE F A C E
O
ver the past two centuries, mankind has
accomplished what used to be unthink-
able. When we look back at our long list of
achievements, it is easy to focus on the most
audacious of them, such as our conquest of
the skies and the moon. Our lives, however,
have been made easier and more prosper-
ous by a large number of more modest, yet
crucially important feats. Think of electric
bulbs, telephones, cars, personal computers, antibiotics, TVs,
refrigerators, watches and water heaters. Think of the many
innovations that benefit us despite our minimal awareness
of them, such as advances in port management, electric
power distribution, agrochemicals and water purification.
This progress was possible because we got smarter. During
the past two centuries, the amount of productive knowledge
we hold expanded dramatically. This was not, however, an
individual phenomenon. It was a collective phenomenon. As
individuals we are not much more capable than our ances-
tors, but as societies we have developed the ability to make
all that we have mentioned – and much, much more.
Modern societies can amass large amounts of produc-
tive knowledge because they distribute bits and pieces of it
among its many members. But to make use of it, this knowl-
edge has to be put back together through organizations and
markets. Thus, individual specialization begets diversity at
the national and global level. Our most prosperous modern
societies are wiser, not because their citizens are individu-
ally brilliant, but because these societies hold a diversity of
knowhow and because they are able to recombine it to create
a larger variety of smarter and better products.
The social accumulation of productive knowledge has not most part, it is not available in books or on the Internet.
been a universal phenomenon. It has taken place in some It is embedded in brains and human networks. It is tacit
parts of the world, but not in others. Where it has hap- and hard to transmit and acquire. It comes from years of
pened, it has underpinned an incredible increase in living experience more than from years of schooling. Productive
standards. Where it has not, living standards resemble those knowledge, therefore, cannot be learned easily like a song
of centuries past. The enormous income gaps between rich or a poem. It requires structural changes. Just like learning
and poor nations are an expression of the vast differences in a language requires changes in the structure of the brain,
productive knowledge amassed by different nations. These developing a new industry requires changes in the patterns
differences are expressed in the diversity and sophistication of interaction inside an organization or society.
of the things that each of them makes, which we explore in Expanding the amount of productive knowledge available
detail in this Atlas. in a country involves enlarging the set of activities that the
Just as nations differ in the amount of productive knowl- country is able to do. This process, however, is tricky. Indus-
edge they hold, so do products. The amount of knowledge tries cannot exist if the requisite productive knowledge is
that is required to make a product can vary enormously absent, yet accumulating bits of productive knowledge will
from one good to the next. Most modern products require make little sense in places where the industries that require
more knowledge than what a single person can hold. No- it are not present. This “chicken and egg” problem slows
body in this world, not even the saviest geek nor the most down the accumulation of productive knowledge. It also
knowledgeable entrepreneur knows how to make a com- creates important path dependencies. It is easier for coun-
puter. He has to rely on others who know about battery tries to move into industries that mostly reuse what they
technology, liquid crystals, microprocessor design, software already know, since these industries require adding modest
development, metallurgy, milling, lean manufacturing and amounts of productive knowledge. By gradually adding new
human resource management, among many other skills. knowledge to what they already know, countries economize
That is why the average worker in a rich country works in on the chicken and egg problem. That is why we find em-
a firm that is much larger and more connected than firms pirically that countries move from the products that they
in poor countries. For a society to operate at a high level already create to others that are “close by” in terms of the
of total productive knowledge, individuals must know dif- productive knowledge that they require.
ferent things. Diversity of productive knowledge, however, is The Atlas of Economic Complexity attempts to measure the
not enough. In order to put knowledge into productive use, amount of productive knowledge that each country holds. Our
societies need to reassemble these distributed bits through measure of productive knowledge can account for the enor-
teams, organizations and markets. mous income differences between the nations of the world
Accumulating productive knowledge is difficult. For the and has the capacity to predict the rate at which countries
will grow. In fact, it is much more predictive than other well- of increasing complexity. This process involves trial and er-
known development indicators, such as those that attempt to ror. It is a risky journey in search of the possible. Entrepre-
measure competitiveness, governance and education. neurs, investors and policymakers play a fundamental role
A central contribution of this Atlas is the creation of a in this economic exploration.
map that captures the similarity of products in terms of By providing rankings, we wish to clarify the scope of the
their knowledge requirements. This map provides paths achievable, as revealed by the experience of others. By track-
through which productive knowledge is more easily accu- ing progress, we offer feedback regarding current trends. By
mulated. We call this map, or network, the product space, providing maps, we do not pretend to tell potential explor-
and use it to locate each country, illustrating their current ers where to go, but to pinpoint what is out there and what
productive capabilities and the products that lie nearby. routes may be shorter or more secure. We hope this will em-
Ultimately, this Atlas views economic development as a power these explorers with valuable information that will
social learning process, but one that is rife with pitfalls and encourage them to take on the challenge and thus speed up
dangers. Countries accumulate productive knowledge by the process of economic development.
developing the capacity to make a larger variety of products
Ricardo Hausmann César A. Hidalgo

Director, Center for International Development at Harvard University, ABC Career Development Professor, MIT Media Lab,
Professor of the Practice of Economic Development, Harvard Kennedy School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
George Cowan Professor, Santa Fe Institute. Faculty Associate, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
We thank the many individuals who, early on, understood the potential impact of research on
economic growth, and shared our team’s vision. The generosity of these supporters made this work feasible
and now makes it available to individuals, organizations and governments throughout the world.
T h e a u th o r s w a n t t o a c k n o w l e d g e th e g e n e r o u s s u p p o rt o f :
| Alejandro Santo Domingo | MPower Foundation | Standard Bank | Anonymous Donor |

c o n t e n t s
PA R T 1 WHAT, WHY AND HOW?

12 SECTION 1 What Do We Mean by Economic Complexity?
17 SECTION 2 How Do We Measure Economic Complexity?
24 SECTION 3 Why Is Economic Complexity Important?
30 SECTION 4 How Is Complexity Different from Other Approaches?
41 SECTION 5 How Does Economic Complexity Evolve?
53 SECTION 6 How Can This Atlas Be Used?
56 SECTION 7 Which Countries Are Included in This Atlas?

PA R T 2 COMPLEXITY RANKINGS
60 RANKING 1 Economic Complexity Index
66 RANKING 2 Expected Growth in Per Capita GDP to 2020
72 RANKING 3 Expected GDP Growth to 2020
78 RANKING 4 Change in Economic Complexity (1964-2008)
84 RANKING 5 Expected Contribution to World GDP Growth to 2020
PA R T 3 COUNTRY PAGES
92 How to Read the Country Pages
96 Albania
···
350 Zimbabwe
PA R T 1 WHAT, WHY AND HOW?
SEC T I O N 1
What Do We Mean by Economic Complexity?
MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 15
W
hat are things made out of? One way atomic cocktail, and who together with their colleagues at
of describing the economic world the toothpaste factory, can deposit it into a product that we
is to say that things are made with can use.
machines, raw materials and labor. We owe to Adam Smith the idea that the division of labor
Another way is to emphasize that is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinter-
products are made with knowledge. pretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows
Consider toothpaste. Is toothpaste us to access a quantity of knowledge that none of us would
just some paste in a tube? Or do be able to hold individually. We rely on dentists, plumbers,
the paste and the tube allow us to lawyers, meteorologists and car mechanics to sustain our
access knowledge about the properties of sodium fluoride standard of living, because few of us know how to fill cavi-
on teeth and about how to achieve its synthesis? The true ties, repair leaks, write contracts, predict the weather or fix
value of a tube of toothpaste, in other words, is that it mani- our cars. Many of us, however, can get our cavities filled, our
fests knowledge about the chemicals that facilitate brush- cars repaired and our weather predicted. Markets and orga-
ing, and that kill the germs that cause bad breath, cavities nizations allow the knowledge that is held by few to reach
and gum disease. many. In other words, they make us collectively wiser.
When we think of products in these terms, markets take The amount of knowledge embedded in a society, how-
on a different meaning. Markets allow us to access the vast ever, does not depend mainly on how much knowledge each
amounts of knowledge that are scattered among the people individual holds. It depends, instead, on the diversity of
of the world. Toothpaste embeds our knowledge about the knowledge across individuals and on their ability to com-
chemicals that prevent tooth decay, just like cars embody bine this knowledge, and make use of it, through complex
our knowledge of mechanical engineering, metallurgy, elec- webs of interaction. A hunter-gatherer in the Arctic must
tronics and design. Computers package knowledge about in- know a lot of things to survive. Without the knowledge em-
formation theory, electronics, plastics and graphics, whereas bedded in an Inuit, most of us would die in the Arctic, as has
apples embody thousands of years of plant domestication been demonstrated by the number of Westerners who have
as well as knowledge about logistics, refrigeration, pest con- tried and failed. Yet, the total amount of knowledge embed-
trol, food safety and the preservation of fresh produce. ded in a hunter-gatherer society is not very different from
Products are vehicles for knowledge, but embedding that which is embedded in each one of its members. The se-
knowledge in products requires people who possess a work- cret of modern societies is not that each person holds much
ing understanding of that knowledge. Most of us can be ig- more productive knowledge than those in a more traditional
norant about how to synthesize sodium fluoride because society. The secret to modernity is that we collectively use
we can rely on the few people who know how to create this large volumes of knowledge, while each one of us holds only
a few bits of it. Society functions because its members form baseball, you must know how to catch, field and bat, but you
webs that allow them to specialize and share their knowl- do not need to know how to give financial advice or fix cavi-
edge with others. ties. On the other hand, to perform the function of baseball
We can distinguish between two kinds of knowledge: ex- player, knowing how to catch a ball is not enough (you must
plicit and tacit. Explicit knowledge can be transferred easily also be able to field and bat). In other words, in allocating
by reading a text or listening to a conversation. Yesterday’s productive knowledge to individuals, it is important that
sports results, tomorrow’s weather forecast or the size of the the chunks each person gets be internally coherent so that
moon can all be learned quickly by looking them up in a he or she can perform a certain function. We refer to these
newspaper or on the web. And yet, if all knowledge had this modularized chunks of embedded knowledge as capabili-
characteristic, the world would be very different. Countries ties. Some of these capabilities have been modularized at
would catch up very quickly to frontier technologies, and the the level of individuals, while others have been grouped into
income differences across the world would be much smaller organizations and even into networks of organizations.
than what we see today. The problem is that crucial parts of For example, consider what has happened with under-
knowledge are tacit and therefore hard to embed in people. graduate degrees, which in the US take four years of study.
Learning how to fix dental problems, speak a foreign lan- This norm has remained constant for the last four centuries.
guage, or run a farm requires a costly and time-consuming During the same period, however, knowledge has expanded
effort. As a consequence, it does not make sense for all of us enormously. The university system did not respond to the
to spend our lives learning how to do everything. Because it increase in knowledge by lengthening the time it takes to
is hard to transfer, tacit knowledge is what constrains the get a college degree. Instead, it increased the diversity of
process of growth and development. Ultimately, differences degrees. What used to be a degree in philosophy, split into
in prosperity are related to the amount of tacit knowledge several branches, one being natural philosophy, which later
that societies hold. split into physics, chemistry and biology and later into other
Because embedding tacit knowledge is a long and costly disciplines such as ecology, earth sciences and psychology.
process, we specialize. This is why people are trained for The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Standard Occupation Clas-
specific occupations and why organizations become good at sification for 2010 lists 840 different occupations, including
specific functions. To fix cavities you must be able to identi- 78 in healthcare, 16 in engineering, 35 kinds of scientists –
fy them, remove the decayed material and replace it. To play in coarse categories such as “economists”, “physicists” and
“chemists” – five types of artists, and eight kinds of design- cure the fabric, cut it, sew it, pack it, brand it, market it and
ers. We can all imagine a much more nuanced classification distribute it. In a firm that manufactures shirts, expertise
in our respective fields. For instance, we could distinguish in each of these knowledge chunks will be held by differ-
between economists that specialize in labor, trade, finance, ent people. And shirts require all of them. Moreover, you
development, industrial organization, macro and econo- need to finance the operation, hire the relevant people, co-
metrics, among others. If we did this further disaggrega- ordinate all the activities and negotiate everybody’s buy-in,
tion for all occupations, we would easily go into the tens which in itself require different kinds of knowhow. We can
of thousands. The only way that society can hold all of the say that putting together this operation requires know-who
knowledge we have is by distributing coherent pieces of it and know-where. Know-who can be thought of as knowl-
among individuals. It is the way the world adapts to expand- edge of who has the requisite chunks of knowledge, and
ing knowledge. know-where as knowledge of where the people and orga-
Most products, however, require more knowledge than nizations that have this knowledge are located. To make
can be mastered by any individual. Hence, those products shirts, you can import the fabric and access the knowledge
require that individuals with different capabilities interact. about looms and threading that is embedded in a piece of
Assume that a person has the capacity to hold an amount of cloth. Yet some of the knowledge required cannot be acce-
tacit knowledge equal to one personbyte. How can you make ssed through shipped inputs. The people with the relevant
a product that requires 100 different personbytes? Obvious- knowledge must be near the place where shirts are made.
ly, it cannot be made by a micro-entrepreneur working on In fact, just as knowhow is modularized in people in the
her own. It has to be made either by an organization with at form of individual capabilities, larger amounts of knowhow
least 100 individuals (with a different personbyte each), or are modularized in organizations, and networks of organi-
by a network of organizations that can aggregate these 100 zations, as organizational or collective capabilities. For ex-
personbytes of knowledge. How can a society hold a kilo-, ample, to operate a garment plant you need power and wa-
mega- or giga-personbyte? Only through a deep division of ter. You need to be able to move raw materials in and ship
labor, in which individuals become experts in small pieces the final product out. Workers need access to urban trans-
of the available knowledge and then aggregate their person- portation, day care centers and health facilities. To be able
bytes into peoplebytes through organizations and markets. to operate, the plant manager needs all of these services to
For example, to make a shirt you need to design it, pro- be locally available. This implies that others must be aggre-
18 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY
gating the personbytes required to generate power, provide that have it retire or die.
clean water, and run a transportation system. The relevant Said differently, countries do not simply make the prod-
capabilities to perform all of these functions reside in orga- ucts and services they need. They make the ones they can.
nizations that are able to package the relevant knowledge To do so, they need people and organizations that possess
into transferable bundles. These are bundles of knowhow relevant knowledge. Some goods, like medical imaging de-
that are more efficiently organized separately and trans- vices or jet engines, embed large amounts of knowledge
ferred as intermediate inputs. We can think of these bun- and are the results of very large networks of people and or-
dles as organizational capabilities the manufacturer needs. ganizations. By contrast, wood logs or coffee, embed much
Ultimately, the complexity of an economy is related to less knowledge, and the networks required to support these
the multiplicity of useful knowledge embedded in it. For operations do not need to be as large. Complex economies
a complex society to exist, and to sustain itself, people who are those that can weave vast quantities of relevant knowl-
know about design, marketing, finance, technology, human edge together, across large networks of people, to generate
resource management, operations and trade law must be a diverse mix of knowledge-intensive products. Simpler
able to interact and combine their knowledge to make prod- economies, in contrast, have a narrow base of productive
ucts. These same products cannot be made in societies that knowledge and produce fewer and simpler products, which
are missing parts of this capability set. Economic complex- require smaller webs of interaction. Because individuals
ity, therefore, is expressed in the composition of a coun- are limited in what they know, the only way societies can
try’s productive output and reflects the structures that expand their knowledge base is by facilitating the interac-
emerge to hold and combine knowledge. tion of individuals in increasingly complex webs of orga-
Knowledge can only be accumulated, transferred and nizations and markets. Increased economic complexity is
preserved if it is embedded in networks of individuals and necessary for a society to be able to hold and use a larger
organizations that put this knowledge into productive use. amount of productive knowledge, and we can measure it
Knowledge that is not used, however, is also not transferred, from the mix of products that countries are able to make.
and will disappear once the individuals and organization
SECTION 2
How Do We Measure Economic Complexity?
H
ow do we go from what a country makes to words. So we can expect the diversity of words (products)
what a country knows? If making a product that a player (country) can make to be strongly related to the
requires a particular type and mix of knowl- number of letters (capabilities) that he (it) has. Long words
edge, then the countries that make the will tend to be rare, since they can only be put together by
product reveal having the requisite knowl- players with many letters. Hence, the number of players
edge (see Technical Box 2.1). From this simple that can make a word tells us something about the variety
observation, it is possible to extract a few of letters each word requires: longer words tend to be less
implications that can be used to construct ubiquitous, while shorter words tend to be more common.
a measure of economic complexity. First, Similarly, ubiquitous products are more likely to require few
countries whose residents and organizations possess more capabilities, and less ubiquitous products are more likely to
knowledge have what it takes to produce a more diverse require a large variety of capabilities.
set of products. In other words, the amount of embedded Diversity and ubiquity are, respectively, crude approxi-
knowledge that a country has is expressed in its productive mations of the variety of capabilities available in a country
diversity, or the number of distinct products that it makes. or required by a product. Both of these mappings are af-
Second, products that demand large volumes of knowledge fected by the existence of rare letters, such as Q and X. For
are feasible only in the few places where all the requisite instance, players holding rare letters will be able to put to-
knowledge is available. We define ubiquity as the number of gether words that few other players can make, not because
countries that make a product (Figure 2.1). Using this termi- they have many letters, but because the letters that they
nology, we can observe that complex products –those that have are rare. This is just like rare natural resources, such
contain many personbytes of knowledge–are less ubiqui- as uranium or diamonds. Yet, we can see whether low ubiq-
tous. The ubiquity of a product, therefore, reveals informa- uity originates in scarcity or complexity by looking at the
tion about the volume of knowledge that is required for its number of other words that the makers of rare words are
production. Hence, the amount of knowledge that a country able to form. If these players can only make a few other
has is expressed in the diversity and ubiquity of the prod- words, then it is likely that rarity explains the low ubiquity.
ucts that it makes. However, if the players that can make these rare words are,
A game of scrabble is a useful analogy. In scrabble, play- in general, able to put together many other words, then it
ers use tiles containing single letters to make words. For in- is likely that the low ubiquity of the word reflects the fact
stance, a player can use the tiles R, A and C to construct the that it requires a large number of letters and not just a few
word CAR or ARC. In this analogy, each product is repre- rare ones.
sented by a word, and each capability, or module of embed- Diversity can therefore be used to correct the informa-
ded knowledge, is represented by a letter. We assume that tion carried by ubiquity, and ubiquity can be used to cor-
each player has plenty of copies of the letters they have. Our rect the information carried by diversity. We can take this
measure of economic complexity corresponds to estimating process a step further by correcting diversity using a mea-
what fraction of the alphabet a player possesses, knowing sure of ubiquity that has already been corrected by diversity
only how many words he or she can make, and how many and vice versa. In fact, we can do this an infinite number
other players can also make those same words. of times using mathematics. This process converges after a
Players who have more letters will be able to make more few iterations and represents our quantitative measures of
F igure 2 . 1 :
Graphical explanation of diversity and ubiquity.
Diversity
D i v ersity(kc,0): :
Diversity is related to the number of X-RAY MACHINES
Diversityproducts
is related to the number of
that a country is connected NETHERLANDS (NLD)
products that ato.country is connected
This is equal to the number to.of
This is equal tolinks
the that this country
number has that
of links in the
network. In this example, using a
this country hasofinthe
subset the2009network.
data, the In this
diversity
example, usingofaNetherlands
subset ofisthe 2009
5, that data,
of Argentina
is 3, and that of Gana is 1.
the diversity of Netherlands is 5, that of
Argentina is 3, and that of Gana is 1. MEDICAMENTS
ARGENTINA (ARG) CREAMS AND POLISHES
CHEESE
Ubiquity (kp,0):
GHANA (GHA) Ubiquity
U b i q uity is is :related to the number of
Ubiquity is is related to the number of
FROZEN FISH countries that a product is connected to.
countries that a product is connected to.
This
This isis equal
equal to number
to the the number
of linksof links that
that
this product
this product hashas innetwork.
in the the network.
In this In this
example, using a subset of the 2009 data,
example, using a subset of the 2009 data,
the ubiquity of Cheese is 2, that of Fish is
the ubiquity
3 and that of of Cheeseis is
Medicaments 1. 2, that of Fish is 3
and that of Medicaments is 1.

F igure 2 . 2 :
Map of the World colored according to ECI Ranking.
Rank
1 128
complexity. For countries, we refer to this as the Econom- 28 other countries (placing Pakistan in the 60th percentile
ic Complexity Index (ECI). The corresponding measure for of countries in terms of the average ubiquity of their prod-
products gives us the Product Complexity Index. Technical ucts), while Singapore exports products that are exported
Box 2.2 presents the mathematical definition of these two on average by 17 other countries (1st percentile). Moreover,
quantities and Ranking 1 lists countries sorted by their ECI. the products that Singapore exports are exported by highly
Figure 2.2 shows a map of the world colored according to a diversified countries, while those that Pakistan exports are
country’s ECI ranking. exported by poorly diversified countries. Our mathematical
Consider the case of Singapore and Pakistan. The popula- approach exploits these second, third and higher order dif-
tion of Pakistan is 34 times larger than that of Singapore. At ferences to create measures that approximate the amount
market prices their GDPs are similar since Singapore is 38 of productive knowledge held in each of these countries. Ul-
times richer than Pakistan in per capita terms. Under the timately, what countries make reveals what they know (see
classification we use in this Atlas, they both export a simi- Information Box 2.1).
lar number of different products, about 133. How can prod- Take medical imaging devices. These machines are made in
ucts tell us about the conspicuous differences in the level few places, but the countries that are able to make them, such
of development that exist between these two countries? as the United States or Germany, also export a large number
Pakistan exports products that are on average exported by of other products. We can infer that medical imaging devices
I n f o r m a t i o n B o x 2 . 1 : A n a lt e r n a t i v e
way t o u n d e r s ta n d o u r m e a s u r e s
of economic complexity
are complex because few countries make them, and those
that do tend to be diverse. By contrast, wood logs are exported
Understanding the measures of economic complexity described in this At-
by most countries, indicating that many countries have the
las can be sometimes challenging. Analogies, however, can help get our minds
knowledge required to export them. Now consider the case around what the economic complexity index is able to capture.
of raw diamonds. These products are extracted in very few Think of a particular country and consider a random product. Now, ask
places, making their ubiquity quite low. But is this a reflection yourself the following question: If this country cannot make this product, in
of the high knowledge-intensity of raw diamonds? Of course how many other countries can this product be made? If the answer is many
countries, then this country probably does not have a complex economy. On
not. If raw diamonds were complex, the countries that would
the other hand, if few other countries are able to make a product that this
extract diamonds should also be able to make many other country cannot make, this would suggest that this is a complex economy.
things. Since Sierra Leone and Botswana are not very diversi- Let us illustrate this with a few examples. According to our measures, Ja-
fied, this indicates that something other than large volumes pan and Germany are the two countries with the highest levels of economic
of knowledge is what makes diamonds rare (see Information complexity. Ask yourself the question: If a good cannot be produced in Japan
or Germany, where else can it be made? That list of countries is likely to be
Box 2.2 on Product Complexity).
a very short one, indicating that Japan and Germany are complex economies.
This Atlas relies on international trade data. We made Now take an opposite example: if a product cannot be made in Mauritania or
this choice because it is the only dataset available that has Sudan, where else can it be made? For most products this is likely to be a long
a rich detailed cross-country information linking countries list of countries, indicating that Sudan and Mauritania are among the world’s
least complex economies.
to the products that they produce in a standardized clas-
This analogy is useful to understand the difference between economic com-
sification. As such, it offers great advantages, but it does plexity and the level of income per capita of a country. Two countries that have
have limitations. First, it includes data on exports, not pro- high levels of economic complexity, but still low levels of per capita income are
duction. Countries may be able to make things that they do China and Thailand. Ask yourself the question, if you cannot produce it in China
not export. The fact that they do not export them, however, or Thailand, where else can you produce it? That list of countries will tend to be
relatively short. The comparison becomes starker if we restrict it to countries
suggests that they may not be very good at them. Coun-
with a similar level of per capita income, like Iran, Peru and Venezuela, countries
tries may also export things they do not make. To circum- that do not make things that many other can.
vent this issue we require that countries export a fair share At the opposite end of this comparison, there are countries with high levels
of the products we connect them to (see Technical Box 2.1). of per capita income but relatively low levels of economic complexity. Examples
Second, because the data is collected by customs offices, it of this are Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Venezuela, Libya and Chile. These countries
are not rich because of the productive knowledge they hold but because of their
includes only goods and not services. This is an important
“geological luck”, given the large volumes of natural resources based wealth.
drawback, as services are becoming a rising share of inter- Ask yourself the question; if you cannot build it in Chile or Venezuela, where
national trade. Unfortunately, the statistical efforts of most else can you build it? The fact that there are many countries where it would be
countries of the world have not kept up with this reality. possible to produce many things that are not being made in Chile or Venezuela,
Finally, the data does not include information on non-trad- including countries with a similar level of income such as Hungary or the Czech
Republic, indicates that the level of economic complexity of these countries is
able activities. These are an important part of the economic
low, despite their fairly high level of income.
eco-system that allows products and services to be made. In fact, as we show in this Atlas, the gap between a country’s complexity
Our current research is focused on finding implementable and its level of per capita income is an important determinant of future growth:
solutions to these limitations, and we hope we will be able countries tend to converge to the level of income that can be supported by the
to present them in future versions of this Atlas. knowhow that is embedded in their economy.
T E C H N I C A L B OX 2 . 1 : M E A S U R I N G E C O N O M I C C O M P L E X I T Y:
If we define , as a matrix that is 1 if country produces product , and and rewrite this as :
otherwise, we can measure diversity and ubiquity simply by summing over the
rows or columns of that matrix. Formally, we define:
where
To generate a more accurate measure of the number of capabilities available We note (7) is satisfied when .This is the eigenvector of
in a country, or required by a product, we need to correct the information that which is associated with the largest eigenvalue. Since this eigenvector is
diversity and ubiquity carry by using each one to correct the other. For coun- a vector of ones, it is not informative. We look, instead, for the eigenvector asso-
tries, this requires us to calculate the average ubiquity of the products that it ciated with the second largest eigenvalue. This is the eigenvector that captures
exports, the average diversity of the countries that make those products and the largest amount of variance in the system and is our measure of economic
so forth. For products, this requires us to calculate the average diversity of the complexity. Hence, we define the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) as:
countries that make them and the average ubiquity of the other products that
these countries make. This can be expressed by the recursion:
where < > represents an average, stdev stands for the standard deviation and
We then insert (4) into (3) to obtain Analogously, we define a Product Complexity Index (PCI). Because of the
symmetry of the problem, this can be done simply by exchanging the index of
countries (c) with that for products (p) in the definitions above. Hence, we de-
fine PCI as:
where
I n f o r m at i o n B o x 2 . 2 : T h e w o r l d ’ s m o s t a n d l e a s t c o m p l e x p r o d u c t s
Table 2.2.1 and Table 2.2.2 show respectively the products that rank highest products, on the other hand, are raw minerals or simple agricultural products.
and lowest in the complexity scale. The difference between the world’s most The economic complexity of a country is connected intimately to the com-
and less complex products is stark. The most complex products are sophistica- plexity of the products that it exports. Ultimately, countries can only increase
ted chemicals and machinery that tend to emerge from organizations where a their score in the Economic Complexity Index by becoming competitive in an
large number of high skilled individuals participate. The world’s least complex increasing number of complex industries.
TA B L E 2 . 2 . 1 : T O P 5 P R O D U C T S B Y C O M P L E X I T Y
Product Code (SITC4) Product Name Product Community Product Complexity Index
7284 Machines & appliances for specialized particular industries Machinery 2.27
8744 Instrument & appliances for physical or chemical analysis Chemicals & Health 2.21
7742 Appliances based on the use of X-rays or radiation Chemicals & Health 2.16
3345 Lubricating petrol oils & other heavy petrol oils Chemicals & Health 2.10
7367 Other machine tools for working metal or metal carbide Machinery 2.05
T able 2 . 2 . 2 : B ottom 5 products by complexity
Product Code (SITC4) Product Name Product Community Product Complexity Index
3330 Crude oil Oil -3.00
2876 Tin ores & concentrates Mining -2.63
2631 Cotton, not carded or combed Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others -2.63
3345 Cocoa beans Tropical Agriculture -2.61
7367 Sesame seeds Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others -2.58
t e c h n i c a l b o x 2 . 2 : W h o m a k e s w h at ?
When associating countries to products it is important to take into account

the size of the export volume of countries and that of the world trade of prod-
ucts. This is because, even for the same product, we expect the volume of ex-
ports of a large country like China, to be larger than the volume of exports of a
small country like Uruguay. By the same token, we expect the export volume of We use this measure to construct a matrix that connects each country to
products that represent a large fraction of world trade, such as cars or footwear, the products that it makes. The entries in the matrix are 1 if country exports
to represent a larger share of a country’s exports than products that account for product with Revealed Comparative Advantage larger than 1, and o otherwise.
a small fraction of world trade, like cotton seed oil or potato flour. Formally we define this as the matrix, where
To make countries and products comparable we use Balassa’s definition of
Revealed Comparative Advantage or RCA. Balassa’s definition says that a coun-
try has Revealed Comparative Advantage in a product if it exports more than its
“fair” share, that is, a share that is equal to the share of total world trade that
the product represents. For example, in 2008, with exports of $42 billion, soy-
beans represented 0.35% of world trade. Of this total, Brazil exported nearly $11
billion, and since Brazil’s total exports for that year were $140 billion, soybeans is the matrix summarizing which country makes what, and is used to
accounted for 7.8% of Brazil’s exports. This represents around 21 times Brazil’s construct the product space and our measures of economic complexity for
“fair share” of soybean exports (7.8% divided by 0.35%), so we can say that countries and products. In our research we have played around with cutoff
Brazil has revealed comparative advantage in soybeans. values other than 1 to construct the matrix and found that our results are
Formally, if represents the exports of country in product , we can robust to these changes.
express the Revealed Comparative Advantage that country has in product as: Going forward, we smooth changes in export volumes induced by the price
fluctuation of commodities by using a modified definition of RCA in which the
denominator is averaged over the previous three years.
SEC T I O N 3
Why Is Economic Complexity Important?
a
s we have argued, economic complexity re- economic complexity is greater than what we would
flects the amount of knowledge that is em- expect, given their level of income, tend to grow faster
bedded in the productive structure of an than those that are “too rich” for their current level of
economy. Seen this way, it is no coincidence economic complexity. In this sense, economic complex-
that there is a strong correlation between ity is not just a symptom or an expression of prosperity:
our measures of economic complexity and it is a driver.
the income per capita that countries are Technical Box 3.1 presents the regression that we use to re-
able to generate. late economic complexity to subsequent economic growth.
Figure 3.1 illustrates the relationship be- The equation is simple. We regress the growth in per capita
tween the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and Income per income over 10-year periods on economic complexity, while
capita for the 128 countries studied in this Atlas. Here, we controlling for initial income and for the increase in real
separate countries according to their intensity in natural re- natural resource income experienced during that period. We
source exports. We color in red those countries for which also include an interaction term between initial income per
natural resources, such as minerals, gas and oil, represent at capita and the ECI. The increase in the explanatory power of
least 10% of GDP. For the 75 countries with a limited relative the growth equation that can be attributed to the Economic
presence of natural-resource exports (in blue), economic Complexity Index is at least 15 percentage points, or more
complexity accounts for 75 percent of the variance in in- than a third of the variance explained by the whole equa-
come per capita. But as the Figure 3.1 illustrates, countries tion. Moreover, the size of the estimated effect is large: an
with a large presence of natural resources can be relatively increase of one standard deviation in complexity, which is
rich without being complex. If we control for the income something that Thailand achieved between 1970 and 1985,
that is generated from extractive activities, which has more is associated with a subsequent acceleration of a country’s
to do with geology than knowhow, economic complexity can long-term growth rate of 1.6 percent per year. This is over
explain about 73 percent of the variation in income across and above the growth that would have been expected from
all 128 countries. Figure 3.2 shows the tight relationship mineral wealth and global trends.
between economic complexity and income per capita that The ability of the ECI to predict future economic growth
emerges after we take into account a country’s natural re- suggests that countries tend to move towards an income
source income. level that is compatible with their overall level of embedded
Economic complexity, therefore, is related to a country’s knowhow. On average, their income tends to reflect their
level of prosperity. As such, it is just a correlation of things embedded knowledge. But when it does not, it gets corrected
we care about. The relationship between income and com- through accelerated or diminished growth. The gap between
plexity, however, goes deeper than this. Countries whose a country’s level of income and complexity is the key vari-
FIGURE 3.1:
Shows the relationship between income per capita and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) for countries where natural resource exports are larger than 10% of GDP (red)
and for those where natural resource exports are lower than 10% of GDP (blue). For the latter group of countries, the Economic Complexity Index accounts for 75% of the
variance. Countries in which the levels of natural resource exports is relatively high tend to be significantly richer than what would be expected given the complexity of
their economies, yet the ECI still correlates strongly with income for that group.
NOR
QAT
105
DNK
KWT ARE NLD CHE
IRL USAFRA FIN SWE
AUS
CAN BEL GBR AUT DEU
ESP ITA SGP
GRC HKG JPN
NZL ISR SVN
OMN
TTO SAU PRT
SVK KOR CZE
LBY LVA EST HRV
RUS LTU HUN
VEN POL
GAB CHL
URY
104 KAZ
BRA
TUR
ROU
MEX
GDP per capita in USD [2009]
BWA ARG LBN MYS

MUS BGR
ZAF PAN
AZE DZA CUB CRI SRB BLR
AGO PER JAM MKD COL
IRN DOM BIH
ECU NAM ALB TUN UKR THA
TKM SLV JOR
COG MAR GEO CHN
PRY GTM
MNG SYR IDN
BOL LKA EGY
HND MDA
SDN NGA PHL
MRT PNG YEM ZMB
GHA SEN
NIC VNM
103 CMR
TJK
CIV
UZB PAK KGZ
IND
LAO KEN
MLI KHM
BGD TZA
GIN MDG
UGA
MOZ
ETH ZWE R2 = 0.75
LBR MWI
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Economic Complexity Index [2008]
FIGURE 3.2:
Shows the relationship between economic complexity and income per capita obtained after controlling for each country’s natural resource exports. After including this
control, through the inclusion of the log of natural resource exports per capita, economic complexity and natural resources explain 73% of the variance in per capita
income across countries.
1.5
SVN
Income per capita controlling for initial income and proportion
FRA CHE
of natural resource exports per capita in logs [2008]
DOM NLD
ITA AZE
GRC QAT ESP IRL DEU
USA AUT JPN
KWT LBN GBR COG
MWI LBY BEL NOR FIN SAU
ARE CRI DNK SWE
.5
PRT AGO SGP KOR

BGD OMN JOR HRV HUN
NZL KHM TUR HKG SVK CZE
AUS CAN SRB
MUS EST ROU
GAB URY LVA LTU POL ISR
PRY TTO
LKA KAZ MDA PAN THA
DZA SLV BLR
0
VEN ARG BRA

CHL RUS CHN
CUB TKM BWA
ALBZAF MEX
SENCOL BGR MYS
IRN MAR MKD PHL BIH
PER ECU
JAM PAK NAM UKR
O GTMKEN PNG
HND GEO MNG TUN
NGA BOL
-.5
CIV MRT
SYR EGY IDN IND
NCC YEM MDG
SDN ETH UGA GIN
CMR GHA ZMB
LAO UZB VNM
MLI KGZ
TJK
TZA R2 = 0.73
-1
MOZ LBR
ZWE
-2 -1 0 1 2
Economic Complexity Index controlling for initial income and proportion
of natural resource exports per capita in logs [2008]
FIGURE 3.3:
Shows the relationship between the annualized GDP per capita growth for the period between 1998 and 2008 and the Economic Complexity Index for 1998, after taking into
account the initial level of income and the increase in natural resource exports during that period (in constant dollars as a share of initial GDP).
CHN
TKM
.05
LVA BLR
Growth in per capita GDP, controlling for initial income and growth KHM EST
LTU RUS GEO UKR
CUB BGR
KAZ
in natural resource exports [1998-2008]
ALB ROU
TTO TJK
KOR SVK
SGP SVN BIH
HKG VNM IND
POL MDA
IRL
GRC PAN HRV ETH HUN CZE
DOM LKA JOR
AGO TUN THA
MUS UGA BGD MNG LAO UZB FIN SWE
CRI PER MYS IDN MOZ
0
IRN MAR TZA EGY MKD GBR

AUS ESPPHLZAF BEL AUT KGZ
LBN TUR
SLV OMN NIC NZL GHA CAN NLD USA
ISR BRA CHE DEU
ARE CHL ARG FRA
ECU DNK MEX JPN
HND NGA NOR PRT URY PAK COL AZE
MLI ZMB ITA
JAM GTM SEN VEN
DZA LBR
CMR SAU PRY
SYR KENMRT
YEM MDG
BOL
GIN
COG
GAB PNG
-.05
CIV
-1 0 1
Economic Complexity Index controlling for initial income and growth in natural resource export [1998]
able that we use here to estimate the growth potential of a measure of export diversification. Controlling for standard
countries (Figure 3.3). measures of export concentration, such as the Herfindahl-
It is important to note what the Economic Complexity Hirschman Index, does not affect our results. In fact, neither
Index is not about: it is not about export-oriented growth, openness nor export concentration are statistically signifi-
openness, export diversification or country size. Although cant determinants of growth after controlling for the ECI
we calculate the ECI using export data, the channel through (see Technical Box 3.2).
which it contributes to future growth is not limited to its Finally, the ECI is not about a country’s size. The ability of
impact on the growth of exports. Clearly, countries whose the ECI to predict growth is unaffected when we take into
exports grow faster, all other things being equal, will neces- account a country’s size, as measured by its population,
sarily experience higher GDP growth. This is simply because while the population itself is not statistically significant (see
exports are a component of GDP. However, as Technical Box Technical Box 3.2).
3.2 shows, the contribution of the ECI to future economic In short, economic complexity matters because it helps
growth remains strong after accounting for the growth in explain differences in the level of income of countries,
real exports. and more important, because it predicts future economic
The ECI is also not about openness to trade: the impact of growth. Economic complexity might not be simple to ac-
the ECI on growth is essentially unaffected if we account for complish, but the countries that do achieve it, tend to reap
differences in the ratio of exports to GDP. And the ECI is not important rewards.
Technical Box 3.1: The Growth regression
To analyze the impact of the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) on future eco- an increase in the ECI of one standard deviation would accelerate growth by 2.3
nomic growth we estimate two regressions where the dependent variable is the percent per year in a country at the 10th percentile of income, by 1.6 percent in
annualized growth rate of GDP per capita for the periods 1978-1988, 1988-1998 a country at the median income, and by 0.7 percent for countries in the 90th
and 1998-2008. In the first of these equations we do not include ECI and use percentile. The variables contained in Column 2 jointly account for 43.4 percent
only two control variables: the logarithm of the initial level of GDP per capita in of the variance in growth rates. The difference between these two regressions
each period and the increase in natural resource exports in constant dollars as a indicates that the ECI increases the regression’s R2 in 15 percentage points. This
share of initial GDP. The first variable captures the idea that, other things equal, represents over a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the vari-
poorer countries should grow faster than rich countries and catch up. This is ance that the equation explains as a whole.
known in the economic literature as convergence. The second control variable The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the
captures the effect on growth of increases in income that come from natural growth in GDP per capita and rank countries according to their growth poten-
resource wealth, which complexity does not explain. In addition, we include a tial (See Table 3.1.1). To predict average annualized growth between 2008 and
dummy variable for each decade, capturing any common factor affecting all 2020 we make two assumptions. First, we assume a worldwide common growth
countries during that decade, such as a global boom or a widespread financial term for the decade, which we take to be the same as that observed in the 1998-
crisis. Taken together, these variables account for 28.5 percent of the variance 2008 period. Changing this assumption would affect the growth rate of all
in countries’ growth rates. This is shown in the first column of Table 3.1.1. countries by a similar amount but would not change the rankings. Second, we
In addition to the above mentioned variables, the second regression includes assume that there will be no change in the real value of natural resource exports
the effect of economic complexity on growth. We do this by adding two addition- as a share of initial GDP. This implies that the we assume that natural resource
al terms: the ECI at the beginning of the decade and an interaction term between exports in real terms in the next decade will remain at the record-high levels
the ECI and the initial level of GDP per capita. The interaction attempts to cap- achieved in 2008. This assumption may underestimate the effect on countries
ture the idea that the contribution of economic complexity to future economic whose volumes of natural resource extraction will increase significantly and
growth depends on the level of per capita income. The second column of Table over-estimate the growth in countries that will see their natural-resource export
3.1.1 shows that economic complexity is strongly associated with future eco- volumes declines. A higher (lower) constant dollar price of natural resource ex-
nomic growth. The negative coefficient on the interaction term indicates that ports would improve (reduce) the projected growth performance of countries by
the impact of complexity on growth declines with a country’s level of income. an amount proportional to their natural resource intensity.
For example, according to the estimation in Column 2, and using data for 1998,
T able 3 . 1 . 1
Annualized growth in GDP pc (by decade)

(1978-1988, 1988-1998, 1998-2008)
VARIABLES (1) (2)
-0.00017 -0.00638***
Initial Income per capita, log
(0.001) (0.001)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.03960*** 0.03682***
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.008) (0.010)
Initial Economic Complexity Index (ECI) 0.04430***
(0.009)
[ ECI] X [Income per capita, log] -0.00371***
(0.001)
Constant 0.03036*** 0.08251***
(0.008) (0.011)
Observations 291 291
R2 0.285 0.434
Year FE Yes Yes
T e c h n i c a l B ox 3 . 2 : E c o n o m i c c o m p l e x i t y:
t h e v o l u m e a n d c o n c e n t r at i o n o f e x p o r t s a n d c o u n t r y s i z e
This box explores the robustness of the impact of the Economic Complex- ECI on growth remains strong and significant. Column 3 introduces export as
ity Index on growth. While the ECI is constructed using export data, its rela- a share of GDP. We use this as a measure of openness. Column 4 includes the
tionship with future growth is not driven by export volumes or concentration. Herfindahl-Hirschman index as a measure of export concentration. Column 5
To show this, we start with our basic growth equation (Table 3.2.1, column 1). includes the log of initial population as a measure of size. This is equivalent to
Column 2 adds to this equation the increase in the real value of the exports introducing total GDP, given that we are already controlling for GDP per capita.
of goods and services in the decade in question as a fraction of initial GDP. The contribution to growth of the variables introduced in columns 3, 4 and 5 are
Exports are a component of GDP, and therefore, we expect them to contribute estimated to be very close to zero, are not statistically significant and do not
to growth. Nevertheless, after including the increase in exports, the effect of affect the ability of the ECI to predict future economic growth.
TA B L E 3 . 2 . 1

(1978-1988, 1988-1998, 1998-2008)
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Initial Economic Complexity Index (ECI) 0.04430*** 0.03005*** 0.04240*** 0.04143*** 0.04389***
(0.009) (0.007) (0.008) (0.010) (0.009)
[ECI] X [Income per capita, log] -0.00371*** -0.00244*** -0.00345*** -0.00354*** -0.00381***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Increase exports (goods and services) 0.04549***
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.007)
Exports to GDP 0.00009
(0.000)
Export Concentration -0.00890
(0.008)
Population, log 0.00168
(0.001)
Initial Income per capita, log -0.00638*** -0.00562*** -0.00729*** -0.00611*** -0.00558***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.03682*** 0.00169 0.03441*** 0.03699*** 0.03758***
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.010) (0.005) (0.008) (0.010) (0.010)
Constant 0.08251*** 0.06741*** 0.08616*** 0.08145*** 0.04878**
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.022)
Observations 291 260 284 291 291
R2 0.434 0.584 0.449 0.436 0.440
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Robust standard errors in parentheses *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
SEC T I O N 4
How Is Complexity Different
from Other Approaches?
w
e are certainly not the first ones to To the extent that governance is important to allow in-
look for correlates or causal fac- dividuals and organizations to cooperate, share knowledge
tors of income and growth. There and make more complex products, it should be reflected in
are plenty of others who have come the kind of industries that a country can support. There-
before us. One strand of the litera- fore, the Economic Complexity Index indirectly captures in-
ture has looked at the salience of formation about the quality of governance in the country.
institutions in determining growth, Which indicator captures information that is more relevant
whereas others have looked at hu- for growth is an empirical question.
man capital or broader measures Here we compare the contribution to future economic
of competitiveness. Clearly, more complex economies have growth implied by the WGIs and the ECI using a technique
better institutions, more educated workers and more com- described in Technical Box 4.1. Since the WGIs are available
petitive environments, so these approaches are not com- only since 1996, we perform this exercise using the 1996-
pletely at odds with each other or with ours. In fact, institu- 2008 period as a whole and as two consecutive 6-year pe-
tions, education, competitiveness and economic complexity riods. We also compare with each individual WGI and with
emphasize different aspects of the same intricate reality. It the six of them together.
is not clear, however, that these different approaches have Figure 4.1 shows that the ECI accounts for 15.1 percent of
the same ability to capture factors that are verifiably impor- the variance in economic growth during the 1996-2008 pe-
tant for growth and development. In this section, we com- riod, while the six WGIs combined account only for 1.0 per-
pare each of these measures with the Economic Complexity cent. For the estimation using the two six year periods, we
Index and gauge their marginal contribution to income and find that ECI accounts for 10.5% of the variance in growth,
economic growth. whereas the six WGIs combined account for 1.6%.
We conclude that as far as future economic growth is con-
measures of governance and institutional quality cerned, the Economic Complexity Index captures signifi-
Some of the most respected measures of institutional cantly more growth-relevant information than the 6 World
quality are the six Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs), Governance Indicators, either individually or combined.
which the World Bank has published biennially since 1996. This does not mean that governance is not important for the
These indicators are used, for example, as eligibility criteria economy. It suggests that the aspects of governance impor-
by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) when se- tant for growth are weakly reflected in the WGIs and appear
lecting the countries they chose to support. These criteria to be more strongly reflected in the economic activities that
are based on the direct connection between governance and thrive in each country. These may be more effectively cap-
growth and poverty reduction. tured by the Economic Complexity Index.
FIGURE 4.1:
Contribution to the variance of economic growth from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and from the measures of governance and institutional quality.
Economic Complexity Index

All Instituional Variables
Political Stability
Voice and Accountability
12 years
Rule of Law
6 Years
Regulatory Quality
Government Effectiveness
Control of Corruption
0% 5% 10% 15%
Contribution to R2
measures of human capital the skills mastered by students according to standardized

Another strand of the growth and development literature international tests. In contrast, the Economic Complexity
has looked at the impact of human capital on economic Index tries to capture the total amount of productive knowl-
growth. The idea that human capital is important for in- edge that is embedded in a society as a whole and is related
come and growth is not unrelated to our focus on the pro- to the diversity of knowledge that a society holds. Clearly,
ductive knowledge that exists in a society. The human capi- for a complex economy to exist, its members must be able
tal literature, however, has placed its attention on measures to read, write and manipulate symbols, such as numbers or
of formal education. Instead, our approach emphasizes the mathematical functions. This is what is taught in schools.
tacit productive knowledge that is embedded in a country’s Yet, the converse is not true: the skills acquired in school
economic activities. may be a poor proxy for the productive knowledge of society.
The standard variables used as a proxy for human capi- For example, if a country were to achieve the goal of hav-
tal are the number of years of formal schooling attained by ing everybody finish a good secondary education and if this
those currently of working age, or the school enrollment of was the extent of its productive knowledge, nobody would
the young (Barro and Lee, 2010). Since these indicators do know how to make a pair of shoes, a metal knife, a roll of
not take into account the quality of the education received paper or a patterned piece of cotton fabric. There is a reason
by pupils, they have been subject to criticism resulting in why job offers request years of experience and not just years
new measures of educational quality. These measures use of schooling. This means that what a society makes affects
test scores from standardized international exams, such as what kinds of knowledge new workers can acquire on the
the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment job. The human capital approach emphasizes the opposite
(PISA) or the Trend in International Mathematics and Sci- logic: what workers formally study is what affects what a
ence Study (TIMSS). Hanuschek and Woessmann (2008) col- society can produce.
lected data for all the countries that participated in either Figure 4.2 shows the relationship between our measure
program and used this information to generate a measure of of economic complexity and years of schooling for the year
the cognitive ability of students for a cross-section of coun- 2000. It is clear that there is positive relationship between
tries around the year 2000. the two (R2=50%). Countries like India and Uganda, or Mon-
The information on productive knowhow captured by the golia and Mexico, have very similar levels of average formal
Economic Complexity Index and by measures of human education. Yet, they differ dramatically in economic com-
capital, are not just two sides of the same coin. Analytically, plexity. India is much more complex than Uganda, and Mex-
human capital indicators try to measure how much of the ico is much more complex than Mongolia.
same knowledge individuals have, whether knowledge is Figure 4.3 shows that the relationship between cognitive
measured as years of study of the national curriculum or as ability and economic complexity is also positive.Here we
FIGURE 4.2: FIGURE 4.3:

Relationship between Years of Schooling and the Economic Complexity Index Relationship between Cognitive Ability and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI)
(ECI) for the year 2000. for the year 2000.
JPN JPN
DEU
CHE CHE
SWE SWE
2
2
GBR USA USA GBR
FIN FIN
FRA
FRA
AUT
IRL
IRL AUT
BEL CZE DNK BEL CZE
SGP
ITA DNK SVK ITA
SVN NLD SVN SVK NLD SGP
CAN ISR ISR ESP CAN

ESP
POL HUN POL HUN KOR
KOR
1
1
MEX RUS NOR MEX
BRA UKR NOR RUS
HRV HKG BRA
PRT ROU NZL JOR PRT MYS NZL HKG
ZAF JOR MYS BGR BGR
THA COL CHN GRC EST ZAF ARG CHL COL URY GRC EST
URY ARG CHL THA CHN
IND
TUR
LTU SAU MDA LTU LVA
VEN SAU LVA AUS TUN IND AUS
TUN
KGZ TTO
KAZ LBN TUR
0
IDN
0
MOZ
EGY PHL
PAN ALB PHL IDN
PRY QAT
ARE PER EGY MKD
MLI
PER ALB ZWE
GAB
MAR KWT DZA CRI TJK
IRN LBY ZWE MAR IRN
VNM LKA BOL
PAK ZMB SLV ECU MNG JAM KWT
LBR GTM BGD KEN MUS CUB
−1
SYR COG
-1
MRT SEN GHA
CIV LAO HND GHA
YEM TZA
SDN PNG NIC KHM NGA
UGA
MWI CMR
−2
_2
0 5 10 15 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Years of schooling Cognitive Ability
find that Brazil and Ghana are two countries with similar the labor force, the Hanushek and Woessmann measure of
levels of cognitive ability, but very different levels of eco- cognitive ability, and the ECI. We do not use school enroll-
nomic complexity. Brazil is two standard deviations more ment as this variable affects future human capital but not
complex than Ghana. The same is true for Colombia and the human capital invested in creating today’s income. The
Nigeria. Their measured cognitive abilities are the same, but results, presented in Figure 4.7, indicate that the Econom-
Colombia is nearly 1.5 standard deviations more complex ic Complexity Index explains 17.2 percent of the variance
than Nigeria. while years of schooling and cognitive ability account for
For illustration purposes, consider the case of Ghana and only 3.6 percent of the variance when combined.
Thailand. Both countries had similar levels of schooling in We also look at the ability of human capital and complex-
1970, but Ghana expanded education more vigorously than ity to explain future growth. To do this we follow a similar
Thailand in the subsequent 40 years (Figure 4.4). But Ghana’s methodology as before (see Technical Box 4.2). In this case,
economic complexity and income stagnated as it remained we include data on school enrollment at the secondary and
an exporter of cocoa, aluminum, fish and forest products. tertiary levels as these would affect the years of schooling
By contrast, between 1970 and 1985 Thailand underwent of the labor force going forward. We do not include cogni-
a massive increase in economic complexity, equivalent to tive ability as this variable exists only for a single year.
a change of one standard deviation in the Economic Com- Figure 4.8 shows that economic complexity accounts for
plexity Index (Figure 4.5). This caused a sustained economic 12.1 percent of the variance in economic growth rates for
boom in Thailand after 1985. As a consequence, the level of the three decades between 1978 and 2008. All education
income per capita between Ghana and Thailand has since variables, on the other hand, account only for 2.6 percent
diverged dramatically (Figure 4.6). when combined.
Next, we measure these indicators’ ability to predict fu- These results show that the Economic Complexity Index
ture economic growth, using the same technique that we contains information that is more directly related to a coun-
employed to compare ECI to the WGIs (see Technical Box 4.2). try’s level of income and its future rate of growth than the
We begin by looking at the relationship between education, standard variables used to measure human capital.
complexity and a country’s level of income per capita. While
data on years of schooling and school enrollment is avail- measures of competitiveness
able for several years, the data on educational quality exists Finally, we look at measures of competitiveness. The most
only for a cross-section of countries around the year 2000. respected source of these measures is the World Economic
We use the data for this year to estimate equations where Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). The GCI has
the dependent variable is the level of income per capita been published since 1979. Over the course of more than
and the independent variables are the years of schooling of 30 years, the coverage of the GCI has been expanded and
FIGURE 4.4:
Years of schooling of Thailand and Ghana as a function of time.
8
Ghana Thailand
Years of Schooling
6
4
2
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year
improved methodologically, going through two major revi-

FIGURE 4.5: sions in 2001 and 2006. By 1995, the GCR ranked less than
50 countries, but over the years this number has increased,
Economic Complexity Index (ECI) of Thailand and Ghana as a function of time.
now reaching over 130 countries. The claim of the Global
Competitiveness Report is that the index captures the fun-
2
Ghana Thailand
damental variables that drive growth over the medium term:
“We define competitiveness as the set of institutions,

0
policies, and factors that determine the level of

productivity of a country. Because the rates of return are
the fundamental drivers of the growth rates of the
-2
economy, a more competitive economy is one that is

likely to grow faster in the medium to long run.”
(global competitiveness report 2010. chapter 1.1, page 4)
-4
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year The GCI develops over 150 measures of elements that it
considers important for competitiveness and then averages
them. The ECI looks, instead, at the actual kinds of industry
that a country can support. Both should capture informa-
tion that is relevant to an economy’s ability to grow. Which
one does so more effectively is an empirical question that
FIGURE 4.6: we address next.
Since we only have data for the GCI rankings, and not the
Evolution of the GDP per capita of Thailand and Ghana as a function of time.
underlying value of the index, we do the analysis using the
rankings of the Economic Complexity Index instead of its
2500
Ghana Thailand
value. This allows for a fairer comparison. We do compari-
GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$)
sons using 5 and 10 year panels starting in 1979 and find

2000
that the GCI rankings contribute significantly less to the

variance of economic growth than the ECI (see Technical Box
1500
4.3 and Figure 4.9).

We conclude that the Economic Complexity Index can ac-
1000
count for a significant fraction of the cross-country varia-

tion in income per capita and economic growth, and that
500
the ECI is a much stronger predictor of growth than other

commonly used indicators that measure human capital,
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year governance or competitiveness.
FIGURE 4.7:
Contribution to the variance of income from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and measures of Human Capital.
All Education Variables
Years of Schooling
Cognitive Abilities
0% 5% 10% 15%
Contribution to R2
FIGURE 4.8:
Contribution to the variance of economic growth from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and measures of Human Capital.
All Education Variables
Years of Schooling
Tertiary School Enrollment
Secondary School Enrollment
0% 5% 10% 15%
Contribution to R2
FIGURE 4.9:
Contribution to the variance of economic growth from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and measures of competitiveness.
Economic Complexity ranking

10 years
5 Years
WEF - Competitiveness Ranking
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

Contribution to R2
TECHN I CAL B OX 4 . 1 : G o v e r n a n c e a n d C o m p l e x i t y
We compare the contribution to economic growth of the Worldwide Gover- share of GDP represented by natural resource exports. The contribution of each
nance Indicators (WGIs) and economic complexity by estimating a growth re- variable is estimated by taking the difference between the R2 obtained for the
gression where all of the WGIs and the Economic Complexity Index are used as regression using all variables and that obtained for the regression where the
explanatory variables. As controls we include the logarithm of per capita in- variable was removed.
come, the increase in natural resource exports during the period and the initial
TA B L E 4 . 1 . 1
Annualized growth in GDP pc (6 years)

1996-2002, 2002-2008
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Income per capita, logs -0.00253*** -0.00149*** -0.00251*** -0.00251*** -0.00257*** -0.00253*** -0.00258*** -0.00254*** -0.00210***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.00420** 0.00246 0.00418** 0.00417** 0.00426** 0.00423** 0.00431** 0.00411** 0.00393**
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Initial NR exports to GDP 0.01181*** 0.00879*** 0.01178*** 0.01177*** 0.01169*** 0.01184*** 0.01214*** 0.01174*** 0.01121***
(0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Initial Economic Complexity Index (ECI) 0.00547*** 0.00547*** 0.00536*** 0.00598*** 0.00551*** 0.00531*** 0.00537*** 0.00500***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
[ECI] x GDP per capita, log -0.00035** -0.00035** -0.00034** -0.00042** -0.00036** -0.00032** -0.00034** -0.00026*
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial Control of Corruption -0.00006 -0.00123 0.00003 -0.00005 0.00000 -0.00006 -0.00006
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Government Effectiveness 0.00029 0.00110 -0.00006 0.00050 0.00036 0.00013 0.00025
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Political Stability 0.00102** 0.00119** 0.00091** 0.00104** 0.00105** 0.00106** 0.00107**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial Rule of Law 0.00022 0.00105 0.00046 0.00031 0.00082 0.00003 0.00029
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Regulatory Quality -0.00056 -0.00125 -0.00050 -0.00052 -0.00068 -0.00053 -0.00039
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Voice and Accountability 0.00032 0.00053 0.00034 0.00031 0.00050 0.00033 0.00014
(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Constant 0.02428*** 0.01621*** 0.02412*** 0.02410*** 0.02452*** 0.02421*** 0.02453*** 0.02429*** 0.01868***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002)
Observations 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 243
Adjusted R2 0.420 0.315 0.417 0.422 0.408 0.422 0.420 0.421 0.404
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
R2 difference 10.5% 0.3% 0.2% 1.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 1.6%

Table 4.1.1 shows the results of this procedure using two consecutive six year
periods. Table 4.1.2 shows the same procedure using one twelve year period
(1996-2008). Figure 4.1 of the main text, illustrates the differences in R2 be-
tween the regression using all variables and those where individual variables
were removed.
TA B L E 4 . 1 . 2
Annualized growth in GDP pc (12 years)

1996-2008
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Income per capita, logs -0.00202*** -0.00127*** -0.00199*** -0.00213*** -0.00203*** -0.00196*** -0.00207*** -0.00201*** -0.00202***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.00228*** 0.00255*** 0.00226*** 0.00233*** 0.00228*** 0.00227*** 0.00233*** 0.00232*** 0.00235***
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial NR exports to GDP 0.00361*** 0.00314** 0.00357*** 0.00367*** 0.00342*** 0.00367*** 0.00383*** 0.00361*** 0.00369***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Economic Complexity Index [ECI] 0.00380** 0.00371*** 0.00436*** 0.00405** 0.00415*** 0.00364** 0.00392** 0.00467***
(0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
[ECI] x [GDP per capita, log] -0.00017 -0.00015 -0.00026 -0.00020 -0.00020 -0.00014 -0.00019 -0.00026**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial Control of Corruption 0.00004 -0.00079 -0.00027 0.00001 0.00029 0.00005 -0.00003
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Government Effectiveness -0.00097 -0.00040 -0.00117 -0.00080 -0.00069 -0.00107 -0.00087
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Political Stability 0.00065* 0.00079* 0.00054 0.00057* 0.00078** 0.00069* 0.00059*
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial Rule of Law 0.00103 0.00237*** 0.00121* 0.00073 0.00135* 0.00087 0.00094
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Regulatory Quality -0.00040 -0.00125* -0.00036 -0.00051 -0.00051 -0.00024 -0.00053
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Voice and Accountability -0.00030 -0.00014 -0.00028 -0.00019 -0.00016 -0.00021 -0.00042
(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Constant 0.01960*** 0.01384*** 0.01936*** 0.02052*** 0.01963*** 0.01918*** 0.01993*** 0.01961*** 0.01954***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002)
Observations 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 118
Adjusted R2 0.516 0.365 0.516 0.514 0.510 0.513 0.518 0.519 0.506
Difference in R2 15.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.6% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 1.0%

TECHN I CAL B OX 4 . 2 : E d u c a t i o n , C o g n i t i v e Abi l i t y a n d E c o n o m i c C o m p l e x i t y
We compare the contribution to income of education, cognitive ability and ity by regressing growth against years of schooling secondary school enroll-
economic complexity by regressing income against years of schooling, cogni- ment, tertiary school enrollment, and the Economic Complexity Index. As ad-
tive ability and the Economic Complexity Index. The contribution to income of ditional controls we include the change in natural resource exports during the
each variable is estimated by taking the difference between the R2 obtained for period, the logarithm of per capita income and year fixed effects. The contribu-
the regression using all variables and that obtained for a regression where the tion of each variable to growth is estimated by taking the difference between the
variable in question was removed. R2 obtained for a regression using all variables and one obtained for a regres-
Table 4.2.1 shows the results of this procedure for the year 2000, when cog- sion where the variable in question was removed.
nitive ability data is available. Figure 4.7 in the main text summarizes the results. Table 4.2.2 shows the results of this procedure for ten year panels starting in
We compare the contribution to growth of education and economic complex- 1978, 1988 and 1998. Figure 4.8 in the main text summarize the results.
TA B L E 4 . 2 . 1
Income per capita, log – Year 2000

VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Economic Complexity Index 0.998*** 1.079*** 1.042*** 1.264***
(0.204) (0.214) (0.160) (0.138)
Years of schooling 0.134* 0.213** 0.14750**
(0.077) (0.085) (0.068)
Cognitive ability 0.118 0.875*** 0.344
(0.263) (0.290) (0.249)
Constant 6.294*** 2.861*** 6.38972*** 6.688*** 7.826***
(0.917) (0.995) (0.977) (0.562) (0.183)
Observations 59 59 59 59 59
R 2
0.620 0.448 0.596 0.619 0.584

TA B L E 4 . 2 . 2

(1978-1988, 1988-1998, 1998-2008)
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Initial Income per capita, log -0.009*** -0.006*** -0.008*** -0.009*** -0.009*** -0.007***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.055*** 0.049** 0.055*** 0.055*** 0.055*** 0.061***
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.018) (0.021) (0.018) (0.018) (0.018) (0.017)
Initial Economic Complexity Index 0.044*** 0.046*** 0.044*** 0.045*** 0.052***
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011)
Initial Economic Complexity Index X Income per capita, log -0.004*** -0.004*** -0.004*** -0.004*** -0.004***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Years of schooling (standardized) 0.008* 0.013*** 0.008*** 0.005
(0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003)
Secondary school enrollment (standardized) 0.000 0.001 0.005** 0.002
(0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.003)
Tertiary school enrollment (standardized) -0.003 -0.003 -0.000 -0.003
(0.002) (0.002) (0.001) (0.002)
Constant 0.097*** 0.071*** 0.091*** 0.097*** 0.099*** 0.083***
(0.012) (0.012) (0.011) (0.012) (0.012) (0.010)
Observations 263 263 263 263 263 263
R2 0.409 0.288 0.401 0.409 0.406 0.383
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

TECHN I CAL B OX 4 . 3 : G l o b a l C o m p e t i t i v e n e s s I n d e x a n d G r o w t h
Here we compare the contribution of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) between the R2 obtained for the equation in which they were both included and
and the ECI to economic growth. We use the ranking of countries in the GCI and that in which one or the other is missing.
the ranking of countries in ECI to predict growth using 5 and 10 year panels. Table 4.3.1 shows that eliminating the rank of the ECI from the regression re-
As controls, we use the increase in natural resource exports during the period sults in a much larger loss of explanatory power than removing the rank of GCI.
as well as the logarithm of the initial GDP per capita and year fixed effects. We This is true for both 5 and 10 year panels. Figure 4.9 on the main text illustrates
estimate the contribution of the GCI and ECI to growth by taking the difference these results.
T able 4 . 3 . 1
Annualized growth in GDP pc

5 year panels 10 year panels
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Ranking of GCI -0.00007* -0.00004 -0.00023 -0.00005
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Ranking of ECI -0.00009*** -0.00007*** -0.00064*** -0.00060***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial income per capita, logs -0.00231*** -0.00092*** -0.00180*** -0.01384*** -0.00439* -0.01200***
(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.004) (0.002) (0.003)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.00709 0.00077 0.00578 0.09135* 0.04545 0.08814*
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.008) (0.009) (0.008)
(0.048) (0.049) (0.045)
Constant 0.02744*** 0.01181*** 0.02059*** 0.17473*** 0.06694*** 0.15084***
(0.006) (0.003) (0.004) (0.044) (0.025) (0.030)
Observations 104 104 104 83 83 83
Adjusted R2 0.255 0.123 0.204 0.233 0.074 0.228
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

SECTION 5
How Does Economic Complexity Evolve?
S
o economic complexity seems to matter: it capability to refrigerate and transport fresh produce would
affects a country’s level of income per capita not get any traction because they would still need to certify
and drives its future growth. It is also dis- their produce and get through customs fairly quickly. Yet, the
tinct from what is captured by measures of systems that provide these services are not in place.
human capital, governance and competi- It follows then that new capabilities will be more easily ac-
tiveness. But how does complexity evolve? cumulated if they can be combined with others that already
How do societies increase the amount of exist. This reduces the need to coordinate the accumulation
productive knowledge embedded in them? of several new capabilities simultaneously. In our example,
What limits the speed of this process? And if only the green lane at the customs service was missing, it
why does it happen in some places but not in others? would be easier to develop the fresh produce export industry.
Again, in our interpretation, the complexity of a country’s For this reason, countries are more likely to move into
economy reflects the amount of productive knowledge it products that make use of the capabilities that are already
contains. This knowledge is costly to acquire and transfer, available. These capabilities are available, however, because
and is modularized into chunks we call capabilities. Capa- they are being used to make other products. An implica-
bilities are difficult to accumulate because doing so creates tion of this is that a country will diversify by moving from
a complicated chicken and egg problem. On the one hand, the products they already produce to others that require a
countries cannot create products that require capabilities similar set of embedded knowledge. Arguably, it is easier to
they do not have. On the other hand, there are scant incen- move from shirts to blouses than it is to move from shirts to
tives to accumulate capabilities in places where the indus- engines. This is because, in terms of embedded knowledge,
tries that demand them do not exist. This is particularly shirts are more similar to blouses than to engines. A test-
true when the missing capabilities required by a potential able implication of this logic is that countries will move into
new industry are many. In this case, supplying any single products that are similar, in terms of the capabilities they
missing capability will not be enough to launch the new in- require, to the ones they already make.
dustry, given the absence of the other required capabilities. Measuring the similarity in the capability requirements of
In a world in which capabilities are complementary, new different products is not simple. Identifying the precise tech-
capabilities risk not being demanded simply because other nical and institutional requirements of each product would
capabilities are not present. involve collecting a mindboggling volume of information.
Consider the following example. A country that does not Instead, here we measure similarity using a simple trick. If
export fresh produce probably does not have either a cold- shirts require knowledge that is similar to that required by
storage logistic chain, an expedited green lane at the customs blouses, but different from that required by engines, then
service, or a food safety certification system. All are needed by the probability that a country exporting shirts will also ex-
potential produce exporters. Investors planning to provide the port blouses will be higher than the probability that it will
F igure 5 . 1 :
The product space.
Cotton/rice/soy & others

Constr. matl. & eqpt.
Chemicals & health
Beer/Spirits & cigs.

Cereals & veg. oils
Inor. salts & acids
Misc. Agriculture
Textile & Fabrics

Other Chemicals
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Petrochemicals
Metal products
Agrochemicals
Tropical agric.
Fish & Seafood
Not classified
Home & office
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Pulp & paper
Electronics
Meat & eggs

Machinery
Garments
Aircraft
Tobacco
Leather
Boilers
Mining
Ships
Fruit
Coal
Oil
also export engines. So the probability that a pair of products uisite capabilities. If this is the case, then countries that al-
is co-exported carries information about how similar these ready have what it takes to make one product will find it
products are. We use this idea to measure the proximity be- relatively easy to move to the next ones. A highly connected
tween all pairs of products in our dataset (see Technical Box product space, therefore, makes the problem of growing the
5.1 on Measuring Proximity). The collection of all proximities complexity of an economy easier. Conversely, a sparsely
is a network connecting pairs of products that are signifi- connected product space makes it harder.
cantly likely to be co-exported by many countries. We refer Once again, a metaphor may help to clarify these ideas.
to this network as the product space and use it to study the Imagine that the product space is a forest, where every prod-
productive structure of countries. uct is a tree. Trees that require similar capabilities are near
We care about the structure of the product space because each other in the forest. Distant trees require very different
it affects the ability of countries to move into new products. capabilities. If countries are a collection of firms that make
Products that are tightly connected share most of the req- different products, we can think of firms as monkeys that live
F igure 5 . 2 :
The product space revisited. The same as Figure 5.1 but with node sizes proportional to the Product Complexity Index (PCI).
on trees, meaning that they exploit certain products. Coun- The visualization reveals that the product space is highly
tries differ in the number and location of their monkeys in heterogeneous. Some sections of it are composed of densely
this common forest. The development process, which implies connected groups of products whereas others tend to be
increasing product diversity and complexity, is akin to mon- more peripheral and sparse.
keys colonizing the forest, occupying more trees, and moving The product space shows that many goods group natu-
especially into the more complex or fruitier ones. rally into highly connected communities. This suggests that
When monkeys jump to nearby trees it minimizes the products in these communities use a similar set of capa-
chicken and egg problem of having to accumulate several bilities. We can identify communities because the products
missing capabilities at once. Furthermore, if trees are dense- that belong to them are more closely connected to each oth-
ly packed together it will be relatively easy for monkeys to er than to products outside of the community.Here, we use
move from tree to tree and populate the forest. But if trees network science algorithms to discover the communities of
are far apart, monkeys may be stuck in their current activi- products that are hidden in the data (see Technical Box 5.3 for
ties. If the product space is heterogeneous, there may be a discussion of the method). We use these communities to
some patches of highly related products, where adding ca- make the discussion of products more tractable. The nearly
pabilities and expanding into new products would be easier, 800 products in the SITC4 classification were grouped into
and other patches of more loosely connected products that 34 communities, which we identify by color in our visualiza-
make the process of capability accumulation and diversifi- tion of the product space (Figure 5.1). The names, complexity,
cation harder. market size and other characteristics of the communities
What is the shape of the product space we live in? Is it appear in Table 5.1.
a world in which the forest is dense or sparse? Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 shows a visualization of the product space that
shows a visualization of the product space constructed us- is similar to Figure 5.1, but where the size of the nodes is pro-
ing international trade data for the years 2006-2008. Here, portional to the complexity of products they represent, as
nodes represent products and their size is proportional to estimated by the Product Complexity Index (PCI). It shows
total world trade in that good. Links connect products with that communities tend to have similar levels of complexity.
a high probability of being co-exported (see Technical Box 5.2). Products in the Machinery, Electronics and Chemical com-
F igure 5 . 3 :
Community characteristics. Average complexity of the products in each community as a function of its connectedness. Bubble size is proportional
to the community’s participation in world trade.
1 Percentage of World Trade
Average Complexity
in each community
0 22% of WT
-1 6% of WT
2% of WT
-2
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Average Connectedness
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
munities tend to be much more complex than those in the how close that product is to other products the country al-
garments cluster or in peripheral communities such as Oil ready makes. So the location of a country in the product
and Tropical Agriculture. space captures information regarding both the productive
Figure 5.3 shows some of the network characteristics of knowledge that it possesses and the capacity to expand that
these communities. Connectedness is a measure of how cen- knowledge by moving into other nearby products. The abil-
trally located a community is in the product space. It is the ity of countries to diversify and to move into more complex
average proximity of a community’s products to all other products is crucially dependent on their initial location in
products, where proximity is the measure of distance be- the product space.
tween two products used to construct the product space. The product space gives us a glimpse of the embedded
The figure shows the average connectedness of the products knowledge of countries by highlighting the productive capa-
in each community and their average complexity estimated bilities they posses and the opportunities these imply.We can
by PCI. The figure reveals a positive relationship between evaluate a country’s overall position in the product space by
how centrally located the communities are in the product calculating how far it is to alternative products and how com-
space and how complex their products are. Poorly connected plex these products are. We call this measure opportunity value
communities such as petroleum, cotton, rice and soybeans and it can be thought of as the value of the option to move into
tend to be low in complexity. Machinery, by contrast, is very more and more complex products (see Technical Box 5.4).
complex and highly connected. Sectors such as garments, Figure 5.4 compares opportunity value with the Economic
textiles and food processing are, on the other hand, in an Complexity Index and income. It shows that countries with
intermediate position, being connected but not very sophis- low levels of complexity tend to have few opportunities avail-
ticated. Electronics and health-related chemicals, however, able. This is because the products they do create tend to be
are also very complex but not as connected as machinery. peripheral in the product space. Complex economies tend to
This suggests they use specific capabilities relevant within have few remaining opportunities because they already oc-
their communities but not outside of them. cupy a large fraction of the better part of the product space.
Previous research has shown that the probability that Countries with an intermediate level of complexity, on the
a country will make a new product is strongly related to other hand, differ largely in their opportunity value. Some
F igure 5 . 4 :
Opportunity Value as a function of the Economic Complexity Index and GDP per capita.
7 7
IND IND
6 6
5 5
GRC
Opportunity Value
Opportunity Value
GRC
4 BGR BGR
IDN TUR 4 TUR
LTU
SRB IDN LTU
EGY SRB EGY BRA
BRA LBN PRT EST
EST PRT
LVA UKR CHN UKR CHN
LBN
LVA CAN
3 VNM ARG CAN
ESP NLD 3 ESP NLD
THA ROU BEL VNM BEL
ZAF HRV THA ZAF ARG ROU
TZA COL TUN BIH BLR HUN GBR FIN BIH BLR HR
GBR
FIN
GTM POL MEX POL MEX
KOR SGP TZA ALB TUN COL KOR ISR SGP
NZL PAN ISR HUN
KEN ALB JOR SVK KEN GTM JOR SVK NZL DNK
2 UGA SEN MYS HKG DNK CHE MYS PAN
CRI 2 HKG CHE
PAK SYR URY MDA UGA SEN PAK CRI URY
KGZ SLV SVN SLV SVN IRL
AUS RUS IRL KGZ MDA SYR
LKA LKA MAR RUS AUS
HND MAR
DOM MKD NOR HND
MKD DOM
PER SWE JPN PER NOR
MDG MUS JPN
1 KAZ NAM 1 MDG MUS SWE
GEO PHL NAM
NIC CHL PHL NIC GEO KAZ
PRY ARE USA CHL
CIV
GHA ETHUZB ZWE TTOJAM ITA ZWE CIV PRY ITA ARE USA
DZA LBR LAO ECU TTO
SAU CZE ETH GHA LAO UZB JAM
BOL
NGA LBY MLI MOZ BGD QAT LBR ECU IRN SAU QAT
0 AG0 MWI MOZ BGD BOL CZE
GIN ZMB OMN CUB FRA 0 MLI NGA
CUB OMN FRA
COG GAB YEM BWA TCD YEM MNG AGO DZA GAB BWA VEN LBY
TJK MWI ZMB GIN KHM COG TKM KWT
MRT CMR TKM VEN KHM TJK CMR AZE
SDN PNG AZEMNGIRN KWT AUT MRT SDN PNG
AUT
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 102 103 104 105
Economic Complexity Index GDP per capita [2008]
countries like Saudi Arabia, Jamaica and Chile, are located in total amount of productive knowledge embedded in them?
parts of the product space that imply few opportunities. Oth- Here we have shown that countries expand their produc-
ers, like India, Greece, Turkey, Brazil and Indonesia are located tive knowledge by moving into nearby goods. This increases
in parts of the product space where opportunities are plenti- the likelihood that the effort to accumulate any additional
ful. Figure 5.4 also shows that countries with similar incomes capability will be successful, as the complementary capa-
face dramatically different opportunities. bilities needed to make a new product are more likely to be
Finally, we illustrate how countries move through the prod- present in the production of the nearby goods.
uct space by looking at Ghana, Poland, Thailand and Turkey What limits the speed of this process? Since capabilities
(Figure 5.5). Here, square nodes with thick black outlines are are useful only when combined with others, the accumula-
used to indicate the products that each of these countries tion of capabilities is slowed down by the chicken and egg
was exporting at each point in time. In all cases we see that problem. New products may require capabilities that do not
new industries –new black squares– tend to lie close to the exist precisely because the other products that use them are
industries already present in these countries. The productive not present. Moreover, since capabilities are chunks of tacit
transformation undergone by Poland, Thailand and Turkey, knowledge, accumulating them is difficult even when there
however, look striking compared to that of Ghana. Thailand is demand for them, because the country does not have any
and Turkey, in particular, moved from mostly agricultural so- exemplars to copy.
cieties to manufacturing powerhouses during the 1975-2009 Most important, why does this process of development
period. Poland, also “exploded” towards the center of the prod- occur in some places, but not in others? There are many
uct space during the last two decades, becoming a manufac- answers to this question. Our approach adds an alternative
turer of most products in both the home and office and the answer by showing that a country’s position in the product
processed foods community and significantly increasing its space determines its opportunities to expand its produc-
participation in the production of machinery. These trans- tive knowledge and increase its level of economic complex-
formations imply an increase in embedded knowledge that ity. But the product space is highly heterogeneous, placing
is reflected in our Economic Complexity Index. Ultimately, countries in radically different settings. Ultimately, develop-
it is these transformations that underpinned the impressive ment is the expression of the total amount of productive
growth performance of these countries. knowledge that is embedded in a society. But the process by
We started this section asking several questions: How which this knowledge is accumulated has a structure that
does complexity evolve? And how do societies increase the we are only now starting to understand.
T able 5 . 1 :
C h aracteristics o f P roduct C ommu n ities
Number of Top 3 Countries by Export Top 3 Countries by Num-
Community Name Average PCI World Trade World Share
Products Volume ber of Products (RCA>1)
Machinery 2.54 125 4.4T 20.29% DEU, USA, JPN DEU, ITA, AUT
Electronics 2.25 52 3.6T 16.71% CHN, HKG, USA CHN, HKG, MYS
Oil -2.08 4 2.3T 10.49% SAU, RUS, NOR EGY, KAZ, DZA
Chemicals & Health 2.52 64 1.6T 7.47% USA, DEU, BEL USA, BEL, DEU
Other Chemicals 1.67 24 1.2T 5.49% DEU, USA, FRA DEU, ITA, ESP
Construction Materials & Equipment 0.77 44 1.1T 5.23% CHN, DEU, ITA CZE, POL, SVN
Mining -0.59 48 1.1T 5.01% AUS, USA, CHL CAN, AUS, KAZ
Garments -0.43 42 1.1T 4.63% CHN, HKG, ITA CHN, VNM, TUN
Food Processing -0.07 26 603B 2.74% DEU, ITA, USA SRB, ESP, BEL
Metal Products 0.76 17 496B 2.26% JPN, DEU, KOR ZAF, UKR, SVK
Aircraft 1.48 10 440B 2.00% FRA, DEU, GBR CAN, GBR, FRA
Not Classified 0.93 36 426B 1.94% USA, CHN, DEU CHN, FRA, GBR
Cereals & Vegetable Oils -0.34 21 295B 1.34% USA, BRA, ARG PRY, MDA, ARG
Home & Office 1.16 23 250B 1.14% CHN, CHE, USA CHN, PAN, PRT
Meat & Eggs 0.64 23 242B 1.10% USA, BRA, DEU FRA, BEL, POL
Ships 0.83 8 232B 1.05% KOR, CHN, JPN ROU, POL, HRV
Petrochemicals 1.22 5 220B 1.00% DEU, USA, BEL PRT, BEL, FRA
Boilers 1.56 14 193B 0.88% CHN, DEU, JPN CHN, TUR, KOR
Fish & Seafood -1.23 11 191B 0.87% CHN, NOR, THA CHL, NAM, SYC
Textile & Fabrics 0.18 32 189B 0.86% CHN, ITA, HKG CHN, TUR, IND
Tropical Agriculture -1.95 16 190B 0.86% IDN, NLD, MYS IDN, CIV, CRI
Coal 0.21 6 183B 0.83% AUS, IDN, RUS CZE, COL, RUS
Misc Agriculture -0.79 22 170B 0.78% BRA, DEU, FRA ESP, TZA, NIC
Precious Stones 0.02 4 170B 0.77% IND, ISR, BEL GBR, LBN, LKA
Pulp & Paper 1.77 11 148B 0.67% USA, CAN, SWE SWE, FIN, CAN
Agrochemicals 0.40 13 141B 0.64% DEU, USA, CAN BEL, JOR, DEU
Milk & Cheese 1.14 7 134B 0.61% DEU, FRA, NLD NLD, BLR, LTU
Beer, Spirits & Cigarettes 0.07 6 124B 0.57% GBR, NLD, DEU JAM, BEL, NLD
Inorganic Salts & Acids -0.22 10 117B 0.53% USA, CHN, DEU ISR, JOR, USA
Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others -2.25 18 96B 0.44% USA, IND, THA TZA, MOZ, GRC
Tobacco -1.46 6 64B 0.29% DEU, NLD, BRA PHL, GRC, SEN
Leather -0.85 14 53B 0.24% ITA, USA, HKG ALB, SOM, ESP
Fruit -0.58 4 45B 0.21% ESP, USA, CHL NLD, LBN, LTU
Animal Fibers -0.85 7 12B 0.06% AUS, CHN, ITA URY, NZL, ZAF
F igure 5 . 5 :
The evolution of Ghana, Poland, Thailand and Turkey in the product space: 1975, 1990 and 2009. Black boxes indicate the products in which these countries had RCA>1.
1975
ELECTRONICS
MACHINERY GHANA
AIRCRAFT
BOILERS
SHIPS
METAL PRODUCTS
CONSTR. MATL. & EQPT.
HOME & OFFICE
PULP & PAPER
CHEMICALS & HEALTH
AGROCHEMICALS POLAND
OTHER CHEMICALS
INOR. SALTS & ACIDS
PETROCHEMICALS
LEATHER
MILK & CHEESE
ANIMAL FIBERS
MEAT & EGGS
FISH & SEAFOOD
TROPICAL AGRIC.
THAILAND
CEREALS & VEG. OILS
COTTON/RICE/SOY & OTHERS
TOBACCO
FRUIT
MISC. AGRICULTURE
NOT CLASSIFIED
TEXTILE & FABRICS
GARMENTS
FOOD PROCESSING
BEER/SPIRITS & CIGS. TURKEY

PRECIOUS STONES
COAL
OIL
MINING
1990 2009
TECHN I CAL B OX 5 . 1 : M e a s u r i n g P r o x i m i t y
To make products you need chunks of embedded knowledge which we call stringent. For instance, in the year 2008, 17 countries exported wine, 24 ex-
capabilities. The capabilities needed to produce one good may or may not be ported grapes and 11 exported both, all with RCA>1. Then, the proximity between
useful in the production of other goods. Since we do not observe capabilities wines and grapes is 11/24=0.46. Note that we divide by 24 instead of 17 to mini-
directly, we create a measure that infers the similarity between the capabili- mize false positives. Formally, for a pair of goods and we define proximity as:
ties required by a pair of goods by looking at the probability that they are co-
exported. To quantify this similarity we assume that if two goods share most
of the requisite capabilities, the countries that export one will also export the
other. By the same token, goods that do not share many capabilities are less
likely to be co-exported.
Our measure is based on the conditional probability that a country that ex-
ports product will also export product (Figure 5.1.1). Since conditional prob-
abilities are not symmetric we take the minimum of the probability of exporting Where =1 if country exports product with RCA>1 and 0 otherwise. is
product , given and the reverse, to make the measure symmetric and more the ubiquity of product .
F igure 5 . 1 . 1 :
An illustrative example for the proximity measure.
X-RAY MACHINES MEDICAMENTS X-RAY MACHINES MEDICAMENTS

P=1
NETHERLANDS (NLD)
P = 1/2 P = 1/3
CHEESE CREAMS AND POLISHES FROZEN FISH CHEESE FROZEN FISH

CREAMS AND POLISHES
ARGENTINA (ARG) GHANA (GHA)
T e c h n i c a l B o x 5 . 2 : Vi s u a l i z i n g t h e P r o d u c t S p a c e
To visualize the product space we use some simple design criteria. First, we and only if they connect an isolated product. By definition, the MST includes all
want the visualization of the product space to be a connected network. By this, products, but the number of links is the minimum possible.
we mean avoiding islands of isolated products. The second criteria is that we The second step is to add the strongest connections that were not selected
want the network visualization to be relatively sparse. Trying to visualize too for the MST. In this visualization we included the first 1,006 connections sat-
many links can create unnecessary visual complexity where the most relevant isfying our criterion. By definition a spanning tree for 774 nodes contains 773
connections will be occluded. This criteria is achieved by creating a visualiza- edges. With the additional 1,006 connections we end up with 1,779 edges and
tion in which the average number of links per node is not larger than 5 and re- an average degree of nearly 4.6.
sults in a representation that can summarize the structure of the product space After selecting the links using the above mentioned criteria we build a visu-
using the strongest 1% of the links. alization using a Force-Directed layout algorithm. In this algorithm nodes repel
To make sure the visualization of the product space is connected, we calcu- each other, just like electric charges, while edges act as spring trying to bring
late the maximum spanning tree (MST) of the proximity matrix. MST is the set connected nodes together. This helps to create a visualization in which densely
of links that connects all the nodes in the network using a minimum number connected sets of nodes are put together while nodes that are not connected
of connections and the maximum possible sum of proximities. We calculated are pushed apart.
the MST using Kruskal’s algorithm. Basically the algorithm sorts the values of Finally, we manually clean up the layout to minimize edge crossings and pro-
the proximity matrix in descending order and then includes links in the MST if vide the most clearly representation possible.
T e c h n i c a l B OX 5 . 3 : I d e n t i f y i n g P r o d u c t C o m m u n i t i e s
In network science, groups of highly interconnected nodes are known as

communities. In the Product Space, communities represent groups of products
that are likely to require many of the same capabilities.
F igure 5 . 3 . 1 :
We assign products to communities using the algorithm introduced by Ros-
vall and Bergstrom (2008). This algorithm finds communities using a two step Community quality for five different ways of grouping products.
process. First, it explores the network using a collection of random walkers. The
intuition behind this first step is that nodes belonging to the same community
are more likely to lie close by in the sequence of nodes visited by a random
walker. For instance, take photographic film, photographic chemicals and sili-
cones. These are three products that are interconnected and belong to a dense-
ly connected region of the product space. Hence, the random walker is much 2.0 1.94
more likely to go through the sequences {silicones, photographic chemicals,
photographic film} or {photographic film, silicones, photographic chemicals}
than {photographic film, grapes, blouses}. The emergence of these sequences
indicates that photographic film, photographic chemicals and silicones, prob-
ably belong to the same community. After several iterations of random walks
have been recorded, the algorithm tries to compresses these sequences by 1.5
1.36 1.39
looking for ways to rename nodes and minimize the amount of space required 1.34
to store information about these sequences. For instance, if silicones, photo-
graphic films, and photographic chemicals are grouped into a community called
Community Quality
photographic materials this would allow compressing the sequence by replac-

ing each time it appears by a reference to that community. The algorithm looks 1.0+0.005
for a compression that preserves as much information as possible. This avoids 1.0
the trivial solution in which all products are assigned to the same community.
The communities determined through this algorithm were manually named
and merged into 34 communities (see Table 5.1 for details).
We compare the ability of these communities to summarize the structure of
the product space by introducing a measure of community quality. This is the
ratio between the average proximity of the links within a community, and those 0.5
connecting products from that community to products in other communities.
To get a sense of the community quality we compare our assignment of prod-
ucts into communities with a baseline null model and three popular categoriza-
tions. The baseline null model is given by an ensemble of communities of the
same size, where nodes have been assigned to each community at random. In
this case, the average strength of the links within communities is equal to the 0.0
Random
SITC-1
Lall
Leamer
Communities
average strength of links between communities, and the community quality is 1.

The three categorizations we use as comparators are: the first digit of the Stan-
dard International Trade Classification, the categories introduced by Leamer
(1984) -based on factor intensities- and the technology categories introduced
by Lall (2000). All three classifications produce values of the community qual-
ity between 1.3 and 1.4, indicating that links within communities tend to be, on
average, 30% to 40% stronger than those between communities. The communi-
ties we propose here have a community quality value of 1.94, indicating that the
links between nodes in the same community are, on average, 94% stronger than
those connecting nodes between communities (Figure 5.3.1). The difference in
community quality of our proposed community system and that of the three al-
ternative categorizations is highly statistically significant with a -value<1x10-30.
TECHN I CAL B OX 5 . 4 : U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e P o s i t i o n o f C o u n t r i e s i n t h e
P r o d u c t S p a c e : Di s t a n c e , O p p o r t u n i t y V a l u e a n d O p p o r t u n i t y G a i n
Empirically, we find that countries move through the product space by deve- are. We can think of this as the value of the option to move into other products.
loping goods close to those they currently produce. But countries do not make Hence, to quantify the “opportunity value” of a country’s unexploited pros-
just one product; they make a certain number. Proximity measures the simila- pects we can add the level of complexity of the products that it is not currently
rity between a pair of products, so we need another measure to quantify the weighted by how close these products are to the country’s current export suite.
distance between the products that a country makes and each of the products We can write this mathematically as:
that it does not. We call this measure distance and define it as the sum of the
proximities connecting a new good p to all the products that country is not cu-
rrently exporting. We normalize distance by dividing it by the sum of proximities
between all products and product . In other words, distance is the weighted
proportion of products connected to good p that country c is not exporting. The
weights are given by proximities. If country exports most of the goods connec-
ted to product , then the distance will be short, close to 0. But, if country only
exports a small proportion of the products that are related to product , then the
distance will be large (close to 1). Formally, Where PCI is the Product Complexity Index of product . The term
makes sure that we count only the products that the country is not currently
producing. Higher opportunity value implies being in the vicinity of more pro-
ducts and/or of products that are more complex.
We can use opportunity value to calculate the potential benefit to a country
if it were to move to a particular new product. We call this the “opportunity
gain” that country c would obtain from making product . This is calculated as
the change in opportunity value that would come as a consequence of develo-
Distance gives us an idea of how far each product is given a country’s cu- ping product . Opportunity gain quantifies the contribution of a new product in
rrent mix of exports. Yet, it would be useful to have a holistic measure of the terms of opening up the doors to more and more complex products. Formally, we
opportunities implied by a country’s position in the product space. Countries can write the opportunity gain as:
that make products that are relatively complex, given their current level of inco-
me, tend to grow faster. Hence, it makes sense to include not only the distance
to products, but also their complexity. Some countries may be located near few,
poorly connected and relatively simple products, while others may have a rich
unexploited neighborhood of highly connected or complex products. This means
that countries differ not just in what they make but in what their opportunities
How Can This Atlas Be Used?
SECTION 6
I
n recent years there has been an explosion in the ventions will lead an entity to improve its performance on
use of indexes to rank countries, corporations, cit- the index.
ies and other entities in terms of a myriad of in- With respect to the latter question, indexes differ in how
dicators. We have the Human Development Index, clearly they map to a plan of action. At one extreme, the
put together by the United Nations Development World Bank’s Doing Business Index is based on the statutory
Program (UNDP), the Freedom House’s Freedom In- requirements to perform certain functions such as register-
dex, the World Bank’s Doing Business, Investment ing and closing a business or obtaining a license. Here the
Climate Assessment and Governance indexes, the course of action is clear: change the statutes in a direction
World Economic Forum’s Competitiveness, Gender that would improve the re-calculated index. However, in
Gap and Trade Facilitation indexes, the OECD’s Programme other cases, such as improving rule of law, educational qual-
for International Student Assessment (PISA), the credit rat- ity, gender equality, the control of corruption or competitive-
ings of governments and corporations put together by Stan- ness, the mapping is not so clear. It is hard to know precisely
dard & Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch, and the Quality of De- which changes in current practice would be reflected in bet-
velopment Assistance published by the Center for Global ter performance. This is a general problem in many areas
Development. where the relationship between action and performance is
The popularity and usefulness of these efforts reflect the complex. Should schools reduce class size, improve teacher
fact that they provide feedback about the relative perfor- training, increase nutritional assistance or implement stan-
mance of an entity on dimensions that societies find impor- dardized exams in order to improve educational quality?
tant and that the publishers want to highlight. The indexes Should societies get more policemen, revamp the judicial
may help the rated entities to evolve towards better out- system, encourage press freedom, revise their gun laws or
comes by benchmarking current performance, vis-a-vis the confront organized crime in order to improve rule of law?
best achievers, and by encouraging learning through imita- The best humans have been able to do is to emulate some
tion and experimentation around best practices. of the features of the best performers in the hopes that the
Here it may be useful to distinguish between the two roles elements that were selected for imitation may prove cru-
of any indicator. The first one is as a measure and the second cial to the achievement of better outcomes. If they do, this
one is as a guide to action. As a measure, the critical ques- will hopefully be reflected in future measures of the index. If
tion is whether the index is able to adequately represent the they do not, other actions will be tried until the action taken
information that one wants to capture, whether it is free- is consistently followed by a change in the desired direction.
dom, human development, solvency, business environment, In our case, the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is based
governance, educational quality or, in our case, productive on the number and the complexity of the products that a
knowledge. As a guide to action the question is what inter- country exports with comparative advantage. Empirically,
countries that do well in this index, given their income lev- ing for a new location or looking to diversify into a new
el, tend to achieve higher levels of economic growth. The product. These maps carry information about the produc-
ability to successfully export new products is a reflection tive capabilities that are present in a given country and the
of the fact that the country has acquired new productive degree to which these capabilities are relevant to support a
knowledge that will then open up further opportunities for particular new industry.
progress. What a country needs to do to achieve this will be A map does not tell people where to go, but it does help
highly specific to the context of the country and the prod- them determine their destination and chart their journey to-
uct. Better seeds could cause an agricultural revolution; im- wards it. A map empowers by describing opportunities that
proved infrastructure could open up new possibilities for would not be obvious in the absence of it. If the secret to
light manufactures; clarifying property rights and human development is the accumulation of productive knowledge,
subject regulations may allow for participation in pharma- at a societal rather than individual level, then the process
ceutical research; changing the responsiveness of training necessarily requires the involvement of many explorers, not
institutions to the needs of new sectors may unleash their just a few planners. This is why the maps we provide in this
growth; etc. Atlas are intended for everyone to use.
The Economic Complexity Index is not easy to manipu-
late through a narrow set of decisions. Ultimately, countries
improve on the index by being able to increase the number
of different activities they can successfully engage in and by
moving towards activities that are more complex. The policy
message for most countries is clear: create an environment
where a greater diversity of productive activities can thrive
and, in particular, activities that are relatively more com-
plex. Countries are more likely to succeed in this agenda if
they focus on products that are close to their current set of
productive capabilities, as this would facilitate the identi-
fication and provision of the missing capabilities. The ECI
therefore, is accompanied by maps that help chart the op-
portunities and rewards available for each country. These
are maps that are specific to each country and do not repre-
sent one-size-fits-all development advice.
These maps, however, could also be used by firms search-
Which Countries Are Included in This Atlas?
SEC T I O N 7
C
ountries are highly heterogeneous. When it limit ourselves only to the set of countries for which there
comes to the size of their population, terri- is product-level trade data available in the UN COMTRADE
tory, income and economy, countries differ and income data available for 2008. Second, we only use
by orders of magnitude. When it comes to data on countries with a population above 1,200,000. Third,
land, Russia is 1,000 times larger than Ku- we only consider countries that exported at least 1 billion
wait. When it comes to population, China is dollars per year, on average, between 2006 and 2008. Finally
more than 600 times more populous than we remove from this sample Iraq, Macau and Chad, three
Slovenia. When it comes to Gross Domes- countries with severe data quality issues (Figure 7.1).
tic Product, the United States is more than
1,300 times larger than Namibia. All of these are countries
that made it into this Atlas, illustrating the large cross sec-
tion of the world captured in this book.
F igure 7. 1 :
Products also differ enormously in terms of their world
Schematic of the procedure used to determine the countries that were included
market size. Depending on the year, crude oil represents five in the Atlas.
to ten percent of world trade while goat skins represent less
than one part in one hundred thousand of world trade. To
make countries and products comparable we control for the
size of the country and of the product by calculating their All countries
Revealed Comparative Advantage (see Technical Box 2.2). This
with GDP and Export information
means that large and small countries and products with big
and small markets count the same as far as our method is 185 countries
concerned. Moreover, the data of each country affects the
calculations of all others so including data that is noisy or Population above 1,200,000
unreliable greatly affects the integrity of our calculations. 147 countries

Countries that are too small in terms of their export base,
such as Tuvalu or Vanuatu, or with data that is highly un- Trade above $1 Billion
reliable or not adequately classified, do not provide us with 131 countries
a sufficiently broad sample to infer their structure. This is
why we restrict the analysis to 128 countries, which account Reliable Data (excluding
Iraq, Chad and Macau)
for 99% of world trade, 97% of the world’s total GDP and 95%
of the world’s population. 128 countries
To generate this list we used a variety of criteria. First, we
PA R T 2 COMPLEXITY RANKINGS
In this part we present five different rankings. These rankings sort countries according to:
Ranking 1: Economic Ranking 2: Expected Ranking 3: Expected GDP Ranking 4: Change in Ranking 5: Expected
Complexity Index (ECI). Growth in Per Capita GDP Growth to 2020. Economic Complexity (1964- Contribution to World GDP
to 2020. 2008). Growth to 2020.
Each of these five rankings captures a different aspect of the world economy. This is well illustrated by the five countries that make it to the top of each ranking.
According to the aforementioned ranking order, these are: Japan, China, Uganda, Mauritius and The United States. The heterogeneity of this group shows the wide
range of dimensions that are captured by these five different rankings (Table 1). Next, we comment each one of them briefly, and invite readers to explore them by
themselves.
TABLE 1
Correlations between the five different rankings. The low correlations between the rankings indicate that these tend to capture
different dimensions of the world economy.
R2: Per capita Growth Potential R3: Total Growth R4: Change in Complexity R5: Contribution to World GDP
R1: Economic Complexity 0.45 -0.22 0.17 0.58
R2: Per capita Growth Potential 0.54 0.57 0.09
R3: Total Growth 0.54 -0.13
R4: Change in Complexity -0.09

RANKING 1:
ranking 1 shows the Economic Complexity ranking. Here by region:

countries are sorted based on the amount of productive knowl- By region, the most complex economies in Eastern Europe
edge that is implied in their export structures (see Part 1, Section and Central Asia are the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hun-
2: How do we measure economic complexity?). The countries in gary, while the worst performing ones are Tajikistan, Turk-
the top ten of this ranking are Japan, Germany, Switzerland, menistan and Azerbaijan. In Latin America and the Carib-
Sweden, Austria, Finland, Singapore, Czech Republic, the UK bean the best performers are Mexico (ranked 20), Panama
and Slovenia. Immediately after the top 10 we have France, (30) and Costa Rica (49); Brazil ranks fourth (52 in the world-
Korea and the US. Of the top 20 countries, half are in Western wide scale) followed by Colombia (54). The worst performers
Europe, 3 are in East Asia, and surprisingly 4 are in Eastern are Ecuador (93), Nicaragua (97), Bolivia (101) and Venezuela
Europe. Israel and Mexico close the list of the top 20. These are (111). In East Asia and the Pacific, the best performers are Ja-
countries with productive structures that are able to hold vast pan (1), Singapore (7) and Korea (12), followed by Hong Kong
amounts of productive knowledge, and that manufacture and (24), China (29) and Thailand (31). The worst performers are
export a large number of sophisticated goods. At the bottom of Lao (102), Mongolia (113) and Papua New Guinea (124).
the economic complexity ranking we have Papua New Guinea, In South Asia, the best performing country is India (51)
The Republic of Congo, Sudan, Angola and Mauritania. Figure 1 followed by Sri Lanka (71) and Pakistan (82). The list is closed
illustrates the relative levels of economic complexity of coun- by Bangladesh (103).
tries in Ranking 1 by plotting ECI as a function of a country’s Finally, In Sub-Saharan Africa the most complex econo-
current level of GDP per capita. In Map 1, countries are color mies are South Africa (55), Namibia (72), Kenya (73), Senegal
coded according to their position in ranking 1. (74) and Mauritius (77). The worst performers are Guinea
Interestingly the least complex countries in Western Eu- (123), the Republic of Congo (125), Sudan (126), Angola (127)
rope are Portugal (35) and Greece (53), two countries whose and Mauritania (128). We note that many African countries
high income cannot be explained by either their complexity are not in the rank because they did not satisfy our data filter-
or their natural resource wealth. We do not think that this is ing criteria (see Part 1, Section 7: Which countries are in the Atlas?).
unrelated to their present difficulties: their current income In the Middle East and North Africa, the best perform-
has been propped up by massive capital inflows and, as these ers are Israel (19), Lebanon (44), Jordan (45), Tunisia (47) and
decline to more sustainable levels, the internal weaknesses Egypt (53). The worst performers are Kuwait (116), Iran (118)
come to the fore. The ECI, however, illustrates clearly how and Libya (119), where the overwhelming presence of oil indi-
these mismatches can be identified from the data. cates a narrow base of productive knowledge.
RANKING 1. ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX
REGIONAL
RANK ECI RANK INCOME INCOME 2009
ECI COUNTRY NAME ISO CODE ECI 2008 REGION
COMPLEXITY (2008) 2009 [USD] [USD]
RANKING
1 1/16 JAPAN JPN 2.316 17 39,738 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
2 1/16 GERMANY DEU 1.985 16 40,670 WESTERN EUROPE
3 2/16 SWITZERLAND CHE 1.935 3 63,629 WESTERN EUROPE
4 3/16 SWEDEN SWE 1.859 13 43,654 WESTERN EUROPE
5 4/16 AUSTRIA AUT 1.807 10 45,562 WESTERN EUROPE
6 5/16 FINLAND FIN 1.715 11 44,581 WESTERN EUROPE
7 2/16 SINGAPORE SGP 1.639 19 36,537 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
8 1/27 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 1.628 29 18,139 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
9 6/16 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.558 20 35,165 WESTERN EUROPE
10 2/27 SLOVENIA SVN 1.523 27 23,726 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
11 7/16 FRANCE FRA 1.473 15 41,051 WESTERN EUROPE
12 3/16 KOREA, REP. KOR 1.469 30 17,078 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
13 1/2 UNITED STATES USA 1.447 9 45,989 NORTH AMERICA
14 3/27 HUNGARY HUN 1.430 37 12,868 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
15 4/27 SLOVAK REPUBLIC SVK 1.379 32 16,176 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
16 8/16 ITALY ITA 1.308 21 35,084 WESTERN EUROPE
17 9/16 DENMARK DNK 1.267 4 55,992 WESTERN EUROPE
18 10/16 IRELAND IRL 1.231 6 51,049 WESTERN EUROPE
19 1/16 ISRAEL ISR 1.164 26 26,256 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
20 1/21 MEXICO MEX 1.145 49 8,143 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
21 5/27 BELARUS BLR 1.116 64 5,075 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
22 11/16 BELGIUM BEL 1.085 12 43,671 WESTERN EUROPE
23 12/16 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.044 8 47,917 WESTERN EUROPE
24 4/16 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HKG 1.023 23 30,065 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
25 6/27 POLAND POL 1.020 40 11,273 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
26 7/27 CROATIA HRV 0.989 36 14,222 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
27 8/27 ROMANIA ROU 0.936 52 7,500 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
28 13/16 SPAIN ESP 0.933 22 31,774 WESTERN EUROPE
29 5/16 CHINA CHN 0.894 81 3,744 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
30 2/21 PANAMA PAN 0.831 54 7,155 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
31 6/16 THAILAND THA 0.814 78 3,893 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
32 9/27 ESTONIA EST 0.791 35 14,238 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
33 14/16 NORWAY NOR 0.777 1 79,089 WESTERN EUROPE
34 7/16 MALAYSIA MYS 0.759 55 7,030 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
35 15/16 PORTUGAL PRT 0.696 28 21,903 WESTERN EUROPE
36 10/27 LITHUANIA LTU 0.683 41 11,141 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
37 11/27 SERBIA SRB 0.644 60 5,872 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
38 12/27 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BIH 0.597 68 4,525 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
39 13/27 LATVIA LVA 0.594 38 11,616 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
40 14/27 BULGARIA BGR 0.587 57 6,423 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
41 2/2 CANADA CAN 0.571 18 39,599 NORTH AMERICA
42 15/27 UKRAINE UKR 0.559 87 2,468 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
43 16/27 TURKEY TUR 0.444 47 8,215 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
REGIONAL
RANKING
44 2/16 LEBANON LBN 0.403 48 8,175 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
45 3/16 JORDAN JOR 0.325 73 4,216 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
46 17/27 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS 0.324 45 8,684 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
47 4/16 TUNISIA TUN 0.294 80 3,792 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
48 8/16 NEW ZEALAND NZL 0.287 24 29,352 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
49 3/21 COSTA RICA CRI 0.278 58 6,386 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
50 18/27 MOLDOVA MDA 0.266 97 1,516 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
51 1/4 INDIA IND 0.247 99 1,192 SOUTH ASIA
52 4/21 BRAZIL BRA 0.244 46 8,230 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
53 16/16 GREECE GRC 0.214 25 29,240 WESTERN EUROPE
54 5/21 COLOMBIA COL 0.200 63 5,126 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
55 1/26 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.131 61 5,786 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
56 6/21 URUGUAY URY 0.109 44 9,420 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
57 7/21 ARGENTINA ARG 0.106 50 7,626 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
58 19/27 ALBANIA ALB 0.087 79 3,808 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
59 9/16 PHILIPPINES PHL 0.032 95 1,752 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
60 8/21 EL SALVADOR SLV 0.026 82 3,424 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
61 10/16 INDONESIA IDN -0.007 89 2,349 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
62 20/27 MACEDONIA, FYR MKD -0.018 69 4,515 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
63 5/16 EGYPT, ARAB REP. EGY -0.021 90 2,270 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
64 9/21 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.064 66 4,637 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
65 10/21 GUATEMALA GTM -0.099 84 2,661 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
66 6/16 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE -0.106 7 50,070 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
67 11/16 VIETNAM VNM -0.181 105 1,113 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
68 7/16 SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.201 34 14,799 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
69 21/27 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC KGZ -0.240 114 860 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
70 22/27 GEORGIA GEO -0.263 88 2,449 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
71 2/4 SRI LANKA LKA -0.265 92 2,068 SOUTH ASIA
72 2/26 NAMIBIA NAM -0.271 72 4,267 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
73 3/26 KENYA KEN -0.276 115 738 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
74 4/26 SENEGAL SEN -0.287 109 1,023 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
75 8/16 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC SYR -0.290 86 2,474 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
76 11/21 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.306 33 15,841 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
77 5/26 MAURITIUS MUS -0.307 56 6,735 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
78 12/21 CHILE CHL -0.312 43 9,644 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
79 12/16 AUSTRALIA AUS -0.321 14 42,279 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
80 6/26 ZIMBABWE ZWE -0.327 122 449 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
81 13/21 JAMAICA JAM -0.343 70 4,471 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
82 3/4 PAKISTAN PAK -0.398 111 955 SOUTH ASIA
83 9/16 MOROCCO MAR -0.400 83 2,811 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
84 14/21 CUBA CUB -0.426 62 5,596 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
85 10/16 QATAR QAT -0.438 2 69,754 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
86 15/21 PARAGUAY PRY -0.474 91 2,242 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
REGIONAL
RANKING
87 7/26 UGANDA UGA -0.488 121 490 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
88 16/21 HONDURAS HND -0.518 93 1,918 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
89 17/21 PERU PER -0.576 71 4,469 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
90 8/26 MADAGASCAR MDG -0.594 123 438 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
91 11/16 OMAN OMN -0.604 31 16,207 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
92 23/27 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.608 53 7,257 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
93 18/21 ECUADOR ECU -0.619 74 4,202 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
94 9/26 BOTSWANA BWA -0.620 59 6,064 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
95 10/26 TANZANIA TZA -0.637 120 503 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
96 24/27 UZBEKISTAN UZB -0.658 101 1,156 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
97 19/21 NICARAGUA NIC -0.661 108 1,069 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
98 13/16 CAMBODIA KHM -0.702 117 706 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
99 11/26 CÔTE D'IVOIRE CIV -0.868 106 1,106 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
100 12/26 GHANA GHA -0.868 107 1,098 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
101 20/21 BOLIVIA BOL -0.879 94 1,758 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
102 14/16 LAO PDR LAO -0.880 112 940 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
103 4/4 BANGLADESH BGD -0.887 119 551 SOUTH ASIA
104 13/26 ETHIOPIA ETH -0.892 126 344 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
105 14/26 ZAMBIA ZMB -0.933 110 990 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
106 15/26 MALAWI MWI -1.024 127 310 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
107 12/16 YEMEN, REP. YEM -1.042 104 1,118 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
108 25/27 TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.054 116 716 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
109 16/26 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -1.077 124 428 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
110 17/26 MALI MLI -1.103 118 691 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
111 21/21 VENEZUELA, RB VEN -1.109 39 11,490 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
112 18/26 LIBERIA LBR -1.128 128 222 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
113 15/16 MONGOLIA MNG -1.166 96 1,573 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
114 13/16 ALGERIA DZA -1.213 76 4,029 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
115 26/27 TURKMENISTAN TKM -1.217 77 3,904 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
116 14/16 KUWAIT KWT -1.219 5 54,260 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
117 27/27 AZERBAIJAN AZE -1.223 65 4,899 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
118 15/16 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRN -1.229 67 4,540 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
119 16/16 LIBYA LBY -1.304 42 9,714 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
120 19/26 GABON GAB -1.364 51 7,502 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
121 20/26 CAMEROON CMR -1.403 102 1,136 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
122 21/26 NIGERIA NGA -1.418 103 1,118 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
123 22/26 GUINEA GIN -1.444 125 407 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
124 16/16 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -1.577 100 1,172 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
125 23/26 CONGO, REP. COG -1.707 85 2,601 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
126 24/26 SUDAN SDN -1.768 98 1,294 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
127 25/26 ANGOLA AGO -1.793 75 4,081 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
128 26/26 MAURITANIA MRT -1.907 113 919 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
map 1 :
Countries are color coded according to their position in Ranking 1.
Rank
1 128
figure 1 :
Illustrates the relative levels of economic complexity of countries in Ranking 1 by plotting ECI as a function of a country’s current level of GDP per capita.
2.5
JPN
2 DEU
SWE
CHE
AUT
FIN
CZE SGP
GBR
1.5 HUN KOR
SVK
SVN FRA
USA
ITA DNK
IRL
Economic Complexity Index [2008]
BLR MEX ISR

BEL
1 CHN ROU
POL HRV HKG
ESP
NLD
THA PAN EST
MYS NOR
SRB LTU PRT
UKR BIH BGR LVA CAN
0.5 TUR
LBN
JOR CRI RUS NZL
IND MDA TUN BRA
COL GRC
ALB ZAF ARG URY
0 PHL IDN
EGY
GTM
SLV MKD
DOM ARE
VNM SAU
KGZ SEN LKA GEO NAM
ZWE KEN SYR JAM MUS CHL TTO AUS
PAK MAR CUB QAT
-0.5 MDG
UGA
TZA UZB
HND
PRY
PER
ECU BWA
KAZ OMN
KHM NIC
GHA
ETH BGD LAO CIV BOL
-1 LBR
MWI
MOZ TJK
MLI
ZMB
YEM
MNG DZA VEN
TKM AZE KWT
IRN LBY
CMR GAB
GIN
-1.5 NGA
PNG
COG
SDN AGO
MRT
-2 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10
RANKING 2:
Expected Growth in Per Capita GDP to 2020
ranking 2 sorts countries according to their expected an- extraction volumes of natural resource in the different coun-
nual per capita growth. Here countries are sorted accord- tries, so we will tend to underestimate growth in countries
ing to their per capita growth potential, which is estimated where natural resource production is expanding faster than
from the mismatch between a country’s current level of ag- population and overestimating it where it is falling.
gregate output (GDP per capita) and their level of economic
complexity (see Part 1, Section 3: Why is complexity important?). by region:
China, India and Thailand are at the top of this ranking, By region, the top performers in East Asia and the Pacific
since they are countries with economies that are remark- are China (1), Thailand (3), Philippines (11), Vietnam (12) and
ably complex, given their current level of income, and are Malaysia (20), while the worst performance is expected in
expected to catch up faster than other developing nations. New Zealand (93), Mongolia (107), Australia (114), and Papua
Next come Belarus, Moldova, Zimbabwe, Ukraine and Bos- New Guinea (123). In South Asia, India is the regional leader
nia-Herzegovina, five countries where the current level of (2), while Bangladesh is the laggard (65).
income is dramatically lower than what one would expect In the Middle East and North Africa, the expected leaders
given their productive capabilities. This ranking shows that in GDP per capita growth are Jordan (14), Egypt (18) and Tu-
the two regions of the world where the potential of per cap- nisia (19), while the laggards are Libya (120), Qatar (122) and
ita growth is higher are East Asia and Eastern Europe (Map Kuwait (124), three oil exporters that are dragged down by
2). At the bottom of this ranking we have Sudan, Angola and their low complexity and by our assumption that oil exports
Mauritania. These are developing countries where the com- per real terms will remain at 2008 levels.
plexity of their economies does not provide a basis for fu- In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the leaders in GDP
ture economic growth, and, where changes in income are per capita growth are expected to be Belarus (4), Moldova
dominated by fluctuations in the price and volume of natu- (5), Ukraine (7) and Bosnia (8). The laggards would be Kaza-
ral resource activities. Per capita growth potential as a func- khstan (98), Turkmenistan (109) and Azerbaijan (112), three
tion of GDP per capita is illustrated in Figure 2. low-complexity oil exporters. To the extent that they will
The projection presented here is driven mainly by the gap carry out their planned expansion in their oil exports, their
between the initial level of complexity of an economy and its growth performance will be better than we project.
level of income. Countries whose income level is low relative In Latin America the leaders are Panama (9), Mexico (10),
to their complexity will grow faster. The opposite occurs for El Salvador (31), Guatemala (35) and Colombia (36), while the
countries whose initial income is high, relative to their initial laggards are expected to be Chile (86), Bolivia (89), Trinidad
complexity. The projection requires an assumption about the and Tobago (103) and Venezuela (115), four exporters of natu-
evolution of natural resource exports. We assume that they ral resources. Brazil ranks 8th in the region and 48th in the
will remain constant in real terms at the high level achieved world in expected GDP per capita growth.
in 2008. We believe this hypothesis is reasonable on average, In Sub-Saharan Africa, the growth leaders are expected to
as commodity prices were unusually high in 2008. To the ex- be Zimbabwe (6), Kenya (13), Uganda (24) and Senegal (25),
tent that prices deviate from this assumption, so will growth. while the laggards are expected to be Sudan (126), Angola
We do not include information regarding the changes in the (127) and Mauritania (128).
RANKING 2. EXPECTED GROWTH IN PER CAPITA GDP TO 2020
Regional EXPECTED RANK

RANK EXP. GROWTH EXPECTED
Ranking EXP. ISO GROWTH INCOME INCOME 2009 RANK
GROWTH IN COUNTRY NAME IN GDP P/C INCOME REGION
Growth in CODE IN GDP P/C 2009 [USD] INCOME 2020
GDP P/C 1999-2009 2020 [USD]
GDP P/C 2009-2020 [USD]
1 1/16 CHINA CHN 4.32% 9.6% 81 3,744 70 5,962 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
2 1/4 INDIA IND 4.26% 5.6% 99 1,192 97 1,886 SOUTH ASIA
3 2/16 THAILAND THA 4.05% 3.1% 78 3,893 69 6,023 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
4 1/27 BELARUS BLR 3.99% 7.9% 64 5,075 61 7,806 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
5 2/27 MOLDOVA MDA 3.95% 4.8% 97 1,516 95 2,321 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
6 1/26 ZIMBABWE ZWE 3.79% -6.2% 123 449 122 676 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
7 3/27 UKRAINE UKR 3.73% 5.2% 87 2,468 84 3,694 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
8 4/27 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BIH 3.59% 4.1% 68 4,525 65 6,669 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
9 1/21 PANAMA PAN 3.58% 3.9% 54 7,155 51 10,529 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
10 2/21 MEXICO MEX 3.50% 0.8% 49 8,143 44 11,894 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
11 3/16 PHILIPPINES PHL 3.50% 2.6% 95 1,752 93 2,560 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
12 4/16 VIETNAM VNM 3.48% 6.0% 105 1,113 99 1,622 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
13 2/26 KENYA KEN 3.46% 0.9% 115 738 114 1,073 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
14 1/16 JORDAN JOR 3.42% 3.7% 73 4,216 68 6,101 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
15 5/27 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC KGZ 3.41% 3.7% 114 860 111 1,244 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
16 6/27 ROMANIA ROU 3.39% 4.9% 52 7,500 50 10,823 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
17 7/27 SERBIA SRB 3.38% 3.9% 60 5,872 58 8,467 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
18 2/16 EGYPT, ARAB REP. EGY 3.37% 2.9% 90 2,270 89 3,268 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
19 3/16 TUNISIA TUN 3.36% 3.6% 80 3,792 75 5,456 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
20 5/16 MALAYSIA MYS 3.32% 2.8% 55 7,030 53 10,071 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
21 6/16 INDONESIA IDN 3.32% 3.8% 89 2,349 86 3,363 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
22 8/27 HUNGARY HUN 3.31% 2.9% 37 12,868 36 18,420 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
23 9/27 BULGARIA BGR 3.30% 5.5% 57 6,423 54 9,178 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
24 3/26 UGANDA UGA 3.29% 3.7% 122 490 120 700 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
25 4/26 SENEGAL SEN 3.27% 1.3% 109 1,023 101 1,457 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
26 10/27 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 3.11% 3.1% 29 18,139 29 25,415 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
27 2/4 PAKISTAN PAK 3.11% 2.2% 111 955 107 1,336 SOUTH ASIA
28 7/16 KOREA, REP. KOR 3.09% 3.9% 30 17,078 30 23.866 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
29 11/27 SLOVAK REPUBLIC SVK 3.08% 4.4% 32 16,176 31 22,579 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
30 12/27 POLAND POL 3.07% 4.1% 40 11,273 38 15,727 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
31 3/21 EL SALVADOR SLV 3.06% 1.7% 82 3,424 79 4,770 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
32 13/27 ALBANIA ALB 3.05% 5.2% 79 3,808 76 5,302 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
33 4/16 LEBANON LBN 3.05% 3.3% 48 8,175 46 11,373 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
34 5/26 MADAGASCAR MDG 3.03% 0.2% 124 438 123 608 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
35 4/21 GUATEMALA GTM 3.02% 0.9% 84 2,661 85 3,693 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
36 5/21 COLOMBIA COL 3.02% 2.4% 63 5,126 64 7,107 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
37 3/4 SRI LANKA LKA 2.97% 4.1% 92 2,068 91 2,852 SOUTH ASIA
38 6/21 COSTA RICA CRI 2.97% 2.1% 58 6,386 56 8,807 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
39 6/26 TANZANIA TZA 2.93% 3.9% 121 503 121 691 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
40 14/27 CROATIA HRV 2.92% 3.5% 36 14,222 32 19,528 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
41 7/26 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 2.90% 2.2% 61 5,786 60 7,920 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
42 15/27 MACEDONIA, FYR MKD 2.84% 2.3% 69 4,515 67 6,141 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
43 16/27 TURKEY TUR 2.83% 2.3% 47 8,215 47 11,168 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA

GDP P/C 1999-2009 2020 [USD]
GDP P/C 2009-2020 [USD]
44 5/16 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC SYR 2.78% 1.4% 86 2,474 87 3,346 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
45 7/21 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 2.78% 3.5% 66 4,637 66 6,272 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
46 17/27 GEORGIA GEO 2.77% 6.2% 88 2,449 88 3,308 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
47 18/27 LITHUANIA LTU 2.76% 5.1% 41 11,141 40 15,034 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
48 8/21 BRAZIL BRA 2.73% 2.0% 46 8,230 48 11,067 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
49 19/27 SLOVENIA SVN 2.72% 2.7% 27 23,726 27 31,881 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
50 8/16 JAPAN JPN 2.71% 0.6% 17 39,738 14 53,304 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
51 9/16 CAMBODIA KHM 2.66% 6.3% 117 706 116 942 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
52 20/27 ESTONIA EST 2.65% 5.0% 35 14,238 34 18,984 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
53 21/27 LATVIA LVA 2.63% 5.0% 38 11,616 39 15,454 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
54 9/21 ARGENTINA ARG 2.61% 2.3% 50 7,626 52 10,130 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
55 22/27 UZBEKISTAN UZB 2.61% 5.1% 101 1,156 100 1,534 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
56 6/16 MOROCCO MAR 2.60% 3.5% 83 2,811 83 3,727 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
57 10/21 NICARAGUA NIC 2.60% 1.5% 108 1,069 102 1,417 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
58 11/21 HONDURAS HND 2.59% 2.3% 93 1,918 94 2,540 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
59 23/27 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS 2.58% 5.7% 45 8,684 45 11,491 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
60 8/26 NAMIBIA NAM 2.56% 2.7% 72 4,267 72 5,637 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
61 12/21 URUGUAY URY 2.53% 2.0% 44 9,420 42 12,399 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
62 9/26 ETHIOPIA ETH 2.53% 5.2% 127 344 126 453 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
63 13/21 PARAGUAY PRY 2.50% 0.3% 91 2,242 90 2,941 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
64 7/16 ISRAEL ISR 2.46% 1.6% 26 26,256 26 34,309 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
65 4/4 BANGLADESH BGD 2.40% 4.1% 120 551 119 715 SOUTH ASIA
66 14/21 JAMAICA JAM 2.35% 0.6% 70 4,471 71 5,773 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
67 1/16 GERMANY DEU 2.34% 0.8% 16 40,670 15 52,428 WESTERN EUROPE
68 10/16 SINGAPORE SGP 2.30% 3.1% 19 36,537 19 46,943 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
69 2/16 PORTUGAL PRT 2.30% 0.5% 28 21,903 28 28,136 WESTERN EUROPE
70 10/26 MALAWI MWI 2.27% 1.1% 128 310 127 396 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
71 11/16 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HKG 2.26% 3.5% 23 30,065 23 38,450 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
72 12/16 LAO PDR LAO 2.24% 4.8% 112 940 113 1,199 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
73 11/26 MAURITIUS MUS 2.22% 3.2% 56 6,735 57 8,578 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
74 15/21 CUBA CUB 2.22% 5.9% 62 5,596 63 7,126 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
75 3/16 ITALY ITA 2.18% -0.1% 21 35,084 21 44,497 WESTERN EUROPE
76 12/26 CÔTE D'IVOIRE CIV 2.18% -1.8% 106 1,106 103 1,402 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
77 4/16 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 2.16% 1.2% 20 35,165 20 44,505 WESTERN EUROPE
78 13/26 GHANA GHA 2.16% 3.1% 107 1,098 104 1,388 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
79 16/21 PERU PER 2.13% 3.7% 71 4,469 73 5,635 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
80 17/21 ECUADOR ECU 2.12% 3.3% 74 4,202 77 5,290 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
81 5/16 AUSTRIA AUT 2.10% 1.3% 10 45,562 8 57,271 WESTERN EUROPE
82 6/16 FRANCE FRA 2.09% 0.7% 15 41,051 16 51,566 WESTERN EUROPE
83 7/16 SPAIN ESP 2.08% 1.2% 22 31,774 22 39,863 WESTERN EUROPE
84 14/26 LIBERIA LBR 2.07% -1.3% 129 222 128 278 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
85 15/26 ZAMBIA ZMB 2.06% 2.7% 110 990 112 1,239 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
86 18/21 CHILE CHL 2.05% 2.6% 43 9,644 43 12,054 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

GDP P/C 1999-2009 2020 [USD]
GDP P/C 2009-2020 [USD]
87 8/16 SWEDEN SWE 2.04% 1.5% 13 43,654 12 54,522 WESTERN EUROPE
88 9/16 FINLAND FIN 2.03% 1.7% 11 44,581 11 55,630 WESTERN EUROPE
89 19/21 BOLIVIA BOL 2.03% 1.7% 94 1,758 96 2,194 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
90 16/26 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ 2.03% 4.6% 125 428 124 533 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
91 1/2 UNITED STATES USA 2.01% 0.8% 9 45,989 9 57,260 NORTH AMERICA
92 24/27 TAJIKISTAN TJK 1.95% 6.7% 116 716 117 885 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
93 13/16 NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.91% 1.2% 24 29,352 24 36,132 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
94 17/26 BOTSWANA BWA 1.89% 3.5% 59 6,064 62 7,449 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
95 18/26 MALI MLI 1.87% 2.9% 118 691 118 848 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
96 8/16 YEMEN, REP. YEM 1.86% 1.0% 104 1,118 106 1,369 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
97 10/16 BELGIUM BEL 1.86% 1.0% 12 43,671 13 53,457 WESTERN EUROPE
98 25/27 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 1.82% 7.9% 53 7,257 55 8,853 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
99 9/16 SAUDI ARABIA SAU 1.80% 1.0% 34 14,799 37 18,011 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
100 11/16 SWITZERLAND CHE 1.78% 0.9% 3 63,629 2 77,233 WESTERN EUROPE
101 12/16 GREECE GRC 1.77% 3.0% 25 29,240 25 35,476 WESTERN EUROPE
102 13/16 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.72% 1.1% 8 47,917 7 57,784 WESTERN EUROPE
103 20/21 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 1.71% 5.9% 33 15,841 33 19,097 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
104 2/2 CANADA CAN 1.67% 1.1% 18 39,599 18 47,520 NORTH AMERICA
105 14/16 IRELAND IRL 1.65% 1.9% 6 51,049 5 61,138 WESTERN EUROPE
106 15/16 DENMARK DNK 1.63% 0.5% 4 55,992 4 66,902 WESTERN EUROPE
107 14/16 MONGOLIA MNG 1.52% 4.5% 96 1,573 98 1,858 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
108 10/16 OMAN OMN 1.44% 2.8% 31 16,207 35 18,971 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
109 26/27 TURKMENISTAN TKM 1.34% 12.7% 77 3,904 81 4,521 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
110 11/16 ALGERIA DZA 1.28% 2.1% 76 4,029 80 4,632 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
111 12/16 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRN 1.27% 3.5% 67 4,540 78 5,214 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
112 27/27 AZERBAIJAN AZE 1.25% 14.5% 65 4,899 74 5,617 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
113 19/26 GUINEA GIN 1.24% 0.7% 126 407 125 467 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
114 15/16 AUSTRALIA AUS 1.23% 1.7% 14 42,279 17 48,355 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
115 21/21 VENEZUELA, RB VEN 1.23% 1.8% 39 11,490 41 13,138 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
116 13/16 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 1.21% 1.6% 7 50,070 10 57,151 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
117 20/26 CAMEROON CMR 1.20% 1.1% 102 1,136 108 1,296 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
118 21/26 NIGERIA NGA 1.16% 3.5% 103 1,118 110 1,270 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
119 16/16 NORWAY NOR 1.08% 1.1% 1 79,089 1 88,980 WESTERN EUROPE
120 14/16 LIBYA LBY 0.99% 2.1% 42 9,714 49 10,828 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
121 22/26 GABON GAB 0.99% -0.6% 51 7,502 59 8,362 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
122 15/16 QATAR QAT 0.90% NA 2 69,754 3 77,008 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
123 16/16 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG 0.89% 0.1% 100 1,172 109 1,292 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
124 16/16 KUWAIT KWT 0.82% 2.6% 5 54.260 6 59,391 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
125 23/26 CONGO, REP. COG 0.65% 2.3% 85 2,601 92 2,794 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
126 24/26 SUDAN SDN 0.55% 4.8% 98 1,294 105 1,374 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
127 25/26 ANGOLA AGO 0.54% 7.5% 75 4,081 82 4,329 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
128 26/26 MAURITANIA MRT 0.29% 1.0% 113 919 115 949 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
map 2 :
Countries are color coded according to their position in Ranking 2.
Rank
1 128
figure 2 :
Expected annual GDP per capita growth with respect to GDP per capita in 2009.
CHN
IND
4% MDA
THA
BLR
ZWE
UKR
BIH PAN
KEN VNM PHL MEX
KGZ EGY JOR SRB ROU
IDN TUN MYS HUN
UGA SEN BGR
GDP per capita growth [2009-2020]
CZE
PAK SLV KOR
3% MDG
TZA LKA GTM
ALB COL CRI
ZAF
LBN POL
HRV
SVK
Expected average annual
SYR MKD TUR

GEO DOM BRA LTU SVN JPN
KHM ARG EST
ETH
UZB
NIC HND MAR NAM RUS LVA
PRY URY ISR
BGD JAM DEU
MWI PRT SGP
LAO CUB MUS HKG ITA
CIV GBR AUT
GHA PER ESP FRA SWE
2% LBR MOZ
TJK
MLI
ZMB BOL ECU
BWA
CHL
NZL
FIN
USA
YEM KAZ BEL
SAU GRC CHE
TTO CAN NLDIRL DNK
MNG
TKM OMN
DZA
GIN IRN VEN AUS ARE
CMR AZE
NGA
1% PNG
GAB LBY
QAT
NOR
KWT
COG
SDN AGO
MRT
0%
10 2 10 3 104 10 5
RANKING 3:
Expected GDP Growth to 2020
ranking 3 shows the ranking for total GDP growth. This by region:
ranking is dominated by Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The By region, in East Asia and the Pacific the expected leaders
three East African nations have a level of complexity that in GDP growth are Philippines (12), Malaysia (15) and China
is higher than would be expected given their very low level (20), while laggard is Australia (107). In South Asia the best
of income, and occupy the positions 24, 13 and 39 of the performing country is expected to be India (8), while Bangla-
rankings of growth in GDP per capita. However, they reach desh is the laggard (51). In Eastern Europe and Central Asia
top of the total GDP growth because of their expected lev- the top performers are the Kyrgyz Republic (21), Turkey (40)
els of high population growth (we use forecast of popula- and Uzbekistan (43). The worst performers in this region are
tion growth rates to the year 2020 performed by United Na- Latvia (114) and Georgia (121).
tions1). With the exception of India and Guatemala, 8 out In Latin America the fastest growing countries are expect-
of the 10 countries at the top of Ranking 3 are from Africa. ed to be Guatemala (9), Panama (13) and Mexico (22), while
Also, the ranking shows that we expect India’s total GDP the worst performance is expected in Trinidad and Tobago
growth to top China’s. Map 3 shows the geographic pattern (119) and Cuba (128). Jordan (11), Egypt (14) and Yemen (16)
of total GDP growth, and Figure 3 plots total GDP growth as a are expected to lead GDP growth in Middle East and North
function of GDP per capita. Africa, while the laggards are Iran (117) and Libya (123).
GDP growth in Western Europe is expected to be lead by
The United Kingdom (92), followed closely by Ireland (93).
At the bottom of the list we expect to find Greece (126) and
1
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Norway (128).
Division (2011)
R A N K I N G 3 . expected gdp growth to 2 0 2 0
RANK REGIONAL EXPECTED RANK

INCOME RANK EXPECTED EXPECTED
EXPECTED RANK ISO GDP GROWTH INCOME
COUNTRY NAME 2009 INCOME INCOME POPULATION REGION
GDP EXPECTED CODE GROWTH 1998-2008 2009
[USD] 2020 2020 [USD] GROWTH
GROWTH GDP GROWTH 2009-2020 [USD]
1 1/26 UGANDA UGA 6.41% 4.1% 122 490 120 700 3.11% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
2 2/26 KENYA KEN 6.10% 0.9% 115 738 114 1,073 2.64% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
3 3/26 TANZANIA TZA 6.07% 3.8% 121 503 121 691 3.14% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
4 4/26 ZIMBABWE ZWE 5.93% -7.1% 123 449 122 676 2.14% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
5 5/26 MADAGASCAR MDG 5.85% 1.0% 124 438 123 608 2.82% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
6 6/26 SENEGAL SEN 5.82% 1.6% 109 1,023 101 1,457 2.55% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
7 7/26 MALAWI MWI 5.60% 0.6% 128 310 127 396 3.33% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
8 1/4 INDIA IND 5.51% 5.4% 99 1,192 97 1,886 1.25% SOUTH ASIA
9 1/21 GUATEMALA GTM 5.50% 1.2% 84 2,661 85 3,693 2.48% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
10 8/26 ZAMBIA ZMB 5.25% 2.3% 110 990 112 1,239 3.19% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
11 1/16 JORDAN JOR 5.18% 3.9% 73 4,216 68 6,101 1.76% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
12 1/16 PHILIPPINES PHL 5.14% 2.8% 95 1,752 93 2,560 1.64% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
13 2/21 PANAMA PAN 4.97% 4.0% 54 7,155 51 10,529 1.39% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
14 2/16 EGYPT, ARAB REP. EGY 4.94% 3.1% 90 2,270 89 3,268 1.57% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
15 2/16 MALAYSIA MYS 4.83% 3.5% 55 7,030 53 10,071 1.51% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
16 3/16 YEMEN, REP. YEM 4.83% 0.9% 104 1,118 106 1,369 2.97% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
17 9/26 MALI MLI 4.81% 3.2% 118 691 118 848 2.94% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
18 2/4 PAKISTAN PAK 4.80% 2.2% 111 955 107 1,336 1.69% SOUTH ASIA
19 10/26 LIBERIA LBR 4.67% -0.1% 129 222 128 278 2.61% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
20 3/16 CHINA CHN 4.66% 9.4% 81 3,744 70 5,962 0.34% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
21 1/27 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC KGZ 4.61% 3.8% 114 860 111 1,244 1.20% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
22 3/21 MEXICO MEX 4.56% 1.8% 49 8,143 44 11,894 1.05% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
23 11/26 ETHIOPIA ETH 4.52% 4.8% 127 344 126 453 1.99% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
24 4/21 HONDURAS HND 4.49% 2.3% 93 1,918 94 2,540 1.90% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
25 4/16 THAILAND THA 4.47% 3.8% 78 3,893 69 6,023 0.42% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
26 4/16 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC SYR 4.45% 0.7% 86 2,474 87 3,346 1.67% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
27 5/16 VIETNAM VNM 4.41% 5.9% 105 1,113 99 1,622 0.93% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
28 12/26 CÔTE D'IVOIRE CIV 4.37% -2.0% 106 1,106 103 1,402 2.19% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
29 13/26 GHANA GHA 4.36% 3.1% 107 1,098 104 1,388 2.20% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
30 5/16 TUNISIA TUN 4.31% 3.9% 80 3,792 75 5,456 0.95% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
31 14/26 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ 4.26% 4.7% 125 428 124 533 2.23% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
32 6/16 INDONESIA IDN 4.22% 3.4% 89 2,349 86 3,363 0.91% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
33 5/21 COLOMBIA COL 4.22% 1.8% 63 5,126 64 7,107 1.20% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
34 6/21 COSTA RICA CRI 4.21% 3.0% 58 6,386 56 8,807 1.24% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
35 15/26 NAMIBIA NAM 4.15% 2.7% 72 4,267 72 5,637 1.59% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
36 7/21 PARAGUAY PRY 4.15% 0.5% 91 2,242 90 2,941 1.65% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
37 6/16 ISRAEL ISR 4.03% 1.8% 26 26,256 26 34,309 1.57% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
38 8/21 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 3.93% 3.8% 66 4,637 66 6,272 1.14% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
39 9/21 NICARAGUA NIC 3.92% 2.7% 108 1,069 102 1,417 1.33% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
40 2/27 TURKEY TUR 3.88% 2.4% 47 8,215 47 11,168 1.05% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
41 7/16 CAMBODIA KHM 3.84% 7.6% 117 706 116 942 1.18% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
42 7/16 SAUDI ARABIA SAU 3.82% 0.9% 34 14,799 37 18,011 2.02% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
43 3/27 UZBEKISTAN UZB 3.76% 4.7% 101 1,156 100 1,534 1.15% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA

44 16/26 GUINEA GIN 3.73% 1.3% 126 407 125 467 2.49% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
45 17/26 NIGERIA NGA 3.72% 3.1% 103 1,118 110 1,270 2.55% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
46 10/21 EL SALVADOR SLV 3.71% 2.4% 82 3,424 79 4,770 0.65% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
47 8/16 LEBANON LBN 3.71% 2.3% 48 8,175 46 11,373 0.66% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
48 4/27 BELARUS BLR 3.66% 8.1% 64 5,075 61 7,806 -0.33% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
49 3/4 SRI LANKA LKA 3.66% 4.1% 92 2,068 91 2,852 0.69% SOUTH ASIA
50 11/21 BOLIVIA BOL 3.59% 1.4% 94 1,758 96 2,194 1.56% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
51 4/4 BANGLADESH BGD 3.59% 4.0% 120 551 119 715 1.18% SOUTH ASIA
52 9/16 MOROCCO MAR 3.53% 3.0% 83 2,811 83 3,727 0.94% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
53 8/16 LAO PDR LAO 3.52% 4.9% 112 940 113 1,199 1.28% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
54 12/21 BRAZIL BRA 3.50% 2.1% 46 8,230 48 11,067 0.77% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
55 13/21 ARGENTINA ARG 3.44% 1.9% 50 7,626 52 10,130 0.82% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
56 9/16 KOREA, REP. KOR 3.42% 4.8% 30 17,078 30 23,866 0.33% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
57 5/27 TAJIKISTAN TJK 3.42% 6.8% 116 716 117 885 1.47% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
58 18/26 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 3.37% 2.5% 61 5,786 60 7,920 0.48% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
59 14/21 ECUADOR ECU 3.35% 2.6% 74 4,202 77 5,290 1.24% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
60 6/27 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 3.35% 3.8% 29 18,139 29 25,415 0.23% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
61 7/27 ALBANIA ALB 3.33% 6.0% 79 3,808 76 5,302 0.28% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
62 8/27 MOLDOVA MDA 3.33% 5.2% 97 1,516 95 2,321 -0.62% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
63 19/26 CAMEROON CMR 3.30% 1.3% 102 1,136 108 1,296 2.10% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
64 9/27 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BIH 3.28% 5.0% 68 4,525 65 6,669 -0.30% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
65 10/16 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HKG 3.28% 4.0% 23 30,065 23 38,450 1.02% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
66 11/16 SINGAPORE SGP 3.27% 4.1% 19 36,537 19 46,943 0.96% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
67 10/27 SERBIA SRB 3.24% 3.9% 60 5,872 58 8,467 -0.14% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
68 15/21 PERU PER 3.23% 3.7% 71 4,469 73 5,635 1.10% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
69 11/27 SLOVAK REPUBLIC SVK 3.23% 5.0% 32 16,176 31 22,579 0.15% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
70 10/16 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 3.23% 1.7% 7 50,070 10 57,151 2.02% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
71 12/27 UKRAINE UKR 3.19% 7.0% 87 2,468 84 3,694 -0.54% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
72 20/26 ANGOLA AGO 3.19% 7.8% 75 4,081 82 4,329 2.65% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
73 11/16 QATAR QAT 3.16% NA 2 69,754 3 77,008 2.26% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
74 13/27 HUNGARY HUN 3.15% 4.0% 37 12,868 36 18,420 -0.16% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
75 14/27 ROMANIA ROU 3.15% 5.7% 52 7,500 50 10,823 -0.24% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
76 12/16 OMAN OMN 3.13% 2.8% 31 16,207 35 18,971 1.69% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
77 15/27 POLAND POL 3.10% 4.4% 40 11,273 38 15,727 0.03% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
78 12/16 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG 3.01% -0.2% 100 1,172 109 1,292 2.13% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
79 13/16 KUWAIT KWT 3.00% 2.6% 5 54,260 6 59,391 2.17% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
80 13/16 MONGOLIA MNG 2.99% 5.0% 96 1,573 98 1,858 1.46% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
81 14/16 NEW ZEALAND NZL 2.91% 1.8% 24 29,352 24 36,132 1.00% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
82 21/26 GABON GAB 2.90% -1.5% 51 7,502 59 8,362 1.91% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
83 16/27 SLOVENIA SVN 2.90% 4.2% 27 23,726 27 31,881 0.18% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
84 16/21 URUGUAY URY 2.90% 1.5% 44 9,420 42 12,399 0.37% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
85 22/26 SUDAN SDN 2.89% 4.7% 98 1,294 105 1,374 2.35% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
86 17/27 MACEDONIA, FYR MKD 2.89% 2.8% 69 4,515 67 6,141 0.06% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA

87 17/21 CHILE CHL 2.85% 2.6% 43 9,644 43 12,054 0.80% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
88 1/2 UNITED STATES USA 2.84% 1.6% 9 45,989 9 57,260 0.83% NORTH AMERICA
89 23/26 BOTSWANA BWA 2.84% 3.5% 59 6,064 62 7,449 0.95% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
90 18/27 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 2.81% 8.3% 53 7,257 55 8,853 0.99% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
91 24/26 CONGO, REP. COG 2.80% 1.3% 85 2,601 92 2,794 2.15% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
92 1/16 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 2.76% 2.1% 20 35,165 20 44,505 0.59% WESTERN EUROPE
93 2/16 IRELAND IRL 2.71% 3.7% 6 51,049 5 61,138 1.06% WESTERN EUROPE
94 19/27 CROATIA HRV 2.71% 3.9% 36 14,222 32 19,528 -0.21% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
95 25/26 MAURITIUS MUS 2.69% 3.2% 56 6,735 57 8,578 0.47% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
96 18/21 JAMAICA JAM 2.66% 1.0% 70 4,471 71 5,773 0.31% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
97 19/21 VENEZUELA, RB VEN 2.64% 1.4% 39 11,490 41 13,138 1.41% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
98 3/16 SPAIN ESP 2.63% 2.0% 22 31,774 22 39,863 0.55% WESTERN EUROPE
99 20/27 BULGARIA BGR 2.62% 6.3% 57 6,423 54 9,178 -0.68% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
100 4/16 SWEDEN SWE 2.61% 2.5% 13 43,654 12 54,522 0.57% WESTERN EUROPE
101 5/16 FRANCE FRA 2.58% 1.4% 15 41,051 16 51,566 0.48% WESTERN EUROPE
102 15/16 JAPAN JPN 2.57% 1.1% 17 39,738 14 53,304 -0.14% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
103 2/2 CANADA CAN 2.56% 1.9% 18 39,599 18 47,520 0.89% NORTH AMERICA
104 21/27 ESTONIA EST 2.56% 6.6% 35 14,238 34 18,984 -0.09% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
105 22/27 TURKMENISTAN TKM 2.53% 13.6% 77 3,904 81 4,521 1.19% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
106 14/16 ALGERIA DZA 2.53% 2.2% 76 4,029 80 4,632 1.26% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
107 16/16 AUSTRALIA AUS 2.49% 2.2% 14 42,279 17 48,355 1.26% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
108 26/26 MAURITANIA MRT 2.48% 1.7% 113 919 115 949 2.19% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
109 23/27 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS 2.44% 7.3% 45 8,684 45 11,491 -0.14% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
110 24/27 LITHUANIA LTU 2.35% 6.7% 41 11,141 40 15,034 -0.41% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
111 25/27 AZERBAIJAN AZE 2.33% 14.3% 65 4,899 74 5,617 1.08% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
112 6/16 FINLAND FIN 2.33% 3.0% 11 44,581 11 55,630 0.30% WESTERN EUROPE
113 7/16 ITALY ITA 2.31% 0.7% 21 35,084 21 44,497 0.12% WESTERN EUROPE
114 26/27 LATVIA LVA 2.25% 7.6% 38 11,616 39 15,454 -0.37% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
115 8/16 PORTUGAL PRT 2.25% 1.1% 28 21,903 28 28,136 -0.05% WESTERN EUROPE
116 9/16 AUSTRIA AUT 2.24% 2.0% 10 45,562 8 57,271 0.14% WESTERN EUROPE
117 15/16 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRN 2.18% 3.5% 67 4,540 78 5,214 0.92% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
118 10/16 GERMANY DEU 2.17% 1.5% 16 40,670 15 52,428 -0.16% WESTERN EUROPE
119 20/21 CUBA CUB 2.14% 5.9% 62 5,596 63 7,126 -0.08% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
120 11/16 SWITZERLAND CHE 2.13% 1.3% 3 63,629 2 77,233 0.36% WESTERN EUROPE
121 27/27 GEORGIA GEO 2.13% 7.1% 88 2,449 88 3,308 -0.64% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
122 12/16 BELGIUM BEL 2.12% 1.7% 12 43,671 13 53,457 0.27% WESTERN EUROPE
123 16/16 LIBYA LBY 2.08% 2.1% 42 9,714 49 10,828 1.09% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
124 13/16 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.97% 1.9% 8 47,917 7 57,784 0.25% WESTERN EUROPE
125 14/16 DENMARK DNK 1.96% 1.3% 4 55,992 4 66,902 0.33% WESTERN EUROPE
126 15/16 GREECE GRC 1.96% 3.6% 25 29,240 25 35,476 0.18% WESTERN EUROPE
127 21/21 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 1.95% 6.7% 33 15,841 33 19,097 0.24% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
128 16/16 NORWAY NOR 1.77% 1.6% 1 79,089 1 88,980 0.69% WESTERN EUROPE
map 3 :
Show the geographic pattern of total GDP growth.
Rank
1 128
figure 3 :
Plots total GDP growth as a function of GDP per capita.
7%
UGA
TZA KEN
6% ZWE
SEN
MDG
MWI
IND GTM
ZMB
PHL JOR
Expected average annual total
5% PAN
GDP growth [2009-2020]
EGY
MLI YEM MYS
LBR PAK CHN
KGZ HND MEX
ETH VNM THA
SYR
CIV TUN COL
MOZ GHA IDN CRI
PRY NAM
4% KHM
NIC
UZB
DOM TUR SAU
ISR
GIN
LKA SLV BLR LBN
BGD NGA
LAO BOL MAR
TJK ECU ZAF ARGBRA KOR
MDA ALB BIH SRB CZE HKG
CMR HUN SVK SGP ARE
UKR PER ROU QAT
AGO POL OMN
3% PNG
SDN
MNG
COG
MKD BWA GAB URY
KAZ CHL
SVN
NZL
USA KWT
IRL
GBR SWE
JAM MUS HRV
VEN ESP FRA
BGR EST CAN JPN
MRT DZA RUS
TKM AUS
AZE LTU ITA FIN
LVA PRT AUT
GEO CUB DEU CHE
IRN LBY BEL
2% TTO GRC
NLD
DNK
NOR
1% 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10
RANKING 4:
Change in Economic Complexity (1964-2008)
figure 4 . 1 :
Evolution of the ranking of countries based on ECI between 1964 and 2008. Please see pages 352-353 for a larger version.
CHE 1 JPN 1
SWE 2 CHE 2
AUT 3 SWE 3
GBR 4 FIN 4
JPN 5 AUT 5
FRA 6 GBR 6
USA 7 SGP 7
ITA 8 KOR 8
BEL 9 HUN 9
NOR 10 FRA 10
FIN 11 USA 11
DNK 12 ITA 12
NLD 13 DNK 13
HKG 14 IRL 14
HUN 15 ISR 15
POL 16 BEL 16
IRL 17 MEX 17
PAN 18 POL 18
PRT 19 NLD 19
KOR 20 ESP 20
ISR 21 HKG 21
CAN 22 ROU 22
BGR 23 CHN 23
ESP 24 NOR 24
CHN 25 THA 25
ROU 26 MYS 26
SLV 27 PRT 27
SGP 28 PAN 28
JOR 29 CAN 29
CRI 30 BGR 30
NZL 31 LBN 31
AUS 32 TUR 32
URY 33 BRA 33
GRC 34 NZL 34
MEX 35 TUN 35
CHL 36 JOR 36
GTM 37 CRI 37
IND 38 GRC 38
LBN 39 IND 39
MAR 40 COL 40
MRT 41 ZAF 41
ARG 42 ARG 42
CUB 43 URY 43
COL 44 PHL 44
EGY 45 SLV 45
DZA 46 IDN 46
TUN 47 DOM 47
ZAF 48 ALB 48
MNG 49 GTM 49
ZWE 50 TTO 50
ALB 51 EGY 51
PAK 52 CHL 52
VEN 53 VNM 53
JAM 54 AUS 54
HND 55 SAU 55
NIC 56 LKA 56
TTO 57 SYR 57
SEN 58 MUS 58
SYR 59 SEN 59
VNM 60 QAT 60
OMN 61 MAR 61
PER 62 KEN 62
TUR 63 ZWE 63
PHL 64 HND 64
ECU 65 JAM 65
LBR 66 CUB 66
BOL 67 PRY 67
IRN 68 PAK 68
PRY 69 OMN 69
MYS 70 PER 70
BRA 71 UGA 71
THA 72 MDG 72
ZMB 73 NIC 73
MWI 74 KWT 74
CIV 75 ECU 75
GIN 76 TZA 76
MLI 77 ZMB 77
KHM 78 LAO 78
LAO 79 GHA 79
LKA 80 KHM 80
KEN 81 BOL 81
GHA 82 CIV 82
MDG 83 VEN 83
COG 84 ETH 84
DOM 85 IRN 85
ETH 86 MWI 86
SAU 87 MNG 87
IDN 88 LBR 88
CMR 89 MOZ 89
AGO 90 MLI 90
PNG 91 GAB 91
MOZ 92 LBY 92
TZA 93 CMR 93
UGA 94 DZA 94
SDN 95 GIN 95
GAB 96 NGA 96
NGA 97 PNG 97
QAT 98 AGO 98
KWT 99 COG 99
MUS 100 MRT 100
LBY 101 SDN 101
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
ranking 4 looks at changes in economic complexity. Here position of China in this ranking reflects the fact that Chi-
countries are ranked according to the change in ECI experi- na’s transformation built on a productive structure that was
enced between 1964 and 2008. Because of data availability, more sophisticated than that of many of its regional neigh-
this ranking is limited to 101 countries. The countries that bors. The laggards of this region are Papua New Guinea (78),
improved the most during this period are Mauritius, Thailand Australia (95) and Mongolia (97).
and Malaysia. Other countries that underwent substantial In South Asia the best performing country was Sri Lanka
transformation during this period were Singapore, Indone- (16), while Pakistan (73) is the laggard.
sia, Brazil, Dominican Republic and Turkey. All of these were In Eastern Europe and Central Asia the top performers were
countries that dramatically transformed their economies Turkey (10) and Romania (19). The lack of historical data for
during this forty-four year period (see Part 1, Section 5: How the region is substantial, however, since many of the coun-
does economic complexity evolve?). These transformations can tries in the region used to belong to the Soviet Union and we
be seen in detail in their respective country pages. Figure 4.1 do not have good data on their productive structure.
shows the change in ECI observed between 1964 and 2008 as In Latin America the countries that experienced the largest
a function of a country’s current level of income. Map 4 illus- change in economic complexity were Brazil (7), Dominican
trates the spatial distribution of these changes. Figure 4 pro- Republic (8) and Mexico (12). The laggards were El Salvador
vides a visual representation of the change in ECI rankings. (86), Chile (87) and Venezuela (92). In the Middle East and
Here, each line represents a country, and the vertical position North Africa, Saudi Arabia (9), Libya (11) and Tunisia (20) were
of the line indicates the position on the ranking for a given the countries that increased their ECI the most, while the lag-
year. Lines were assigned a color using a perfect gradient ac- gards were Morocco (90), which used to be one of the most
cording to their ranking in the initial year (1964). This helps complex economies of the region, Iran (91) and Algeria (98).
identify movements in the ranking of economic complexity Finally, in Western Europe the change in ECI between 1964
during the observed period. and 2008 is dominated by that of Finland (26), Spain (39)
and Ireland (46) and the laggards of the region were Portugal
by region: (84), Belgium (89) and Norway (96). We note that Western
By region, in East Asia and the Pacific the countries that Europe is a region in which all countries have always had
changed their economic complexity the most were Thailand positive values of the ECI, which limits the range of poten-
(2), Malaysia (3), Singapore (4) and Indonesia (5). China oc- tial positive changes.
cupies the 31st position in this ranking. The relatively low
R A N K I N G 4 . change in economic complexity ( 1 9 6 4 - 2 0 0 8 )
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX

RANKING REGIONAL RANKING REGIONAL
ISO ECI ECI
ECI RANKING COUNTRY NAME 1964 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008 ECI RANKING REGION
CODE (64-08) (98-08)
(64-08) ECI (64-08) (98-08) ECI (98-08)
1 1/22 MAURITIUS MUS -1.99 -0.92 0.42 -0.18 -0.63 -0.31 1.68 0.32 36 10/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
2 1/16 THAILAND THA -0.67 -0.61 0.14 0.09 0.17 0.81 1.48 0.65 11 1/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
3 2/16 MALAYSIA MYS -0.67 -0.49 -0.02 0.02 0.48 0.76 1.43 0.28 43 9/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
4 3/16 SINGAPORE SGP 0.59 0.57 0.66 0.84 1.22 1.64 1.05 0.42 24 6/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
5 4/16 INDONESIA IDN -1.04 -1.04 -0.89 -0.62 -0.19 -0.01 1.03 0.18 51 10/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
6 2/22 UGANDA UGA -1.48 -1.42 -0.78 -1.32 -1.14 -0.49 0.99 0.65 10 3/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
7 1/21 BRAZIL BRA -0.74 -0.55 0.31 0.60 0.68 0.24 0.98 -0.43 104 19/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
8 2/21 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -1.05 -0.95 0.34 -0.34 -0.72 -0.06 0.98 0.66 9 6/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
9 1/14 SAUDI ARABIA SAU -1.02 -0.93 -2.64 0.51 0.22 -0.20 0.82 -0.42 103 13/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
10 1/6 TURKEY TUR -0.35 -0.49 0.31 0.38 0.28 0.44 0.79 0.17 53 9/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
11 2/14 LIBYA LBY -2.09 -2.31 -2.07 0.08 -0.72 -1.30 0.78 -0.58 114 15/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
12 3/21 MEXICO MEX 0.39 0.24 0.74 0.80 0.80 1.14 0.76 0.35 30 9/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
13 3/22 TANZANIA TZA -1.21 -1.11 -0.66 -1.17 -1.25 -0.64 0.57 0.61 12 4/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
14 4/22 KENYA KEN -0.84 -0.68 0.15 -0.87 -1.12 -0.28 0.56 0.84 3 1/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
15 5/16 PHILIPPINES PHL -0.46 -0.18 0.25 -0.15 -0.31 0.03 0.50 0.34 32 8/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
16 1/3 SRI LANKA LKA -0.73 -0.89 -0.15 -0.47 -0.64 -0.27 0.46 0.37 27 1/3 SOUTH ASIA
17 6/16 JAPAN JPN 1.87 1.93 1.49 2.11 2.21 2.32 0.45 0.11 57 11/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
18 7/16 KOREA, REP. KOR 1.04 0.97 0.89 0.93 0.94 1.47 0.43 0.53 19 4/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
19 2/6 ROMANIA ROU 0.53 0.88 0.86 1.04 0.64 0.94 0.40 0.29 40 5/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
20 3/14 TUNISIA TUN -0.08 0.12 0.20 0.18 -0.02 0.29 0.37 0.31 38 5/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
21 4/14 LEBANON LBN 0.11 0.86 0.53 0.35 0.08 0.40 0.30 0.32 37 4/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
22 5/14 QATAR QAT -0.73 -2.31 -3.61 0.29 -0.79 -0.44 0.29 0.35 29 2/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
23 3/6 ALBANIA ALB -0.18 0.10 0.39 -0.09 -0.37 0.09 0.26 0.46 21 2/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
24 5/22 GHANA GHA -1.13 -0.97 -0.62 -1.22 -1.18 -0.87 0.26 0.31 39 11/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
25 6/22 MADAGASCAR MDG -0.85 -0.89 -0.60 -1.40 -1.14 -0.59 0.25 0.54 18 6/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
26 1/15 FINLAND FIN 1.47 1.64 1.21 1.64 1.85 1.71 0.24 -0.13 77 4/15 WESTERN EUROPE
27 4/6 HUNGARY HUN 1.19 1.15 0.91 0.99 1.01 1.43 0.24 0.42 23 3/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
28 8/16 VIETNAM VNM -0.40 -0.02 0.02 -0.60 -0.59 -0.18 0.22 0.41 25 7/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
29 4/21 PARAGUAY PRY -0.68 -0.60 -0.16 -0.71 -0.22 -0.47 0.21 -0.25 87 14/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
30 7/22 SENEGAL SEN -0.49 -0.30 -0.36 -0.78 -0.97 -0.29 0.20 0.68 7 2/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
31 9/16 CHINA CHN 0.74 0.75 0.57 0.40 0.33 0.89 0.15 0.57 16 3/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
32 8/22 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF -0.02 -0.20 0.22 0.13 0.41 0.13 0.15 -0.28 91 18/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
33 5/21 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.45 0.10 -0.08 -0.41 -0.06 -0.31 0.15 -0.25 86 13/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
34 6/14 KUWAIT KWT -1.36 -0.89 -1.94 0.69 -0.55 -1.22 0.14 -0.67 117 16/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
35 6/21 COLOMBIA COL 0.06 -0.23 0.03 0.11 0.28 0.20 0.14 -0.08 72 12/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
36 7/14 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC SYR -0.42 -0.17 -0.29 -0.14 -0.98 -0.29 0.13 0.69 6 1/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
37 2/3 INDIA IND 0.12 0.29 0.40 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.13 0.04 63 4/3 SOUTH ASIA
38 8/14 ISRAEL ISR 1.04 0.78 0.95 1.18 1.24 1.16 0.13 -0.08 73 8/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
39 2/15 SPAIN ESP 0.81 0.89 1.05 1.20 1.13 0.93 0.12 -0.19 81 7/15 WESTERN EUROPE
40 9/22 GABON GAB -1.48 -1.30 -1.40 -1.62 -0.93 -1.36 0.11 -0.44 105 19/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
41 7/21 COSTA RICA CRI 0.22 0.63 -0.04 -0.44 -0.54 0.28 0.06 0.81 4 3/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
42 9/14 EGYPT, ARAB REP. EGY -0.07 -0.04 0.22 -0.14 -0.30 -0.02 0.05 0.28 42 6/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
43 10/22 CÔTE D'IVOIRE CIV -0.92 -1.02 -0.58 -1.63 -1.43 -0.87 0.05 0.56 17 5/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

RANKING REGIONAL RANKING REGIONAL
ISO ECI ECI
ECI RANKING COUNTRY NAME 1964 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008 ECI RANKING REGION
CODE (64-08) (98-08)
(64-08) ECI (64-08) (98-08) ECI (98-08)
44 8/21 ECUADOR ECU -0.66 -0.89 -0.52 -0.81 -0.85 -0.62 0.04 0.23 46 10/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
45 9/21 ARGENTINA ARG 0.09 -0.05 0.43 0.28 0.39 0.11 0.01 -0.28 90 15/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
46 3/15 IRELAND IRL 1.22 1.10 1.10 1.44 1.57 1.23 0.01 -0.34 98 14/15 WESTERN EUROPE
47 10/16 CAMBODIA KHM -0.71 -1.06 0.09 -0.82 -1.19 -0.70 0.01 0.48 20 5/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
48 11/22 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -1.08 -0.71 -0.49 -0.10 -0.38 -1.08 0.01 -0.70 119 23/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
49 12/22 ETHIOPIA ETH -0.88 -0.92 -0.60 -0.77 -1.06 -0.89 -0.01 0.17 52 15/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
50 13/22 NIGERIA NGA -1.38 -1.45 -1.50 -1.71 -1.65 -1.42 -0.04 0.23 47 13/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
51 4/15 SWITZERLAND CHE 2.04 1.89 1.44 1.90 2.08 1.93 -0.10 -0.14 78 5/15 WESTERN EUROPE
52 10/21 PERU PER -0.45 -0.73 0.00 -0.04 -0.26 -0.58 -0.12 -0.32 92 16/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
53 5/15 SWEDEN SWE 2.00 1.88 1.46 2.02 2.03 1.86 -0.14 -0.17 79 6/15 WESTERN EUROPE
54 6/15 AUSTRIA AUT 1.96 1.87 1.39 1.78 1.80 1.81 -0.15 0.01 65 2/15 WESTERN EUROPE
55 11/16 NEW ZEALAND NZL 0.47 0.32 0.58 0.57 0.47 0.29 -0.18 -0.18 80 14/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
56 11/21 GUATEMALA GTM 0.09 0.32 -0.36 -0.84 -0.86 -0.10 -0.19 0.76 5 4/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
57 12/21 PANAMA PAN 1.02 1.14 0.03 0.30 -0.13 0.83 -0.19 0.96 2 2/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
58 13/21 JAMAICA JAM -0.15 -0.08 0.12 -0.53 -0.78 -0.34 -0.20 0.44 22 8/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
59 la LAO PDR LAO -0.67 -0.60 -0.47 -1.11 -0.83 -0.88 -0.21 -0.05 70 13/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
60 7/15 DENMARK DNK 1.50 1.40 1.18 1.59 1.54 1.27 -0.23 -0.27 88 12/15 WESTERN EUROPE
61 5/6 POLAND POL 1.26 1.08 0.94 1.11 1.02 1.02 -0.24 0.00 66 15/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
62 14/21 URUGUAY URY 0.35 0.26 0.58 0.49 0.44 0.11 -0.24 -0.33 97 18/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
63 8/15 GREECE GRC 0.46 0.31 0.64 0.20 0.26 0.21 -0.25 -0.04 69 3/15 WESTERN EUROPE
64 10/14 JORDAN JOR 0.58 0.82 1.03 0.42 0.43 0.33 -0.25 -0.11 75 10/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
65 15/21 HONDURAS HND -0.23 -0.13 -0.31 -0.97 -1.09 -0.52 -0.28 0.57 15 7/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
66 14/22 CAMEROON CMR -1.12 -0.71 -0.61 -1.83 -1.73 -1.40 -0.29 0.32 35 9/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
67 11/14 OMAN OMN -0.30 -1.13 -2.45 0.18 -0.33 -0.60 -0.30 -0.27 89 11/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
68 16/21 NICARAGUA NIC -0.36 0.08 -0.29 -0.93 -1.32 -0.66 -0.31 0.66 8 5/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
69 13/16 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HKG 1.33 1.37 0.92 0.88 0.42 1.02 -0.31 0.60 13 2/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
70 17/21 BOLIVIA BOL -0.57 -0.60 -0.21 -0.99 -0.56 -0.88 -0.31 -0.32 93 17/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
71 9/15 FRANCE FRA 1.79 1.68 1.30 1.67 1.67 1.47 -0.31 -0.20 83 9/15 WESTERN EUROPE
72 1/2 UNITED STATES USA 1.78 1.76 1.35 1.58 1.81 1.45 -0.33 -0.36 99 1/2 NORTH AMERICA
73 3/3 PAKISTAN PAK -0.06 -0.12 0.19 -0.49 -0.72 -0.40 -0.34 0.33 34 2/3 SOUTH ASIA
74 10/15 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.92 1.87 1.36 1.81 1.92 1.56 -0.36 -0.37 101 15/15 WESTERN EUROPE
75 11/15 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.41 1.37 1.08 1.39 1.37 1.04 -0.37 -0.33 96 13/15 WESTERN EUROPE
76 15/22 SUDAN SDN -1.39 -1.15 -0.79 -0.89 -1.08 -1.77 -0.38 -0.69 118 22/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
77 18/21 CUBA CUB -0.03 -0.40 -0.17 -0.39 -0.62 -0.43 -0.40 0.19 50 11/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
78 14/16 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -1.17 -1.10 -1.04 -1.60 -1.55 -1.58 -0.41 -0.02 67 12/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
79 12/15 ITALY ITA 1.72 1.74 1.29 1.61 1.54 1.31 -0.41 -0.23 85 11/15 WESTERN EUROPE
80 6/6 BULGARIA BGR 1.00 0.71 0.80 1.11 0.65 0.59 -0.42 -0.06 71 17/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
81 16/22 LIBERIA LBR -0.70 -0.64 -0.60 -1.48 -0.60 -1.13 -0.43 -0.52 112 20/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
82 2/2 CANADA CAN 1.02 1.04 1.06 0.97 1.02 0.57 -0.45 -0.45 107 2/2 NORTH AMERICA
83 17/22 ZAMBIA ZMB -0.47 -1.26 -0.09 -0.39 -0.96 -0.93 -0.46 0.03 64 16/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
84 13/15 PORTUGAL PRT 1.17 1.06 0.85 0.69 0.57 0.70 -0.47 0.13 55 1/15 WESTERN EUROPE
85 18/22 MALI MLI -0.63 -0.85 -0.20 -0.62 -1.48 -1.10 -0.48 0.38 26 7/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
86 19/21 EL SALVADOR SLV 0.51 0.67 0.23 -0.61 -1.03 0.03 -0.48 1.05 1 1/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

REGIONAL
RANKING RANKING REGIONAL
RANKING ISO ECI ECI
ECI COUNTRY NAME 1964 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008 ECI RANKING REGION
ECI CODE (64-08) (98-08)
(64-08) (98-08) ECI (98-08)
(64-08)
87 20/21 CHILE CHL 0.20 0.10 0.28 -0.07 0.12 -0.31 -0.52 -0.44 106 20/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
88 19/22 GUINEA GIN -0.93 -1.02 -0.94 -1.86 -1.79 -1.44 -0.52 0.34 31 8/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
89 14/15 BELGIUM BEL 1.67 1.54 1.24 1.53 1.60 1.08 -0.58 -0.52 111 16/15 WESTERN EUROPE
90 12/14 MOROCCO MAR 0.20 -0.15 0.31 -0.18 -0.51 -0.40 -0.60 0.11 56 7/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
91 13/14 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRN -0.61 -0.68 -0.92 -0.86 -0.69 -1.23 -0.62 -0.54 113 14/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
92 21/21 VENEZUELA, RB VEN -0.47 -0.19 -0.94 -0.19 0.25 -1.11 -0.64 -1.36 124 21/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
93 20/22 ANGOLA AGO -1.10 -1.08 -1.57 -1.01 -1.16 -1.79 -0.69 -0.64 115 21/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
94 21/22 CONGO, REP. COG -1.00 -0.88 -1.07 -1.61 -1.58 -1.71 -0.71 -0.12 76 17/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
95 15/16 AUSTRALIA AUS 0.41 0.37 0.41 0.22 0.18 -0.32 -0.73 -0.50 109 16/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
96 15/15 NORWAY NOR 1.53 1.59 1.13 1.26 0.99 0.78 -0.75 -0.21 84 10/15 WESTERN EUROPE
97 16/16 MONGOLIA MNG -0.08 -0.48 0.15 -0.02 -0.71 -1.17 -1.09 -0.46 108 15/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
98 14/14 ALGERIA DZA -0.01 -0.39 -0.26 0.50 -0.81 -1.21 -1.20 -0.40 102 12/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
99 22/22 MAURITANIA MRT 0.40 0.23 -0.12 -1.21 -1.01 -1.91 -2.31 -0.89 123 24/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE -3.61 0.53 -0.02 -0.11 -0.08 74 9/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
AZERBAIJAN AZE 0.37 -1.22 -1.60 125 26/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
BANGLADESH BGD 0.03 -0.62 -0.99 -0.89 0.11 58 3/3 SOUTH ASIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BIH 0.52 0.60 0.08 61 13/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
BELARUS BLR 0.53 1.12 0.59 14 1/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
BOTSWANA BWA -0.62
CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 1.52 1.63 0.10 59 11/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
GERMANY DEU 2.18 1.98 -0.20 82 8/15 WESTERN EUROPE
ESTONIA EST 0.55 0.79 0.24 45 7/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
GEORGIA GEO 0.48 -0.26 -0.74 120 23/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
CROATIA HRV 0.79 0.99 0.20 49 8/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 0.21 -0.61 -0.82 122 25/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC KGZ 0.09 -0.24 -0.33 95 19/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
LITHUANIA LTU 0.42 0.68 0.27 44 6/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
LATVIA LVA 0.22 0.59 0.37 28 4/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
MOLDOVA MDA 0.11 0.27 0.15 54 10/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
MACEDONIA, FYR MKD 0.01 -0.02 -0.02 68 16/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
MALAWI MWI -0.78 -0.65 -1.39 -1.31 -1.02 0.28 41 12/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
NAMIBIA NAM -0.27
RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS 0.69 0.32 -0.36 100 20/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
SERBIA SRB 0.64
SLOVAK REPUBLIC SVK 1.33 1.38 0.05 62 14/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
SLOVENIA SVN 1.43 1.52 0.09 60 12/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
TAJIKISTAN TJK -0.24 -1.05 -0.81 121 24/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
TURKMENISTAN TKM -0.55 -1.22 -0.67 116 22/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
UKRAINE UKR 0.88 0.56 -0.33 94 18/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
UZBEKISTAN UZB -0.15 -0.66 -0.51 110 21/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
YEMEN, REP. YEM -1.38 -1.04 0.33 33 3/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
ZIMBABWE ZWE 1.15 -0.02 -0.52 -0.56 -0.33 0.23 48 14/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
map 4 :
Illustrates the spatial dristribution of these changes.
Rank
1 99
figure 4 :
Provides a visual representation of the change in ECI rankings.
1.5
SLV
1 PAN
KEN CRI
GTM
SEN
Change in Economic Complexity [1998-2008]
SYR
UGA
TZA
NIC THA DOM
HND CHN BLR HKG
MDG CIV
0.5 KHM
MLI
VNM
YEM
ALB JAM
MEX HUN
KOR
SGP
GIN CMR PHL LKA TUN
MUS LBN LVA QAT
MWI PAK GHA EGY ROU LTU EST
ZWE NGA ECU MYS
ETH MDA IDN CUB TUR HRV PRT
BGD MAR BIH CZE SVN JPN
ZMB IND SVK
0 LAO PNG
COG
MKD
JOR COL
BGR
POL
ISR
GRC
AUT
FIN
ARE
NZL SWE CHE
TTO ESP FRA NOR
PRY ZAF ARG URY OMN ITA DEU DNK
KGZ BOL UKR PER NLD
RUS GBR USA IRL
DZA BRA CHL SAU
MNG CAN
-0.5 LBR UZB IRN
GAB
LBY
AUS
BEL
AGO KWT
MOZ SDN TKM
GEO
TJK KAZ
MRT
-1
VEN
-1.5 AZE
-2 2
10 10 3 10 4 105
RANKING 5:
Expected Contribution to World GDP Growth to 2020
Finally, ranking 5 sorts countries according to their ex- by region:

pected contribution to total world GDP growth in the peri- In Western Europe the top contributors to world GDP growth
od to 2020. As expected, the ranking is dominated by large will be Germany (5), France (6) and United Kingdom (7). In
economies. The United States and China are expected to be Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Russia (14), Turkey (15) and
the largest contributors and are followed more distantly by Poland (20) are expected to be the leaders. Brazil (8), Mexi-
Japan and India. What is worth highlighting from ranking 5 co (10), Argentina (22) and Colombia (23) will be the largest
is the much larger importance of developing countries in the Latin American contributors. In the Middle East and North
contribution to global growth. This is highlighted by the very Africa, the top contributors are Saudi Arabia (18), Egypt (24)
large difference in incomes per capita between the top four and Israel (33).
countries. Consumers from China, India, Brazil and Mexico In South Asia, the top contributor to world GDP growth
will now be a more important part of global economic dy- will be India (4) followed distantly by Pakistan (31). South
namism, but, given that their lower incomes, their needs are Africa (28), Nigeria (38) and Angola (62) will lead the regional
radically different from those of the richer countries that ranking in Sub-Saharan Africa.
have until now led the growth process. This will shape im-
portant changes in the demand structure of future growth.
Figure 5 illustrates Ranking 5 by plotting the expected con-
tribution to total GDP of each country as a function of GDP
per capita. Map 5 shows the spatial distribution of Ranking 5.
R A N K I N G 5 . expected contribution to world gdp growth to 2 0 2 0
RANKING - CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL RANKING - CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD GDP

COUNTRY NAME ISO CODE REGION
WORLD GDP GROWTH TO 2020 TO WORLD GDP GROWTH TO 2020 GROWTH TO 2020
1 1/2 UNITED STATES USA 22.41% NORTH AMERICA
2 1/16 CHINA CHN 14.21% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
3 2/16 JAPAN JPN 7.11% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
4 1/4 INDIA IND 4.89% SOUTH ASIA
5 1/16 GERMANY DEU 3.88% WESTERN EUROPE
6 2/16 FRANCE FRA 3.64% WESTERN EUROPE
7 3/16 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 3.33% WESTERN EUROPE
8 1/21 BRAZIL BRA 3.22% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
9 4/16 ITALY ITA 2.63% WESTERN EUROPE
10 2/21 MEXICO MEX 2.44% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
11 5/16 SPAIN ESP 2.12% WESTERN EUROPE
12 2/2 CANADA CAN 1.88% NORTH AMERICA
13 3/16 KOREA, REP. KOR 1.63% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
14 1/27 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS 1.63% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
15 2/27 TURKEY TUR 1.41% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
16 4/16 INDONESIA IDN 1.37% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
17 5/16 AUSTRALIA AUS 1.26% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
18 1/16 SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.85% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
19 6/16 NETHERLANDS NLD 0.83% WESTERN EUROPE
20 3/27 POLAND POL 0.75% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
21 6/16 THAILAND THA 0.71% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
22 3/21 ARGENTINA ARG 0.61% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
23 4/21 COLOMBIA COL 0.59% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
24 2/16 EGYPT, ARAB REP. EGY 0.58% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
25 7/16 SWEDEN SWE 0.58% WESTERN EUROPE
26 7/16 MALAYSIA MYS 0.58% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
27 8/16 SWITZERLAND CHE 0.56% WESTERN EUROPE
28 1/26 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.55% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
29 9/16 BELGIUM BEL 0.54% WESTERN EUROPE
30 8/16 PHILIPPINES PHL 0.53% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
31 2/4 PAKISTAN PAK 0.48% SOUTH ASIA
32 5/21 VENEZUELA, RB VEN 0.48% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
33 3/16 ISRAEL ISR 0.47% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
34 10/16 AUSTRIA AUT 0.46% WESTERN EUROPE
35 4/16 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 0.42% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
36 9/16 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HKG 0.39% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
37 5/16 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRN 0.39% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
38 2/26 NIGERIA NGA 0.38% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
39 4/27 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.36% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
40 11/16 NORWAY NOR 0.36% WESTERN EUROPE
41 12/16 GREECE GRC 0.34% WESTERN EUROPE
42 13/16 IRELAND IRL 0.34% WESTERN EUROPE
43 10/16 SINGAPORE SGP 0.34% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC

44 14/16 DENMARK DNK 0.32% WESTERN EUROPE
45 15/16 FINLAND FIN 0.30% WESTERN EUROPE
46 5/27 ROMANIA ROU 0.29% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
47 16/16 PORTUGAL PRT 0.28% WESTERN EUROPE
48 6/21 CHILE CHL 0.26% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
49 11/16 VIETNAM VNM 0.26% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
50 6/16 KUWAIT KWT 0.26% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
51 7/21 PERU PER 0.24% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
52 6/27 HUNGARY HUN 0.23% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
53 12/16 NEW ZEALAND NZL 0.21% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
54 7/27 UKRAINE UKR 0.20% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
55 7/16 ALGERIA DZA 0.20% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
56 3/4 BANGLADESH BGD 0.19% SOUTH ASIA
57 8/16 MOROCCO MAR 0.18% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
58 8/27 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 0.18% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
59 9/16 QATAR QAT 0.18% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
60 9/27 SLOVAK REPUBLIC SVK 0.16% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
61 10/16 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC SYR 0.14% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
62 3/26 ANGOLA AGO 0.14% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
63 8/21 GUATEMALA GTM 0.13% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
64 4/26 KENYA KEN 0.12% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
65 9/21 ECUADOR ECU 0.11% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
66 10/21 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 0.11% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
67 10/27 BELARUS BLR 0.10% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
68 11/16 TUNISIA TUN 0.10% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
69 11/27 CROATIA HRV 0.09% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
70 4/4 SRI LANKA LKA 0.09% SOUTH ASIA
71 5/26 TANZANIA TZA 0.09% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
72 6/26 SUDAN SDN 0.09% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
73 12/16 JORDAN JOR 0.08% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
74 13/16 OMAN OMN 0.08% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
75 14/16 YEMEN, REP. YEM 0.08% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
76 7/26 ETHIOPIA ETH 0.08% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
77 12/27 SERBIA SRB 0.08% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
78 13/27 SLOVENIA SVN 0.08% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
79 11/21 PANAMA PAN 0.08% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
80 15/16 LEBANON LBN 0.07% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
81 12/21 COSTA RICA CRI 0.07% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
82 13/21 CUBA CUB 0.07% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
83 14/27 UZBEKISTAN UZB 0.07% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
84 8/26 UGANDA UGA 0.07% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
85 16/16 LIBYA LBY 0,07% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
86 9/26 GHANA GHA 0.07% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

87 15/27 BULGARIA BGR 0.07% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
88 10/26 CÔTE D'IVOIRE CIV 0.06% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
89 16/27 AZERBAIJAN AZE 0.05% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
90 14/21 URUGUAY URY 0.05% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
91 11/26 SENEGAL SEN 0.05% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
92 17/27 LITHUANIA LTU 0.05% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
93 15/21 EL SALVADOR SLV 0.05% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
94 12/26 ZAMBIA ZMB 0.04% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
95 13/26 CAMEROON CMR 0.04% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
96 16/21 HONDURAS HND 0.04% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
97 17/21 BOLIVIA BOL 0.04% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
98 18/21 PARAGUAY PRY 0.04% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
99 14/26 MADAGASCAR MDG 0.03% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
100 18/27 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BIH 0.03% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
101 19/27 LATVIA LVA 0.03% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
102 20/27 TURKMENISTAN TKM 0.03% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
103 15/26 MALI MLI 0.03% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
104 21/27 ESTONIA EST 0.03% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
105 16/26 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ 0.03% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
106 13/16 CAMBODIA KHM 0.02% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
107 17/26 NAMIBIA NAM 0.02% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
108 22/27 ALBANIA ALB 0.02% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
109 18/26 ZIMBABWE ZWE 0.02% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
110 19/21 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.02% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
111 19/26 BOTSWANA BWA 0.02% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
112 20/26 GABON GAB 0.02% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
113 20/21 JAMAICA JAM 0.02% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
114 21/26 MALAWI MWI 0.02% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
115 22/26 CONGO, REP. COG 0.01% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
116 23/27 MACEDONIA, FYR MKD 0.01% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
117 21/21 NICARAGUA NIC 0.01% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
118 14/16 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG 0.01% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
119 24/27 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC KGZ 0.01% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
120 23/26 MAURITIUS MUS 0.01% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
121 15/16 LAO PDR LAO 0.01% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
122 25/27 GEORGIA GEO 0.01% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
123 26/27 MOLDOVA MDA 0.01% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
124 27/27 TAJIKISTAN TJK 0.01% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
125 24/26 GUINEA GIN 0.01% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
126 16/16 MONGOLIA MNG 0.01% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
127 25/26 MAURITANIA MRT 0.00% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
128 26/26 LIBERIA LBR 0.00% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
map 5 :
Shows the spatial distribution of Ranking 5.
Rank
1 128
figure 5 :
Illustrates Ranking 5 by plotting the expected contribuyion to total GDP of each country as a fuction of GDP per capita.
100%
USA
CHN
10%
Expected contribution to the increase
JPN
in total world GDP [2009-2020]
IND DEU
BRA GBR FRA
MEX ITA
ESP
CAN
RUS KOR
IDN TUR
AUS
1% THA POL
SAU NLD
COL ARG SWE
PHL EGY ZAF MYS BEL CHE
PAK VEN ISR AUT
NGA IRN CZE HKG ARE NOR
GRC SGP IRL
ROU CHL PRT FIN DNK
VNM PER KWT
UKR HUN NZL
BGD MAR DZA KAZ QAT
SVK
SYR AGO
KEN GTM ECU DOM
0.1% ETH
TZA YEM SDN
GHA
LKA TUN BLR
JOR SRB PAN
HRV
OMN SVN
UGA MRT UZB CUB CRIBGR LBN LBY
CIV SLV AZE URY LTU
SEN BOL
ZMB HND
LBR MOZ CMR PRY
MDG MLI TKM BIH LVA EST
MWI ZWE KHM ALB JAM BWA GAB TTO
NAM
LAO NIC MNG COG
0.01% GIN
TJK KGZ PNG MDA GEO
MKD MUS
10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
PA R T 3 COUNTRY PAGES
How to read the country pages
1 . I de n tity : 2 . M ai n I n dicators :
Here we identify the country This section shows the Economic Complexity Index
using its name and flag. (ECI) for the year 2008 and the expected average
annualized growth for the 2009-2020 period.
The first number shows the value of the indicator.
Numbers in parenthesis show the global ranking
and the regional ranking for the country.
5 . T h e P roduct S pace :
This section shows the position of a country in the
product space. The product space is the network
brazil
summarizing global similarities in the productive ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] ≥ 0.244 / (52/4) EXPECTED GDPpc GROWTH * ≥ 2.73% / (48/8) *Expected annual average for the 2009-2020 period.
knowhow required by products (see Chapter

5). Nodes represent products and are colored
according to communities using the color legend
that can be found at the top right of the next page.
Node size is proportional to global trade in that
product and links connect products that tend to
be exported by the same countries (see Technical
Box 5.1). The footprint of a country on the product 2008
space is indicated using square nodes with thick Product
Space
black outlines. These are the goods that the
country exports with RCA>1 (see Chapter 2).
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1
Node size is proportional

to world trade
6 . E xport O pportu n ity

S pectrum :
These two figures summarize the position of
a country in the product space. Here, bubbles
represent a community of products and their size
is proportional to global trade in that product
community. The fraction of each bubble that is 2008 Export Opportunity
Spectrum
3 3
shown in white represents the fraction of all goods Fraction of
products with 2.5 2.5
in that community for which the country has an RCA > 1
Average Complexity of Missing Products
2 2
RCA>1. In this example, out of 125 products in 22% of WT
1.5 1.5
Machinery, Brazil makes 32 of them, so 75% of the
1 1
circle is filled with the color corresponding to the 6% of WT
machinery community. In both charts, the vertical 2% of WT 0.5 0.5

0.8% of WT
axis shows the average complexity of the products 0.06% of WT
0 0
in that community that the country is not currently -0.5 -0.5
making. The horizontal axis on the left figure -1 -1
shows the distance between the country’s current 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
productive structure to each one of the product Distance Opportunity Gain

communities. The horizontal of the right figure
displays the opportunity gain, which is a measure 2008 Evolution of
export composition
of the number of new products that become closer 1k
800
if the country were to move into that community 600
400
(see Technical Box 5.3). For both the distance and 200
0
opportunity gain measures, only the products that 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
are more complex than the country’s complexity
level are considered. The dashed grey line indicates
the country’s level of economic complexity 7. E v olutio n o f E xport C ompositio n :
measured using the Economic Complexity Index This section shows the evolution of the country’s exports per capita
(ECI). Natural resource based communities are in dollars between 1968 and 2008 at constant 2008 prices.
not shown (mining, precious stones, coal and Colors indicate product communities.These are indicated in the top
oil). Communities for which countries export all right corner of the next page (for states that were formed after 1968,
products are not shown. we use as starting year the first year for which data is available).
3 . T raditio n al i n dicators :
This section shows a small set of indicators that
can be used to put the country in context. For each
indicator, the first number shows its value and
the numbers in parenthesis show the country’s
corresponding global and regional ranking.
The region the country belongs to is shown to
the right of the indicators. 4 . P roduct C ommu n ities :
This legend shows the colors used to indicate the
community to which each product belongs. These
are the colors used to identify product communities
in the Product Space, Export Opportunity
Spectrum, Evolution of Export Composition and
Export Treemap sections of the country page.
POPULATION ≥ 192 M / (5/1) GDP ≥ USD 1.7 T / (9/1) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 1,031 / (77/11) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking).
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 198 B / (21/2) GDPpc ≥ USD 8,609 / (50/6) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 12 % (120/20) Latin America and the Caribbean.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 2.17 b / 228.33 B (0.95%)
Total Exports: 2.17 B / 228.33 B (0.95%)
1988 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 37.39 b / 2.79 T (1.34%)
Total Exports: 37.39 B / 2.79 T (1.34%)
0711 (47%) 2631 (8.1%) 0577 2482 (4.6%) 0813 (8.2%) 0711 (8.6%) 2815 (5.5%) 2816 2517 6412
(1.2%) (2.4%) (2%)
6415
2654
(1.2%) 6413
0422 2472 6649 2873
6732 6342
6841 (3.7%) (1.1%)
0149 0111 2681 2222 (3.1%) 4232 1212 (1.7%) 0723 0577
2483
(0.88%)
0440 0813 4245 2120 0721 0611 0811
0115 8510 (4.8%) 6513 6871 0712
(3.7%) (2.2%) (2%)
(1.1%)
0360 6725 (3.2%) 6727 (1.7%) 7821 (1.9%) 6731 7431
5831
2877 6673 7224 6521 (0.88%)
2222 5513 (1.7%) 6712 (1.5%)
2879 7139 6251 7259
0721 0723 0611 7842 7138 0111 0149 6114 0585 (4.7%)
0712 6725 6716 (1.4%) 6746 6745
(2.7%) (1.8%) (1.5%) 7132 (1.4%) (1.2%)
(1.3%) (1.3%)
6744 (1.4%) 6724 6747 7621 2919
0612 4314 0573 0585 6252 7923 0114 0360
2814
2008 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 198.08 B / 15.56 T (1.27%)
Total Exports: 198.08 B / 15.56 T (1.27%)
7849 (2.5%) Other 7821 7234 (1.2%) 6725 (2.9%) 6712 (2.2%) Pig & cast iron 2815 (7.9%) Not agglomerated iron ore 0114 (4.3%) Poultry meat
vehicles parts (1.6%) Construction & Iron/steel billets
mining machinery
7139 (1.2%) Piston 8 . E xport T reemaps :

engines parts 6716 (1.6%) Ferro-alloys
N.E.S. This section shows treemaps summarizing the
0111 (2.9%) Bovine meat composition of a country’s exports for the years
7832 7132 7841
7924 (3.1%) Aircrafts of 7643 (1.6%) 1968, 1988 and 2008. The total area represents
more than 15 tons Television & radio
7169 transmitters
2816 (3.9%) Agglomerated iron ore 2873 (1.3%) 100% of the country’s exports, whereas the
7212 Aluminium ore
0149 (1.7%) Other 0113 (0.97%) smaller areas represent the share of each product.
7431 (0.61%) 7842 7938 (1.1%) 6252 prepared or Products are grouped in communities and colored
Special preserved meat &
6731 floating entrails
accordingly. The first number shows the SITC4 rev2
7162 (0.6%) 2877
7923 structures code for the product. Parenthesis show the share of
6841 (1.4%) 2782 2871 6114 (1.3%) Bovine & 0224 trade represented by that good. Name of products
2222 (7.8%) Soya beans 0813 (3.1%) Oilcake 0711 (3%) Green & roasted 0612 (1.3%) Unwrought aluminium (0.85%)
coffee & coffee substitutes Refined sugar & aluminium alloys Copper
equine leather with large export shares are shown for 2008.
For a full list of products see
2517 (2.7%) Chemical 6415 5112 5161 0585 (1.5%) 5121 (1.8%)
wood pulp, soda or Fruit or Acyclic alcohols
http://atlas.media.mit.edu
sulphate 5146 vegetable juices & derivatives
0611 (2.6%) Raw 1212 (1.8%) Wholly or
4232 (1.9%) Soya bean oil sugar beet & cane partly stripped 0712
tobacco
2483 6353 5831 5221 8510 (1.3%) 6613
(0.65%)
2631 Footwear
0440 (1%) 6624 5629
6342
* Numbers indicate SITC-4 rev 2 codes. Parenthesis indicate percentage of total exports. Treemap Headers show: Total Trade/Total World Trade (share of world trade represented by the country).
“More interactive visualizations can be

found at: http://atlas.media.mit.edu”

albania
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] ≥ 0.087 / (58/19) EXPECTED GDPpc GROWTH * ≥ 3.05% / (32/13) *Expected annual average for the 2009-2020 period.
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade
2008 Export Opportunity

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Distance Opportunity Gain
2008 Evolution of
export composition
480
384
288
192
96
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 3.1 M / (114/23) GDP ≥ USD 13 B / (107/22) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 484 / (96/22) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking)
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 1.5 B / (124/26) GDPpc ≥ USD 4,126 / (75/20) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 12 % (124/27) Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 11.07 M / 228.33 B (0.005%)
Total Exports: 11.07 M / 228.33 B (0.005%)
1988 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 235.66 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 235.66 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
2879 (24%) 6821 (12%) 0544 (3.2%) 2924 (2.2%) 0440 (5.4%) 2879 (19%) 2872 (4.6%) 1223 (5.8%) 2924 0544 (3%)
(3.2%)
0542
3354 (3%) 1222 1211 1212 0752
2631 (4.4%) 0577
(1.8%) (1.6%)
(0.81%) 0412 0577
2922 2882 2815
(0.79%) 1222 (1.1%) (1%) 0545 (6.9%) 4235 5232 (5.1%)
0575
2789 3353 6612 (1.7%)
2114 (1.8%) 2681 5232 5322 (0.99%) (1%)
(1%) (1.7%) 2890
3354 (14%) 3330 (6.6%) 2789 (3.7%) 6716 (15%) 6712 (3.1%) 0579
0113 0360 3352
2116 7731 8960 0561
(1.2%) (1.2%)
8429 8423 8441 6592
6521 6592 (1.5%) 0012 8211
1124 6822 6822 (2.8%) (1.1%) (2.6%)
(1.9%) (0.99%)
(1.3%) (1.2%) 8431 7731
6612 (1.3%) 6513 (1.3%) 8997
(1%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.52 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
8510 (8.8%) Footwear 8423 (6.3%) Men's 6991 (4.1%) Base metal 7169 (0.97%) 7411 (0.91%) 2879 (5%) Other non-ferrous base 2871
trousers locksmiths wares N.E.S. Parts of Gas metals (1.8%)
rotating generators &
electric plants parts
8743
N.E.S. 7264
(0.64%)
7161
6123 (8.5%) Non-metal & non-abestos footwear material 6725 (4.6%) Iron/steel billets 6716 (2.4%) 7921 2882 (2.8%) Other 3354 (1.8%) Petroleum
Ferro-alloys non-ferrous base bitumen N.E.S.
metals
7144
6612 (1.6%)
Cement
2731
8462 (5.6%) Knitted undergarments 8459 (2.1%) Other 8435 8451 (1.1%) Knitted 6733
of cotton knitted outerwear jerseys, pullovers &
cardigans 6732 (5.7%) Iron/steel rods 0371 (1.7%) Fish N.E.S. 2924 (1.7%) Flora
in pharmacy
8463 (1.1%)
6114
8439 (1.1%) 8471 8422
2820 (1.7%) Iron
Other
6354 & steel waste
women
8441 (3.2%) Men's undershirt outerwear 8219 6842 3510 6624 6421 (2%) Paper 8931
(0.58%) packing containers
8429 8472 2483
8211 5629
(0.54%)
algeria
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] ≥ -1.213 / (114 / 13) EXPECTED GDPpc GROWTH * ≥ 1.28% / (110/11) *Expected annual average for the 2009-2020 period.
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.987 0.988 0.989 0.99 0.991 0.992 0.993 0.994 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
2.3 k
1.8 k
1.3 k
920
460
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 34 M / (33/3) GDP ≥ USD 171 B / (46/5) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 2,310 / (55/8) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 79 B / (40/5) GDPpc ≥ USD 4,974 / (67/9) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 46 % (36/8) Middle East and North Africa.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 934.18 M / 228.33 B (0.41%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 8.99 B / 2.79 T (0.32%)
3330 (84%) 1121 (8.5%) 3330 (57%) 3413 (36%) 6727
6749
6712
7283
0579 0565 2713

(1.3%)
3345
0571 0812
(2.1%) 3352
0541 2820
7752
2116 6592
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 79.36 B / 15.56 T (0.51%)
3330 (58%) Crude petroleum 3414 (20%) petroleum gases
3413 (20%) liquified hydrocarbons
angola
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.9945 0.995 0.9955 0.996 0.9965 0.997 0.9975 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
3.6 k
2.8 k
2.1 k
1.4 k
720
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 65 B / (47/3) GDPpc ≥ USD 4,671 / (70/5) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 77 % (9/3) Sub-Saharan Africa.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 289.36 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.70 B / 2.79 T (0.1%)
0711 (51%) 2654 (3.6%) 6673 (22%) 3330 (89%) 6672
(7.5%)
2631 (3.2%)
0440 (4.3%)
2232 0573 2877

(0.98%) (0.84%) 2472 (2.5%) 0814
4242 (1.6%)
0548 0542 2924 0721 6575
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 64.94 B / 15.56 T (0.42%)
3330 (99%) Crude petroleum
argentina
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] ≥ 0.106 / (57 / 7) EXPECTED GDPpc GROWTH * ≥ 2.61% / (54/9) *Expected annual average for the 2009-2020 period.
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
1 1
6% of WT
2% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0 0
0.06% of WT
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.75 0.8 0.85 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.8 k
1.4 k
1k
720
360
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.54 B / 228.33 B (0.68%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 10.57 B / 2.79 T (0.38%)
0111 (12%) 0011 (2.4%) 0440 (13%) 0813 (5.9%) 0813 (16%) 0440 (4.7%) 0111 (3.9%) 0149 (2.5%) 0344 0360
(1.3%) (1.2%)
0115 (2.1%) 0115 0342 0343
4236 (4.2%) (0.9%)
0112 0141 4241 (1.8%) 4234 0616 2682 2681
(1.3%) (1.3%) (1.2%) 6114 (5.2%) 2919 (1.5%) (1.5%)
0149 (9.5%) 0412 (4%) 4232 (3.8%)
4236 (1.6%) 0430
0116 6512 2687
(1.3%)
0812 (3.3%) 0574 (4.4%) 0459 (2.9%)
4113 6783 6727 6782 0579 0585
2222 (6.7%)
(0.9%) (0.87%) (1.8%) (1.4%)
2681 (5.5%) 2682 2111 (3.9%) 5922
6745 6725
(3.2%) 0452 0612 0741 4241 4249 6731
6746 6749 6841 (2.2%)
(1.5%) 7525
2120
0459 2631 2221 0574 (1.5%) 0542 1212
6114 2116 5112 5322 5831
0814 5322 8921 0579 4235 6782 6732 (1.9%) (1.9%)
(1.2%) 6842 8481
6512 (1.6%) (0.93%) 0546 7512 4233 0571 0572 0812
2919
2911 0545 2876 0611 5113 2472 6123
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 70.04 B / 15.56 T (0.45%)
0813 (13%) Oilcake 4232 (8.8%) Soya bean oil 7810 (5.1%) Cars 7821 (3.4%) Trucks 0111 (2.5%) Bovine 0114
& vans meat
0616
0116
0360 (1.1%) 0224 (0.89%)
7849 (2.3%) Other 7239 (1.9%) 6782

vehicles parts Bulldozers, (0.74%) 0344 0342 0240
angledozers &
levellers parts
7831
2222 (8.3%) Soya beans 0440 (6.4%) Unmilled 0412 (4.6%) Other wheat & meslin, N.E.S.
maize unmilled 6251 6114 (1.6%) Bovine &
equine leather
7924
3413 (2%) liquified 5989 (1.9%) 5839 1121 (1.2%) 0579 (0.92%)
hydrocarbons Chemical Wine
products
4236 (2.7%) Sunflower 0430 0585
seed oil 2871 (2%) Copper
4311 0589
5913 5530
(0.79%) (0.64%) 0914
9710 (1.3%) 6841 (1.2%)
Gold, Unwrought 0819
0460 0488 0482 0572 0459 2221 1212 non-monetary aluminium &
(0.8%) aluminium 5831
0812 0422 alloys (0.58%)
australia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of 2.5 2.5
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
1.5 1.5
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT 0.5 0.5
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT -0.5 -0.5

0.06% of WT -1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
8.8 k
7k
5.2 k
3.5 k
1.7 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 21 M / (46/9) GDP ≥ USD 1 T / (14/3) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 8,819 / (28/3) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 189 B / (22/7) GDPpc ≥ USD 48,499 / (12/1) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 18 % (104/15) East Asia and Pacific.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 3.73 B / 228.33 B (1.63%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 35.26 B / 2.79 T (1.26%)
2681 (32%) 2682 6851 (3.2%) 2875 2879 3222 (16%) 2815 (6.9%) 2681 (13%) 0111 (6%) 0012
(2.5%) (2.3%) (0.93%)
2874 0112
2876 (0.91%)
5225 (2.3%)
4113
6811 6861 2873
(1.5%) 2873 (4.7%) 6861
6512 2877 6673 2872 2111 (1%) 0360 0224
(0.92%) 0611 (4.5%) 0460 0612 0574 (1.6%)
(1.5%) 2877 2682 (2.9%) 6512 2116 0240
2686
2816
0372
0111 (9.9%) 0112 (2.6%) 0230 0224 0240 0488 0452
6841 (6.7%) 6851 2879 6821 0412 (4.1%) 0611 (2.4%) 8822 3345 2460
(2.3%) (0.94%) 0482
(1.6%) 5249 (1.4%)
5922 6749 6822 0589 (2.4%) 9610 2871
2875 6842
(1.4%) 2872 (1.4%) 5225 2631
0116 0149 2116 (2.5%) 2111 0360 6727 6712 6749 6725 1121
(1.6%) 2820 2783 (1.1%)
2919 0589
4113 0579 2874 6831 5241 3413 7132
6731 0430 0579
0575
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 188.89 B / 15.56 T (1.21%)
3222 (28%) Other coal 9710 (8.5%) Gold, non-monetary 0111 (3%) Bovine meat 0112 (0.82%)
0116
0224 (0.82%) 2681 (1.2%) Sheep

or lambs greasy
wool
3413 (6.2%) liquified hydrocarbons
0240 0360
0412 (2.2%) Other wheat

& meslin, unmilled
2815 (18%) Not agglomerated iron ore 2873 (3.9%) Aluminium

6841 (3.1%) Unwrought 2875 6851
ore
aluminium & aluminium (0.76%)
alloys 0430 (0.75%)
8720 8996 6832
2871 (2.4%) 6821 (1.6%) 6831 (1.4%)

Copper Unwrought Unwrought nickel
2877 6861 copper & & nickel alloys 2460 (0.68%)
(1.2%) (0.62%) copper alloys 1121 (1.5%) Wine
2860 2872 (0.95%) 2820
austria
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
2.5 2.5
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
2% of WT 1 1
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 -0.07 -0.065 -0.06 -0.055 -0.05 -0.045 -0.04
2008 Evolution of
export composition
21 k
16.8 k
12.6 k
8.4 k
4.2 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 8.3 M / (77/11) GDP ≥ USD 415 B / (25/11) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 20,631 / (12/7) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 172 B / (27/11) GDPpc ≥ USD 49,739 / (11/8) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 41 % (43/4) Western Europe.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.94 B / 228.33 B (0.85%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 31.40 B / 2.79 T (1.12%)
7499 7411 7281 7491 6746 (3.9%) 6623 (2.6%) 8472 (2.6%) 6560 (2.2%) 6522 7132 (4.3%) 6418 7492 7281 6251 2482 (2.7%) 6732 6343 6412 (2.9%)
(1.8%) (1.3%) 7452
7361 7731 8219
7493 7272
7851 6770 8731 8510 (2.4%) 6415 6413
6727 (2.8%) 8471 6517 7449 7436 7491 6911 6997
8812 6631 7212 7284 (2.5%) 6842 (1.9%) (1.7%)
(0.8%) 7259 8743 6428 6411
6577 8947 7788 6353
8842 6652
6782 6991 6992 6716 6822 6783 (1.4%) (1.2%) 6424 8921 2671 (1.6%) 5621 6782 7721 7234 7499 7162 3510 (1.4%) 6633
6760 (1.2%) (1%) (0.9%) (1%) 8960
7283 (1.3%)
7911 6733 6745 8124 5335 6419 5137 5416 8939 5831 (1.2%) 6658
(0.95%) 6991 7442 6954 6731 7822 (1.1%)
2482 (6.4%) 2483 (3.5%) 6842 6412 6415 0011 (2.9%) 6512 2782 (1.4%) (1.2%) 2671
6785 6760 5832 6210
(1.5%) (3.3%) (1.4%) 5839 8742
7611 8947 7638 6746 6745 6783 5834 0111 6114
2518 0240 6841 6998 (1.8%) (1.5%) (1.7%) (0.86%) 5148 5621 0011
(1.3%) 6822 6727
6633 6996 6341 6413 0118 2789 8510 8462 8431 6522 6517 6421
6416 6618 6658 8972 8124 7761 6749 6744 6716 (1.4%)
6732 (3.5%) 7731 6953 7852 8998 8459 8465 (0.98%)
6924 (1.2%) 8928 6421 6623 6252 7915 6560 8463 6516 0585
6343 (1.1%) 8842 8983 7712
6911 8993 2665 (1%) 0484
8960 6960 6770
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 172.26 B / 15.56 T (1.11%)
7810 (5%) Cars 7849 (3.5%) Other 7234 (1.4%) 6991 (1.3%) 7139 7224 7919 6842 (1.6%) 2482 (1.4%) 3510 6732 7731 (0.84%) 6415
vehicles parts Construction Base metal (0.86%) Worked Worked wood
& mining locksmiths aluminium & of coniferous
machinery wares N.E.S. aluminium 6997 (0.78%)
6412
7493 7492 6954 alloys
6343 6924 6633 6413
7162 (1.1%) 7239 8219 (1.2%) 6911
AC electric (0.89%) Furniture parts 6973
motors & 7491 7499 N.E.S.
generators 8211
6353 (1.2%)
7452 7281 6782 7272 7188 Builders` carpentry
7132 (3%) Internal 7284 (2.5%) 6416
7832 7758 & joinery
combustion engines for Specialized industry
motor vehicles machinery & parts 7361 5417 (3.2%) Medicaments 1110 (1.4%) 8931 0113
7283 7436 7842 7413 Non-alcoholic
N.E.S
6785 7259 6418 beverages N.E.S.
7416 8121
8939 (1.1%) 0980 0223
7821 (1.8%) 7721 (1.8%) 7442 (1.6%) (0.6%)
Trucks & vans Switchboards, Lifting & 7783 6760 Miscellaneous
relays & fuses loading articles of plastic
7212 6421
machinery 5821 (0.58%) 6114
7431 5416 (1.7%) Glycosides & 5831 2820 8972
vaccines (0.84%) (0.5%)
7643 (1.1%) 7788 8124 6749 (1.7%) Other 6746 (0.77%) 7711
(0.74%) worked iron/steel 8928
sheets 5839
7712 8942 6745 6210
6998 6821
(0.84%) (0.82%) 7763 7415
(0.69%) 6744 8742 5832
7915
azerbaijan
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] ≥ -1.223 / (117/27) EXPECTED GDPpc GROWTH * ≥ 1.25% / (112/27) *Expected annual average for the 2009-2020 period.
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
5.5 k
4.4 k
3.3 k
2.2 k
1.1 k
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 48 B / (55/10) GDPpc ≥ USD 5,329 / (65/17) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 103 % (4/1) Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 53.45 M / 4.30 t (0.001%)
Total Exports: 53.45 M / 4.30 T (0.001%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.34 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)
2631 (61%) 6592 (8.5%) 6521 (5.3%) 3330 (93%) 2634
0577
1211
6513 (2.9%)
1222
6841 (3.8%) 5623 5113

(0.94%) 7239
2820 (2.1%)
2882 (3.1%) 7832
2116 7415
(1.2%)
2112 5831
6821 (1.6%) 6861
8973 2681 8960
0571 0572 2320
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 47.78 B / 15.56 T (0.31%)
bangladesh
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
-1 -1
-2 -2
0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
100
80
60
40
20
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
POPULATION ≥ 160 M / (7/3) GDP ≥ USD 80 B / (62/3) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 104 / (123/4) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 17 B / (71/3) GDPpc ≥ USD 497 / (120/4) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 21 % (95/1) South Asia.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 731.88 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.25 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
2640 (26%) 6513 (8.4%) 6521 (4.6%) 8441 (15%) 8439 (8.1%) 0360 (14%) 6114 (5.3%)
6522 (4%) 6592

6116 6113 (3.1%)
(1.1%)
(3.3%)
6549
2631 (15%) 6545 (9.9%) 6581 (8.4%) 8510 6581 (4.1%) 8423 (3%) 8463 8431
2111
(2.3%)
0342 0350 0118
2633
8435 (3.9%) 6545 (8.5%) 2640 (4.6%) 5621
8459 8429 8434 8421 (2.5%)
6118 (3.7%) 0360 0350 8947 (1%) (0.99%)
0422 (3.9%) 2634 (1.3%) (0.76%)
2911 8462 (3.1%) 8451 8443 8452
(1.3%) 8433
2681 2682 (0.93%) 0741 (2.1%)
6113 6114 2919
6519 0545
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 16.58 B / 15.56 T (0.11%)
8462 (21%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 8423 (14%) Men's trousers 8439 (10%) Other women outerwear 0360 (2.8%)
Fresh, chilled,
frozen or salted
crustaceans &
molluscs
6114 (1.3%)
Bovine & equine
8459 (6.5%) Other knitted outerwear 6584 (2.7%) Linens 8429 (2.2%) 8435 leather
& furnishing textile Other men (1.7%)
articles outerwear Blouses
8451 (17%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 2640 (1%) Raw
processed jute
and other fibres
8510 (1.2%) 8463 8434 6581 8465

8441 (6.3%) Men's undershirt Footwear
6582
8431
8484 8452 5621
(0.76%) (0.72%)
belarus
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
3
products with
RCA > 1 2 2.5
22% of WT
2
1.5
6% of WT 1.5
1
2% of WT 1
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0.5 0.5
0
0
-0.5
0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01
2008 Evolution of
export composition
3.4 k
2.7 k
2k
1.3 k
680
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 942.42 M / 4.30 t (0.02%)
Total Exports: 942.42 M / 4.30 T (0.02%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 6.25 B / 5.90 T (0.11%)
5623 (13%) 5156 (2%) 6841 (9.1%) 6672 7224 (7.2%) 7821 (7.4%) 7224 (4%) 6931 6259 7752 (3.1%) 6732 8219 8431 8510
(2.8%) (1.5%) (2.6%) (2.3%) (1.2%) (1.1%)
5138 (1.5%) 8465

6252 6644
8459
8720 5148
6821 6770 7711 6624 2482 6353 6633
(1.8%) 6725 (2.2%) 6259 6770 7832 (2.1%) 7234 7491 6251 6572 (1.3%) 6514 (1.8%) 6531
7611 8710 6342
5112 7162 7758 (1.1%)
6931 (0.85%)
5621 (5.8%) 5831 2882 2890 5225 7831 6940 7422 6973 7861
2482 (2.7%) 8219 2665 (6.7%) 5922 6114 8124 (1%) (0.98%) 2666 6522
7783 7212 7132 7361
5629 (1.4%) (1.5%) (1.1%) 6725 6544
7852 6652 6415 6517
8431 (2.5%) 8439 6514 (1.7%) 2666 0224 5623 (9%) 5621 5334 6419 6546 0224 (1.3%) 0230 2665 8931 1124
(1.9%) (1.3%) 6342 2471 (1.5%) (1.7%)
0011 0372 5922 0620 1123
0240
7752 6732 (0.97%) (0.77%) 0612
2651 6544 0113 0251 6114 5823
6618 5823 (2.2%) 3224 0546 2631 5831 (1.7%) 5156 (1.7%)
8429 8421 (1.3%)
6416 (1.2%) (0.95%)
6351 2820
8465 6517 0579 3352 0111 6651
5981 6643 2672
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 32.96 B / 15.56 T (0.21%)
7224 (6.1%) Wheeled tractors 7832 (2.2%) 7212 (1.3%) 6259 (2.1%) Other tires 6931 6732 (4.3%) Iron/steel rods 7731 (1.1%) 6624 6973
Tractors for Harvesting & articles (1.2%) Electric wire
semi-trailers threshing
machines
6633 (0.99%)
7234 (1%) 7861
Construction & 6770 (1.1%) 7711 6252
mining Not 6353 8211 6359 6416
7132 7442machinery7831 insulated 8219 (2%) 7752 (1.9%)
iron/steel Furniture parts Refrigerators & 2472 2471
7821 (5.8%) Trucks & vans (0.98%) 6644
Internal wire N.E.S. freezers 6996
6725 (2.9%) Iron/steel
combustion 6911
billets 6343
engines
7822 for 6940
motor
vehicles 0240 (2.5%) 0224 (2.3%) 6514 6531 8465
7188
Cheese & curd Preserved, (0.78%)
7431
concentrated or
5623 (20%) Potassic fertilizers 5989 (2.2%) Chemical sweetened milk & 2666
products cream
3413 (1.6%) liquified 2783

hydrocarbons
0230 (1.2%) Butter 5922 0223
5156 (0.86%)
2665 (0.73%) 0612
0111 (1.4%) 0113 0371 (0.96%)
6419 5831
(0.97%) Refined sugar
5823
Polyethylene 0149
8931 (1%)
6546 0142
6114
belgium
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01
2008 Evolution of
export composition
45 k
36 k
27 k
18 k
9k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 11 M / (66/8) GDP ≥ USD 505 B / (20/7) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 44,544 / (4/1) * Data are from 2008 . Numbers indicate:
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.88 B / 228.33 B (3.45%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 93.29 B / 2.79 T (3.34%)
6733 (4.9%) 6746 (4.6%) 7810 (9.7%) 8822 (2.4%) 5629 6732 (4%) 7810 (13%) 6727 6746 6749 6672 (8.4%) 6842 8219
(1.2%) (2.2%) (1.9%) (1.6%) (0.81%)
5232 6911
5155 3345 8211 3510
5622 2733 6842 6618
6733 (1.3%) 6744 6745 6343 6633
5137 (1.3%) 6911 (1%) 6924
6822 6749 6725 6731 (1.4%) 8946 6419 5542 5621 6649 6633 6822 (1.2%)
(0.85%) 6424 0819 6924 7821 7234 7783 7842 6725 6821 6861 5225 6649
(2.4%) (1.2%) 7831 6643 6412 (1.5%) (1.3%) (0.9%) 6412 8960
8922 5335 8121 6770 6931 7611
6747 6783 7212 7449 0113 0224 0230 0730
6512 (2.4%) 0113 0114 0545 0730 7781
6727 (1.3%) 6745 6770 (1.6%) 6644 6418 7431 7493 6644
6130 0111
0013 0565 0484 0484
8822 (1.4%) 2331 5417 8939 5831 5832 0149
6821 (7.5%) 6672 (6.3%) 6998 0980 (1.4%) (1.8%) (1%)
2682 2686 0224 5113 0011 6514
6851 6935 2820 2926 5156 5148 5834 6595 (1.6%) 5823 6516
6861 6811 6522 6517 8472 0482
5824 5542 8921
6539
(0.93%) (0.92%) 6519 5839 5989 5629 5621
6584 6651 6932 6573 5335 6594 6596
6612 2651
2665 5232 5913 5833
0819 8423
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 477.19 B / 15.56 T (3.07%)
5156 (1.8%) 5416 (1.8%) 8720 (1.3%) Medical 8822 5145 7810 (9.1%) Cars 7821 (1.1%) 7832 (0.8%) 6727 (1.8%) 6749 (1.6%)
Heterocyclic Glycosides & instruments N.E.S. Iron/steel coils Other worked
compound; nucleic vaccines iron/steel sheets
acids 5111 8996 7493
7234 (1.1%)
5137
5829 5331 5123 6746 (1.1%) 6822

5148 (1.7%) Other 5839
7431 7784
nitrogen-function
compounds 5146 5161
7783 6744 (0.98%) 6733
5989 (1.6%) Chemical 5824
7842 7851
products 7781
2331
7436 6954
8124
5417 (12%) Medicaments 5831 (1.9%)
Polyethylene 6672 (4.5%) Not mounted 3414 (2.6%) petroleum gases 6842 (0.7%) 6428 8510 (1.1%)
diamonds Footwear
6911
8310
5832
6812 6821 8423
5833 6595 0113

5913 3352 (0.52%)
0730 0546 8931 6421 5121
8939 5530 5419 5621 2820 0573
0585 0224
(0.59%)
5334 5629 0484 0980 1123
5542 8928
0579
bolivia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
710
568
426
284
142
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 6.9 B / (88/12) GDPpc ≥ USD 1,720 / (96/20) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 42 % (42/4) Latin America and the Caribbean.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 135.17 M / 228.33 B (0.06%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 578.38 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2876 (50%) 2879 (14%) 0711 3414 (41%) 2875 (10%) 2876 (5.8%) 0711 (3.7%) 0612
(1.7%)
0813 2222 0577

(1.3%) (1.3%)
2320
2874 (2.2%) 6871 (7.3%)
2871 (4.1%)
0612
9710 (9.1%) 2879
3330 (13%) (4.2%)
0577
2483 (4%) 6116
6118
6114
2874 (7.4%) 2875 (2.2%) 6872 2120
2890 (2.6%) 2111
2741
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 6.92 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
3414 (50%) petroleum gases 2875 (12%) Zinc 0813 (4.6%) Oilcake
4232 (2.7%) Soya 4236 (1.8%)

bean oil Sunflower seed oil
2222 2239
2874 (2.7%) Lead ore 2876 (0.87%) 2224

Tin
0577 (1.4%) 0612 0542
Edible nuts
2890 (8%) Ores and precious metals 9710 (2.2%)

Gold, 0711
non-monetary
6871 (3.7%) Unwrought tin & alloys
8973 (1.1%) 2483 (0.87%) 6534 5121

Precious
jewellery
6513
bosnia and herzegovina

2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.3 k
1k
780
520
260
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 5.1 B / (95/21) GDPpc ≥ USD 4,906 / (68/18) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 27 % (73/18) Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 22.38 M / 4.30 T (0.001%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 915.09 M / 5.90 T (0.02%)
8439 (12%) 8510 (5.7%) 8946 (6.1%) 7783 (3.9%) 6822 (2.6%) 2483 (9%) 8211 (4.8%) 8219 6841 (19%) 2873
(2.4%)
6716 6733
7493 7284 (2.1%) 6732 (1.6%) 6911 2471 6341
7436 (5.8%) (1.8%) (1.7%)
2482 (5.3%) 5225
3510 (1.5%) 6353
6123 (3.9%) 8431 8435 8441 7643 (1.7%)
7428 7832 7416 2450
(3.6%) (2.3%) (2.2%) 2472 3223
8211 (2.3%) 8219 8922 (5%) 1121 (3%) 6841 8510 (6.7%) 8424 8429 8431 2882 2783
8451 8424 8462 (1.2%) (1.2%) (1.5%) (1.4%) 6954 8946 7783 2111 (2.8%)
(1%) 6341 2783 8462 (1%) 7499 6940
8452 8481 2483 (1.9%) 7436
8434 (3.1%) 6911 6842 2882 8423 8421 8451 8422
8459 6123 (3%) 8439 (3%) (1.1%) 0484 5232
6589 2924 (2.4%) 0118 0561
6652 (3.1%) 8465 6716 (1.9%) 6783 6770
6516 (2.3%) 6513 (1.7%) 6521 6517 0819 (1.7%) 8481 8459 6935 1212
6536 (0.83%) 6733
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.06 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
3510 (6.1%) Electric current 6911 (3.1%) Iron/steel structures 2482 (2.2%) Worked wood 7139 (3.9%) Piston engines 6731 (2.5%) 8510 (4.3%) Footwear
of coniferous parts N.E.S. Iron/steel wire rod
2483 (3%) Worked wood of 8219 (2.1%) Furniture

non-coniferous parts N.E.S.
6991 7491 7169 6123 (1.9%) Non-metal &
8211 (5.3%) Chairs & seats (0.69%) non-abestos footwear material
7449
6842 (1.7%) 6353 6912 7752 6417
Worked (1.4%) 7239 8439 (1%) 8423
aluminium & 6997 Other women
aluminium outerwear 8431
alloys
8212 6584
6783 (1.7%) Other 7924 (1.3%) 6770
6732 (3.2%) Iron/steel rods iron or steel tubes & Aircrafts of more
7731 (1.1%) 2450
Electric wire pipes than 15 tons 8424
6428 2460
5232 (1.1%) 8939 6424 2111 6129 0223 0149

6841 (8.2%) Unwrought aluminium & 2882 (1.2%) 3232 (3.9%) Coke & 2873 (2.6%) Aluminium Inorganic acids (0.98%)
aluminium alloys Other semi-coke of coal ore metallic salts & Miscellaneous
non-ferrous peroxysalts articles 6114
base metals 5221 (0.85%)
of
5621 5138
plastic 0484 8931 4236
6794
6935 (2.2%) Gauze & 2820 (0.98%)
2815 (1%) Not netting
agglomerated
iron ore
botswana
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
3k
2.4 k
1.8 k
1.2 k
600
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.53 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)
2005 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.43 B / 9.84 T (0.05%)
6672 (88%) 2871 0111 6672 (78%) 2871 (11%) 8451
(1.8%)
8435
8439 8423
8459
2111
7832
7832
(1.8%)
0111
5232 (1.7%)
8462 5232 0620

2783 9710 2783
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.96 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
6672 (67%) Not mounted diamonds 2872 (16%) Nickel 8451 (1.4%)
Knitted jerseys,
pullovers &
cardigans
8439 (1.1%)
8459 8423
8463 8435
8441
0111 (2%) Bovine

meat
2871 (3.4%) Copper 9710 (2.2%) Gold,

non-monetary 7234
(0.5%)
7832
5232 7861
brazil
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0 0
0.06% of WT
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1k
800
600
400
200
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.17 B / 228.33 B (0.95%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 37.39 B / 2.79 T (1.34%)
0711 (47%) 2631 (8.1%) 0577 2482 (4.6%) 0813 (8.2%) 0711 (8.6%) 2815 (5.5%) 2816 2517 6412
(1.2%) (2.4%) (2%)
6415
2654
(1.2%) 6413
0422 2472 6649 2873
6732 6342
6841 (3.7%) (1.1%)
0149 0111 2681 2222 (3.1%) 4232 1212 (1.7%) 0723 0577
2483
(0.88%)
0440 0813 4245 2120 0721 0611 0811
0115 8510 (4.8%) 6513 6871 0712
(3.7%) (2.2%) (2%)
(1.1%)
0360 6725 (3.2%) 6727 (1.7%) 7821 (1.9%) 6731 7431
5831
2877 6673 7224 6521 (0.88%)
2222 5513 (1.7%) 6712 (1.5%)
2879 7139 6251 7259
0721 0723 0611 7842 7138 0111 0149 6114 0585 (4.7%)
0712 6725 6716 (1.4%) 6746 6745
(2.7%) (1.8%) (1.5%) 7132 (1.4%) (1.2%)
(1.3%) (1.3%)
6744 (1.4%) 6724 6747 7621 2919
0612 4314 0573 0585 6252 7923 0114 0360
2814
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 198.08 B / 15.56 T (1.27%)
7849 (2.5%) Other 7821 7234 (1.2%) 6725 (2.9%) 6712 (2.2%) Pig & cast iron 2815 (7.9%) Not agglomerated iron ore 0114 (4.3%) Poultry meat
vehicles parts (1.6%) Construction & Iron/steel billets
mining machinery
7139 (1.2%) Piston

engines parts 6716 (1.6%) Ferro-alloys
N.E.S.
0111 (2.9%) Bovine meat
7832 7132 7841
7924 (3.1%) Aircrafts of 7643 (1.6%)
more than 15 tons Television & radio
7169 2816 (3.9%) Agglomerated iron ore 2873 (1.3%)
transmitters
7212 Aluminium ore
0149 (1.7%) Other 0113 (0.97%)
7431 (0.61%) 7842 7938 (1.1%) 6252 prepared or
Special preserved meat &
6731 floating entrails
7162 (0.6%) 2877
7923 structures
6841 (1.4%) 2782 2871 6114 (1.3%) Bovine & 0224
2222 (7.8%) Soya beans 0813 (3.1%) Oilcake 0711 (3%) Green & roasted 0612 (1.3%) Unwrought aluminium (0.85%)
coffee & coffee substitutes Refined sugar equine leather
& aluminium alloys Copper
2517 (2.7%) Chemical 6415 5112 5161 0585 (1.5%) 5121 (1.8%)
wood pulp, soda or Fruit or Acyclic alcohols
sulphate 5146 vegetable juices & derivatives
0611 (2.6%) Raw 1212 (1.8%) Wholly or
4232 (1.9%) Soya bean oil sugar beet & cane partly stripped 0712
tobacco
2483 6353 5831 5221 8510 (1.3%) 6613
(0.65%)
2631 Footwear
0440 (1%) 6624 5629
6342
bulgaria
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
2.5
Fraction of 2.5
products with
RCA > 1 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT
0.5
0.8% of WT 0.5
0.06% of WT
0
0
-0.5
-0.5
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0 5 10 15
Distance Opportunity Gain x 10
-3
2008 Evolution of
export composition
3k
2.4 k
1.8 k
1.2 k
600
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 298.17 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.29 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)
0011 (5.2%) 0113 (3.9%) 0111 0240 0565 (4.4%) 0589 6861 (4.1%) 6811 7441 (7%) 7841 (6.4%) 7721 5621 (4.1%) 5417 (1.6%) 1121 (3.2%)
(2.1%) (2.2%) (1.5%) (2%)
0819 5530
0545 0579
6851 (2.3%) 6821 (2.9%) (1%)
0545 (1.7%) 0583 0579
0012 (5%) 7361 (1.9%) 7449 7224 7784 0565
0114 (2.1%) 0118 (0.84%) 5112 2331 5232
7442 (6.7%) (1.2%)
0230 0585 0561 1121 0546 6841 (1.8%) (1.2%) 5121
0913 5148
(0.96%) (0.9%) 7188 (1.7%) 7783
0015 6612 0012 0011 0240 8421 8435 8431
0112
0013 5621 (6.4%) 6725 (4.5%) 6522 (1.3%) 6991 (2.8%) (0.87%) (1%)
7452 0118 8459
0440 (4%) 4236 0544 (2.7%) 0542 7367 0360 8441
2613 (1.2%) 0251
(2.8%) 8462
7522 (2.1%) 7512 7591 6727 (2.7%) 6744
0616 0342 2882 6861 6821
6727 6712 6716 1211 1223 0575
2924 0751 0615 2483 2519 8983 6851
(1.3%) 5224 7528 (1.6%) (2.3%) (1.5%)
(1.1%) 5148 5232 6725 (2.6%) 6749
0541 (0.98%) (1.3%) 7525 7521 5513 8219 8998 2820
4232 (1.8%) 5513 (1.6%) 7915 7781 2665 (1.4%) 7781 1222
2223 0575 5169 5413 (1.2%)
7511 7518 (1.1%) 3510
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 22.57 B / 15.56 T (0.15%)
7492 (1.4%) Valves 7239 7441 6821 (12%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 8459 (2%) Other knitted 8431 (1.1%) 8423 0412 (2.8%) Other wheat & meslin,
outerwear (1.1%) unmilled
7361
7442
7721 (1.3%)
Switchboards, relays 8439 (1.4%)
8462 (1%) 2224 (2%) Sunflower seeds
& fuses
7188 (1.1%) 8451 8510 8435 8463
(0.92%) 0430 (0.78%) 4236
8424
6822 (2.4%) 6744 (2.2%) 7781 (1.1%)
Worked copper & Iron/steel 2226
copper alloys >=4.75mm tick 6123 (0.65%) 8434
sheets 7611 1211 (1.2%) 0612
8472
(0.83%) 2871 8422 (0.64%) Unstripped
Color T.V. 8310 tobacco
6851 2882 6861 (1.3%) 2890
7711 (1.1%) (0.59%) Unwrought 6514 6516
6727 (0.98%) 6783 zinc & 5232 (1.3%) 8745 (0.82%) 0484 (1%) 8931 0565
Iron/steel coils alloys Inorganic acids (0.56%)
metallic salts &
0589
3510 (3.6%) Electric 6732 (2.2%) Iron/steel 7731 (1.4%) Electric 8211 (0.75%) 6343 6652 peroxysalts 5148 1121
5622 5222
current rods wire 0586
8822
8122 6911 0114 2820 (2%) Iron & steel
7852 5831 5530 5621 waste
7752 (1.1%) (0.61%) (0.67%)
6842 (1.7%) Worked 6413 5832 0240 6512
aluminium & aluminium 0819 (0.71%)
8219 (0.88%) 8212 6651 (0.67%)
alloys 2517
cambodia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
300
240
180
120
60
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 4.4 B / (102/14) GDPpc ≥ USD 710 / (117/16) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 42 % (40/8) East Asia and Pacific.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 71.37 M / 228.33 B (0.03%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 8.46 M / 2.79 T (0.0003%)
0422 (46%) 2320 (24%) 0011 (4%) 2320 (39%) 2222 (25%) 2472 (13%)
2111
2471 (2.5%)
2472 2234 (8.2%) 2238 (1.7%)

0812 (2.9%) 2929 0440 (4.7%) (1.3%)
(2.4%) 2239 2224
0819 (2.7%) (1.4%) 8960 (3.6%)
0751 (2.5%) 0577 (2.1%) 2221 (1.6%) 2929 (2.7%)

0421 2223 2924
(0.93%) 8921
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.38 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
8459 (33%) Other knitted outerwear 8451 (17%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8928 (21%) Printed matter N.E.S.
8464 (6.9%) null 8462 (3.5%) Knitted 8429 (2.8%)

undergarments of Other men
cotton outerwear
8510 (2.1%) Footwear 8439

(0.67%)
2733 (2.8%) Non 7852 (1.1%)
8452 (3.7%) Knitted women's suits metal-bearing sands
& dresses
8463 (1.8%) Knitted 2320
undergarments of synthetic (0.73%)
fibers
cameroon
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
330
264
198
132
66
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 5.1 B / (94/9) GDPpc ≥ USD 1,243 / (100/10) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 21 % (92/18) Sub-Saharan Africa.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 206.32 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.67 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
0721 (23%) 0711 (28%) 2472 (8.5%) 3330 (42%) 0721 (13%) 0711 (13%)
6842 2483 2481 6349

6341
0723 2320 0573
6841 (9.3%)
(2.4%) (2.4%) (1.4%)
0723 (7.5%) 0573 (4.4%)
4242 2631 1211
(0.93%)
2472 (8.7%) 2483 (2.8%) 6521
2232 2320 (2.1%)
(2.1%) 2631 (4.9%) 2223 2221
0730 8510 6841 (6.6%) 6341 2471 0360
4242 0741 (1.2%) (0.99%)
(1.2%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.09 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
3330 (56%) Crude petroleum 0573 (7.4%) Fresh or dried 0721 (7.3%) Raw & roasted coffee 0711
banana & plantains beans
2631
2320 (2.8%) Natural rubber, latex & gums 0723 (1.1%)

Cocoa butter &
paste
2483 (11%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 2472 (3.3%) 2820
Sawlogs & veneer
logs of
non-coniferous
6341 (1.5%)
NULL 0579
0565
6841
canada
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.75 0.8 0.85 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
2008 Evolution of
export composition
14 k
11.2 k
8.4 k
5.6 k
2.8 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 456 B / (11/2) GDPpc ≥ USD 45,003 / (15/2) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 30 % (65/1) North America.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 13.14 B / 228.33 B (5.75%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 112.98 B / 2.79 T (4.04%)
7810 (18%) 6411 (12%) 6831 (3.1%) 6841 (4.7%) 7810 (17%) 6411 (6.7%) 2517 (5.7%) 6841 (3.2%) 6831 (1.3%)
2741
2872 (3%)
2875 2882 2872 2784
5241
2784 (2.5%) 2741 6412 2518 3222 (2.4%) 2871 6821
2875 6851
2517 (5.4%) 2518 2516 (1.3%) (1.2%) 6413 (1%) (0.88%)
2874 7849 (7%) 7132 7841
6821 (3.3%) 2871 5225 (1.7%) 2482 (6%) 2471 6861 2815
7842 (6.5%) 7821 (3.4%) (1.5%) 6997 3414 (2.3%)
6413 6412 6811
6861 7139 7831 9710 5225
2482 (8.4%) 6359 2879 (1%) (0.88%)
7821 (5.5%) 7832 6991
7212 6994 5623 5629 5221 1124 (1.9%) 5623 5112 0412 2226 0360 5121
2483 6251
(1.7%) (1.2%) (1.5%) (2.4%)
2331 0411 0344
5249 0371 1124
0011 0360 2120 0430 0460
0113
6822 6783 7928 (1.8%) 7929 (1.3%) 7149 7148 7641 6745 5831
(1%) 0113 0350 2919 2234 (0.91%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 455.73 B / 15.56 T (2.93%)
3330 (20%) Crude petroleum 7810 (10%) Cars 7849 (3.3%) Other vehicles 7821 7924
parts (1.1%)
7923 7148
7132 7436
7499
7239 7144
7832 7442 6783 6252
3414 (9.6%) petroleum gases 2482 (1.5%) 3510 8219 2517 (1.5%) Chemical 0412 (1.5%) Other 4239 0542
Worked wood of (1.1%) wood pulp, soda or wheat & meslin,
coniferous sulphate unmilled
0411
6411 (1.3%) 2226 (1.1%)
6842 6353 Newsprint
2872 6831 5241 6841 (2.2%) 6821 (0.86%) 6428 2519 6413 8931 0980 0113 (0.64%) 0111
8211 6911
(1.1%) (0.59%) Unwrought
aluminium & 6343 6415
2741 2871 0011
aluminium alloys
(0.59%) (0.54%) 5623 (1.9%) 5839 8939 0484 0730
Potassic fertilizers (0.83%) (0.65%) 0360
9710 (2.6%) Gold, non-monetary 2816
(0.58%)
3222 (1.8%) Other coal 5831 0546
6861 6899 5112 (0.93%) 2820
Polyethylene 5121
chile
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
4k
3.2 k
2.4 k
1.6 k
800
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.02 B / 228.33 B (0.45%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.37 B / 2.79 T (0.26%)
6821 (79%) 2871 0814 (2.4%) 6821 (37%) 0814 (6.7%) 0575 (6.8%)
2681
2517 6411 0342 (1.7%) 0360 0341
0574 (3.6%)
(0.95%) (0.78%)
0371 4111
0372
0344 0343 0542 2929
2712 (2.2%)
2482 2471 2460 2479 0579 (3.3%) 1121
(2.3%) (1.6%) 0545
2879 0574 0542 2871 (9%) 2879 2472
(1.5%)
0575 2517 (4.5%) 6411
6822 0545 5221 2712 6822
(1.6%) 2816 (1.6%) 6811 2815 9710 (1.6%) 2875 6412 5629
0579 (1.1%) (0.95%) 0819
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 66.48 B / 15.56 T (0.43%)
6821 (38%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 2871 (18%) Copper 0342 (2.2%) Frozen 0344 2517 (4.3%) Chemical wood
fish, excluding fillets pulp, soda or sulphate
0343 (0.95%) 0372
0341 2482 (1.6%) 6342 2460

0814 (0.85%) Worked wood
of coniferous
0113 6416
(0.57%) (0.52%)
1121 (2.3%) Wine 0980 0575 (2.4%) Grapes &
(0.59%) raisins
0586
0579 (2.3%) Fresh or dried 0574 (1.1%)

fruit N.E.S.
2879 (4.1%) Other non-ferrous base metals
6716 (1.4%) 6822 6418 5232 5221

Ferro-alloys (0.64%)
9710 5225 6811 2816 2815 2882
china
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
products with 2 2
RCA > 1
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.1 k
880
660
440
220
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 1.3 B / (1/1) GDP ≥ USD 4.5 T / (3/2) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 1,080 / (76/9) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 1.4 T / (2/1) GDPpc ≥ USD 3,414 / (82/9) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 32 % (63/10) East Asia and Pacific.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.57 B / 228.33 B (0.69%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 61.94 B / 2.79 T (2.22%)
0422 (9.8%) 2222 (5.2%) 5513 0013 (2.9%) 0113 2919 (4.3%) 2114 8310 (3.8%) 8510 8451 (2.8%) 6584 8942 (6.6%) 7758 2631 (1.7%)
(2.9%) (1.1%)
4234 6940
8439 (2.6%) 0741
4239 0149 6130 0118
7161 0813 2222
0360 2683 7622 7638 7611 8482 (1.6%)
2924 (1.8%) 0542 0440
0577 (1.7%) 2221 2235 0116 (1.3%) (0.99%) 8459 8462 8481 8997 8431 (1.6%) 6716
(1%) 0014 (0.8%)
(1.3%) (0.82%) 0114 (2.1%) (1.7%)
8441 7628 7757 8852 7512 6712 2924 0548
0741 (1.6%) 0421 4233 0612 (1.4%) 0752 0545 0561 0565 8942 6991 7243
(1.2%) (1.1%) 8424 8442 8124 7711
0541 8947 6940 8429 (1.6%) 8435
6522 (5.7%) 2613 (3.7%) 6584 8472 0579 6552 8463 0360 2919 0565
0483 0980 (2.3%) (1.1%)
(2.5%) 2783 2879 8421 8472
8423 (1.5%) 3222 5225
0589 0121 2683 0546 0545
2789 6612 (0.89%) 6899
6513 (1.8%) 6517 6664 5981 6521 (1.9%) 6541 6534 (1.5%) 6592 6511 2879 0589
6871 8999 0341 6512
6521 (4.7%) 8997 8471 (0.99%) (0.91%) 6516 8851 5221 6871 8999 (1.4%)
6511 (0.93%) (1.7%) 8994 8212
(1.2%) 8952 6513 2613 6544
6541 (1.4%) 6592 0819 5232 6522 (1.8%)
(1.3%) 6519 6953 6664 5413
8510 5981
2008 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 1.43 t / 15.56 T (9.2%)
Total Exports: 1.43 T / 15.56 T (9.2%)
7522 (6.6%) Digital data 7649 (3.7%) 8942 (2.3%) Toys 7638 (2%) Video & sound 8510 (2.5%) Footwear 8310 (1.3%) 6584 8429 6522
processing machines Parts of telecom recorders N.E.S. Luggage & (0.8%)
& sound handbags
recording
equipment 7611 (1.6%) 7763 (1.4%) 8462 (0.84%) 6531
8710 (2.1%) Optical Color T.V. Diodes & 8423 (0.56%)
8459 (1.8%) Other knitted
instruments transistors 8463 6552 6589
outerwear 6514
8997
7518 (1.3%) 7712 7415 (0.84%) 7781 (0.8%) 8451 (1.4%) 8439
8472
(1.2%) Knitted (1.3%)
jerseys, Other 8431
7643 (3.4%) Television & radio 7599 (2.8%) 8124 (0.84%) 7641 (0.8%) pullovers & women
transmitters Parts of cash cardigans outerwear 8452
registers &
calculating 7788 (1.1%) 7523 8947 8219 8211 7731 (1%) 8939 5155
machines Other (0.71%) (1.2%) (0.85%)
electrical Miscellaneous
7525 (2.8%) Control & peripheral articles
machinery 7757 7861 (0.83%) 6573 of
hardware (0.59%) plastic
&
equipment
7722 7642 6911 (0.81%) 8212 7752
N.E.S. 3232
7758 (1%) 7492 6991 6782 6749 (0.63%) 7782 6624 (0.52%)
Electro-thermal (0.86%) 6732
home 6940 6251 6252 6613 0372
6744
appliances
7711 7853 0344
N.E.S.(0.77%)
7239 7442
6716 6746 7932 (1.5%) Ships & 8931
6974
(0.52%) boats
7162 6733
7784 6783 6953
colombia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
2008 Evolution of
export composition
840
672
504
336
168
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 596.39 m / 228.33 B (0.26%)
Total Exports: 596.39 M / 228.33 B (0.26%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.56 B / 2.79 T (0.2%)
0711 (67%) 0573 (5.5%) 3330 (8.2%) 0711 (39%) 3330 (15%)
3222 (6.3%) 3221 6673 (3.9%)
0611 6673 6812

(2.5%) (0.91%)
2634 (2.8%)
6612
6612
2119 0360 0573 (8.9%) 2927 (6%) 0611 2631 0712 5913 6716 6584
(1.2%) (3.3%)
2631 (2.1%) 2120
2483 6521 2671 8921
0721 0360 6114 5833
6513 5834
0813
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 37.70 B / 15.56 T (0.24%)
3330 (31%) Crude petroleum 0711 (6.3%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee 5530 (1.2%) 5334
substitutes Perfumery &
cosmetics
8921
5834 (1.2%) 5832 (1%)

2927 (3.6%) Flora 0573 (2.2%) Fresh or dried Polyvinyl Polypropylene
banana & plantains chloride
0712 5541 5514

(0.64%)
4242 (1.1%) 5913
5912
6552 (0.78%) 6123 0111 (2.5%) Bovine 6114 (1.1%)
meat Bovine &
8465 equine
8423 leather
3222 (15%) Other coal 9710 (3.4%) Gold,
non-monetary
8462
6428 7752 0620

(0.87%) (0.77%)
6716 (2.8%) Ferro-alloys 7499 Articles of Sugar
6954 paper pulp confectionary
8931
2890 6612 6624
N.E.S. (not
7711 chocolate)
2882 (0.51%) 0484
(0.96%)
6252 6415
Other
non-ferrous
congo republic
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

2008 Evolution of
export composition
3.2 k
2.5 k
1.9 k
1.2 k
640
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 96.97 M / 228.33 B (0.04%)
1988 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 959.93 m / 2.79 T (0.03%)
Total Exports: 959.93 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
6672 (22%) 2771 2472 (30%) 6341 (7.3%) 3330 (71%) 6672 2472 (11%)
(5.1%) (7.3%)
6821 (12%) 6861 (4.8%) 2483 (1.3%)

6341 2479
(2.7%) (1.2%)
0612 (5.5%) 0711 0611 0721 (1.1%) 6822 2877 (3%)
(1.3%) (2%) 2483
2232 4242 (0.87%)
0615 2119
0611 2911
(0.99%)
0813 2634 (0.81%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 11.54 B / 15.56 T (0.07%)
3330 (87%) Crude petroleum 2871 (3%)
Copper
6821 (2%)
Unwrought
copper & copper
alloys
2879 (1.8%)
Other
non-ferrous base
metals
2876 (1.1%) Tin
6672 (0.75%)
6899
costa rica
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
2008 Evolution of
export composition
2.2 k
1.7 k
1.3 k
880
440
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 194.85 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.55 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
0711 (38%) 0573 (31%) 0111 (7.2%) 0573 (35%) 2926 8423 (3.8%) 8465 (3%) 8439
(2.1%) (2.5%)
2927 8462 8441 8434 8424 8431

0360 (1.8%) (1.8%) (1.6%)
5417 5530 0914 8421
8435
(1.2%) 8463
5629 0111 (4.3%) 0579 (3.2%) 0589
0980
5621 0620 0711 (24%) 6421
7781 8472 0545

(0.99%) 7731 6428 8973
0360 0341
6749 8471 (1.6%) (1.2%)
0612 (4.6%) 0721 0611 2925
(1.1%) 6341 6998 7723 8972
(0.79%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 9.76 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
7599 (12%) Parts of cash registers & calculating machines 7721 (1.6%) 0579 (7.6%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S. 8720 (7.1%) Medical instruments N.E.S.
Switchboards,
relays & fuses
6251 (1.3%) Tires

& pneumatic for
cars
6289 7758 0980 (3.6%) Edible 8931 0583 8996 (3.1%) Orthopaedic appliances
7764 (12%) Electronic microcircuits
8812 products N.E.S. (0.94%)
6749 7131 5417 (3.7%) Medicaments 5334 5834

0484
6421
5542
6252 0585 (1.5%) Fruit or
vegetable juices
0819
0573 (8.1%) Fresh or dried banana & 4242 (1.6%) Palm oil 0711 (3.9%) Green & roasted 5629
plantains coffee & coffee substitutes
7731 (1.9%) Electric 6732 (0.77%) 0343 8442 8423
wire (0.83%)
2927 (1.3%) Flora
6842 (0.74%) 0371
8462
0111 0223 (0.63%)
2926 0611 6996
0548 (1.1%) 6428 (1.3%) 6651
(0.96%) Articles of paper (0.73%)
Live plants pulp N.E.S.
côte d’ivoire
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1k
800
600
400
200
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 506.69 M / 228.33 B (0.22%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.37 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)
0711 (32%) 2472 (28%) 0721 (25%) 0711 (21%) 2483 (7.8%) 2472 (4.2%)
6341 2481
(1.9%) 2479
0371 (4.1%) 0579 (4.2%)
0721 (16%) 0573 (5.5%)

0723 (5.6%) 2320 0573 (2.5%)
(3.3%) 0342 0730
2483 (3.8%) 6341
0723 (4.1%) 2631 (5.1%) 6672 (3%) 0712 6521
4242 0722
(1.1%) (2.4%) (0.98%)
0589 (1.7%) 0579 0712 2877 4244
4243 6522
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 9.87 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
0721 (24%) Raw & roasted coffee beans 3330 (21%) Crude petroleum 6612
9710
0723 (9.6%) Cocoa butter & paste 2320 (6.7%) Natural rubber, 0573 (1.6%) Fresh
latex & gums or dried banana & 5530 (2%) Perfumery & 5541 (1.2%) Soaps 0730 (2.2%) 0980 (0.86%) 8931
plantains cosmetics Chocolate
0712 (0.97%) 0579 0483

4242 (1.5%) Palm
oil 0819 (1.5%) Animal feed
and food waste
5629
7938 (1.3%) 0371 (2.4%) Fish
0722 4244 2483 (2.9%) Worked 6341 (1%) 2472 N.E.S.
(0.83%) wood of
non-coniferous 7921 (1.2%)
0577 (2.4%) Edible nuts 2631 (1.1%) Raw 0711 (1.8%) Green & roasted 1223
cotton coffee & coffee substitutes 2479 9510 6954
(0.64%)
croatia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
2.5 2.5
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0.5 0.5
0 0
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 -15 -10 -5 0 5

-3
2008 Evolution of
export composition
3.2 k
2.5 k
1.9 k
1.2 k
640
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1992 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 3.29 b / 4.30 t (0.08%)
Total Exports: 3.29 B / 4.30 T (0.08%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.35 B / 5.90 T (0.07%)
8510 (4.8%) 8423 (2.4%) 8462 7932 (10%) 5831 (2.4%) 5834 7932 (18%) 8743 7162 2483 (3.2%) 6842 8211 5413 (2.4%) 8922
(1.6%) (1.6%) (0.97%) 7239 (1.9%) (1.9%)
5542
8439 (2.3%) 6782
8422 5417 (2.2%)
5417 8922 7758
8424 (3%) (1.3%) 7731 8219 6911 2472 6341
8451 8429 8441 8435 0819 (1.5%)
5413 7641 7768 5831 (1.8%) 5621
7721 8743 8942 7712 6353
6123 (2.9%) 8431 5113 3345 5621 (1.3%) (1.1%)
(1.3%) 7758 6997
(2.4%) 5411 6624 5629
8434 8459 6584 8433
7162 6716
5157 7711 (1.6%) 5113
8997 5629 6415 2512
8481 (1.2%) 3414 (1.9%) 6612 (2%) 1222 (2.2%) 0412
8510 (3.1%) 8451 8462 8431 8423
2483 (4.4%) 7731 6842 6415 0980 (2%) 5833 (2%) 6612 3413 2882 (2.6%) 0612
(1.6%) (1.5%) (1.4%) 6998 8459 3413 (1.4%)
3354 3232 6998 2734
0341 6114 5833
6421 8931 6651 8928 0111 0149 0341 0371 8422 8434 8481 (1.1%)
8211 (2.3%) 8219 (2%) 2472 6341 6997 6624 2512 0980 0484 2111
(0.91%) 8424 6123 6584 8432
8439 (1.7%) 8931 0371 2820
6342 0484 8435
6911 0114 6114 (1.5%) (1.5%) 0149
8122 8463 8465 6421 6635
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 14.18 B / 15.56 T (0.09%)
7932 (15%) Ships & boats 7284 7239 7139 7491 5417 (2.6%) 5530 3414 (2.8%) petroleum gases
Medicaments
7169
8743 7499 7919

(0.72%) 2882 (0.87%) 6612 (1.6%)
6782 5831 (2.1%) 5621 (1.7%) 5629 Cement
Polyethylene Nitrogenous (1.2%)
7212 7162 fertilizers 6998
7711 (3.2%) Electrical 7788 7712 (0.71%)

transformers (0.94%)
Other 8510 (1.5%) 8451 (1.2%) 0612 (1.6%) Refined 1222 (0.92%)
electrical 7768 (0.64%)
Footwear Knitted sugar
machinery
7763 & jerseys,
equipment 7723
(0.73%) pullovers &
N.E.S. cardigans
7931 7915 7119 8463 6123 0488
7149
2483 (2.8%) Worked wood 8211 (2.1%) 8219 (1.2%) 6911 (1.1%) 6997 (0.82%) 6341 2820 (1.5%) Iron & 6651
of non-coniferous Chairs & seats Furniture Iron/steel steel waste (0.71%)
8472
parts N.E.S. structures 2472
6343 8928
5833
2450 0980 (1.6%) 0730 6421
6353 (0.93%) 6624 Edible products
6842 (2.3%) Worked 6129 (0.81%) 0341 (0.81%)
N.E.S.
aluminium & aluminium 7731 (1.3%) Fresh or
0484 chilled fish,
alloys Electric wire 3510 (0.91%)
excluding 0223
1110 8931 fillets
cuba
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
-1 -1
-2 -2
0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
260
208
156
104
52
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 2.9 B / (107/19) GDPpc ≥ USD 5,596 / (63/10) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 4.7 % (128/21) Latin America and the Caribbean.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 157.55 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.29 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
0612 (28%) 0611 (30%) 2872 (8.2%) 2871 0611 (50%) 0612 (5.6%) 0360 (10%) 0372
(2.5%)
6811
5225 0711 (3.7%)

1221 (4.3%) 5121
(2.3%) 2872 (4.8%) 2890 2871
(1.4%) (0.87%)
0615
2879
0615 (11%) 0711 (4.3%) 0572 0571 2882
0360 (3.1%) 9610
(1.9%) (1.8%)
(2.1%) 1221 (3.8%) 2820 (2.3%)
0111 (2.1%) 1211 (2.4%)

7842
6581 (1.1%)
0585
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.92 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
2872 (35%) Nickel 1221 (12%) Cigars 0611 (20%) Raw sugar beet & cane
1124 (7%) Alcoholic beverages
0585 1211 1222

6724 (2.2%) Iron/steel 7272 (1.1%) Food 0360 (4.8%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or 5416 (2.4%)
bars processing salted crustaceans & molluscs Glycosides &
2879 (4.7%) Other non-ferrous base metals 6612 (1.8%) 2882 (1.8%)
machinery & vaccines
Cement Other
parts N.E.S.
non-ferrous base 7782
metals (0.88%)
6725 Incandescent
&
czech republic
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 -0.06 -0.055 -0.05 -0.045 -0.04 -0.035 -0.03
2008 Evolution of
export composition
14 k
11.2 k
8.4 k
5.6 k
2.8 k
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 14.34 B / 4.30 T (0.33%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 33.38 B / 5.90 T (0.57%)
6731 (1.9%) 7821 7162 7361 6744 6727 6725 8510 8439 5111 5311 7810 (11%) 7721 (2.7%) 7162 7919 7361 7731 (2.4%) 8219 6353 3510 6652
(1.2%) (0.91%) (1.5%) (1.6%) (1.1%)
6123
7721 (1.7%) 6782 7449 7224 5145 5112 2671 6732 6664
6584 6589 8429 7493 6251 8211 (2.2%) 2482
6733 6746 6712 5331 7783 6991
(0.94%) 8471 8435 8939 5834 6842 2471
7492 6991 7758 8121 (1.3%) (1%) 7139 7492
6745 8431 (1.1%) 5831 6633
7283 6782 6731 6647 6954 6911 6997 6428 7414 6415
7919 7264 6785 8947 6770 5542
6954 6522 6521 (1.3%) (1.2%)
7369 8124 5621 7842 7499 7243 6572 6359 6624
6259 (1.2%) 6544 6573 7239
7781 7849 (7.3%) 7169 7416 7732 7413
7493 8939 5542 6794 3222
6252 3222 3232 6658 (1.3%) 5833 6651
7244 8981 6289 7452 7244 (1.3%) (1%)
(2.9%) (1.2%) 3232
6732 (2.6%) 2482 8219 2471 6911 (1.1%) 6652 8972
2820 7442 7369 5111 6210
(1.7%) (1.4%) 3223 8928 6658
6997 (1.1%) 6940 8121 5831
0224 0548 7611 (2.1%) 7788 7522 7641 7415 6770
7731 8211 6353 6624 6842 6924 6973 2882 6794 6612 (0.89%)
0482 (1.4%) (1.1%) 6252 6522 6584 6123
6921 8931 0224
(1.5%) (1.5%) (1.4%)
6415 2518 (0.89%) 0011 1123 6744 6733
7781 (1.7%) 7421 8124
6633 6351 6891
5121 (1.2%) 8947 1222
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 146.09 B / 15.56 T (0.94%)
7810 (9.4%) Cars 7849 (8.3%) Other vehicles parts 7611 (3.2%) Color T.V. 7522 7731 (2.3%) Electric 8211 (1.5%) 3510 (1.2%)
wire Chairs &
seats
6911 (1.2%)
7523 (2.9%) CPUs

6997 6732 7414
(1.1%)
7525 (1.8%) Control & 8942 (1.3%) Toys

peripheral hardware 6353 8219
7861
7721 (2.9%) Switchboards, relays 7493 6782 7831 7842 7431
& fuses 6359
7415 (1.3%) 7643 (1.1%)
Television & radio 8939 (1.3%) 5831 (0.63%) 6794 2882
6289 6731 7161 Miscellaneous articles of (0.59%)
7919 7361 transmitters
plastic 6210 6998
7783 (1.1%) Auto 7162 (1.1%) AC 7416 7421 (0.95%) 7638 7621 7781
5542
parts electric motors 3222
& generators (0.96%)
7449 7436
7788 (0.9%) 7518 Other coal
7284 7139 6251 6647
(1.1%) 8121 8928 2820
7648
6940 7763
6770 6259 6744 6421

7492 6991 7239 1222
7784 6954 6658
6252 6733 0223
7499 6793 5833
denmark
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
2.5 2.5
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.06% of WT
0 0
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01

2008 Evolution of
export composition
21 k
16.8 k
12.6 k
8.4 k
4.2 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.56 B / 228.33 B (1.12%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 28.69 B / 2.79 T (1.03%)
0149 (8.1%) 0113 (2.4%) 0121 (14%) 7411 (2.9%) 7283 7452 0113 (6.3%) 0344 (2%) 0360 0814 5169 8748 5311 5983 8219 (3.1%) 6353
(1.1%) (0.91%) 5839 7741 (1.2%)
7212
0341 0350 0371 0342
0011 (1.9%) 7211 8121 8720 5415 7752
(1.6%)
7499 (2%) 0372 5411 (0.93%)
0343
0114 0116 7271 6991 5417 8939 (1.7%) 5629 8211 6912 6997
0149 0111 (2%) 0240 2120 0224 0230
0111 (4.5%) (1.3%) (2.6%) (2.8%) 6428 8212
7932 (4.3%) 8942 7781 (2.5%) (2%) 7414
0013 0142 0913 8124 5334 5542
6911
0980 0484 0620 8731 5922 0451 5911
0230 (5.4%) 0240 0814 8921
1123 (1.2%)
(3.1%) (1.8%) 7492 7452 7283 7429 7422 8942 7643 8813 0121 (1.7%) 0980 0430 0412 8451
5989 (1.4%) 5169 2925 2926 6341 2483 8472
(1.7%) (1.5%) (1.2%) 2226
(1.1%) (1.9%)
0350 5411 8996 2927 7431 8124 8459
8745 8983
(1%) 8720 0813 0430 6991 8931 4312 2926 2925 6595
7442 7416 7449 7932 (3.3%) (0.94%) (1.3%)
0224 (2.5%) 2120 (2.5%) 2919 (1.1%) 5417 5335 6424 8928
(0.95%) 0484 6421
(1.9%) 6998 8928 7188 2929 0542
5542 0819 2929 0811
7272 7212 0546 2882
2111 2785
5530 5413 1222 1123 0612
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 116.11 B / 15.56 T (0.75%)
7492 (1.8%) 7161 (1.7%) 7452 7442 7272 7283 7932 (1.7%) Ships 0113 (4.8%) Swine meat 0013 0149 8219 (2.5%) 6911 (1.9%) Iron/steel
Valves DC motors & & boats Furniture parts structures
generators N.E.S.
7429 8743 0111 0116 6649 (1.5%) Glass N.E.S.

7422 (0.85%)
7712
7162 (1.6%) 0114
7493 7212 3510 (1.1%) Electric 8211 8212
0240 (1.9%) Cheese & 0341 0360 (0.72%) current (0.58%) (0.54%)
7642 curd
7188 (1.4%) 7169 (1.3%) 7861 6997
Engines & Parts of 0371 6353 (1.1%) (0.54%) (0.52%)
motors rotating 7449 6991 6744 (1%) Builders` carpentry
electric 2120 (1.2%) & joinery 6428 6973
0372
plants N.E.S.
6842 7414
7711 0224 5922 0343 6912
7416
0350 6924
5417 (7.3%) Medicaments 5416 (1.8%) 8996 (1.5%) 0223
Glycosides & Orthopaedic appliances
vaccines 0980 (1.9%) Edible 8931 8510 8439 8451 2926 0488
products N.E.S. (0.65%)
5169 (1.2%)
2925
8720 (1.2%) 8744 0914 8459

(0.56%) 2820 (1.1%) 2882
Medical
8939 (1.5%) 0819 5542 instruments 8462
Miscellaneous N.E.S. 5311 8928
articles of plastic 5145
5334 7741 8423
1123
dominican republic
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
2008 Evolution of
export composition
900
720
540
360
180
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 176.31 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.80 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
0612 (57%) 0711 (12%) 0721 (9.1%) 2873 (7.5%) 8423 (8.2%) 8462 8465 8463 (2%) 6716 (14%) 7721
(3.1%) (2.5%) (3.3%)
8435 (1.6%)
8441 (1.6%) 8422 8459 8432

6123 (4.8%) 8439
(3.8%) 8481
8434
8310 8443 8442 9710 (5.8%) 0565 0579 1221
8431 8424 8471 (1.4%)
(1.1%) 8451 8433 0545
0565 0619
8452 0546
0611 (3.2%) (1.1%) 0612 (5.5%) 0711 (4.6%) 0721 (4.2%) 1211 0111 (2.3%)
0545 (2.4%) 8973 (4.8%)
0615 (3%) 0111 (2.4%)
8720 6428
(1.9%)
0813 0615 0548 0611
0577 6831 6811 6812
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.78 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
6716 (8.6%) Ferro-alloys 7721 (5.5%) Switchboards, 8720 (9.3%) Medical instruments N.E.S. 7741 1221 (5.3%) Cigars 1124 (1.7%)
relays & fuses Alcoholic
beverages
1123
7649 (2.3%) Parts 7788 (1.9%) 7712 (1.4%) Parts of 0980 (1.3%) 0579 6421
of telecom & Other electrical electric power (0.65%)
sound recording machinery & machinery N.E.S. 0484
5530 8939 5629
equipment equipment (0.7%) (0.7%) (0.8%) 8931 (1%) 0545
N.E.S. 7599 (1%) Parts 7711 (1.1%) (0.57%)
Fertilizers
of cash registers
& calculating 0721 (2%) Raw & 0573 8973 (6.5%) Precious jewellery 6732 (3%) 6428 (2.1%)
8510 (2.8%) Footwear machines
8451 (1.7%) 8429 (1.2%) 6521 (4.4%) roasted coffee beans (1.4%) Iron/steel rods Articles of paper
Knitted Other men Unbleached pulp N.E.S.
jerseys, outerwear cotton woven
pullovers & fabrics
cardigans 0611 (1.4%) Raw sugar
8462 (0.86%)
beet & cane
8465 (1.9%) Corsets
8463 (0.79%) 8441 1212 (1.2%) 0460 0711 8933 (1.6%)

8423 (1.8%) 8442 (1.7%) Wholly or partly
8464 stripped
Men's trousers Men's 8459 (0.74%) 2820 (1.3%) 6118
underwear tobacco 6612 (1.3%)
Iron & steel
1222
waste
8439 2882
1213
ecuador
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.4 k
1.1 k
840
560
280
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 287.52 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 3.02 B / 2.79 T (0.11%)
0573 (59%) 0721 (15%) 0711 (14%) 0360 3330 (43%) 0573 (20%) 0721 0711 (5.9%)
(3.2%)
0011 0723
(1.5%)
2483
2927
0360 (16%) 0814 (2.7%) 2483
6342
0612 (3.4%) 6576 0730
0371
2871
0342 0341 0712
0579
0723
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 18.52 B / 15.56 T (0.12%)
3330 (64%) Crude petroleum 0573 (9.9%) Fresh or dried banana & 2927 (3.4%) Flora
plantains
0721 (1.2%)
4242 (1.1%) Palm

oil
0371 (4.9%) Fish N.E.S. 0980 0579
7821 (1.3%) Trucks &

vans
0360 (4.1%) Fresh, chilled, 0814

frozen or salted crustaceans 6973
& molluscs 0342
0343 3352 0712

0344 (0.98%)
0341
egypt
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
products with
2.5 2.5
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
2008 Evolution of
export composition
320
256
192
128
64
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 696.77 M / 228.33 B (0.31%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 3.41 B / 2.79 T (0.12%)
2631 (41%) 0422 (14%) 6513 (11%) 3330 (65%) 6841 2631 (9.4%)
6522 (3.5%) 6521 (1.9%) 0541 0615 0571 1222

(1.2%) 5513
0752
6513 (5.9%) 6521 8462
3330 (7.6%) 0545 (2.4%)
6516
0421 (3.2%) 2634
(0.88%) 1124
2713 9610 0545 6842
2221 (0.93%)
(0.75%) 5542 0561 6731 8921 0341
0612 0541 0571 0813 6612
0546
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 26.35 B / 15.56 T (0.17%)
3413 (23%) liquified hydrocarbons 2731 (1.3%) 5221 (1.6%) Chemical 5542 3351 6727 (4.1%) Iron/steel coils
Building stone elements (0.86%) (0.81%)
Organic
surface-active
6998 (1%) 5622 2713 8939
agents
(0.73%) N.E.S. 6822 (3.7%) Worked copper & 6749
5232 copper alloys (0.74%)
6841 2789
5621 (2.5%) 5831 (1.8%)
Nitrogenous fertilizers Polyethylene 6733
(0.63%)
6612 (0.94%)
7831 6731
5225 0571 (2.3%) Fresh or 0575 8462 (1.9%) 6584 0545 0546 (0.77%)
dried oranges & Knitted (1.5%) (1.2%)
3232 (0.74%) m&arines undergarments Linens & Other fresh
of cotton furnishing or chilled 0579 (0.67%)
7731 (3.3%) Electric wire 6624 (1.3%) 6997 (1.3%) 6428 5981 (3.9%) Woods textile vegetables
Non-refractory Articles of & resin chemical 0541 0542 articles 2711 0585
ceramic iron or steel products (0.96%) 8439 8459
bricks N.E.S. 0980 6421
0561
8932 (0.83%) 6911 0620
2631 (1.1%)
6842 (2.1%) 8219 6592 (0.96%) 6513
Worked aluminium (1.4%) 0240 (1.8%) Cheese
8122 (0.78%)
& aluminium alloys 7414 & curd
0422 (1%) Cotton yarn
6618 Semi or wholly 6522 (0.88%)
6732 milled rice
el salvador
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
2008 Evolution of
export composition
740
592
444
296
148
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 225.20 M / 228.33 B (0.1%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 588.74 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
0711 (53%) 2631 (8%) 8510 8472 6522 (2.8%) 0711 (72%) 8435 8433 6584
(2.2%) (1.6%) (1.2%)
8439 8434
6513 6521 (1.5%)
6584 (1.8%) 8465
6549
6581 6513 (2.2%)
5541 5417 5530
5629
(1.1%) 0360 (5%)
5335
0819 0712
7731 6842 0360
(1.2%) (2.1%)
0422 (1.5%) 6996
6732 7788 (4.8%) 6421
(0.9%)
4233 2632 6421 0914 8928 6951 0579
(1.7%) (0.88%)
0813 0611 7782 6612
0612 0615 (0.91%) 0712
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.55 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
8462 (23%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 8931 (2.2%) Closable plastic 0980 5121 (4.8%) Acyclic 0711 (6.3%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee
packing (1.6%) alcohols & substitutes
derivatives
1110 (1.7%) Non-alcoholic

beverages N.E.S.
6421 (1.5%) Paper 0585

packing containers (0.81%) 0470 (0.92%) 0615
0484 (1.4%) Bakery

0914 0611 (1.9%)
5417 (2.7%) Medicaments 8939 (1.4%) 6732 (1.3%) 7731 8219

8459 (4.3%) Other 8463 (4.2%) Knitted 8441 (1.1%) Men's 6584 (1%) Miscellaneous articles Iron/steel rods
knitted outerwear undergarments of undershirt Linens & of plastic
synthetic fibers furnishing
8465 (1.1%) textile articles 5542 (1.1%) 3510
6552 (0.83%) 6842 (0.88%)
6424 (2.4%) Cut to size paper
N.E.S. 5334 6428
8439 8471
(0.76%) 0371 (2.6%) Fish 8928
N.E.S.
7788 (3.6%) Other electrical 6746 (1.5%)
8510 (0.76%) 8433
8451 (3.7%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans machinery & equipment N.E.S. Iron/steel <3mm
tick sheets
2690 2882
8442
6744 2789
estonia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5
2.5
products with
RCA > 1
2
2
22% of WT 1.5
1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
2008 Evolution of
export composition
10 k
8k
6k
4k
2k
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 852.72 m / 4.30 t (0.02%)
Total Exports: 852.72 M / 4.30 T (0.02%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.05 B / 5.90 T (0.07%)
2471 (5.1%) 8219 (2.5%) 7731 (1.7%) 2882 (2.7%) 2890 (1.6%) 7599 (3.5%) 8947 7643 (15%) 7649 (11%) 8749 6584 8439 8510 0371 (1.9%)
(1.2%) 7449 (1.2%)
8423
8211 (1.5%) 5225 6612 0343 0342
6342 (1.7%) 7712
(1.3%) 8429 8431 8421 0344 0350
2482 (4.6%) 2472 6841 6589
(2.7%) 2460 (1.5%) 2483 0224 0240
6831 6672 3222 6716 6647 (1.2%)
6749 5224 8462 8441 0230
6353 8212 6911 7861 6861 6899 6712 6744 6130 0113
(0.96%) 6863 6724 6521 6544 6522
6351
0341 0371 0224 (2.4%) 2820 (3.2%) 2482 (4.3%) 8219 (3.4%) 7731 (2.1%) 6912 (1.3%) 2483
8439 (3.3%) 8431 8423 8435 6521 5334 2820 3224
(1.1%) (0.81%)
(1.5%) (1.2%) (2.4%) (1.4%)
8462 8211 2460 8939 6423
0342 2111 2471 (2%) 5621
6584 (2.7%) 3224 (2.2%) (0.8%)
8459 8424 6123 8434 6359 5335 5629 2882 5225 6612
3345 (1.5%) 5621 (2.4%)
6522 6353 (2.7%) 6911 (2.6%) 8212 2472 6343 0721 (2.2%) 6998
8429 (2%) 8510 8433 6354 6997
(1.3%) 0586 0488 (1.4%)
(1.6%) 8451 8441 6589 8452 5249 8931 1110
(1.1%) 5629 (1.2%) 6342 7861
8484 6513 6633 2631
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 13.79 B / 15.56 T (0.09%)
7810 (5.7%) Cars 6251 (1.5%) Tires & 7442 (0.92%) 7649 (5.3%) Parts of telecom & 7712 (1.4%) 5335 (1.2%) 8939 (1.2%) 5621 (1.2%) 2820 (3.2%) Iron &
pneumatic for cars Lifting & sound recording equipment Parts of electric Glazes, Miscellaneous Nitrogenous steel waste
loading power driers, putty articles fertilizers
machinery machinery of
7169 (0.88%)
7449 (1%) N.E.S. plastic
Parts of 5137 (0.79%)
8947 5334 8922
rotating electric
(0.84%)
7239 7234 plants N.E.S. Varnishes &
8124
lacquers
7868 (0.53%) 8510 8439 8462 8431
6647 3224
7721 (2.2%) 7162 (2.1%) AC
6749 (2.8%) Other worked 6252 8429 (0.77%)
Switchboards, electric motors &
relays & fuses generators 7441 iron/steel sheets (0.61%)
6584 8928 5825
7416 6423
8459
6353 (4.5%) Builders` 7731 (3.6%) Electric 8219 (1.9%) 8212 (1.8%) 3510 (1.6%) Electric 2512 0240 0371 0360 6841 2882 6998
carpentry & joinery wire Furniture parts Medical & current (0.52%)
N.E.S. dental 0344 6851
furniture 0342
8211 (1.5%)
6130
6413 6612 5225
0113 (0.72%)
2460 (0.97%) 2472 6343 7861 6633
Pulpwood 0980 8931 1124 (1.8%)
6415 0721 (1%) Raw & 0711
6997 Alcoholic
6911 (2.7%) Iron/steel 2482 (2.1%) Worked roasted coffee
structures wood of coniferous 2519 beverages
6359 2483 2471 beans
0430
ethiopia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
33
26.4
19.8
13.2
6.6
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 1.6 B / (120/24) GDPpc ≥ USD 321 / (126/24) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 6.3 % (127/26) Sub-Saharan Africa.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 106.21 M / 228.33 B (0.05%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 355.91 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0711 (61%) 0542 0813 2116 (3.1%) 2117 0711 (65%) 2925 2117 (9.1%)
(8%) (2.5%) (2.5%)
2114 (2%) 2111 (1.3%)

6116 (5.4%) 6114 2116
2234
2919 2927 (1.4%) (1.4%)
0573 0149 0012 2120
(1.7%) (1.5%) (1.2%) 6113 2919
4314 2114
6115
9610 (4.4%) 2922
4314 0012 (3.7%)
2223
2632
8741 5514 8462
2221 0545 (1.9%) 2783 0813 (1.1%) (0.94%)
(1.7%)
7148 0545
5322
2238 (0.99%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.64 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
0711 (36%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 2225 (13%) Sesame seeds 2117 (1.9%) 6115 (1.8%) 0112 (1.8%) Sheep
Raw sheep skin Sheep & lamb & goat meat
with wool leather
0011 (1.7%) Live

bovines
6116 (1.7%) Leather of
other hides or skins
0545 (6.2%) Other fresh or chilled vegetables
2634 2922
2927 (6.7%) Flora 2926

(1.2%)
9710 (5.1%) Gold, 7924 (1.8%) Aircrafts
non-monetary of more than 15 tons
0611
0542 (7.4%) Dried or shelled legumes 2929 (2%) Vegetable (0.86%) 7234
origin materials
9410 6123
2238 (2.6%) Oil seeds & fruits N.E.S.

0752
(0.67%)
finland
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
2.5 2.5
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0.5 0.5
0 0
0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0
2008 Evolution of
export composition
18 k
14.4 k
10.8 k
7.2 k
3.6 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.79 B / 228.33 B (0.78%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 23.87 B / 2.79 T (0.85%)
6411 (12%) 2517 (10%) 2482 (13%) 7932 (7.4%) 6712 (2%) 6415 (10%) 2517 (5.3%) 6418 (4.8%) 7259 6746 6822 6745 6783
(1.4%) (1.4%)
6727 6716
6822 5224 7442
(1.2%) 6744 6749
(1.2%)
7411 (1.6%) 6411 (5%) 7932 (3.3%) 7931 (1.5%)
7251 7234 7224
6412 (9.9%) 7162 7938 7915
7281 7441 7283
6413 (7.1%) 6415 (5.9%) 7449 7492 7239 (0.85%)
2120 (3.4%) 6419 (4.2%)
6413 (3%) 2516 7611 7641 7643
7416 6572
7712
2518 (5.6%) 0240 0230 5331 (1.4%) 6861 6821 8431
6416 6911 2482 (6%) 6342 (2%) 7731 8219 6911 (0.79%)
6412 (6.5%) 8459
(1.1%) 2483 2671 5331 6417 2671 6831
6421
7731 2120
2516 (2.6%) 2512 6421 (1.8%) 6831 2875 6428 6353 6424 5831 (1.5%) 8931
5981 2479 3352
8922
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 97.08 B / 15.56 T (0.62%)
6418 (3.2%) Rolls/sheets of 7162 (2.2%) AC 7821 (1.2%) 7493 7449 (0.86%) 7219 6251 6412 (3.6%) Printing & writing paper 2482 (2.7%) Worked 6342
coated paper electric motors & in rolls or seets wood of coniferous
generators
7259 7416
7169 (1.1%)
6415 (3%) Paper & paperboad in rolls

7284 (2.2%) Specialized 7234 (1.7%) 7239 7224 7138 or sheets 6353 (1%) 7731
industry machinery & parts Construction & (0.92%) (0.92%)
N.E.S mining machinery Bulldozers, Wheeled 7441
angledozers & tractors
7492 (0.91%)
levellers parts 7139 6647 7188
7442 (2%) Lifting & loading 2517 (2.2%) Chemical 6413
7283 (1.2%) N.E.S.
machinery wood pulp, soda or (0.79%) 6428
Mineral working 7251 (0.91%) sulphate
machinery & parts 3510
N.E.S.
7643 (15%) Television & radio transmitters 7649 (2.3%) 6746 (2.8%) Iron/steel 6749 (1.1%) 6822
Parts of telecom <3mm tick sheets Other (0.96%)
8720 (0.97%) 5331 5123 6899 (0.82%) 6831 (1.3%)
& sound worked
Medical Unwrought
recording iron/steel 8744
instruments 7741 nickel &
equipment sheets 6861 (0.81%)
6783 (0.85%) 6745 N.E.S. nickel alloys

6821 (1.1%)
7712 (1.9%) 6744 (0.78%) coils
Parts of electric 5629 5831
power machinery 2120 8928
N.E.S. 7932 (2.9%) Ships & boats 7711 5231 (0.64%) (0.52%)
8124
france
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04
2008 Evolution of
export composition
9.6 k
7.6 k
5.7 k
3.8 k
1.9 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 12.71 B / 228.33 B (5.57%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 164.72 B / 2.79 T (5.89%)
7810 (8.3%) 7842 6746 (2.4%) 6733 0224 0240 0111 6512 0430 (2.5%) 7810 (8.4%) 7721 6251 7234 5989 5839 5530 5417 6842 6732 8211
(3.8%) (1.4%) (1.4%) (1.6%) (1.7%) (0.85%) (1.9%) (1.7%) (0.97%) 6911 7414
8822
7492 6782 5137 5982 3510 6428
6747 6749 6727 0011 6118 6113 2331
0230 5922 (1%) 7132 6997
0440 5513 7139 6731 5112 5311 5145 8939 8219
6783 6716 6725 (0.87%) (1.4%)
6732 6973 8960 6652 7491 7783 7758 8720 8742 5146 0819 8960 (1.5%) 6412
7518 7788 (1.2%) 6341 (1.4%) 8842 0460 0574 7499 7162 7442 5831 5834
7416 6652 6415
7244 7411 6731 6782 (1.4%) 6842 6911 7849 (4.9%) 5832
0482 7449 6289
(1.6%) (1.6%) (1.3%) 8947 6953
8121
7131 (1.2%) 8731 0541 0412 (2.1%) 2224 0612 0011 0240 6512
1121 (2.9%) 8472 8510 6841 5225
6770 0430 0460 0111
7499 7928 (1.4%) (1.2%) (1.2%) 2111
7924 (4%) 6746 6252 0440 2226 0482
2741 0574 0114
5989 8822 5417 8921 0819 5232 0565 6560
(1.3%) (1.8%) 6822 1121 (3%) 1124 8439 8310 5833 5241
5137 0579 2820
5148 6522 6727 7523 (0.97%)
3345 8922 6573 5623 1124 (1.8%) (1.1%) 7929 7149 7148 0980 8928 2882
5530 5335 (0.83%)
2331 6424 7923
6513 2665 6783
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 595.52 B / 15.56 T (3.83%)
7810 (6.1%) Cars 7132 (1.3%) 7821 7239 7442 7162 5417 (6.2%) Medicaments 5989 5156 5839 7742
Internal (1.2%) (1.1%) (0.5%)
combustion 5514
5982
engines for
motor 7139 7234
vehicles (0.56%) (0.54%) 5416 8720
7492 7832
(0.72%) (0.69%) 6251 7491
5530 (3.1%) Perfumery & 8939 (0.84%) 0819
(0.56%)
cosmetics
7783 7431 8996
7849 (4.3%) Other vehicles parts 5542
8741 7493 5831 5834 5913
(0.73%)
5832 5912
3510 (1.1%) 6842 (0.66%) 8851 0412 (1.1%) 0430 0240
Electric Other wheat &
6652
current meslin,
7721 (2.2%) Switchboards, relays & 8743 6782 6732
unmilled 0224
fuses 0440
7224 7758 0011 0113
0612
7924 (5.9%) Aircrafts of more 7149 (1.5%) Parts of gas 6822 (0.67%) 6746 0111
than 15 tons & reaction engines 0488
6749 1121 (2.2%) 0980 8931
6745 8310 (0.87%) 2820 (0.73%)
7929 (1.4%) Aircraft Wine
equipment parts N.E.S. 7518 7523
5241
0484
7923 7148 (0.98%)
(0.78%)
Aircrafts of 7144 7921 0730
between 2
gabon
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.982 0.984 0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
5.4 k
4.3 k
3.2 k
2.1 k
1k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 157.67 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.27 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
3330 (29%) 2472 (40%) 3330 (60%) 2877 (13%) 2472 (15%)
2877 (20%) 2860 (5.7%)
5241 (6.4%)
6342 2479
(1.8%) (1.4%)
2481 6341 2483 0360 (1.5%) 0612

0721 6716 0721
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.79 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
3330 (68%) Crude petroleum 2877 (18%) Manganese 2472 (8.9%) Sawlogs &
veneer logs of
non-coniferous
6341 (1.7%) NULL
2483 (1.4%) 6342

Worked wood of
non-coniferous
2320
georgia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
-1 -1
-2 -2
0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
350
280
210
140
70
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 44.63 M / 4.30 T (0.001%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 348.45 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
6716 (32%) 2820 (20%) 3330 (12%) 7923 (9.9%) 6716 (6.1%) 1121 (11%) 2820 (12%)
7441 7452 7921

7239 7272 (2.5%)
1110 (5.3%)
6782 7911
7126 7919
2871 2882 6841
2882 (8%) 9710 (4.4%) 2890 1124 5121
(3.3%) (1.2%) (1.1%)
(3.2%)
0577 (3.4%) 0741 5111 5138 3510 (4.3%)
6831 (1.4%) (2%) (1.6%)
6725 (6.7%) 6712 (3%) 6744 5249
(1.3%)
5621 (3.5%) 5156 2925 (4.1%) 6732 5621 (1.7%)
(1.2%) (1%) 2871 (3.3%) 2877
2483 2472
(1.6%) 0612 0460 0571 1223
6841 8974 0752 5530 5232
6782 7528 7923 0412
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.53 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
6716 (20%) Ferro-alloys 7810 (8.3%) Cars 1121 (3%) Wine 0980 2820 (9.4%) Iron & steel waste
0585
1110 (2.9%) Non-alcoholic
beverages N.E.S.
1124 (4.3%) Alcoholic beverages

7911 (2.3%) Electric trains 7239 7919
6782
5621 (7.8%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 0577 (2.3%) 0612 0813
9710 (7.4%) Gold, non-monetary 6612 (5.9%) Cement 2871 (8.7%) Copper Edible nuts
3510 (1.2%) 2483 (1.1%)

Electric Worked
current wood of
2882 (3.4%) Other non-ferrous base metals non-coniferous
5530 (0.7%) 5249 6732 (0.69%)

(0.49%)
germany
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2 2
products with
RCA > 1
22% of WT 1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 -0.105 -0.1 -0.095 -0.09 -0.085 -0.08 -0.075 -0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
18 k
14.4 k
10.8 k
7.2 k
3.6 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 1.5 T / (1/1) GDPpc ≥ USD 44,264 / (17/11) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 40 % (45/5) Western Europe.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
TREEMAP* Total Exports: 24.78 b / 228.33 B (10.85%)
Total Exports: 24.78 B / 228.33 B (10.85%)
1988 EXPORT
TREEMAP* Total Exports: 113.86 b / 2.79 T (11.16%)
Total Exports: 311.86 B / 2.79 T (11.16%)
7810 (15%) 7244 (3.5%) 7821 7411 5989 (1.6%) 5148 5417 (1.7%) 5335 7810 (13%) 7821 7452 7264 7244 7493 5989 5311 8748 5417 8939
(2.3%) (1.9%) (1.5%) (1.2%) (1.4%) (1.1%) (1.1%)
7442 8742
8745 5542 6419 6424 5839 5542
6782 6991 7132
7499 (3%) 7139 7361
5155 8720 5411 5530 7491 5148 5334
7452 6573 7492 7234 7822
(1.1%) 7742 2671 5232 7783 5156 5530
5621 5834
7281 6782 6991 7243 6940 5137 7416 7449 7369 7436 7441
5331 5623 5836 5137
(1.3%) (1.3%) 5629 7367 7362 7784 5831
7491 6418 6954
6731 8822 6210 7372 7243 8749
7212 7783 7126 7162 8743 7832 7831 7252 6842 8219 8211 8928 0224
6732 6842 2665 8928 7849 (4.7%) 7284 (2.2%)
(1.1%) 7784 (1.3%) 7428 7281
7842 (4.1%) 6428 0223
7283 7919 2820 7499 7224 2820
7371 7731 6911 6973
3232 6998 6812 7758 5922
(0.89%) 7721 (1.8%)
7788 (1.3%) 7511 8942 6746 6733 6783 6725 8731 (1.5%) 7247 6514
8852 8811 (1.4%) (1.2%) 6953 6940
6727 5121
7512 7518 8124 6770 (1.2%) 6746 7611 8124 7782 6415 6953
6749 5224 8931 5121
6822 6712 7782 6822 8983 6412
6960 6517 6421
* Values for The Federal Republic of Germany * Values for The Federal Republic of Germany
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.47 T / 15.56 T (9.45%)
7810 (13%) Cars 7821 (1.4%) 7139 (1.3%) 7492 (1%) 7132 7442 (0.79%) 5989 (1.5%) 5416 5156 (0.84%)
Trucks & Piston Chemical (1.1%)
vans engines products
parts N.E.S. 7832 (0.75%) 8742
7742
8743 6991 7234 7162 5839 (0.96%) 8720
7452 (1.2%) 7493 (1.2%)
Other (0.87%)
Non-electrical Mechanical 8744
polymerization Medical
machines tools for
& instruments
parts N.E.S. building 7416 7436 5417 (4.5%) Medicaments 8939 (1.1%) 5530 5831
copolymarization N.E.S.
products Miscellaneous
7822 6954 7161 articles of
7281 plastic
7491 6940 5334 6210
6289
7849 (4.3%) Other 7721 (2.6%) Switchboards, 7431 7264 7188 5542
vehicles parts relays & fuses
7361 7499 5414
7283 7212 6842 (0.97%) 6911 2820 8928 8931 0980
7783
7284 (2%) Specialized 3510 5823 0484 0730
8219
industry machinery & 7441
parts N.E.S 6421
6782 7758 7861
7788 (0.78%) 7712 8124 7924 (1.9%) 7929 6822 6783 0240 2882
6997
Aircrafts of more (0.99%)
than 15 tons Worked 6733
7763 (0.75%) 7421 copper & 0113 1222
6746
copper alloys 6415
ghana
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
270
216
162
108
54
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 367.72 m / 228.33 B (0,16%)
Total Exports: 367.72 M / 228.33 B (0.16%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 910.85 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0721 (52%) 6841 (16%) 0721 (35%) 6841 (30%) 6672 (3.7%)
2771 (1.6%)
2877 (4%) 6672 (3.1%) 2771 2877 (1.6%)
2873
2472 (7.2%) 2483 (5%) 2483 (7.6%) 2472 (7.3%) 6341 0360
(1.4%)
0342
0723 (8.2%) 0723 (5.6%) 0579 7923
0819
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 3.83 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
9710 (48%) Gold, non-monetary 0721 (27%) Raw & roasted coffee beans 0577 (3.1%)
Edible nuts
2223
2238 (1.2%)
Oil seeds &
fruits N.E.S.
0723 2320
2483 (3.8%) Worked 6341 (1.5%) 6342 7499 (1.2%) 5233

wood of non-coniferous NULL (1.2%) Non-electric
Sheets of parts of
plywood machinery
8931
N.E.S.
6344 6842 0342 0371
(0.8%)
2877 2873 2882
greece
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026
2008 Evolution of
export composition
2.3 k
1.8 k
1.3 k
920
460
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 26 B / (63/16) GDPpc ≥ USD 31,174 / (23/15) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 7.3 % (126/16) Western Europe.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 556.98 M / 228.33 B (0.24%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.98 B / 2.79 T (0.29%)
2631 (13%) 0571 (4.2%) 4235 (9%) 0565 (3.4%) 1121 8462 (5.1%) 8451 (2.8%) 6513 6716 (2.5%) 6822 6746 0589 (3.5%) 0546
(2.5%) (3.8%) (1.3%) (1.2%) (2%)
8459 (2.4%) 6727 (2.3%) 6783 6747

0575 0572 0565 (1.7%) 4235 0545
(1.4%) (1.4%) 6749 6745 (1.3%)
0585 0589
8435 (1.6%) 8439 8452 8423
0430 (2.1%) 0548 0579 (3.7%) (2.1%) 7932 (4.2%) 6623 0579 (1.7%)
0546 (1.4%) 6522 1121 0585
(1.1%) 8431 (1.5%) (1.2%) 7144
0422 2922 2634 6589 8463 6517
6130 (6.5%) 6513 (3.5%) 5629
6841 (9.9%) 2782 (4.5%) 2873 (3.5%) 8434 (1.5%) 6841 2782 8483 (4.5%) 6842 7731
8433 8424 6584
5622 8432 (2%) (1.3%) (2.5%)
0411 (4.6%) 1211 (3.6%) 0575 (2.5%)
5989
8471 6560 (1%)
5225 6612 6612 (3.1%) 2873 8939 5417 6613
2116 (2.9%) 2114 (1.1%) 6130
(2.2%) 6842 6924 6716 0571 (0.87%)
2789 2731 (1.3%)
2919 0440 (2.3%) 2631 0240 0350 3345 5621
(0.92%) 5981
2874 2875 (1%) (0.99%)
(1%) 7933 1212 6512 5113
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 25.58 B / 15.56 T (0.16%)
6822 (4%) Worked 6783 (2.9%) Other iron or 5417 (6.8%) Medicaments 6842 (4.4%) Worked aluminium & 7731 (2.1%) 1211 (1.8%) 2631 (1.8%) Raw
copper & copper steel tubes & pipes aluminium alloys Electric wire Unstripped tobacco cotton
alloys
1222 (1.2%)
Cigarretes 2223
6749 6724 6732 (1.9%) Iron/steel rods 7414 7752
5530 (1.9%) Perfumery 5542 8921 0575 (1.1%) 0411
& cosmetics (0.69%) (0.74%)
6624
6282 6975 7932 (1.5%) 6912 6911
Ships & boats 5334 6428 0571 (0.91%)
(0.84%) (0.76%)
6731 8939 (1%) Aluminium 6973
5821 structures
8459 (2.6%) Other 6552 8463 6522 6841 (1.4%) 2882
7781 7415 5832 (1.7%) 5831 5989 knitted outerwear (0.81%) Unwrought
Polypropylene (0.93%) 6575 aluminium &
7924 (1.5%) Aircrafts Chemical aluminium 2789
6513
of more than 15 tons products alloys
8731 5629
(0.57%) 6612 (1.5%) 2873 (1.1%)
8462
0565 (2.8%) Prepared or 4235 0579 (1.7%) Fresh or 0484 Cement Aluminium ore
preserved vegetables (2.1%) Olive dried fruit N.E.S. 0341 (2.9%) Fresh or 8483 (1.9%) Fur 0240 (1.6%)
oil 8931 chilled fish, excluding clothing (not Cheese & curd 3354
fillets headgear)
0980 0545 0483 5833 5823
0589 (2.3%) Prepared or
preserved fruit (0.98%)
0583
0223
1110
guatemala
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
2008 Evolution of
export composition
570
456
342
228
114
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 269.04 M / 228.33 B (0.12%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 969.78 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0711 (38%) 2631 (17%) 0111 (4.1%) 0141 0711 (40%) 0573 (13%) 8439 (3%) 8423
0616
8435 8441 8431
8472 8510 6522
(1.9%) (1%) (1.7%) 8462 8463
8434 8452
6581
5417 (1.7%) 0620 0980 0545 (1.5%) 0579
2926 (1.6%) 2320 (1.2%)
(1.1%)
2223 4233 2634 2632
0546
0573 (7.8%) 0813 5530 0545 0585 0611 (1.5%) 2927 2925
(1.4%) (0.82%) 0111 (2.1%) 0360
0914 2631 (4.1%) 2225 1212 (1.7%)
0712
(1.2%)
5513 7781 6651 0752 (4.2%) 0612 (4.1%) 0615
(1.2%) (1%) (1.9%) 1211 2483 5913
0612 (2.7%) 0752 0541 (1.1%)
2320 0611 1222 6749 2890
2929 0577 5513
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.74 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
0611 (5.8%) Raw sugar beet & 0573 (5.2%) Fresh or dried 0711 (9.8%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 0545 (2.2%) 0579 (1.9%) 0980 5417 (2.5%) 5530 (1.9%)
cane banana & plantains Other fresh or Fresh or dried (1.7%) Medicaments Perfumery &
chilled fruit N.E.S. Edible cosmetics
vegetables products
N.E.S.
1110 (1.2%) 0484 (1.1%) 0585 5542 (1.1%) 5334

Bakery Organic
surface-active
agents N.E.S. 5543
8931 (1.1%) 8939
0752 (3.2%) Spices other than 0481
2320 (3.1%) Natural 4242 (2.5%) Palm 2926 0620 0565
pepper 5541 (0.94%) 5147 (0.78%)
rubber, latex & gums oil (0.64%)
6421 (1.1%)
2927
4312
5911 5629 5834
1212 2225 5121 (1.4%)
5913
8459 (9.7%) Other knitted outerwear 8462 (2.9%) Knitted 6552 8451 (0.81%) 6522 2890 (4%) Ores and 6924 (0.7%) 6749 (1.3%) Other 7781
undergarments of precious metals worked iron/steel
cotton sheets
8423 (0.72%) 6911 (0.65%)
6783
(0.74%)
6513 6624 6732
8431
6651 (0.89%) 0360
8439 (2%) Other 6531 (0.85%)
women outerwear 8463 3413 (0.98%) 2882
liquified
hydrocarbons
guinea
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

2008 Evolution of
export composition
180
144
108
72
36
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 9.8 M / (72/19) GDP ≥ USD 3.8 B / (126/24) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 180 / (113/15) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 1.8 B / (116/20) GDPpc ≥ USD 384 / (124/22) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 47 % (34/7) Sub-Saharan Africa.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 47.16 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 535.41 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
5225 (73%) 0711 (12%) 2873 (78%) 6672 (16%) 0711
0577
2232 (4.1%) 0573 (3.8%)
2631
0721
5513
0579 (2.3%) 2820
0579
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.77 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
2873 (43%) Aluminium ore 9710 (27%) Gold, non-monetary 8928 (6.6%)
Printed matter
N.E.S.
3330 (12%) Crude petroleum 3413 (7.4%) liquified hydrocarbons

2320 (1.3%)
Natural rubber,
latex & gums
0411
2483 (1.4%)
Worked wood of
non-coniferous
honduras
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
910
728
546
364
182
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 225.34 M / 228.33 B (0.1%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 960.74 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0573 (56%) 0711 (13%) 2482 (8.4%) 0573 (44%) 0711 (20%) 0360 (8.6%) 0111
0342
0111 (2.6%) 0011 0360
8465 8441 0579 (2.2%)
(1.4%)
(1.7%) (1.4%)
0013
8423 8432 0589 0583
0542 (2%) 2874 (3.1%) 2879
8462 1221
6612 2482 (2%) 2875 (1.5%) 7932
2631 (2.1%) 0440
(0.81%)
(1.5%)
5541 0583 8947
6359 2874
(1.4%) 0572
2223 9410
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 6.61 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
8462 (16%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 8451 (14%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 0711 (11%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee 0573 (4%) Fresh or dried banana &
substitutes plantains
4242 (3.2%) Palm oil 0611
4244
1222
7731 (5.9%) Electric wire 3413 (2.1%) 9710 (1.6%) Gold,

liquified non-monetary
hydrocarbons
8459 (4.3%) Other knitted outerwear 8472 (2.5%) Knitted clothing 8429 (1.7%) Other men
2874 2882
accessories of textile fabrics outerwear
(0.72%)
6552 (1.3%) 0360 (2.5%) Fresh, 5541 (0.88%)

8465 (2.3%) Corsets chilled, frozen or salted
0579 (2.3%) 8931 1221
8423 (3.1%) Men's 8463 (2.8%) Knitted crustaceans & molluscs
Fresh or dried (1.8%)
trousers undergarments of 8439 fruit N.E.S.
synthetic fibers (0.54%) 0819
8441 (1.9%) Men's undershirt 2690 6421 0343 (1.2%) Fresh

2820
or chilled fish fillets
8997 0484
hong kong sar, china

2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT 0.5 0.5

0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
2008 Evolution of
export composition
53 k
42.4 k
31.8 k
21.2 k
10.6 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
TREEMAP Total Exports: 1.68 b / 228.33 B (0,73%)
Total Exports: 1.68 B / 228.33 B (0.73%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 42.13 B / 2.79 T (1.51%)
8472 (22%) 8510 (5.1%) 8942 (11%) 8124 (2.3%) 6991 8942 (5.9%) 7649 (2.5%) 7628 8439 (3.8%) 8441 (2%) 8462 (2%) 6522 (7.4%)
(2.1%)
7788 (2%) 6577 7599 (2.3%) 8459 (2%)
8310 (1.1%)
8310 (4%) 8451 (3.7%)
7781 7782 8429 8481
8852 7764 8983 7712 7512
5852 (1.8%) (1.6%) (1.1%)
6584 (3.5%) 7622 7757 8463 8452
8999 (10%) 6672 6673 8973 8423 8435
(2%) (1.6%) 2890 6560
7788 7611 7763 7638 7522 8124 7518 (2.1%) (2.1%)
8431 6552 6531 6541
8471 8997 (1.1%) (1%)
6998 6534
(1.9%) 7641 7722 8811 7768
8481 8994 8851 8998 8851 (4.7%) 6974 8973 (2.3%) 8939 8972
(1.1%) (1%)
6960 8998 (1.3%)
6521 (6.1%) 6522 (5.4%) 6513 7849 (5.1%) 7284 7758 8999
(2.8%) (1%) 8921
(1.8%) 2923 8921 0360
6672 (0.87%) 8928
8972 (1.7%) 8830 (1.1%) 7243
5335 (1.2%) 8483 0341 8931
6658 1222 7162
5530 6673 (0.9%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 370.35 B / 15.56 T (2.38%)
7764 (14%) Electronic microcircuits 7599 (6.1%) Parts of cash registers & calculating 7712 (2.4%) Parts of 8451 (2.2%) Knitted 8459 (1.1%) Other 6552 6522
machines electric power jerseys, pullovers & knitted outerwear (0.89%) Non
machinery N.E.S. cardigans synthetic
8439 (1.1%) knitted fibres
8462
(0.74%) 6513
8310 (1.9%) Luggage &
handbags
7525 (2.3%) Control 8465 8431 8463
8942 (4.4%) Toys & peripheral
hardware 8441 8481
8423
8510 (1.8%) Footwear
7638 (2.3%) Video & sound 7763 (1.6%) Diodes & 7781 (0.81%)
recorders N.E.S. transistors 9710 (2.4%) Gold, 6672 (3.1%) Not 8851 (1.8%) Watches
non-monetary mounted diamonds
7649 (10%) Parts of telecom & sound recording 7768 (0.79%)
equipment 7641
7722 (2%) Printed circuits &
parts N.E.S. 8842
8710 (0.76%) 7642 8852 (0.53%)
(0.5%) 8973 (1.5%) Precious
7788 (1.9%) 7643 (1.6%) jewellery
7528 7518 8124
Other electrical Television & 6811 7731
machinery & radio 7723
equipment transmitters 8841 5839 5833 6114
N.E.S. 7757 (0.94%) (0.54%)
8748 Polystyrene
7721 (2.6%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 7169 7149 6822 8939 8921 8972
(0.53%)
hungary
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 -10 -5 0

-3
2008 Evolution of
export composition
11 k
8.8 k
6.6 k
4.4 k
2.2 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 460.81 M / 228.33 B (0.2%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 6.64 B / 2.79 T (0.24%)
0011 (12%) 6733 (2.5%) 6782
7919 6991 0545 0565 0561 7841 (2.1%) 7212 7782 6259 6931 5112 5156 5417 (1.8%) 8510 8431 8459 8439
(1.5%)(1.1%) (1.4%) (2.1%) (1%) (1%) (1.8%)
7914 6731 5413 8424 6252 5111 7742 5414
6725 (2%) 8946 7831 (1.6%) 7219 3351 6123 8310 8423
5161
7782 8942 0579 0586 0121 (1.3%) 7528 7641 7521 5148 6573 8481 8434 8433
0111 (4.6%) 0012 0113 (1.6%) (1.4%) (1%) 5831 5834 5621 5913
6746 6712 1121 0589 7842 7361 8121
(2.1%) 7915 (1.3%) 7522 7611 7642 8124 (2.1%) (1.2%) (1.2%)
(1.3%) 6931 (0.97%) 0546 3352
0142 7491 7415
5148 5155 5413 5414 2482 6582 7852 5832 5629 6522 6542 6513
6782 7783 6727 6725 6733
0114 (3.9%) 0015 0149 0616 (1.1%) 6573 (1.6%) (1.6%) 6842 (2.3%) 8219 1121 0545 0440 0411
(0.92%) 7272 7367 6731 6744
0118 8822 5621 7449 7169 7752 0565 4236 2224 2238
0013 6732
(1.5%) 0114 (2.9%) 0149 0113 0012 2919
8472 (2%) 6584 8510 6522 (4.4%) 6521 5169 8211 6997 6351 0546 0585 0542 0751 0811
0751 0542 2924 2665 (1.3%) (1.2%)
(1.1%) (1.2%) 6841 (3.5%) 5225 6612 2450 6353 2925
(1.1%) 2923 (0.86%) 2472 2471 0579 0561 2882 5225
8997 6544 9410 0118 (2.7%) 0142 6911 2820
4236 0574 2483 0980 0620
8481 (0.81%) 3354 3232 6658
(1.2%) (0.81%) 0913 5121 1124 6651
(1.1%) 8471 0011 0451 6652 3232
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 109.10 B / 15.56 T (0.7%)
7132 (8.2%) Internal combustion 7810 (8.1%) Cars 7643 (12%) Television & radio transmitters 7731 (2.9%) Electric wire 6842 (1%) 7752 (0.71%)
engines for motor vehicles
6911
6428
3510 (1.2%) 8211 (1.1%)
Electric Chairs & 6353
current seats
5417 (3.6%) Medicaments 5831 5834

7611 (5.1%) Color T.V. 7649 (2.2%) (0.51%)
Parts of telecom &
7849 (4.4%) Other vehicles 7139 (1.1%) 7212 7868 sound recording
parts equipment
5148
7431 7783 8939 (1.1%) 0819
7239 7162 Miscellaneous
7525 (2.2%) Control & 7528 7518 7763 articles of plastic
peripheral hardware
6251 7169 7434 7784 0440 (1.2%) 2224 0980
Unmilled maize (0.68%)
7721 (2.7%) Switchboards, 7422 7758 2226
7523 (1.7%) CPUs 7638 7757 8124
relays & fuses 8931
8749 7429 6289 0412 (0.7%)
7415 2820
6991 7919 6418
(0.58%)
7499 7722 0114
8743 (1.4%) (0.58%)
8732 7732 7782 (0.83%) 7149 6727
(0.5%) (0.5%) 0113
India
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2.5 2.5
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
1 1
6% of WT
0.5 0.5
2% of WT
0 0
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
2008 Evolution of
export composition
160
128
96
64
32
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 1.1 B / (2/1) GDP ≥ USD 1.2 T / (12/1) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 160 / (116/2) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 182 B / (24/1) GDPpc ≥ USD 1,067 / (108/2) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 15 % (116/3) South Asia.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.97 B / 228.33 B (0.86%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 16.03 B / 2.79 T (0.57%)
0741 (16%) 6545 (16%) 6522 (3.5%) 6513 6118 (4.8%) 8435 (2.9%) 8481 8433 6584 6592 (3.1%) 6521 0741 (3.6%) 0711 2929
(1.2%) (1.5%) (1%) (0.98%) (1.9%) (1.4%) (1.1%)
6519 8310 8451 2924
8510 0751
6521 (3%) 8441 (2.6%) (0.94%) (0.89%)
6592 (1.2%) 0577 6545 (1.3%) 0752
(0.92%) 8434 8471 6594 8462 6581 6513 (1.8%) 6541 (1.6%) (0.79%) 0813 (2.2%)
6114 2919 2114 6123 8439 (0.95%) 0421
6581 (4.4%) 6584 8510 0422
(2.3%) (1.7%)
8459 6596 6522 (1.6%) 2922
0360 2911
(1.2%) 8463 6116 (2.1%) 5311 5417 5530
0577 (5.4%) 2631 (1.4%) (1.3%)
6672 (20%) 2815 (4.6%) 5146
6672 6673 6712 (2.5%) 6733
2922 2640 (2.3%) 6114 6115
(1.8%) (0.96%)
2221 6725 6113 7244 6953
0813 (5.1%) 4245 0711 (1.8%) 0752 2929 0360 (3.1%) 6975 6978
2785 2877 6732 6911 2820 8999 2873 2816
(1.1%) 7522 7853
(1.3%) (1.3%) (1.5%) 7731 2731 8973 7761
0751 (1.4%) 2924 6716 0545 0579
5513 0545
2879 7852 8960 2879
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 181.88 B / 15.56 T (1.17%)
6672 (13%) Not mounted diamonds 2815 (4.6%) Not agglomerated iron 2873 6783 (1.7%) Other iron 6716 (1.5%) 6727 5169 (2.1%) Organic 5311 (0.9%)
ore or steel tubes & pipes Ferro-alloys chemicals Synthetic
organic dyes
6861
6749 (1.6%) Other 6822 6725 6746
worked iron/steel sheets 5112 (1.3%)
2816 6712
8973 (4%) Precious 6794 2731
jewellery 7161 7139 7851 5417 (4.2%) Medicaments 3352
7416 5911
7831 7929 7938 (1.1%)
6821 (1.1%) (1.2%) Special
Unwrought Aircraft floating
copper & copper equipment structures
alloys parts N.E.S.
8462 (2.1%) Knitted 8459 (1%) Other 8310 8433 6513 (1.6%) 6531 0422 (2.5%) Semi or 0813 (2.3%) 0440 0360 0111 6911
undergarments of cotton knitted outerwear Cotton yarn wholly milled rice Oilcake (0.8%) (0.86%)
Unmilled 6732
8441 maize (0.59%)
8481
6584 (1.4%)
8439 6596 6123 6522 6514 2631 (1.4%) 6114 6116
0612 0611
8432 6594 (0.65%)
8510 (1.1%) 8435 6613 (0.69%) 0545
(1.1%) 0577 (0.62%) 2225
8423 8434
0752 0751
0741 5823
0711
indonesia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3
3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
2008 Evolution of
export composition
600
480
360
240
120
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 973.06 M / 228.33 B (0.43%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 21.93 B / 2.79 T (0.78%)
2320 (17%) 2231 (5.1%) 3330 (32%) 2876 (11%) 3330 (23%) 2320 (8%) 4242 6342 (12%)
(1.8%)
4243
0721
4242 (3.2%)
0711 2923 0751 0741
(3.2%) 2483 (4.1%) 6344
3413 (17%)
2232 (0.87%)
0548 0813
0711 (7.9%) 0751 (1.8%) 0741 (2.8%) 6349
0752
1211
0752 (1.3%) 2873 2872 8439 8441 6531 0360 (3%) 0342 6871 5621
2221 8435 (1.6%)
2472 (3.4%) 2471 6871 8999 0360 6534
0615 2923 0813 8423 0341
(2.1%) (1.5%) 2114 6841 (1.8%) 2872 (1.8%) 2871 (1.7%) 6612
0548 (1.3%) 8462 6516
2483 8973 6727
5723 6584 8463
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 137.13 B / 15.56 T (0.88%)
3413 (12%) liquified hydrocarbons 3330 (11%) Crude petroleum 4242 (11%) Palm oil 2320 (5.3%) Natural rubber, 0711 8510 (1.6%) 8459 (1%)
latex & gums Footwear Other knitted
outerwear
8439
8451 8462 8429
8465 6354
0813 8441
4244 0721 (0.75%) 8423

(1.3%)
0577 6514 6516
4243
3354 (2.1%)
8219 (1.2%) 7731 (0.84%) 7638 (1%) Video 7641 6871 (1.7%) 0360 (1%)
Furniture parts Electric wire & sound Unwrought tin & alloys Fresh, chilled,
3222 (9.2%) Other coal 2871 (2.9%) Copper 6821 N.E.S. recorders N.E.S. frozen or salted
crustaceans &
8211 6353 7781 0342
6342 (0.91%) molluscs
5146
2483 7452 6251 0372
(0.81%)
6415 (1.7%) 2517 (1.3%) 5541
Paper & Chemical wood 4313 0914 5823
2872 (1.7%) Nickel 5225 paperboad in pulp, soda or 6822 (0.53%)
(0.51%) rolls or sheets sulphate
6412 6744 6716
(0.58%)
islamic republic of iran

2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.4 k
1.1 k
840
560
280
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.12 B / 228.33 B (0.93%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 8.64 B / 2.79 T (0.31%)
3330 (87%) 6592 (5.7%) 3330 (88%) 6592
(5.3%)
2631 (2.4%) 0577

(2.8%)
0577 2922
0575 0752
2117
2117 (0.84%)
2919
0579
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.12 B / 228.33 B (0.93%)
3330 (87%) 6592 (5.7%)
2631 (2.4%)
0577 2922
2117
2919
ireland
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT 0.5 0.5

0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
2008 Evolution of
export composition
32 k
25.6 k
19.2 k
12.8 k
6.4 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 921.12 M / 228.33 B (0.4%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 18.36 B / 2.79 T (0.66%)
0011 (17%) 0111 (13%) 6672 (8%) 2771 0730 (3.4%) 7523 (6.6%) 8983 (3.9%) 7522 7721 0111 (5.9%) 0230 (2.9%) 0240
(1.7%)
7758 6954
0121 (3%) 5922
6251 0224 (1.8%)
0011 0015 0112 (1.4%)
0620
7599 (6.2%) 7764 7525 7528 7822
(1.6%)
0980 (1.4%) (0.84%) 2111
2874 (2.3%) 2875 1123 (3.4%) 0149 0116
7757 8841
0015 (2.5%) 0149 0113 (1%) 7649 0980 (5.4%) 7731 6522 6514
6733
(1.4%) 2789 (0.96%) 7722 (1.3%)
5413 2772 5415 8731 6940 7452 6534
5156 (4.1%) 8720 5417 (3.1%) 5413 5530 7414
(1.4%) (2.5%) (1.2%) 6931 6623 8462
0112 (1.7%) 0116 0115 (1.4%)
8942 6652
0012 0819 8720
9410 8921 0730 8931 2875 6998 0488 2929 0430
0230 (3.7%) 0240 (2.2%) 6114 (1.4%) 2681 6210 5148 5989 5154 (1.1%) 0612
8472 8510 6521 6658 8939 5139 0620
6512 (1.9%) 5514 8748 5146 1124 (1.9%) 1123 2873
2111 2919 0541 0542 2772 (1.8%) 5621 2665 3224
0224 (0.78%) 6584 6519 8960 (1.1%) 5147 (1.1%)
8924
0360
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 127.14 B / 15.56 T (0.82%)
5156 (15%) Heterocyclic compound; nucleic acids 5514 (6.9%) Odoriferous 5417 (18%) Medicaments 7523 (5%) CPUs 7764 (4.6%) Electronic
substances microcircuits
7599 (2.9%) Parts of 7522 (1.9%) 8841 7525

cash registers & Digital data (1.2%) (1.1%)
calculating machines processing
machines
7528
5148 (5.3%) Other nitrogen-function 8720 (3.3%) Medical 8996 (3.3%)
compounds instruments N.E.S. Orthopaedic appliances
0111 (1.9%) Bovine meat 0980 (0.94%) 1124 (0.85%)
Alcoholic
beverages
0730
0149
0484
5416 (2.5%) Glycosides & 5155 5146
5989 (4.3%) Chemical products vaccines (0.73%) 0488 (1.3%) Malt 2873
extract & cereal
0240 0230
5413 (1.4%) 5139 5530 preparations
5145 (0.86%) 2875
Antibiotics containing less
(0.6%) Cheese &
5419 0224 than 50% cocoa
7414
5157 (1.1%) curd
5415 5922
israel
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
2.5
Fraction of 2.5
products with
RCA > 1 2
2
22% of WT 1.5
1.5
6% of WT
1
1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT 0.5 0.5

0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5
-0.5
0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
2008 Evolution of
export composition
8.6 k
6.8 k
5.1 k
3.4 k
1.7 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 575.78 M / 228.33 B (0.25%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 10.20 B / 2.79 T (0.36%)
6672 (40%) 0571 (19%) 0572 (6.8%) 2221 6672 (37%) 7499 (3.2%) 7284 7622 7788 7929 (3%)
(2%) (2.2%)
2634 7649
0813
6954 7643 7781
7281 7641
4232 9510 7452 7757 7763 7149
8946
7768 7754 8710
2927 7528 6259
8748 8742 5232 2713 0585 (3.3%) 0571 0572
(1.1%) (1.9%)
0585 (4.7%) 8472 (3.4%) 5623 (3.7%) 2713 (2.2%) 7741 8720
5222 5622 2927 2631
0579 0589 (1.7%)
(0.9%)
5221 5629 0980 0546
8481
0589 0545
6513 6521
(1.8%) 5623 5911 8939 5834 8462 6514 0149
(2.3%) 7131 8960
0561 (1.8%) 5914 (1%) (1.1%)
0579 6517 7928 2665 5831 8459 8424
2871 6998 6612 8973 2782
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 62.65 B / 15.56 T (0.4%)
6672 (39%) Not mounted diamonds 5989 (5.3%) Chemical 7742 (1.3%) 8742 8720 7649 (3.8%) Parts of 7788 (1.4%)
products X-ray telecom & sound Other electrical
apparatus recording equipment machinery &
equipment
N.E.S.
7741 (0.89%) 5839 7622
(0.55%)
5112 7723
6954 (1.6%) 7452 (0.75%) 8749
Interchangeable
6572
5417 (9.3%) Medicaments 8939 hand and machine
(1.8%) tools
7492
7929 (2.6%) Aircraft 7923 (1.7%) Aircrafts of

equipment parts N.E.S. between 2 and 15 tons
7149
5629 (4%) Fertilizers 5622 5913 (1.1%) 6997 (1.3%) 3510

(1.1%) Herbicides Articles of iron (0.72%)
Phosphatic or steel N.E.S.
fertilizers
6633
5222 0545 0980
5832 (0.8%)
0579 6514
italy
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03
2008 Evolution of
export composition
9k
7.2 k
5.4 k
3.6 k
1.8 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 10.28 B / 228.33 B (4.5%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 127.35 B / 2.79 T (4.56%)
7810 (10%) 7411 7499 (2.3%) 7512 (2.3%) 0579 (2%) 1121 (1.9%) 6973 6732 6842 7849 (3.2%) 7284 7245 6991 7442 7244 6251 7523 8219 6624 8211 8939
(2.7%) (2.4%) (2.4%) (2%) (1.6%) (1.3%)
6624 7499 7493 7272 8124
6341 8921
7452 8942 7511 0545 (1.6%) 0589 7431 6940 7491 7751
6911 6924 6573
(0.95%) 0585 6633 (0.83%) 6732 7414 6973
7851 6782 7452 (1.6%) 7492 6782 7162 7369
8842 6652 6960 7415 5839
8124 0565 7428 7434 7752 6911
(1.3%) 7449
7281 7243
6746 7852 8952 8998 7283 7439 6783 5147
7281 (1%) 7416 7758 6842 6997
7283 7271 6785 5413 8922 5629 6613 6822 6412 5834 6210
7244 (3.1%) 8946 6822 6783 (1.1%) 7783 7362
8921 6573 5221 7224
7371 6940 7832 2665 7361 7373 6785 1121 (1.4%) 0545 8973 (2.9%)
5148 3345 5621 8510 (5.7%) 8310 8459 6542 6522
(1%)
8510 (8.2%) 8472 (7.9%) 8310 6513 (0.91%)
2671 8973 6998
8439 8471 6514 6534 0579 0546 0730
8471 6541 0572 0574 0577 (1.5%) (1.7%) 2731 0589 6114 0575
8481 8463 8472 8424 6543
6517 6114 6512 8422 8434 6541 6613 2665
2927 8451 (2.9%) 8431
6584 0575 0571 (1.5%) 7853
0240 6552 0240
5513 7248
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 541.81 B / 15.56 T (3.48%)
7849 (3.9%) Other 7284 (2.4%) Specialized 7452 (2%) 7721 (1.3%) 7442 8219 (2.2%) 6624 6732 (1.2%) 8510 (2.4%) Footwear 8310 (1%)
vehicles parts industry machinery & parts Non-electrical Switchboards, Furniture parts Iron/steel rods
N.E.S machines parts relays N.E.S.
N.E.S. & 8439 (0.78%)
8211 (1%)
fuses
7492 (2.2%) Valves 7821 (1.6%) Trucks 7416 7493 8451 8432 8481
& vans (0.95%) 6997 7731 6911 7752
(0.85%) (0.83%) 6552 8471
6428
8422
7281 7234 6785 7758 7499 7372 7436 7491 7413 6842 7414
(0.72%) 8463
7272 8121 7822
7212 6522
8842
7362 7361 7428 7449
7239 7139
7441 5417 (3.2%) Medicaments 1121 (1.3%) Wine 0565 0484
6991 7224 7431 7162
6954 0730
0980 0483
7851 6731 (0.62%)
6782 7283 8939 (1.1%)
8743 Miscellaneous
7132 articles of plastic 6613 7853 6114 0240
6572 (0.89%)
6783 (1.1%) 6746 6727 8124 7415 7932 (1.4%) 7149 7929 5530 (0.78%)
Other iron or Ships & boats
steel tubes & 5831
6749 8973 (1.5%) 6998
pipes 7751 8947 (0.59%) Precious jewellery (0.55%)
6822 (0.72%)
6744 7757 6210
7921
Jamaica
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.2 k
960
720
480
240
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 273.11 M / 228.33 B (0.12%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 979.83 M / 2.79 T (0.04%)
2873 (47%) 0611 (13%) 2873 (42%) 8462 (5.8%) 8459 (2.3%) 8465 8441
(1.6%) (1.6%)
8451 (2.2%)
8439 (3%) 8423 (2.7%) 8429 8434
(1.2%) 8433
0573 (9.9%) 8463 (1.7%) 8435
(1%)
0611 (8%) 0573 1124 (4.7%) 5121
(2.8%) (1.7%)
0612 (4.6%) 0615 (1.3%) 1221

(0.94%)
0751 7932 (3.6%) 0360 0344
5225 (14%) 0721
1124 (2.1%) 0589 8471 3345 (1.1%)
0548 0711 0612 0571 0342
(1.8%) (0.87%)
0585 (1.3%) (1.2%) 5832 8212
0751 (0.97%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.48 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
2873 (69%) Aluminium ore 5121 (7.8%) Acyclic alcohols & 1124 (2.5%)
derivatives Alcoholic beverages
1123 (1.7%) Beer
0980 (1.1%) 0484 1110 0589

Edible products
N.E.S. 0579
0611 (5.4%) Raw sugar beet & 0711 (1.4%) Green &
cane roasted coffee & coffee
substitutes
0548 (1.3%)
Fresh & dried
vegetables,
roots &
tubers N.E.S.
5156 (1.3%) 5114 2820 (1%)

Heterocyclic
compound;
nucleic acids
japan
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
2.4 2.4
Fraction of
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
6% of WT
1.4 1.4
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
1.2 1.2
0.06% of WT 1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 -0.05 -0.045 -0.04 -0.035 -0.03
2008 Evolution of
export composition
6.1 k
4.8 k
3.6 k
2.4 k
1.2 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 12.47 B / 228.33 B (5.46%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 278.88 B / 2.79 T (9.98%)
7810 (6.7%) 7821 (2.3%) 6731 7491 8510 (1.8%) 8472 6522 (3.4%) 7810 (19%) 7849 7638 (3.3%) 7599 7649 (2.7%) 8822
(1.1%) (1.5%) (3.8%) (3%)
6940 8748
7244 (1.8%) 8812
8310 8471 6575 6560 7764 (3.1%)
7919 7822 7641 (1.9%)
6354 6517 5156
7851 (3.1%) 6782 (2.4%) 7243 7411 6785 7832 8742
(1.7%) (1.3%) 6781 6584 6521
7271 6664 8851 7852 6732 6624 7788 (1.6%) 7768 7628 7611 8947 7761
7783
7932 (12%) 6746 6749 8942 7788 (1.4%) 6665 (1.3%) 7763 7642
6960 7821 (3.4%) 7284 7139 7132 7783 7442 7441 7518 (1.3%) 8811
(2.6%) (1.9%) (2%) 8952 8994 7731 6911 (1.9%) 8851
8811 (1.4%) 6953 7243 7244 7415 7512 7762 (0.99%)
8998 7431 7491 7648 8983
7758 7831 (1.2%) (0.99%) 7712 8841 8710 8952
8710 7781 8841 5148 2331 2665 6998
6783 6747 (1.7%) 2671 (0.99%) 7162 7525 7591 8982
(1.9%) (1.5%) 7721 6782 (0.98%) 6531
8947 8720 6612 7245 (1.1%) 7621
8982 (1.6%) 7499
7512 7361 6954 6731 6746 (1.3%) 6783 7932
6822 6733 6727 7511 8852 5621 6573 6512 0589 0611
7234 7138 (1.8%) 7853
6770 6931 7782 (1.3%) (0.96%) 7851 6940
5224 6749 6744
5231 (1.1%) 7362 7367
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 781.49 B / 15.56 T (5.02%)
7810 (19%) Cars 7849 (4.8%) Other 7764 (4.7%) Electronic 7649 (2.4%) Parts of 5989 (1.8%) Chemical
vehicles parts microcircuits telecom & sound recording products
equipment
5112 5839 (0.75%)
(0.91%)
7638 (2.1%) Video & sound
recorders N.E.S. 5156
8742 8822
(0.5%)
7788 (1.8%) Other electrical 7768 (1%) 7781 (0.74%)
machinery & equipment 8748 2331 7741
N.E.S.
8710 (0.73%)
7284 (4.3%) Specialized 7721 (2.2%) 7132 (0.83%) 7493 (0.8%) 7491 (0.64%) 8749 7431 7763 (1.5%) Diodes &
industry machinery & parts Switchboards, Internal Mechanical transistors 7722 7415
N.E.S relays combustion tools for
7783 7648
& engines
7361 for 7239building7442 (0.63%) 7518
fuses motor vehicles 6251 7831 8841 (1.4%)
7492 7712
(0.62%)
6727 6749 6746 7932 (3.2%) Ships &
7367 7138 7436 7161 boats 2820 5833
(0.51%)
7234 (2.1%) Construction & 7139 (1.1%)
mining machinery Piston 7499 7162 5823
engines parts
N.E.S. 6954 7441 6744 6725
(0.66%)
7821 (2%) Trucks & vans 6821
7851 6940 8743 6252
(0.94%) 6822 6745 6733
Motorcycles 7133 6782 (0.59%) 7782
jordan
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
products with
2.5 2.5
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.4 k
1.1 k
840
560
280
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 33.54 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 764.43 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
2713 (54%) 0542 (5.8%) 0571 0574 2713 (30%) 5623 (18%) 0545 (7.9%) 0579
(2.4%) (1.2%)
0575
0544 (2.8%) 0460 (2%) 1222 0577
(1.7%)
0811 0544 (3.1%) 0571 0572
0430 (1.6%)
3330 (11%) 0545 (2.5%)
0577 1222
0579 0620 7149 (2.4%) 2882 (2.1%)
(1.1%) 5629 (13%) 5622
(2.2%)
7821
5621 7928 7144 6613 (2.1%)
6731 7283 5231 5417 (3.8%) 7131
6612 (3%)
5232 8743 0012 6973
5622 5629
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.95 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
5623 (11%) Potassic fertilizers 5621 (6.7%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 8459 (7.6%) Other knitted 8439 (1.6%) 8462 (1.4%) 7643 (3.2%) Television & 7415
outerwear Other women Knitted radio transmitters
outerwear undergarments
of
cotton
7751
8451 (1.3%)
7162 (1.1%) 7929 (1.2%)
AC electric Aircraft
8463 (1.2%) motors & equipment parts
Knitted generators N.E.S.
undergarments of 7131
synthetic fibers 7831
8434 (0.83%) 6749
2713 (7.6%) Natural calcium phosphates & aluminium 5417 (7.5%) Medicaments
0545 (2.7%) Other fresh or 0980 1110 8931 8973 (1.8%) 9710 (1.2%) 2882
chilled vegetables (0.96%) Precious Gold,
jewellery non-monetary
0579 6612
4312 (1.1%)
5222 (3.8%) 5232 (1.9%) Inorganic acids 0544 (2.8%) Fresh or chilled 1222
Non-metals inorganic metallic salts & peroxysalts tomatoes
acids & oxygen 7731 (2.1%) Electric wire 6417 8219
compounds
5622 5231 (0.72%) 8939 5334 6428
(1.1%)
6924 (2%) Metal cask for 0114 0149 0224
5530 0819 5542 6842
5629 packing goods
(0.63%) 5335 0251
7414
kazakhstan
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
4.6 k
3.6 k
2.7 k
1.8 k
920
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.50 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 8.64 B / 5.90 T (0.15%)
3330 (39%) 6821 (11%) 6716 (5.5%) 6727 (3.8%) 3330 (53%) 6821 (7.8%) 6716 (3.9%) 6746
(2.7%)
6746 (3.4%) 6744 5224 6749 6747 6822

(1.1%) 2873 (2.2%) 6811 (1.7%) (1.6%)
6733
6811 (7.5%) 6861 6745
6747 6727 6744
(3.1%) 6899 2816
2681 (3%) 2116 2631 6861 (2%) (1.4%)
(2.9%) 2877 2815 0412 (3.9%)
2111 2631
3222 (2.9%) 5241
6899 0371 (1.8%)
2682
(0.83%) 5221 5629 3345
5241 (2.9%) 6851 (1.8%) (0.94%) 0411 6851 6841 9710
2881 2820 5232
2875 (1.3%) (1.1%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 71.40 B / 15.56 T (0.46%)
3330 (64%) Crude petroleum 6821 (3.7%) Unwrought 6716 (4.4%) Ferro-alloys
copper & copper alloys
2879 (0.68%) 2871

(0.53%) 6725 (0.93%) 6727 (0.92%)
2816 (1.2%) 6861 Iron/steel Iron/steel coils
Agglomerated (0.95%) billets
iron ore Unwrought 6749 (0.79%) 6822
zinc & (0.51%)
2873 (0.73%) alloys
6811
6746 (0.78%)
2815 (0.72%) 7924
5241 (1.9%) 2741 0412 (2%) Other 0460

Radioactive chemical wheat & meslin, (1.3%)
elements unmilled
3222 6851
(1.2%)
Other coal 2820 6114
9710 (0.82%) (0.87%)
kenya
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
2008 Evolution of
export composition
170
136
102
68
34
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 170.69 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 896.34 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0711 (29%) 0741 (20%) 0149 (3.1%) 0711 (34%) 0741 (28%) 0589 (4.1%) 0545 (4.1%)
2111 2114 2120
6118 2911 0579 (3.1%) 0585

(1.4%)
5232 5322 (2%)
(2.4%) 0565
6116 (2%) 6113 0344
2631 (3.5%) 2654 (3.3%) 0577 (1.4%)
(0.94%)
0819 8921 6115
2634 2235 6114 (1.9%)
(0.84%) 2221 6612 0589 2111
0440 (9.1%) 0813 2876 2114
2929 (3%) 2924 (2.5%) 0542 (1.4%) (2%) 0577 2654 5232 5989 2785 6673
7131 8731 6354 (1.7%) (0.83%)
2927 (4%) 5322 8741 8997
0615 9610 2929 0615
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.05 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
0741 (22%) Tea 0545 (6%) Other fresh or chilled vegetables 5232 (4.8%) Inorganic acids
metallic salts & peroxysalts
0589 (1.8%) 8931 (1.6%) 0914 (1%) 0565

Prepared or Closable Margarine
preserved fruit plastic
packing 5541 5621 5542
6421 0585 (0.97%) (0.62%)
(0.64%) (0.54%) Soaps
5543
0620 0579 8921
(0.59%)
2927 (12%) Flora 0711 (3.6%) Green & roasted coffee 8439 (1.5%) 8510 8423 6842 6911 6749 (2.4%) Other worked
& coffee substitutes Other women (0.91%) (0.74%) (0.64%) iron/steel sheets
outerwear Footwear
6732 3510
8432
8459 (1.5%)
Other knitted 6996 7144
2929 0488
outerwear 8451 6974 (0.82%)
0542
6612 (2.8%) Cement 2783 2785
1222 (2.1%) 1212 0342 (0.67%) 6114 8928 (0.98%)
(0.94%)
Cigarretes
6116
0344 6651
2926 (1.2%) 4242 (1.2%)
2882 0343
korea, republic
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT 0.5 0.5

0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
2008 Evolution of
export composition
8.7 k
6.9 k
5.2 k
3.4 k
1.7 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 421.91 M / 228.33 B (0.18%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 60.08 B / 2.79 T (2.15%)
8472 (23%) 8510 (4.6%) 8999 (14%) 0548 (7.1%) 7764 (4.5%) 7649 (1.7%) 7761 7621 8510 (7.8%) 8481 (3.5%) 6531
(1.3%) (1.2%) (3.2%)
8983 (1.4%)
8947 8451 (2.6%)
7638 (3%)
6575 6560 7788 7628 7522 7763
(1.6%) (1.4%) 7642 7525 8310 8441 8459 8463 8435 8424 6534 6541
2924 (2.7%) 2929 8942 7611 7641 7622 8482 (2.3%) 8472
8471 8997 (2.3%) (2.2%) 6516
8310 8431 8462
6584 7523 8429 8439
2874 2782 2875 0360 (2.6%) 2919 7810 (6.1%) 6727 (1.6%) 6744 6746 (1.3%) (1.1%)
2613 (7.4%) 6541 (7.3%) 6521 (5.5%) 8421
(1.2%)
6974 8842 0360 0342 8939 6613
2785 2789 6783
(1.1%)
7788 6597 6573 8972
2879 (4.3%) 7932 (2.8%) 6252 6931 8851
(0.79%) 7758 6251 7731 0344 3345
6960 2929 6612
5621 (1.2%) (1.8%) 7711 0341
6511 2614 6732
6940 6259 8483 6512 5629
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 422.33 B / 15.56 T (2.71%)
7764 (8.1%) Electronic microcircuits 8710 (7.3%) Optical instruments 7810 (9.9%) Cars 7849 (4.1%) Other vehicles parts 7284 (1.7%) 5112 (1.7%) Cyclic 5138 (1.2%)
Specialized hydrocarbons Polycarboxylic
industry acids &
machinery & derivatives
parts N.E.S
5839 2331 5148
(0.88%) (0.63%)
Other
7234 (1%) 7239 6785 7499 polymerization
Construction 5111 (0.63%)
&
& mining 7247 6954 copolymarization
machinery 5831
products 5832
7831
7416 (0.63%) (0.94%)
7361
7643 (7%) Television & radio 7649 (5.5%) Parts of telecom
7133
transmitters & sound recording equipment 7431
7731 (0.9%) 7752
7932 (11%) Ships & boats 6749 (1.6%) Other 6746 (1.3%) Electric wire
worked iron/steel Iron/steel
sheets <3mm tick
6842
sheets
6727 (1.2%) 6783 6552 6531

Iron/steel coils (0.95%)
6514
7525 (2%) 7599 (1.9%) 7781 (0.92%) 8841 (0.81%)
Control & Parts of cash Batteries 6822 (0.83%) 6733 6745 5833 (1.1%)
peripheral registers &
hardware calculating 7722
3354
7788 (0.86%) 6770 5823 (0.93%)
machines
Other electrical 7415 7938 (2%) Polyesters
machinery &
equipment
kuwait
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

2008 Evolution of
export composition
18 B
14.4 B
10.8 B
7.2 B
3.6 B
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.07 B / 228.33 B (0.91%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.95 B / 2.79 T (0.28%)
3330 (100%) 3330 (79%) 3413 3345
(8%) (3.9%)
5621 (2.5%)
3352
5221
(0.82%)
6531
(0.8%)
6911
6649
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 87.91 B / 15.56 T (0.57%)
kyrgyz republic
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
2008 Evolution of
export composition
310
248
186
124
62
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 1.6 B / (121/23) GDPpc ≥ USD 974 / (113/26) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 32 % (62/15) Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 121.56 M / 4.30 T (0.003%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 470.38 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
2882 (13%) 2112 (6.6%) 6746 (6.1%) 6744 6745 9710 (52%) 1211 (5.7%) 3510 (11%)
(1.5%)
2116 (5.4%) 2111 (3.4%) 6783 6733

(1.2%) 2631 (5%)
6747 (2.9%)
6899 (11%) 6725 6727
2117 6114
2681 (9.5%) 2631 (8.3%) 6513 2614 0542
(1.1%) 6618 6924
6522 7832 7831 (1.5%) 2111 2116 0240
2879 (5%) 6821 5225 (2.5%) (2%) (1.2%)
6732 (2.1%)
5221 2820
2682 2687 6512 2686 (1.2%)
5241 (1.7%) 7782 (2.8%)
(1.8%) (1.3%) 5629 8931
2683 2632 2634 5241 2882 6899
5221
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.63 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
9710 (45%) Gold, non-monetary 8435 (3%) Blouses 8439 (1.4%) 2631 (2.3%) Raw 0542 (2%)
Other women cotton Dried or shelled
outerwear legumes
8433 (1.2%) 8434 8423 0577 (1.1%)

Dresses (0.99%) 0544
Skirts
1211 (1.4%) 0575 (1.2%)
8432 (1.1%) Unstripped tobacco Grapes &
Women's suits raisins
0579 (2.1%) Fresh 0914 (1%) 8931 0223 (1.6%) 2112

or dried fruit N.E.S. (0.56%) Fresh milk & (0.63%)
cream
0546
6114
6421 0730 0240

(0.92%) 0011 2685
0545 (1.2%) Other
fresh or chilled 0980
vegetables
3510 (2.5%) Electric 2820
6644 (3.1%) 7782 (2.1%)
current (1%)
Unworked Incandescent &
surface-ground cast fluorescent
6612 (4.6%) Cement 8973 (1.6%) Precious 2890
glass bulbs
jewellery
2732
6618 5221
2882 6841 6811 3354 (0.51%) (0.56%)
lao PDR
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
220
176
132
88
44
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 1.4 B / (125/16) GDPpc ≥ USD 882 / (114/15) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 25 % (82/14) East Asia and Pacific.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.28 M / 228.33 B (0.002%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 53.05 M / 2.79 T (0.002%)
2876 (37%) 0711 (26%) 0752 2221 2472 (45%) 2820 (11%)
6545 2882 (11%)

0542
0577
2924
2922
2483 (19%)
0711 (4.6%) 6584 8423
2483 (12%) 2471 (6.6%) 6552 8441

2911 (1.9%)
6811 (6.8%) 2923 (2.1%) 2924
(1.3%)
2111
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.39 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
6821 (38%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 2483 (12%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 3510 (8.4%) Electric current
2472 (5.6%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of 7731

non-coniferous
8423 (3.4%) Men's trousers 8441 (2.3%) 8459 (1.8%) 0711 (3.3%) Green & roasted
Men's Other knitted coffee & coffee substitutes
undershirt outerwear
8451 (3.2%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers

& cardigans 0440 (1.4%) 2320 (0.95%)
Unmilled maize Natural rubber,
8463 (1.6%) 8429
latex & gums
Knitted
undergarments of
8462 (3%) Knitted undergarments of synthetic fibers
2871 (4%)
cotton 5221 0545
8439 (0.78%)
2732 3222 2876 6899
latvia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 5 10 15
-3
2008 Evolution of
export composition
4.1 k
3.2 k
2.4 k
1.6 k
820
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.46 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.04 B / 5.90 T (0.03%)
3330 (28%) 2482 (11%) 2471 2472 (3.9%) 6342 2482 (17%) 6732 (5.7%) 8451 (1.4%) 8465 8439 6514 5417 (2.9%)
(5.2%) (2.1%) (1%) (0.99%)
8423 6553
6584
6732 6343 2460 8211 8462 8431 8435 6513 6546 5530
(1.4%) (0.94%) 6519 5334 8921
8434
8219 2483 6341 8429 8459
5629 5621
(1.2%) 6359 (0.75%)
8219 (4.7%) 6353 2483 (3%) 2472 0371 (2.7%) 5922 0240 7784 7499 8928
6584 8423 8434 6514 5623 (3.9%) 0342 0371
(3.1%) (2.5%) 6992 7913 (1.4%)
(1.1%) (1.2%) 0341
8439 8431 8424
3224
8451 8429 2111 6114 6512
(0.94%) 6342 (3.7%) 0344
2882 (3.4%) 5225 (3.8%) 6821
(1.3%) 8465 3345 5824 5922 6359 (2.1%) 6341 6633 6841 (3.1%) 2882 3222
6712 (1.5%) 6744 6731 8211 6911 (1.5%) 0980 8931 1222
6831 2631 (2.1%) 2820 3224 2471 (3.3%)
6841 (2%) 6992 (1.2%) 2460 6343 0585 1110 0412
(0.88%) 6716 6733 8974 6421
6770
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 9.36 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
6732 (8.1%) Iron/steel rods 6342 (2.5%) Sheets of plywood 8219 (2%) Furniture parts 5417 (3.9%) Medicaments 5530 8939 5989 0223 (1.4%)
N.E.S. (0.76%) (1.2%)
0240
5335 8921 (0.95%)
6353 (2.4%) Builders` carpentry 2471 (1.9%) Sawlogs & (0.53%) Cheese &
& joinery veneer logs of coniferous curd
6546
(0.5%) 0371 (1.7%) 0341
Fish N.E.S.
2472 (1.9%) Sawlogs & 6911 (1.6%) 2483 (1.1%) 0412 (3%) Other wheat 2226 (1.1%) 0813 1222
veneer logs of Iron/steel Worked wood of & meslin, unmilled Rape & (0.98%) 0344
2482 (5.4%) Worked wood of coniferous non-coniferous structures non-coniferous colza seeds Cigarretes
6997 (0.86%)
6343 (1.8%) Improved 0430
wood & reconstituted 6633 3510
wood (0.73%) 1121 (1%) Wine 1124 (2.3%) 2820 (2.8%) Iron & 3224 (1.4%)
Alcoholic beverages steel waste Peat
6359 (1.6%) 7861
2460 (2.5%) Pulpwood
Manufactured of wood 0484
N.E.S. 8211
7721 (1.5%) 7436 6783 6744 7611 (2.3%) Color 7643

Switchboards, (0.89%) (0.87%) T.V. (1.2%)
relays & fuses 7868 Television & 8465 6584 6519 5225 (1.5%) 6841 (0.72%)
radio Inorganic bases &
8423
6749 (0.81%) 6733 transmitters metallic oxides,
8121 2882
hydroxides &
8451 6552 peroxides (0.69%)
6745 7131 6612
7842 6746 (0.59%) 6794
lebanon
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
products with
2.5 2.5
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
2008 Evolution of
export composition
870
696
522
348
174
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 3.5 B / (105/16) GDPpc ≥ USD 7,138 / (55/8) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 12 % (123/16) Middle East and North Africa.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 275.58 M / 228.33 B (0.12%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 587.44 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
3330 (29%) 6811 (5.3%) 2919 (5.5%) 2117 5417 (2.3%) 8973 (19%) 6672 (3.1%) 0545 (7%) 0571 0574 0575
(1.9%) (2.4%) (1.2%)
8921 (2.2%) 0572
6118 2116
0541 (3.7%) 1211 (1.1%)
2114 5335 8922 6673 0579 (3%) 0620 0565
2681 2682 0114 (1.3%) (0.85%) (0.79%)
0577 2238
5222
(1.4%) 5622 2882 (2.6%) 1110
0014
(1.2%) 0980
8973 6612 7928 (2.3%) 7821 (1.3%) 0980 0579 0585 6842 (2.2%) 8219 8851 2117 (3.5%) 2919
6612 (0.81%) (1.2%) (1.4%)
6611 7283 6781 6421 8421 (3.9%) 8462 (2%) 8433 6584 8122
0574 (6.6%) 0571 (3.3%) 0542 (3.3%) 0541 7131 0545 0484 8960
6785 6624 6911 2111
(0.77%) 9610 (2.3%) 8310 8310 8471
0812 6842 8921 (4.9%)
6618 8439 8431 7929 2820
(1.4%) 8510 (3.4%) (1.4%) (1.5%)
8472
0572 (1.7%) 7731 8830 2820 7272 8124
0813 2221 6732 6513 8423 6423 6651
6973 6592 7711
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 3.52 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
9710 (10%) Gold, non-monetary 2882 (3.5%) Other 8219 (2.7%) Furniture 6428 (1.4%) Articles of 6911 7162 (4.7%) AC electric motors & generators
non-ferrous base metals parts N.E.S. paper pulp N.E.S.
7752 (1.1%)
7731 (1.9%) Electric wire 7414 (0.74%) 6924 9510 7252 7169
6998
7138
6997
6353 (0.7%) 7283 7272
6672 (3.8%) Not mounted 7436
8973 (3.9%) Precious 6612 (3.7%) Cement diamonds 6842 (1.5%) Worked 7861
jewellery aluminium & aluminium 6417 (0.7%) 7144 7131 6783 8124
alloys 6912 (0.83%) (0.86%)
Other iron
or steel
2820 (6.4%) Iron & steel waste 0565 (1.2%) 0589 (0.97%) 0541 0481
tubes & 1211 (1.1%)
Prepared or Prepared or pipes Unstripped
preserved preserved fruit tobacco
5622 (6.9%) Phosphatic fertilizers 5530 (1.6%) 8939 (1.2%) vegetables
0980 (1%) 1110 (0.92%)
Perfumery & Miscellaneous Non-alcoholic
cosmetics articles of plastic beverages 0574
N.E.S.
5334 0620 1121 0571
8921 (1.5%) Printed (0.76%)
books & maps 0545 8433
6421 (0.69%)
8928 6613 6423
(0.69%) 0585
5222 (3.2%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen 5831 (1.1%) 5832 5839 8510
compounds Polyethylene 7853 (0.57%)
8931 4235
5834 (0.57%) 6534
liberia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
-1 -1
-2 -2
0.975 0.98 0.985 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.2 k
960
720
480
240
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 3.8 M / (106/20) GDP ≥ USD 843 M / (128/26) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 279 / (107/12) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 237.26 M / 228.33 B (0.1%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.55 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
2320 (39%) 6672 (24%) 2771 7932 (41%) 6672 (20%) 2815 (12%)
(5.4%)
2816 (6.1%)
7932 (13%) 7933 2472

(4.3%) (4.1%)
2320 (9.2%) 2472 (9%)
2232 0721
0711
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.06 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
7932 (42%) Ships & boats 3330 (25%) Crude petroleum 9710
(1.3%)
5225
6672
(0.71%)
2815
2882
2320 (25%) Natural rubber, latex & gums 2820
libya
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

2008 Evolution of
export composition
9.3 k
7.4 k
5.5 k
3.7 k
1.8 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.96 B / 228.33 B (0.86%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.20 B / 2.79 T (0.26%)
3330 (100%) 3330 (92%) 5111
5621
3352
5834
5121
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 58.72 B / 15.56 T (0.38%)
lithuania
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.6 0.65 0.7 -5 0 5 10
-3
2008 Evolution of
export composition
7.1 k
5.6 k
4.2 k
2.8 k
1.4 k
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.35 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 3.80 B / 5.90 T (0.06%)
8439 8435 8451 6584 8462 6517 2882 2881 6841 7599 (2.5%) 7761 8439 (3%) 8435 (1.4%) 8462 6542 7810 (8.1%) 5621 (3.6%)
(2.6%) (1.5%) (2.4%) (0.97%) (1.5%) (1.3%) 6517
8434 6544 6522
6794 8459 6584
7522 6534
7523 (2%) 8423 (1.9%) (1.4%) (1.2%)
8441 8431 8429 8472 2651 6519 (1.4%) 6544 0819 (2.5%)
8423 8424 2890 (3.2%) 6831 8424
6534
(1.5%) (1.5%) 8421 8442 6521 (1%) 6521 7761 (3.4%) 7768 7932 7938 7921
6712 (1.5%) 6725 8431 8451
8459 6542 (1.8%) (1.4%) 8434 8429 5629 (2.1%) 5831
6821 7931
0224 (6.6%) 5922 (3.3%) 2482 (3.4%) 2471 (1.3%) 6727 2690
6744 (1.4%) 8463 7923 5834
(1.8%) 6612 7518
6899 6733 8219 (3.6%) 3510 (1.5%) 2483
5621 (6.4%) 2820 (5.7%) 3224 0240 0224 8931 (2%) 0412 2226 1222
(1.3%) (2.9%) (1.9%) (1.4%)
8219 (1.6%) 2472 7752 6353
0240
0230
6342 2482 (2.4%) 8211 8212 6343 0730 3413 (2%) 2820
6114 6113 0011 2483 (1.1%)
6416 6343 0371 6114 2111 6421
(1.2%) (1.7%) 6359 3224
7752 5629 (3%) 0545 0585 2631 7731 (2.3%) 6416 6113
2112 03440342 2882 6612
2111 2471 6130 2890
0371 0342 0546 0586 2226
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 23.79 B / 15.56 T (0.15%)
8219 (5.5%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 7731 (1.4%) 7861 7752 6997 0240 (2.6%) Cheese & 0224 0223 0412 (2.7%) Other wheat 2226
Electric wire (1.2%) (0.72%) curd & meslin, unmilled
2482
2483
(0.71%) 8212 5922 4239
6911 (1.1%) 6359 (1%) 2472 6618 0111 (0.87%) 0013 0371 (1.2%)
Iron/steel 0574 (1%) 0544 1222 (1.2%)
Bovine meat Fresh apples Cigarretes
6353 (2.1%) Builders` 8211 (1.6%) structures 7414
carpentry & joinery Chairs & seats 0612
0114 0344
3510 (0.48%)
0011
5629 (6%) Fertilizers 5621 (5.9%) Nitrogenous 7821 (1.7%) Trucks 6940 8121 8931 (2.3%) Closable 0579 (1.1%) 0730 (0.7%) 8463 (1.1%) 8459
fertilizers & vans plastic packing Fresh or (0.59%)
7224 7211
dried fruit
7219 0980 (0.69%)
N.E.S. 8439 8431
7492 (1.1%)
8424
0545 (1.6%) Other
fresh or chilled 6589
7832 (0.91%) vegetables
8435
8710 (2%) Optical 7938 (1.3%) 5823 (4.6%) Polyesters 2820 (1.8%) Iron & 8433
instruments Special floating steel waste
structures
0819 (1.7%) Animal 5334 5831 (0.82%)
feed and food waste 6635 3224 2890 5225
7611 (1.3%)
5834 6770 5921 5825 3354
macedonia, fyr
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.9 k
1.5 k
1.1 k
760
380
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
POPULATION ≥ 2 M / (121/25) GDP ≥ USD 9.5 B / (112/24) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 1,857 / (62/16) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 956.95 M / 4.30 T (0.02%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.12 B / 5.90 T (0.02%)
8441 (8.4%) 8439 (2.6%) 6584 (2.3%) 2666 6716 (5%) 6821 (5.6%) 8441 (6.4%) 8510 (3.1%) 8459 (1.9%) 6861 (5%) 1211 (4.5%)
8431 (2.4%) 6513 8462 (1.8%)

8429 (2%) 8431 (2.6%)
6744 (2.1%) 6822 6851 6612 1222 (2.6%)
6521 6841 (3%) 6861 8435 (5.9%)
8423 (1.8%) 6584 8421 (1.1%) (1.3%)
8424 (1.6%) 6123 8451 8434
8510 (3.6%) 8435 (1.1%) (1%) 2875 2871
6583 6954 7758 0544
(2.8%) 8423 (1.4%) 6552 (1%) 8424 (1.8%) 8422 8429
6516 2731 1121 (2.8%) 0545 0565 5417 (2.3%)
6785 8439 (3.7%)
8421 6517 7731 2483 8211 6114 2116 6123
8462 6589 8434 6552
8433 (2.7%) (1.1%) (1.2%) 8463 0980
6113 1110
0586 (13%) 1121 (2.2%) 0546 2111 6744 (8.3%) 6749 (3.7%) 6783 (1.6%) 0730 5629 5834
6842
(1.6%)
8483 0112 7731 (2.8%) 6911
0112
6746 (1.6%)
0561 (1%) 0585 0579 1211 (3.3%) 2924
5221 2665 6716 (2.8%)
(1.2%)
0545 8483
0589 0980 5233 6727 6733 6842 6935
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 3.79 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
6716 (12%) Ferro-alloys 6744 (11%) Iron/steel >=4.75mm tick 8441 (3.7%) Men's 8435 (3.5%) Blouses 2874 (2.2%) Lead ore 1121 (1.9%) Wine 0545
sheets undershirt (1.2%)
2875 (1.4%) 2882 2731

Zinc
0484 0565 0980
(0.86%)
6998
8439 (3.4%) Other women outerwear
2871 (1.6%) Copper 6612 0579 0620
(0.55%)
8459 (2.4%) 8431 (2.2%) 8510 (2%) 8973

Other knitted Women's coats Footwear
1211 (3.4%) Unstripped 6911 (1.4%) 6732 (1%)
outerwear & jackets
tobacco Iron/steel Iron/steel
structures rods
6783 (4%) Other iron 6749 (3.5%) Other 6727 (3.3%) Iron/steel coils
6633 (1%)
or steel tubes & pipes worked iron/steel
Non ceramic
sheets
8423 (1.9%) Men's 8462 (0.87%) 8429 mineral
0544 0575
trousers materials 6624
(0.97%)
7731
N.E.S.(0.69%)
6123 (0.81%) Fresh or
chilled 4236 8212
<3mm tick sheets tomatoes
5417 (2%) 8939 2820 (1.9%) Iron & 0112
8434 8424 8463 6584
Medicaments steel waste (0.58%)
7932 (1.3%) 7758 6785 6623 8433 5335

(0.6%) 0372
madagascar
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of 2.5 2.5
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
1.5 1.5
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT 0.5 0.5
2% of WT
0 0
0.8% of WT -0.5 -0.5

0.06% of WT
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
140
112
84
56
28
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 19 M / (50/11) GDP ≥ USD 9.4 B / (113/18) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 87 / (124/22) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 139.57 M / 228.33 B (0.06%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 317.31 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0711 (31%) 0422 (9%) 0149 (2.3%) 0752 (27%) 0611 0360 (14%)
(1.7%)
0111 (1.9%)
0721
(1.6%)
0011
2654 (2.6%) 2221
(1.2%) 2111 0360 0711 (27%) 0751 2654 2782 (3.5%) 2879 (4.3%)
0752 (19%) 0612 (7%)
(2.7%) (1.4%)
5513 (4.4%) 2119
2782 (1.6%) 0577
(0.97%) 2785
0542 (2.1%) 0751 (1.6%) 0612
2785 2631 6521 (5.4%) 0579
0611 0573 (1.7%) 5513 (1.7%)
2923 (1.8%) 0615 2924 (1.7%) 0564 6597 0615 (1.4%)
0548 0812 0721 (0.88%) 2924
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.67 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
8423 (19%) Men's trousers 8451 (13%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 0360 (8.2%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted 0371 (2.2%)
crustaceans & molluscs Fish N.E.S.
0752 (5.5%) Spices other than 0711 (1%) Green 0721 (1.1%)
pepper & roasted coffee Raw &
& coffee roasted coffee
substitutes beans
0542
5513 (0.97%)
8439 (12%) Other women outerwear 8435 (4.2%) Blouses 8462 (1.9%) 8441 (1.5%)
Knitted Men's
undergarments of undershirt
cotton 7924 (4.1%) Aircrafts of more than 0586 0565
15 tons (0.93%)
8433 8463 8429 6421
8459 (2.4%) 8471 (2.2%)
8928 (1.6%) Printed
Other knitted Clothing 6575
matter N.E.S.
outerwear accessories of
textile fabrics 8997
2879 (2.2%) Other 6673
8424 non-ferrous base metals 2482 8851
8998
malawi
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of 2.5 2.5
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
1.5 1.5
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT 0.5 0.5
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT -0.5 -0.5

0.06% of WT -1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
62
49.6
37.2
24.8
12.4
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 926 M / (128/26) GDPpc ≥ USD 274 / (127/25) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 23 % (88/16) Sub-Saharan Africa.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 55.56 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 241.37 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0741 (39%) 0440 (16%) 1212 (52%) 0741 (13%) 6521
2221 0577 6522
0548 (11%) 0542 0611 (8.4%)

8462
(4.8%)
2221 (21%) 2634
(2.3%)
0711 (3.6%) 0612 0542 8423

2631 (2%) (2.5%) (1.6%)
1211 (8.8%)
2111
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 926.04 M / 15.56 T (0.01%)
1211 (49%) Unstripped tobacco 1212 (18%) Wholly or partly stripped 0741 (4.2%) Tea 6552 (2.1%) Non
tobacco synthetic knitted fibres
8451 (1.2%)
2631 (2.5%) Raw cotton 0577
8429 8471
2221
0611 (5.8%) Raw sugar beet & cane

7923 (4.8%) Aircrafts
of between 2 and 15
tons
2224 (1.8%) 0542 (1.8%)

Sunflower seeds Dried or shelled
legumes
7861
0440 (1.5%)
Unmilled maize 0751 0615 2483
5541
0711
malaysia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
2008 Evolution of
export composition
7.4 k
5.9 k
4.4 k
2.9 k
1.4 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.75 B / 228.33 B (0.77%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 25.96 B / 2.79 T (0.93%)
2320 (46%) 2472 (16%) 2483 (5.5%) 7764 (13%) 7622 7763 7649 2472 (12%) 2483 (4.8%)
(2.5%) (1.9%) (1.8%)
7611 (1.5%) 7415 7628

6342
7638 (1.4%)
7768 (1.4%)
7712
3330 (11%) 8459
8482 7621 (0.91%)
6871 (19%) 0589
(1.6%) 2320 (13%) 4242 (6%) 8441
4313 4312
(1.6%)
0589
2873 6871 0360
3413 (4.8%) (1.5%)
0721 4244
4242 4243 2232 0360 (1.8%) (1.2%)
0723
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 198.85 B / 15.56 T (1.28%)
7599 (9%) Parts of cash registers & calculating 7522 (4.8%) Digital data 7528 (3.8%) Data 4242 (11%) Palm oil 3413 (11%) liquified hydrocarbons
machines processing machines processing
equipment N.E.S.
7525 (3.2%) Control 7768 (2.7%) 8482 (1.8%) 7643 (1.7%) 7611 (1.4%) Color T.V.
& peripheral Parts N.E.S. of Clothing Television &
2320 (2%) Natural rubber, 4244 0723
hardware electronic circuits accessories radio
latex & gums (0.59%)
from rubber transmitters
7641 (1.2%) 8973 (1.2%) 6998
7638 (1%) 7788 7628 7781 8219 (1.6%) 6342 (1.5%) 8748 (1%) 5137 4312 (1.5%) 4313
(0.99%) Furniture parts Sheets of Electrical Hydrogenated (1.1%)
7763 (2.7%) Diodes & 7649 (2%) N.E.S. plywood measuring & oils
7621 7622
transistors Parts of telecom controlling
5112
instruments6871 5138
& sound 7757
recording 7722 7415 N.E.S. 8931 (0.93%) 0914
(0.96%) (0.93%) 2483 (0.94%) 2472 Closable
equipment 7761 Worked wood of 5831 (0.96%) 5621 plastic packing
non-coniferous
5823 5833 0360 0224
7721 (2.3%) Switchboards, relays 8749 6822 (1.2%) 6783 6911 5541
& fuses Worked copper 6210 (0.95%)
& copper alloys 6514
7758 7853
mali
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of 2.5 2.5
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
1.5 1.5
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT 0.5 0.5
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-0.5 -0.5
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
150
120
90
60
30
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 11.89 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 112.69 M / 2.79 T (0.004%)
2631 (34%) 0011 (31%) 2631 (75%) 2114 (2.5%) 2111 (2.5%)
2119 (1.9%) 2116

(1.3%)
7144 (5.5%)
2223 (11%) 2221 (8.8%)
0012 0015 0579 6672

0350 (5.5%) 2111 2119 (2.8%) (1.4%)
2114 8960
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.93 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
9710 (79%) Gold, non-monetary 2631 (11%) Raw cotton
0011 (4.4%) Live bovines 0012
7821 7234 5629 (0.92%)

Fertilizers
0579
mauritania
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
610
488
366
244
122
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 87.45 M / 228.33 B (0.04%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 435.68 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
0350 (60%) 2922 (27%) 0360 (50%) 2815 (40%)
0615 (8.4%)
2789 (4.3%) 0342 (6.1%) 0350

0341
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.96 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
2815 (42%) Not agglomerated iron ore 3330 (18%) Crude petroleum 0360 (12%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted
crustaceans & molluscs
0342 (9.8%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets
2871 (6.9%) Copper 9710 (6.5%) Gold,

non-monetary
2816 (3.5%) 0814
mauritius
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
2.2 k
1.7 k
1.3 k
880
440
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 1.3 M / (128/26) GDP ≥ USD 9.3 B / (114/19) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 1,915 / (60/6) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 73.47 M / 228.33 B (0.03%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.02 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
0611 (89%) 0615 8451 (18%) 8441 (7.5%) 0611 (33%)
(5.8%)
8462 (5%) 8423 8471 (2.9%) 8463 8459

(4.1%) (2.2%) (1.7%)
0612
(2.8%)
8435 (1.5%) 8422 6584 8472 0615 0612 0741
8465 8851 (3.4%) 6672 8973 0371
8439 (3.7%) 8452 8434 (1.8%) (1.3%)
0741 8942 8720
(1.1%) 8431
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.43 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
8462 (20%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 0611 (15%) Raw sugar beet & cane 0371 (11%) Fish N.E.S.
8441 (6.4%) Men's undershirt 8451 (3.4%) Knitted 8463 (2.6%) Knitted
jerseys, pullovers & undergarments of synthetic 0342 (3.1%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets
cardigans fibers
8459 (2.2%) Other knitted

outerwear
7643 (4.2%) Television & radio 6672 (2%) Not 9410 (1.8%) Live animals, 8931
transmitters mounted diamonds N.E.S. (zoo animals, pets,
insects, etc)
8439 (1.5%) Other women 8481 6552
8423 (4.2%) Men's trousers outerwear 2820 8972
5121
8973 (1.6%) Precious
8452 (0.73%) 8465
8464 jewellery
0819 5541 6649
8435 (0.73%) 8852 (0.63%)
5629 6912
6783 2871 8921
mexico
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
2.5 2.5
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT 0.5
0.5
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81 0 5 10 15
-3
2008 Evolution of
export composition
2.7 k
2.1 k
1.6 k
1k
540
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.48 B / 228.33 B (0.65%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 31.57 B / 2.79 T (1.13%)
0711 (7.2%) 0544 (4.9%) 6851 2783 6811 (5.7%) 0011 (5%) 7810 (8%) 7132 (4%) 3330 (26%) 6811 (1.8%)
(2%) (1.9%)
6861
7721 (2.7%) 6612
2785 2875 0111 (2.6%) 0616
0612 (6.2%)
2929 0615 (1.9%) (1.7%) 2783
(1.4%) (1.1%) 7162 6991 8743
0542 6861 0360 (6%) 7849 (4.4%) 7783 7169
7139 2871 2741
2631 (16%) 0422 0440 2741 (6.2%) 7434
6647 6782 7239
(2.8%)
7731 (5.4%) 6428 0545 (1.4%) 1123 0360
7649 (3.6%) 7599 (1.7%) 7712
(0.89%) (1.5%)
0459
0545 (2.1%) 5415 8942 5224 6575 6349 0579 0585
7788 (1.5%) 1124 0011 (1.1%)
5513 (1.7%) (0.84%)
2632 0611 7788 6783 6354 7621 7611
0586 0579 8942 7763 8983 7781 0711 (2%) 5138 8720 5834 8423
(1%) 8921 5221 6349 (2.3%) (2.1%) 0544 0611
(1.6%) (1.2%) 6953 6513
2654 (0.92%)
0571 7757 7723 0612 2631 0575 5137 5222
2634 6624 5981 7415 2331 6514
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 291.28 B / 15.56 T (1.87%)
7810 (9.2%) Cars 7821 (3.2%) Trucks & vans 7721 (2.6%) 7139 3330 (19%) Crude petroleum 9710
Switchboards, relays & (1.2%)
fuses
2882
7783 8743 7239 6991 7436
(0.98%)
Auto parts 7832
7849 (5%) Other vehicles parts 6811

7162 (0.81%) 7431
(0.74%)
7132 (0.74%) 7758

7784
7611 (9.6%) Color T.V. 7649 (2.2%) 7523 (1.7%) CPUs 7711 7731 (3.1%) Electric 8211 (1.3%) 7752 0545 0579 1123
Parts of telecom (0.79%) wire Chairs & seats (0.93%)
& sound Other fresh
recording or chilled
equipment 7788 (1.6%) Other electrical 8931
vegetables
machinery & equipment 6725 7414 1124
N.E.S. (0.89%)
8942 7641 0544
7621 7149 8720 (1.7%) 5138 5530

7643 (3.9%) Television & radio transmitters Medical
7415 8124 instruments N.E.S. 8423
7915 (0.67%)
moldova
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
2008 Evolution of
export composition
440
352
264
176
88
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 212.25 M / 4.30 T (0.005%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 577.52 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
6725 (18%) 6731 (5%) 8431 (2.5%) 8423 8421 0585 (6.1%) 1121 (29%) 8431 (2.7%) 8459 (1.9%) 2224 (3.8%) 4236 0430
(1.1%) (1.5%)
8510 (2.2%) 8439 8439 (2.3%) 8462 (1.9%)

2239 0412
6594 8422 0440 (0.81%)
6584 (2.1%) 1121 (2.3%) 0546 8429 (1.4%) 8423 6589
8424 8443 1211 (4.5%) 0612
7822 (4.2%)
6421 8510 8463 (1.5%)
6521 (1.4%) 6522 (1.4%) 8422
5121
8421 8434 6596
3510 (6.3%) 0111 (3.3%) 2111 2116 8451
6712 (2.1%) 6724 6733 8424 2925
(0.95%) 2112 8452 8435 0577 (3.4%) (1.2%)
(1.2%) 7371 8310
6114 6594 8432
0612 (7.6%) 0611 1211 0574
(3.3%) (1.3%) 0224 0585 (4.5%) 0565 0111 0224 7422 7129 6651 2732
2882 (3.6%) 8921 5514 (1.5%) (1.1%) (1.2%) (1.1%) (2.3%)
4236 2224 6618 6996
8742
(1.5%) 6732 2111 7223
5513 2820 6595 0149
1124 6353
0577 6415 6413
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.60 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
8459 (2.8%) Other 8510 (2.2%) 8451 (1.5%) Knitted 8429 (1.4%) Other 1121 (11%) Wine 7731 (6.8%) Electric wire
knitted outerwear Footwear jerseys, pullovers & men outerwear
cardigans
8310 (1.5%) Luggage & 8423 (1.3%) Men's
handbags trousers
6123 (1%) 6594 8463 (0.76%)

8431 (2.2%) Women's coats 8439
& jackets
8441 8219 (2%) 6911 6624
0565 0585 8931 (0.8%) 0980
(1.3%) (0.72%) Furniture parts
8424 8435 8433 Prepared or N.E.S. 8212
8462 (2%) Knitted
undergarments of cotton (0.9%) preserved 0579 (0.75%) 0583 6921
8421 vegetables
6996
1124 (2.6%) 8211
4236 (3.2%) Sunflower seed oil 2226 (2.6%) Rape & 0577 (2.8%) Edible nuts
colza seeds
6731 (3.1%) Iron/steel wire rod 2732 (4.1%) Gypsum, 6651 (2.9%) Glass 6595
plasters, limestone flux & bottles (1.3%)
calcareous stone
0574 (1.7%) Fresh
0430 (2.3%) Unmilled 0813 (1.1%) Oilcake 0412
apples 7239 7491
barley
6975 8939 6210 6114

4232 0440 1222 (0.79%) 0612
(0.6%) (0.82%) 6991 8741
2224 (1.5%) Sunflower 2882 (0.99%) 6998
seeds Refined sugar 8731 (1.2%) Other 0224
2222
5513 1211 non-ferrous 8742
base metals
mongolia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
-1 -1
-2 -2
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
780
624
468
312
156
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 2.1 B / (113/15) GDPpc ≥ USD 1,991 / (93/11) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 39 % (49/9) East Asia and Pacific.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.32 M / 228.33 B (0.002%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 89.77 M / 2.79 T (0.003%)
2683 (75%) 2685 (11%) 2120 2683 (33%) 6114 (3.2%) 2919 8481 (4.6%) 6123 (1.8%) 6583
(7.6%) (2.9%)
8451 6542
2690 8459 6516

2111 (1.9%) 2114
6594 8484 6592
6116
2871 (5.4%) 2789
8483 (3.9%) 0113 (2.4%)
(1.5%)
0115 2872
2879 (2.4%) (1.5%)
2120 (6.1%)
2687 (9%) 2681 (2%)
2682 (1.8%) 2911 2482 (3.1%) 6595
(1.7%)
2681 (1.5%) 2686 5232 2631
(0.9%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.05 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
2871 (45%) Copper 3222 (13%) Other coal 2683 (3.6%) Fine
animal hair
9710 (9.3%) Gold, non-monetary 2687
0115 0111
2919
2815 (7.6%) Not agglomerated iron ore 2875 (3.8%) Zinc
8451 (1.8%)
Knitted jerseys,
pullovers &
cardigans
2785 (3.6%) Quartz metal family 8439

(0.6%)
2879 (5.8%) Other non-ferrous base metals 6821 (1.3%)
Unwrought 7938
copper & copper
alloys
morocco
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
2008 Evolution of
export composition
640
512
384
256
128
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 436.31 M / 228.33 B (0.19%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.24 B / 2.79 T (0.15%)
0544 (7.1%) 0541 (2.3%) 2713 (33%) 2713 (15%) 5222 (13%) 0571 (7.3%) 0544 0541
(2%)
0542
2929 (1.5%) 2924
0542 (4.9%) 0430 2631
2440
5629 (3.8%) 5622 (3.2%) 0360 (6.3%) 0371 (2.9%)
0752
0571 (17%) 0459
(2.3%)
0341 0342
2874 (3.4%) 6851 (1.4%) 1121 (2.3%) 0545 6118 2919 8423 (3.4%) 8459 8510 8451 8434 8431 6592 (1.2%) (0.86%)
(2%) (0.94%) (2.6%) (1.5%) (0.97%) (1.7%)
2631 8421 8435 0565 0585 6851 2874 2517 (1.6%)
2875 0814
(1.2%) (1.6%) (0.99%)
2785
2789 0565 (1.8%) 0589 8429 8481 8462 8424 2789
0577 6513
2517 6592 8439 (2.3%) 8441 (1.2%) (1.2%) 8310
(0.88%) 2877 2879 6123 0546 0545 2871 6811 7763
0561 (1.6%) 6584 6539 (1.2%)
5513 (1.6%) 0585 6330
0546 8310 8452
7148
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 20.36 B / 15.56 T (0.13%)
5222 (16%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen 2713 (13%) Natural calcium phosphates & aluminium 0360 (3.9%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or 7731 (8.1%) Electric wire
compounds salted crustaceans & molluscs
0371 (3.2%) Fish N.E.S. 0341 (0.89%)

Fresh or chilled
fish, excluding
fillets
0342
0814
5629 (5.1%) Fertilizers 5622 (2.7%)
Phosphatic fertilizers
7763 (3.2%) Diodes 7721 (1.7%) 0545 (1.3%) 0565 (1%)
& transistors Switchboards, relays & Other fresh or Prepared or
fuses chilled preserved
vegetables vegetables
6577 0579 0586
8439 (3.4%) 8423 (2.3%) Men's 8431 (1.3%) 8462 (1.2%) 8433 8463 8465
Other women trousers Women's coats Knitted (0.99%) (0.97%) 6749 (0.8%)
outerwear & jackets undergarments
2882 6899
of
(0.63%)
cotton 0544 (1.4%) Fresh or 0571 (2.2%) Fresh or
8510 (1.4%) 8435 8429 (1.1%) 8451 8441 (0.69%) 8452 8422 chilled tomatoes dried oranges & 6811
Footwear (1.4%) m&arines
Blouses 2874
8434
8459 (1%) 2929 2789
6123
m0zambique
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
130
104
78
52
26
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 205.11 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 320.10 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0577 (20%) 0440 (18%) 4234 6821 (4.8%) 6725 (7.8%) 6733 (5.4%) 6746 (4.5%) 0577 (6.4%) 0612 0615
(1.7%) (1.6%)
1211 (1.5%) 1212

(1.1%)
0813 6744 (7.2%) 0611 (3.4%) 0571 0412
2879 (2%) 6716 6749 6783 (1.5%) (1.5%)
(2.8%) 4234
2631 (15%) 0741 (6.6%)
6745 6821 (3.9%) 2877 (1.9%) 2517 2516
0611 (8%) 2231 (6.1%) 0612 2789 2784 (1.1%) (1.9%)
(1.6%) 6861 2519
0360 (18%) 0342
2483 2111 2784 3222 6732 (1.5%) 2472
(2.5%)
(0.99%) (1.2%)
0615 2879
(1.2%) 2820 (2.9%)
2654 5629 (2.6%) 5222 5322
(2.2%) 0542 6575 6716 2911 (1.5%)
4243 0571 6581 5322 (1.1%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.81 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
6841 (60%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 1212 (6.8%) Wholly or partly 2631 (2.1%) Raw cotton 2225 (1.3%)
stripped tobacco Sesame seeds
0577 (1.3%)
0611 (3.8%) Raw sugar beet &

cane
1211 (1.2%)
3510 (9.3%) Electric current 0360 (2.8%) Fresh, chilled,

frozen or salted crustaceans
& molluscs
5621 (2%) Nitrogenous fertilizers
7234 (0.75%) 2820

(0.79%)
7239 Iron & steel
waste
2483 (0.92%) 2472
namibia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
2.2 k
1.7 k
1.3 k
880
440
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.41 B / 5.90 T (0.02%)
2005 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.51 B / 9.84 T (0.03%)
6672 (35%) 0342 (17%) 0344 (4.3%) 0012 (2.6%) 6672 (31%) 0342 (9.6%) 0111 (3.6%)
0011 (3%)
0111 (2.1%)
0341 0814 0344 (3.3%) 0341 0814 0112 0012 (1.2%)
(1.7%) (1.4%) (1.9%)
0011 0112
0371 0360
0360 0371
6114
8928 (9.5%) 1123 (3.4%) 6863 (1.9%)
8928 (12%) 1123 (3.4%) 1110
5241 (6.4%) 6821 (3.9%) 2783 6861
2860 (7.9%) 9710 (1.9%) (2.3%) 7234 7822
2785
7851
2783 2874 2731 0575 8435 8219 2450
0575 8423 9710 (1.1%)
2785 8459
0611
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.73 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
2860 (17%) Uranium & thorium 6861 (6.4%) Unwrought 8928 (19%) Printed matter N.E.S.
zinc & alloys
0342 (8.3%) Frozen fish, excluding 0344 (2.2%) Frozen 1123 (2.7%) Beer
6672 (18%) Not mounted diamonds 2771 6821 (3.6%) Unwrought fillets fish fillets
copper & copper alloys
0341 0814
7821 (0.83%) 7851
2875 (1.7%) 2783 0371
Zinc (0.55%) 7234
2731 0343
1212 (1%) Wholly 8219
0111 (2.2%) Bovine 0112 (1%) or partly stripped (0.57%)
meat tobacco
9710 (1.3%) Gold, 0575
0011 (0.92%)
non-monetary (0.75%)
Grapes &
* Numbers indicate SITC-4 rev 2 codes. Parenthesis indicate percentage of total exports. Treemap Headers show: Total Trade/Total World Trade (share of world trade represented by the country). raisins
netherlands
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT 0.5 0.5

0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01
2008 Evolution of
export composition
33 k
26.4 k
19.8 k
13.2 k
6.6 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 9.95 B / 228.33 B (4.36%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 114.32 B / 2.79 T (4.09%)
5989 (1.7%) 7742 5417 (1.7%) 8921 2926 0723 (1.7%) 2925 6746 7788 (1.3%) 5112 (2.4%) 5111 (1.3%) 8939 5417 0113 (2%) 0240 (2.1%) 2927 2926 0723
(1.1%) (2.8%) (1.4%) (1.2%) (1.1%) (2.2%) (2.1%)
6419 0722 2925
7511 8983 8822 5829 0819 6419 0111 (1.6%)
2331 (1.5%) 5137 2927 (1.2%) 4243 6712 0224 (1.8%)
5335 0819 6424 5989 (1.5%) (1%)
(1.1%)
5413 0544 0813 1222
5148 (1%) 6871 5415 5414 0544 0541 0813 5513 7782 (2.8%) 6731 5334 5335 0114 0251 0230 5922
5113 5161 5824 5137 (0.99%) (1.2%)
5629 (1.5%) 5621 (1%) (2%) 7271 5831 5834 0149 (1%) 0541
3345 0542 2331 (1.7%) 0013 0341
5161 7938 0488
0481 1223 5839 5832
5155 5222 3352 5138 8996 0545 (1.4%) 0565 8931 5121 6842 6412
5162 0545 (2.8%) 0484 0565 5121 6672 3232 5148 5514 5836 5232 5621
(0.81%) (0.97%)
0149 (2.7%) 0111 (2.5%) 0224 (3.4%) (1.9%) 0484 0121
0980 0620 1123 6911
1221 2783 5156 0980 6415
4313 3330 3354 (0.81%)
1123 6428
0914 8983 (1.6%) 7518 7832 6418 7782 (1.5%) 0730 0619 5823
0240 5922 0730 5833 6514
6421 0619 6522 (1.4%) 2665 2820 (0.95%)
0113 0114 (2.3%) (2.6%) (1.1%) 7272 6841 (1.8%) 3414 (2.8%) (1.4%) (1%)
(2.4%) 0230 7731 6842 6911 6624 6412 6415 7525 7754 7763 6251 6725 6747
6517 8928 (0.84%) 6745 5241 2820 8928 6517
(1%) 7449
2919 2111 6591 7591 7923 2882 6595
6649 6960 2690 6572
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 546.06 B / 15.56 T (3.51%)
7599 (3.7%) Parts of 7525 (2.7%) 7518 (2.7%) 7284 (2.7%) 7832 (2.2%) Tractors for 2926 (1.9%) Live plants 0723 (0.73%) 0545 (1.5%) 0980 (1.3%) Edible
cash registers & Control & Office machines Specialized industry semi-trailers Other fresh or products N.E.S.
calculating machines peripheral N.E.S. machinery & parts chilled
hardware N.E.S 4242 (0.68%) vegetables
0579
2927 (1.8%) Flora
7234
2925 0546
7442 7272 7212 8741
(0.73%)
6418 7429 0813 4239 1222 (1.4%)
7611 (2%) Color 7523 (1.6%) 7638 (1.3%) 7528 4313
(0.77%) Cigarretes 0730
T.V. CPUs Video & sound 4232
6954 6251 7219 Oilcake 0121
recorders
N.E.S. 4236
7441
7641 7648 0544 0488 5121 (1.3%) Acyclic 1123
6746 (0.97%) 6727 7938 0575 alcohols & (0.85%)
8942 (1.4%) Iron/steel <3mm (0.77%) derivatives
tick sheets Iron/steel
0111 (1.1%) 0114 2820 (1.4%) Iron & 5833 8928
5989 (2.3%) 5112 (2%) 8996 5111 (1.3%) 5161 (1.2%) Ethers, coils0819 (1.1%) 5542 Bovine meat (0.82%) steel waste
Chemical products Cyclic (1.4%) epoxides, acetals Animal feed Poultry
hydrocarbons Orthopaedic and food meat 6595
appliances waste 0149 5823 (0.82%)
7742 (0.9%) 0113 (0.88%)
5334 2511
0251
5829 7741 5514 5831 (1.3%) 5621 (0.75%) 6841 2882 7852
0240 0224 (0.73%) (0.87%) (0.59%)
8720 (1.9%) 5839 (1.5%) Polyethylene
(1.5%)
Medical Other Cheese & 6428
instruments N.E.S. polymerization 3352 0230
curd 5241 2879
& 5137 5138
copolymarization 5834 0223 6514
5221 6861
products
new zealand
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
-1 -1
-2 -2
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
2008 Evolution of
export composition
7.2 k
5.7 k
4.3 k
2.8 k
1.4 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.17 B / 228.33 B (0.51%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 9.28 B / 2.79 T (0.33%)
0112 (20%) 0111 (11%) 2681 (15%) 2471 0111 (9.4%) 0112 (9.2%) 2682 (8.2%) 2517 2512 2482 2471
(3.5%) (1.7%) (1.2%) (1.3%)
6411 6413 6416 7752

(1.1%) 2519
2681 (6.3%) 6512 0579 (4.9%) 0545 5121
6411 0015 4113 0980

0116 (2%) 4113 (1.7%) (1.1%) 0730
2682 (7.2%) 0116 0012
0015 0546
2517 0224 (6.3%) 5922 (2.9%) 2117 (3.2%) 2919 6114 6841 (6.2%) 0574 (2.9%)
0230 (13%) 0240 (5%) 0224 (4%) (1.6%)
0574
2117 (3.9%) 2919 (2.2%) 0360 (1.2%) 2111 6115
0542 2925
2925 0230 (5.7%) 0240 (2.5%)
0343 0360 0342 0344 6749 6594
5922 (2.2%)
2111 2112 (1.4%) (0.79%) 0341
5530
(0.83%) 0814 0814
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 30.59 B / 15.56 T (0.2%)
0224 (15%) Preserved, concentrated or sweetened milk & 0230 (5.2%) Butter 0240 (4.9%) Cheese & curd 0579 (3.3%) Fresh or 1121 (2.8%) Wine 2482 (2.5%) 2471 (2.2%)
cream dried fruit N.E.S. Worked wood of Sawlogs &
coniferous veneer logs of
coniferous
6416 (0.73%)
0980 (2%) Edible 0546
products N.E.S.
5922 (3.6%) Glues 0223 (3%) Fresh milk & 6353 6997
cream
0730
2517 (1.2%) 6413
0545 1110 Chemical wood
pulp, soda or
5121 0619 2519
sulphate
0112 (8.4%) Sheep & goat meat 0111 (5.8%) Bovine meat 0360 (1.6%) Fresh, 0344
6841 (3.6%) Unwrought 9710 (1.7%) 0488 (1.9%) Malt 0574 (1%)
chilled, frozen or salted
aluminium & aluminium extract & cereal Fresh apples
crustaceans & molluscs 0814
alloys preparations
containing less
0342 (1.2%)
than 50% cocoa
2919 6114 2682 (1.2%)

8720 (1.1%) 2820
Degreased sheep 6418 7932 (0.98%) Medical (0.67%)
0118 (0.99%) 4113 0015 or lambs wool Ships & boats instruments
Other animal
N.E.S.
meats 2681 7188 5542
2117 6727
0116 0149
6731
nicaragua
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
460
368
276
184
92
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 173.44 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 238.78 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
2631 (40%) 0711 (15%) 0111 (10%) 0711 (42%) 2631 (21%) 0111 (8.6%)
0360 (3.6%) 2120

0360 (4.1%)
5922
0612 0481 0542 2924 2871 (4.8%) 0573 (14%)
(1.2%)
3330 (5.7%)
0573 (3.7%) 0813
5530 5162 8510 5852
2223 (2.6%) 4233 (2.4%) 2634 2632 6210
(1.7%) 0611 (2.1%) 2483 6924
6932
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.54 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
0711 (13%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee 0542 (3.6%) 2221 (4.2%) Green groundnuts 0111 (9%) Bovine meat 0360 (5%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or 0341
substitutes Dried or shelled salted crustaceans & molluscs
legumes
0611 (2.3%) Raw 1211 (0.97%)

sugar beet & cane 0240 (3.1%) Cheese & 0224 (2.1%)
curd Preserved,
concentrated or
0460 0548 sweetened milk &
4234 (0.7%) cream
4242 0011 0116

2238
1221 (3.3%) Cigars 5121 (1.3%) 1110 (0.74%) 9710 (3.7%) Gold,
8459 (5.8%) Other knitted outerwear 8423 (3.9%) Men's trousers 8439 (3.6%) Other women Acyclic alcohols non-monetary
outerwear & derivatives
6421
1124 (0.89%) 0484

Alcoholic
0545
beverages
8462 (2.2%) Knitted 8441 (1.2%) 8424 7731 (6.4%) Electric wire
8435 (4.7%) Blouses undergarments of cotton Men's 2820 0712
undershirt 8431 (0.67%) (0.92%)
Coffee
8928 extracts,
8429 (1.3%) 8451 essences or
(0.66%) 6733
concentrates
nigeria
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1 2 2
1.5 1.5
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0.5 0.5
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-0.5 -0.5
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

2008 Evolution of
export composition
540
432
324
216
108
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 531.08 M / 228.33 B (0.23%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.55 B / 2.79 T (0.27%)
0721 (23%) 2221 (20%) 3330 (17%) 3330 (92%) 0721
(4%)
2320
2631 (2%) 2223 2922 6871 (6.7%) 2472 (2.5%) (1%)
2232 (5%) 0723 (2.7%) (0.8%)
0723
4234 (5.5%) 0813 (4.1%)
2483
6116
2114 2119
4244
2320 (3.2%) 2116
(1.8%) 6118 5621
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 81.97 B / 15.56 T (0.53%)
3330 (94%) Crude petroleum 7938
(2.1%)
0721
(0.64%)
2320
5530
(0.59%)
5831
(0.64%)
6116
(0.85%)
norway
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0 0
0.06% of WT
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

2008 Evolution of
export composition
37 k
29.6 k
22.2 k
14.8 k
7.4 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.04 B / 228.33 B (0.89%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 24.42 B / 2.79 T (0.87%)
6841 (15%) 6831 (5.6%) 6411 (3.9%) 6412 2518 6732 3510 3330 (28%) 3414 (12%) 7932 (3.5%) 7938 5629 (2.1%) 5831 (2%)
(2.4%) (2.3%)
5822
6842
2512 (3.7%) 6716 (3.2%) 6733 5221 5834
6415 (2%) 6413
6911 5239
6747
6612 6861 2516 6633 5113 5147 5621
(1%) (1%) 7442 (1.7%) (1.1%)
5621 (4.8%) 0814 (4.7%) 0350 (3.5%) 5331
2742 2731 6998 2785 2789 5225 2879
8741
2871
6411 (2.4%) 6413 0341 (2.9%) 0350
7932 (12%) 6716 (5.6%)
(1.8%)
5629 (2.3%) 5239 2516
(1.4%) 4111 0360 2517
(0.97%) 6841 (6.9%) 6891 6831 6861 2815 6415 (1.3%) 0344 0342 0371
5221 2120 (2.1%) 0240 6130 (1.4%) (2.6%) 2512
6725 6712 6747 6419 (1.4%)
2671 2890 2879 6842 3510
2731 0814
7211 8947 6931 (1.6%) 5331 4312 (1.5%) 6421 2882 (1.6%)
5225 2871 6633 5823
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 174.28 B / 15.56 T (1.12%)
3330 (48%) Crude petroleum 3414 (28%) petroleum gases 6841 7239 9510
8743
8749
7932 (1.5%) Ships 6716

& boats
0341 (2.1%) Fresh or chilled

fish, excluding fillets
0342 0350 (0.72%)

(1.1%)
0343
3510 6842
6831
(0.7%)
6911
5989 (1%)
3413 (3.3%) liquified hydrocarbons Chemical
products
0man
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
14 k
11.2 k
8.4 k
5.6 k
2.8 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 591.67 M / 228.33 B (0.26%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.01 B / 2.79 T (0.14%)
3330 (77%) 6811 (23%) 3330 (95%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 37.91 B / 15.56 T (0.24%)
3330 (75%) Crude petroleum 3413 (16%) liquified 5621 (1.4%)
hydrocarbons Nitrogenous
fertilizers
5832 (1.1%)
Polypropylene
7731 (1.8%)
Electric wire
0224 (1.2%)
Preserved,
concentrated or
sweetened milk
& cream
4242
5121 (0.72%)
6783
pakistan
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2
2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
2008 Evolution of
export composition
120
96
72
48
24
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 20 B / (67/2) GDPpc ≥ USD 987 / (112/3) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 12 % (119/4) Middle East and North Africa.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 731.88 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.51 B / 2.79 T (0.16%)
2640 (26%) 6513 (8.4%) 6521 (4.6%) 6513 (14%) 6592 (5.7%) 6522 (5.2%) 2631 (19%) 0615
(2%)
6522 (4%) 6592

(1.1%)
2929
6549 (1.2%)
6521 (3.5%) 6534 (2.3%)
2631 (15%) 6545 (9.9%) 6581 (8.4%) 8510 0422 (5.7%) 0421
6531 (1.7%)
2633
6584 (5.6%) 8462 (2.3%) 6589 8435 1222
6116 6114 0360 8947 0579
6118 (3.7%) 0360 0350 8947 8459 8423
(2.3%) (2.2%) (1.8%) (1.6%)
0422 (3.9%) 2634 (1.3%) (0.76%) 8439 (1.9%) 8424 8472 8463
2911 6560
(1.3%) 8481 (3.4%) 8720 6582
2681 2682 8442 6113 (1.5%) 6115 0350
6113 6114 2919 8441 (1.3%)
2682
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 20.30 B / 15.56 T (0.13%)
6584 (12%) Linens & furnishing textile articles 8481 (4.2%) Clothing 8423 (3.9%) Men's 8462 (3.8%) Knitted 0422 (14%) Semi or wholly milled rice 0615
accessories from leather trousers undergarments of
cotton
0612
8459 (3.1%) Other knitted 8439 (1.7%) 8510 (0.73%) 6552 0571
outerwear Other women
outerwear
8451
8429
6612 (3.2%) Cement 8947 (1.3%) 7281 6783
6589 (4.7%) Other textile articles N.E.S. 8471 Sporting goods (0.65%)
8472 (1.8%) Knitted clothing 8464 (1.2%)

null 8424
accessories of textile fabrics
8463 4312 0579 5121 (1.2%)
8973 (1.3%) Acyclic alcohols
6522 (8.5%) Finished cotton woven fabrics 6513 (6.8%) Cotton yarn 6521 (4%) Unbleached cotton woven
fabrics & derivatives
2879
8720 (1.5%) 6582 6960
6116 (1.2%) Leather 0342
Medical
of other hides or
instruments
skins 0360
6534 (1.3%) 6592 (1%) N.E.S.
<85% Knotted 6114 5823 (1.1%)
0341
discontinuous carpets (0.76%) 3352 Polyesters
synthetic woven
fabrics
panama
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
products with
2.5 2.5
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.5 k
1.2 k
900
600
300
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 162.06 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.99 B / 2.79 T (0.07%)
0573 (50%) 5415 (7.4%) 5417 (5.5%) 7932 (38%) 0573 (24%)
5413 (2.8%) 8921

5155 5162 5137 (1.1%)
(1.6%) 5530
8822
0360 (5.4%) 6672 (4.6%) 6673 8973
0360 (8.9%) 7938 (1.6%) 8851 (1.8%) (1%)
(1.3%)
9710
7933 6960 8960
2882
0342 (5.2%) 0341
8942 8421 8459 8921 5139 5156
6842
2820 6673 0350 (0.97%) 5530 5413
(1.1%) 7638 7611 7628 7491 7234 8462 8439 0579 8960
0814
0611 0721 0111 0980 (1.4%) 8451 (0.92%)
7642
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.83 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
7932 (52%) Ships & boats 7638 (2%) Video & 0342 (3.1%) Frozen fish, 0360 (2.1%) 0343
sound recorders N.E.S. excluding fillets Fresh, chilled, (1.6%)
frozen or salted
crustaceans &
molluscs
7611 (1.9%) Color T.V.
0341 (2.3%) Fresh or chilled

fish, excluding fillets 0344 (1.5%) Frozen
fish fillets
7415 (1.5%) Air
conditioning
machines 0579 (6.4%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S. 0545
7642 8983
6421
7621
0573 (2.5%) Fresh or 0711 6672 (1.6%) Not
7641 dried banana & mounted diamonds
plantains
0548
7234 (1%) 7758
Construction
& mining 7247
machinery
7784 8851 7752 5416 2820
(0.64%) (0.88%)
7491
8842
7938
papua new guinea

2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
880
704
528
352
176
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 5.8 B / (91/13) GDPpc ≥ USD 1,218 / (102/13) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 73 % (10/4) East Asia and Pacific.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 53.98 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.39 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
2231 (29%) 0711 (25%) 2472 (5.9%) 2871 (60%) 0721 (4.7%) 4242 (3.9%) 2231 (2.3%)
4243
(1.7%)
0711 (11%)
2482 (1.7%)
4243 (16%) 0721 (9.9%)
2483 6341
2472 (12%) 0360
0360 (1.8%)
2320 (4.8%) 2119 (1.7%) 2911

2119
2221 0577
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.81 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
9710 (25%) Gold, non-monetary 2871 (21%) Copper 4242 (8%) Palm oil 0721 (3.2%) Raw &
roasted coffee beans
4243 (1.3%)
4244 2231
2320
0711 (3.5%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes

2472 (9%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of 0371 (1.4%)
non-coniferous Fish N.E.S.
0342
(0.7%)
paraguay
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
770
616
462
308
154
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 54.53 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 826.24 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0149 (26%) 5513 (3.9%) 4244 (5.3%) 2631 (3.5%) 2235 2222 (39%) 2631 (23%) 6114 (3.7%)
(2.1%)
0813 (3.5%)
0711 (4.9%)
6116
0111 (1.9%)
0742 (1.5%) 2222 4242 4243
(1.1%)
2472 (13%) 2483 0980 (4.7%) 2483 (3%)
(5.3%)
0141 (3.7%) 0115 (2.8%) 0711 (12%) 1211
6341 3510
2111 6118 2119 2120 (2.1%)
5322 (3.6%)
(2.4%) (1.9%) (1.2%) 0813 (4.1%) 0742 (2.2%) 5513 4232
1212 8439 5322
2919 (0.83%)
2685 8429
(1.2%) 4249
4244
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.84 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
2222 (32%) Soya beans 2225 0111 (13%) Bovine meat
(2.2%)
Sesame
seeds
0422
(0.63%)
2631
(0.55%)
6114 (1.7%) 2919
0813 (12%) Oilcake 4232 (11%) Soya bean oil 0440 (3.7%) Unmilled maize
0612 (1.1%) 3510 (6.6%) Electric current 2483 (1.2%)
Refined Worked wood
sugar of
non-coniferous
0412 (3.3%) Other wheat & meslin, 2450
unmilled (0.86%) Fuel
0611 (1.2%) wood &
Raw sugar charcoal
beet & cane
4236 (1.8%) 2224 6725 2820 8931
Sunflower seed oil
1222
peru
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.1 k
880
660
440
220
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 949.54 M / 228.33 B (0.42%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 3.00 B / 2.79 T (0.11%)
6821 (23%) 2871 0814 (29%) 4111 6821 (19%) 2871 (6%) 0814 (17%)
(4.1%)
2875 (9.4%) 6861 (3.8%) 6811 (3.3%)

2879 0711 (5%) 6513 (2.7%) 6521 8462
2875 (4.9%) 2874 (4%) 6811 (4%) 6542

0612 (6.7%) 0711 (5%) 2631 (6.4%)
2666
2815 (2.1%) 2816
2874 (6.2%) 6851 6822 5224 6931 5322
(1.4%)
(1.1%)
6851 (2.8%) 0612 2929 6863 5912
6861 (2.3%) 2876 8973 (2.9%) 2890 2631 0723 7731
0565
5225 (1.2%) 2927
0611 2789 (0.86%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 31.29 B / 15.56 T (0.2%)
2871 (18%) Copper 9710 (21%) Gold, non-monetary 0814 (5.3%) Meat and fish flour, 4111 (1.4%) Fat & oils of
not for humans marine animals
0360 (0.99%)
0342
8462 (3%) Knitted 8459 (1.4%) 8451

undergarments of cotton Other knitted
outerwear
8452
0711 (2.4%) Green & 0751 0565 (1.6%) 0545

roasted coffee & coffee Prepared or
6821 (10%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 2879 (4.1%) substitutes preserved
Other 2875 (4.8%) Zinc 6811 (2.3%) Unwrought vegetables
non-ferrous base silver
metals 0579
0575
6871 (1.6%) Unwrought 6822 (1.5%) 2483

6861 (1%) 2815 tin & alloys Worked copper
2874 (3%) Lead ore 6851 & copper alloys
(0.98%)
5222
2816 5224
philippines
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
610
488
366
244
122
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.07 B / 228.33 B (0.47%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 8.58 B / 2.79 T (0.31%)
2231 (15%) 4243 (8.9%) 2472 (30%) 7764 (14%) 7599 (3.2%) 7921 4243 (6%) 0573 (5.7%) 2871 (4.6%)
6821 (4.4%)
7763 (2.2%)
6716
2231 2659
7788 7648 0711 0813 0577 2816 (2.4%) 2872
0611 (2.3%) (1.2%) (1.2%)
7768 0612
2655
0612 (13%) 0615 0577 (3.2%) 8439 8459 8423 (1.2%) 8463 (1%)
2483 (3.2%) 6342 0360 (4%) 0589 (2.4%)
(2.7%) (2.1%)
2871 (12%) 8471 8510 8481 (1.5%)
8481 0579 0585

8433 8441
0813 2655 8997 (1.6%) 8465 7731 8211 6341 (1.2%)
(1.7%) (1.7%) 0589 0586 6584 8452
0812 (1.1%) 8431 6353 0371 0341 5629
8462 8471 8851 (1.1%) (0.97%)
8421 8435 5222
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 49.20 B / 15.56 T (0.32%)
7764 (31%) Electronic microcircuits 7525 (13%) Control & peripheral hardware 7599 (4.3%) 7849 (4.8%) 6821 (3.4%) Unwrought 9710
Parts of cash Other copper & copper alloys (0.95%)
registers & vehicles
calculating parts
machines
2872 2816
4243 (2.4%) Coconut 0573 0577

oil (0.56%)
2929
7731 (2.1%) Electric wire 8459 (1.1%)
7763 (4.2%) Diodes & transistors 7788 (2.8%) Other 8811
electrical machinery (1.6%)
& equipment N.E.S. 8439 8441
(0.71%)
6353 (2.1%) Builders`
carpentry & joinery 8431
7721 (1%)
7522 (3.4%) Digital data processing Switchboards, 8463
machines 7649 (1.5%) 7768 (1.4%) relays
Parts of telecom Parts N.E.S. of &
& sound electronic fuses
recording circuits 6251 0371 (0.7%) 0589 5231
equipment
7712 (2.9%) Parts of electric power
7641 7415 7722
machinery N.E.S. 0342
7929
2820
7591 8841 (0.66%) 5121
poland
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0.5 0.5
0 0
0.55 0.6 0.65 -0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005

2008 Evolution of
export composition
4.5 k
3.6 k
2.7 k
1.8 k
900
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.03 B / 228.33 B (0.45%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 11.38 B / 2.79 T (0.41%)
0149 (11%) 0111 (3.3%) 0011 (3%) 2482 (6%) 6953 0121 (6%) 3222 (16%) 3232 6821 (3.7%) 0149 (1.9%) 0111 0114 2482 8219 6732
(1.5%) (1.3%)
0015
6664 0011 (1.3%)
2741 (3.9%) 0118 7414 8211 6911 2471
6652
6732 2483 6416 0586 0545 0589
0114 (1.9%) 0015 6643 (1.9%) 0344 5922 0224
(1.4%)
2460 7852 3510 7731 6997
(1.1%) 0579
5981 3221 6612 6811 2742 0360 2120
2741 (4.7%) 6841 6861 (1.6%) 5232 5239 0819 6652 6643
0118 5225 6861
(2%) 5417 (3.4%) 0586 0545
5629 5413 7219 7284 7413 (1.1%) 7416 6733 (1.9%) 7642 7525
0230 (2.2%) 5922 2919 2120 6612 3232 (1.1%) 0585
5621 5148 5155 (2.1%)
(1.8%) (1%) (1.5%) 7528
(0.95%) 7234 (1.1%) 5232 5231 0546 0579
2112 2783 2732 3352 6822 (1.6%)
6712 6725 6747 6760 6940 7915 0612 (3.7%) 0482 0611 2925 6522 (2.2%) 6549 2665 0565
7783 7187
(3.2%) 7188 6744 8431 8424 8421
7914 0615
0615 6731 (0.85%) 8429 8423
6724 6731 7491 8942 8743 7371 7782 7932 0612
0542 4239 8435 8462
6745 6584 8997 (1.4%) 2226
7919 (1.1%) 7272 7239 7119 8441
0541
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 171.88 B / 15.56 T (1.1%)
7810 (7%) Cars 7132 (2.8%) Internal 7721 (1.2%) 7831 8211 (3%) Chairs & 8219 (2.6%) 6911 (1.7%) Iron/steel 6732 6842 6960
combustion engines for motor Switchboards, seats Furniture parts structures (0.63%)
vehicles relays N.E.S.
& 6359
fuses (0.62%) 7752
6997 6652
6251 7758 6416
7821 (1.6%)
(0.76%)
6428 6353 6924
7139 (0.66%) 8121 6415
7731 (2.3%) Electric wire
7849 (5.9%) Other vehicles parts 7492 (0.65%) 8212

7491
8939 (1.7%) 5530 (1.6%) 5831 8931 (0.7%) 0484 0114
7832 6991 Miscellaneous Perfumery & (0.66%)
articles cosmetics
of 0980 0585 0111
7783 5832 6210
plastic (0.66%) (0.56%)
6731 5621
7239 0730 0240 0350
7436
5542 5629
7611 (3.9%) Color T.V. 7649 (1.7%) 7522 6725 (0.91%) 6822 (0.7%) 7782 0545
Parts of
telecom & 6421
6733 (0.89%) 6744 3232 (1.8%) Coke 6821 (1.4%) 2882
sound
7711 & semi-coke of coal Unwrought
recording 2820 1222
copper & 6998
equipment (0.65%)
7932 (2.3%) Ships & copper
7751 6252 6794
boats alloys
(0.64%)
3222 (0.99%)
6811
7781
portugal
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0 0
0.06% of WT
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0 5 10 15

-3
2008 Evolution of
export composition
5.3 k
4.2 k
3.1 k
2.1 k
1k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 816.81 M / 228.33 B (0.36%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 11.38 B / 2.79 T (0.41%)
8472 (4.4%) 6575 (3%) 6522 (6.3%) 2517 (3.6%) 5981 (2.7%) 6672 (8.4%) 8510 (9.8%) 6584 (4.8%) 2517 (7.1%) 2518 1121 (4.4%)
6413
5981
2518 2516 8451 (4.4%)
6513 (4.2%) 6521 (1.2%) 6330 (4.3%)
6584 8510 8471
(1.7%) 6351 (1.6%) 6652 2482 6343 8219 6666
(2.5%) (1.7%)
(1.6%) 6624 (0.92%)
6581 8459 (4.1%) 8462 8439 (1.9%) 6575 8424 6665
6416 6973 2731 2742 2879 6353
6592 2482 (3.4%) 7731
(1.4%) 6343 6341
1121 (12%) 0565 (6.5%) 8973 8429 (1.5%) (1.6%) 0546
2440 (4.2%) 5417 6577 6352 8431
7132 7831 5111 5112 0371 0341
(1.1%) 6991 6731 8452 6123 8472 8463
(1.4%) 6991 0342
5622 5621 7781 7131 8423 (2.7%) 8441 (2%) 5989
6330 (5.7%) 4235 7499 6613 6651
(1.3%) (0.91%)
6716 8434 8435 6589 (1%) 5831 (1.2%) (1.4%)
0577 6545 6613 6651 0360 7621 7781 7711
(1.5%) (1.3%) (1.4%) 6573 3352 2731 2440
6534 6522 6513 6516 6514 6644
7611
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 56.14 B / 15.56 T (0.36%)
7810 (6.6%) Cars 7849 (5.6%) Other vehicles parts 7764 (4.5%) Electronic 8510 (4.5%) Footwear 8462 (2.2%) 6330 (2.6%) Cork manufactures
microcircuits Knitted
undergarments of
cotton
1121 (2.1%) Wine
6584 (1.6%) Linens & 8423

furnishing textile articles
6575 0565 0484
7821 (1.9%) 6251 (1.8%) 7492 (1.1%) 7139 6731 (0.71%)
Trucks & vans Tires & Valves 8459 (1.2%) 8451 0980
7621 (2.7%) Vehicles
pneumatic for 6991 Other knitted
radio receivers 4235
cars outerwear 6421
7442 7161 6647 8931 1110
7721 (1.4%) 7499 (1.3%) 6522
Switchboards, Non-electric 7758 8939 (1.2%) 5334 5111 (0.89%) 6651 6613 0360 0342
relays & fuses parts of Miscellaneous Acyclic (0.93%)
machinery 7436 articles hydrocarbons 0341
N.E.S. 0371
7731 (2.2%) Electric 8211 (1.8%) 6911 (1.1%) 6973 6415 6413 of 0350
5112
wire Chairs & seats plastic
5831 5834 (0.71%) 5823
0223
6997 (0.95%)
6624 (0.99%) 2517 Polyethylene 5833
3352
6633
7852 6665 6841 2882 2871 (1.4%)
6924 Copper 1222 (1.2%) 0612 0813
6732 (1.4%) 8219 (1.2%) 6343
(0.61%) 6998 Cigarretes
Iron/steel rods Furniture parts
N.E.S. 6353 2731
qatar
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.976 0.978 0.98 0.982 0.984 0.986 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

2008 Evolution of
export composition
43 k
34.4 k
25.8 k
17.2 k
8.6 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 334.93 M / 228.33 B (0.15%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.26 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)
3330 (100%) 3330 (75%) 5831 (5.1%)
5111 (2.6%) 3345

(1.5%)
5621 (2.7%)
6732 (4.8%)
6731 (2.5%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 55.34 B / 15.56 T (0.36%)
3330 (50%) Crude petroleum 3413 (45%) liquified hydrocarbons 5831
5113
5161
6727
5121
romania
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
2.5
Fraction of 2.5
products with
RCA > 1 2
22% of WT 1.5
1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
2008 Evolution of
export composition
2.3 k
1.8 k
1.3 k
920
460
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 558.90 M / 228.33 B (0.24%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 6.26 B / 2.79 T (0.22%)
2482 (12%) 2483 (9.2%) 4236 (4.8%) 0440 (2.7%) 6841 (4.8%) 7491 (1.7%) 6731 6744 (5.7%) 8510 (2.7%) 8429 5621 (6.9%)
(1.3%) (1.5%)
7234 (1.6%) 7452 8439
8431 (2.1%)
(1.4%)
7361 6782 7162 6733 6783 6746
0542 0544 0460 0577 6612 (3%)
(1.9%) 8451 8423 8459 8441 5629 (2.6%) 5232
(2%) (1.8%) (1.5%) 7822 6749
6760 (1.5%)
0575 8421 8463
2472 2460 7919 7842 6259 7915 7522
7224 8424 8462 8434 8435
6343 6351 (1.1%) 5834 (1.9%) 3345
6712 (3%) 7932 7915 0586 0545 7187 7782
0111 (8%) 0011 (4%) 0113 0230 8997 8472
(2.1%) 8219 (7.3%) 6732 2483 6652
0565 6584 8432
(1.5%) 0561 (1.4%) (0.9%) (1%) 8422 5831
0121 2482 6842
7491 0579 6643 6841 (6.8%) 0113 0440
0240 6724 6421 (0.87%)
0149 0012 2331 5232 5621 8510 (2.1%) 6522 7752 6997 2481 0149
2919 (1.2%) (1.4%) (1.2%) (1%) 6416 6343
(1.2%) (0.93%) 6342 6359 0545 0579 5121 2665
(0.94%) 3345 8211 (2.8%)
0913 0116 3351 6592 3510 6413
2682 5239 8997 7912
0114
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 49.60 B / 15.56 T (0.32%)
7849 (6.3%) Other vehicles parts 7491 (1.7%) Roller 6782 (1.4%) NULL 7731 (7.7%) Electric wire 8219 (2.5%) 8510 (3.7%) Footwear 8423 (1.4%) 8439
bearings Furniture Men's (1.2%)
parts N.E.S. trousers
7431 (1.5%) Air pumps, 7239 (1.1%)

vacuum pumps & Bulldozers,
compressors angledozers & 6123 (1.1%)
levellers parts
7758 (0.94%) 7783
N.E.S. 8431 8435 8462
7369 (1.1%) (0.57%)
8211 (1.9%) Chairs & 2482 2483 6997
7721 (2.4%) 6251 (2%) 8433
7132 seats (0.73%)
Switchboards, Tires & 8463
relays & fuses pneumatic for 6353
cars 7162 7493 8451 8441 8429 6589
6842 (1.5%) 3510 (0.9%)
Worked 6911 7752 7414 8434
aluminium &
aluminium
6744 (2.4%) 6727 (1.9%) 6746 7643 (1.7%) Television & 6416 6343 8459
alloys
Iron/steel Iron/steel (0.98%) radio transmitters
>=4.75mm tick coils
sheets 5831 5834 5621 (1.9%) 0412 (1.5%) Other 2226 2820 (2.7%) Iron 2882
7525 7712 Nitrogenous wheat & meslin, (0.99%) & steel waste
6783 fertilizers unmilled Rape &
8947 colza seeds
6210 6998
(0.55%) 2224 0430
7932 (3%) Ships & boats 7915 (1.1%) Not
mechanically 6931 7711
5829 8742 5629
propelled railway
for freight 6252 5232 1222
7931 7853
russian federation
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
products with
2.5 2.5
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
2008 Evolution of
export composition
3.3 k
2.6 k
1.9 k
1.3 k
660
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
TREEMAP* Total Exports: 3.05 b / 228.33 B (1.34%)
Total Exports: 3.05 B / 228.33 B (1.34%)
1988 EXPORT
TREEMAP* Total Exports: 44.43 b / 2.79 T (1.59%)
Total Exports: 44.43 B / 2.79 T (1.59%)
3330 (18%) 2482 (10%) 2471 (8%) 2631 (6.2%) 3330 (39%) 6841 (2.7%) 3510 (3.3%) 2482 (2.7%)
6812 (2.5%)
2471 (3%)
2472
4236 (2.4%) 0612 6831 5241

(1.9%) (1.5%) 7234 7187 7239 6712
2460 (2.7%) 2483 (1.7%)
(1.4%) (1.1%)
6812 (5.7%) 6841 6831 (3.4%) 6716 6725
2481 0813
(2.2%) 3222 6672 7842 7224
0542
(2.1%) (2%) (1.4%) 7931
6712 (3.4%) 7499 5621 2120 6130 7919 7915
(3.6%) (2.1%) 4113 5621 5623 0371 2631
2742 2784 5623 4111 (1.7%) (1.2%) (1.8%)
2879 (1.2%) 2815 5225
6672 (5.4%) 6725 6727 3414 (8.7%) 3413 2111
2713 (2%) 6522 6521 2820 (1.1%) (1%) 3345 2331 5221
3232 2877 (1.4%) (1.2%)
2816 6821 5112 2820 5121
6716 7126 (0.88%)
* Values for USSR * Values for USSR
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 474.53 B / 15.56 T (3.05%)
3330 (49%) Crude petroleum 3414 (21%) petroleum gases 6841 (2.4%) 6725 (3.5%) Iron/steel billets
Unwrought
aluminium &
aluminium alloys
6727 (0.93%) 6712 6716

Iron/steel coils (0.82%)
6812 (1.2%)
Unwrought
6822 (0.91%) 6745
metals of
Worked copper
platinum
& copper
3222 (2.2%) alloys
Other coal 7187
5623 (1.4%) 5629 (1.3%)

Potassic fertilizers Fertilizers
3232 3221 5621 (1.1%)

2331
Nitrogenous
6831 (1.6%) (0.59%)
fertilizers
Unwrought nickel
& nickel alloys 2482 2471 0412 (0.91%)
(0.89%) Other wheat
& meslin,
2741 unmilled
2816 5225 6732
2820
6811
2517
Saudi Arabia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.964 0.966 0.968 0.97 0.972 0.974 0.976 0.978 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
13 k
10.4 k
7.8 k
5.2 k
2.6 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.22 B / 228.33 B (0.97%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 51.42 B / 2.79 T (1.84%)
3330 (99%) 3330 (82%) 3413 5112
(2.1%)
5113
5831
(1.7%)
5621
5121
(3.2%)
7144
3354
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 318.83 B / 15.56 T (2.05%)
5832
5112
5621
3351
7938
7921
5121
Senegal
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
2008 Evolution of
export composition
240
192
144
96
48
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 177.55 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 551.69 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
4234 (26%) 2221 (20%) 2713 (12%) 0360 (15%) 4234 (15%) 0813 (10%) 2631
(2.8%)
2922
0371 (11%)
6672 (3.5%) 2877 (1.8%) 0615
2713 (15%) 5222 (5.1%) 2782
2783 (1.5%)
2771 (2.3%) (1.5%)
0813 (14%) 0342 (5.8%) 0341 (4%) 0344 (3.4%) 6672
4244 (3.7%) 0460 6521 6522 0360 (2.2%) (1.4%)
(2.3%) (1.4%) (0.8%)
0545
6513 5629 5622 (1%)
8510 (1.3%) 0545 9410 0814 0350 (1.4%)
1222 6341 6513
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.19 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
5222 (18%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen compounds 5530 (3.5%) 6612 (10%) Cement 1222 (2.5%) Cigarretes 1212 (1.8%)
Perfumery & cosmetics Wholly or
partly
stripped
tobacco
1223 (2.1%) Tobbacco, extract,
essences & manufactures
8939 (1.3%) 2631 (1.9%) Raw 0544 0460

Miscellaneous cotton
articles of 0488
9710
plastic
2783 (1.4%) 2782 (1%) 2882 4234 (1.4%)
5514 5541 0422 Peanut oil
Sodium chloride Clay & (0.94%)
5629 (3.4%) Fertilizers 2713 (0.92%)
refractory Other
Semi or
minerals, non-ferrous
5832 wholly milled
6731 (2.2%) 7442N.E.S.
(1%) Lifting base
0980metals
(2.7%) Edible products
rice 6732 (3.6%) Iron/steel rods
0341 (7%) Fresh or chilled fish, 0360 (5.5%) Fresh, 0342 (3.8%) Frozen fish, Iron/steel wire & loading N.E.S.
excluding fillets chilled, frozen or salted excluding fillets rod machinery
crustaceans & molluscs
7162 (0.81%)
6421 (0.91%) 0545

Paper packing (0.72%)
containers 2820 (2.2%) Iron &
0343 0371 7924 (2.4%) Aircrafts of steel waste
(1.2%) more than 15 tons 0579 8931
Fresh or 0350
chilled fish 0484
fillets
Serbia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
products with
2.5 2.5
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0 0
0.06% of WT
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0 5 10 15

-3
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.5 k
1.2 k
900
600
300
0
2005 2006 2007 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
2005 EXPORT
Total Exports: 4.36 B / 9.84 T (0.04%)
2007 EXPORT
Total Exports: 8.85 B / 13.45 T (0.07%)
6727 (7.7%) 6822 6251 (3.2%) 6418 0586 (3.7%) 0980 6842 (2.8%) 8211 (1.3%) 6727 (6%) 6822 (4.3%) 6251 6418 (1.7%) 8939 5542 5334 0586 (3.1%) 0980
(3.9%) (2.3%) (2.2%)
2483 0819 5335 0484
7169 (1.7%)
0484 0730 0579 0546 5111 5137 5831 (2.5%) 1110 0730 0579 8931
9510 7283 7442 0545 6624 8219 6973
7416 7758 (1.3%)
8946 7493 0561 3510
7224 6911 6289
6289 0585 6744 (2.7%) 6746 5112 2331 0585
6747 (3.3%) 6746 (2.2%) 7731
6785 1123 5121 (1.8%) 7442 1123 5121
0612 (4.3%) 8510 8463 6821 (2%) 7493 8463 (1.8%) 6123 8472 8423 6998 2882 6821
6744 (1.7%) (2%) (1.5%) 6747 (2.3%) 6745 6783 6259 7915 8439 (1.1%)
6259 (1.2%)
6123 6794 69986861 8510 (1.6%) 6794 6612
8939 5417 5831 (3.2%) 5111 5137 6842 (3.3%) 8219 8211 6353
(1.2%)
(2.8%) (2.7%) (1.3%) 2820 0111
0440 4236 8472 8465 7752 0612 (2.1%) 0440 4236
2820 (1.7%)
(2.7%) 8422 3510 7731 6624 (1.2%)
2331 0412 8423 2483 6924 6973
0149 (1.4%) (1.3%) 0412 4232 8928
8431 0460 0223
5334 0819 8922 5542 5832 6210 2112
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 11.09 B / 15.56 T (0.07%)
6727 (6.3%) Iron/steel coils 6822 (4.2%) Worked 7169 (2.1%) 6251 (1.9%) 6418 8939 (2.3%) Miscellaneous 5542 0819 0586 (2.8%) Temporarily 1110 (1.2%)
copper & copper Parts of rotating Tires & articles of plastic preserved fruit
alloys electric plants pneumatic for
8922
N.E.S. cars
5417 (2.2%) Medicaments 5334
0980 (0.99%) 0579 8931
5335 (0.67%)
7283 7139 6289
5111 (0.9%) 5137 5831 (2.2%) 5629 0484 (0.97%) 6421
7919 Polyethylene
7442 9510 0585
0730
6744 (2.6%) Iron/steel 6746 (2%) Iron/steel
>=4.75mm tick sheets <3mm tick sheets 7758 7416 5112 2331
5621 1123 5121
7915 (1%) Not 6259 7711
mechanically 8463 (1.7%) 8510 (1.5%) 8472 8429 2882 6841 6612
propelled railway Knitted Footwear (0.78%)
6747 (2.2%) Steel tinned 6745 (1.1%) 6783
for freight undergarments
sheets Iron/steel 3 - 7611 (1.1%) Color 3354
7924 (1%) of synthetic 6794
4.75mm tick T.V.
fibers
sheets
6842 (2.4%) Worked 7731 (1.5%) 8219 6911 6924 2483 7752 6123 2820 (1.6%) Iron 8928
aluminium & aluminium Electric wire (1.1%) & steel waste
alloys 0612 (1.7%) Refined sugar 0440 (1.4%)
6973
6624 (1.2%) 8211 6353 4236 4239 0011
3510 (1.7%) Electric 0460
current Non-refractory 7861 (0.59%)
ceramic bricks
0111
Singapore
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
products with 2 2
RCA > 1
22% of WT 1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT 0.5 0.5

0.06% of WT
0 0
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
2008 Evolution of
export composition
70 k
56 k
42 k
28 k
14 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 733.95 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 30.98 B / 2.79 T (1.11%)
2320 (42%) 4242 2483 (4.7%) 3345 (5%) 7599 (18%) 7764 (11%) 7721 3345 (2.3%) 5831 (2%) 5832
(1.6%)
7431 5982 8720 5417 8921 3352

6924 6996 6341 (1.2%)
0819 (3.3%) 8921 5146
(1.9%) 7758 5156
4243 2481 6424 7491 7239 2320 4242 2923
6732 (2.3%) (1%) 0752
8851 6652 7649 (3.8%) 7611 (3%) 7768 7788 7525 (1.4%) 7641 7162 0723 4232 1222
0589 0980 6421 7781 2890 (1.5%)
(1.5%) 0586 (1.2%) (1.1%) 8942 8743 8463 8459 8973 2882
6783 7169 (0.91%) (1.3%)
2876 3354
2231 (1.1%) 7712 7761 7415 7511 7932 (2%) 8441 8462
1123 6785 7638 7622 (2.5%) (0.95%) (0.95%) 8983 4313 1110
7781
6651 9610 6584 6522 0350 (2.9%) 2483 6997 8931
0460 (2.4%) 0751 0752 2923 2640 0422 1222 (1.2%) 7763 7528 7512 7522
(0.96%) 7938 (1.1%) 7414 0342 2820
(1.4%) (1.6%) 6581 7628
6423 0014 2119 7722 6342
2924 0421 2922 4234 8999 8310 6521 7643
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 338.31 B / 15.56 T (2.17%)
7764 (31%) Electronic microcircuits 7239 (2.9%) Bulldozers, 5146 (1.6%) 5112 (1.2%)
angledozers & levellers Oxygen-function Cyclic
parts N.E.S. amino-compounds hydrocarbons
5839 (1.3%) Other 5989 (1.2%)

polymerization & Chemical
7721 (2.4%) Switchboards, copolymarization products
relays & fuses products
8720 (0.82%) 6871 5514
5829
5156 (0.81%) 8744 8748
7491 7162 (0.68%)
5157
8749 5982
7599 (8%) Parts of cash registers & calculating 7525 (3.9%) Control & peripheral 7763 (2.5%) Diodes 7788 (2.2%)
machines hardware & transistors Other electrical 7499 8741
machinery &
equipment N.E.S. 5530 5831
6954 (0.86%) (0.75%)
Perfumery &
7431 cosmetics
7643 (2.9%) Television & radio 8973 3354 5121 (0.72%)
transmitters 7518 (1%) 7528 7929 (1.7%) 7131
Office machines Aircraft 1124
7768 (6.1%) Parts N.E.S. of electronic circuits N.E.S. 7722 equipment
7712 (0.9%) parts N.E.S. 5823 0488
7649 (2.7%) Parts of telecom & 7781
sound recording equipment 7853
7938 8851
7523
5833
Slovak republic
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
2.5 2.5
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 -15 -10 -5 0

-3
2008 Evolution of
export composition
13 k
10.4 k
7.8 k
5.2 k
2.6 k
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 6.09 B / 4.30 T (0.14%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 12.64 B / 5.90 T (0.21%)
6746 (4.4%) 6727 6745 7491 6251 6782 5417 8939 3345 5112 5831 5832 7810 (18%) 7849 (4.8%) 7491 7731 (3.6%) 8211 (1.9%) 8510 8423
(3.8%) (2.8%) (1.2%) (1.5%) (2%) (1.8%) (1.8%) (0.84%)
7162 5834 8451
8219
6418 7919 7224 8921 6424 5162
7162
7361 5621 5629 6997 6428 2483 6353 2472 6123 8441
(1.2%)
7492 5239 5542 (1.2%) 7493 7239 7861 8424 8429
6749 (2.1%) 6744
6725 7449 8510 (1.9%) 8424 6123 6514 (3.4%) 2482
7431 6289 8422
(1.9%)
(1.3%) 6252 6623 7611 8124 6649
8451 8439 7373 3510 6514 6519
(0.92%) (0.85%) 6782 9510 6417
6716 (2%) 6822 6747 6783 7751 8423 8431 8462 6584 8429 7169 6415 6652 (1.4%)
6770 6931 7915
(1.1%) (1.1%) 8422 8435 6424 (1.8%) 5831 6841 (2.6%) 2782 6612
8731 (0.94%) 6517 6519 8121
8459 6746 (3%) 6749 6745 7751 7611 6252 (1.1%)
8219 2482 6911 6353 6633 6415 (2%) 6998
6841 0545 0440 0482 2820 (1.2%) 5832
(1.9%) (1.7%) 6624 8921 5542
6421 6623
6716 6747 8922 5834 6210 0980 8928 6114
2483 6997 6342 6651 7768 7722
7731 7752 8211 6921 2517 6612 (1.7%) 1222 6727 (2.2%) (0.81%) 7782 5145 5621 0730 2820
(1.2%) 0011 6114 6744 6725
6417 7712 8124 7915 5162 0482
6618
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 70.41 B / 15.56 T (0.45%)
7810 (20%) Cars 7611 (16%) Color T.V. 7731 (2.6%) Electric 6997 6911
wire
6924
8219 (1.1%) 8211 6343

Furniture
parts N.E.S.
6415
8939 (1%) 8510 (1.5%) Footwear

7638 (1.7%) Video 7712 (1.1%) 7525 (0.94%) 8124 Miscellaneous
7849 (3.9%) Other vehicles parts 7493 (1.3%) 6991 (0.91%) & sound recorders articles of plastic
Mechanical tools for N.E.S.
building 7751 (0.9%) 5832
7431 7239
8121 (1.2%)
5831
6749 (1.6%) 6746 (1.4%) 6727 6252 (1.2%)
(0.61%) 6514
Other worked Iron/steel Tires &
7162 6782 6940 iron/steel <3mm tick pneumatic for 6841 (0.87%) 2820
7842 (3.1%) Vehicle bodies
sheets sheets buses Unwrought
6251
7119 6931 aluminium &
7783 7868 aluminium
6747 (0.8%) 6745 (0.75%) 7782 alloys
7491 (1.5%) 7442 6289 6744 (0.78%) 5121

6716 (0.67%) 7915
Slovenia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT 0.5 0.5

0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 -0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01
2008 Evolution of
export composition
14 k
11.2 k
8.4 k
5.6 k
2.8 k
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 6.45 B / 4.30 T (0.15%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 9.24 B / 5.90 T (0.16%)
7810 (8.1%) 7721 7783 7169 6418 7757 8124 7611 8510 (2.5%) 8439 8431 (1.5%) 6514 7810 (9%) 7849 (2.7%) 8211 (5.2%) 6353 6732 6412 7752
(1.2%) (1.2%) (1.7%) (2%) (0.93%) (1.1%) (1.9%)
8947 8710 6516 3510 6415
7751 8463
6251 6991 (0.91%)
7781 8813 8423 8451 8465 6123 6536 7758 (2%) 6411
7431 7449 7281 8219 6842 7861 6911 6997
6746 6745 6783 8435 8432 6652
6832 8422 6649
6863 7169 (1.4%) 7721 7239 7162 7913 (2.5%) (2.3%)
6428 6341
5224 6744 6716 8421
7162 7492 8459 8424
8731 6252 8429 7492 7139 7493 6631 2483 2482
7758 (2.2%) 7783 7442 7161
7784 8743 (1.1%) 5417 (3.7%) 6841 6998 5417 (5.5%) 8510 8422 6514
6259 6954 7499
(1.5%) (1%) 7431 6418 (1.2%)
6353 (3.6%) 8211 7752 (2.1%) 6997 2482 2483 6412 (1.4%)
(1.2%) (0.94%) 7784 8743 8439 6522
(3.3%)
6428 0142 6116 6251 6991 7129 8431
7861 6415 5530 6424 8939 5530 6424
(0.89%) (1.1%) (0.91%) 7281 6841 6998 6116
6842 (1.3%) 6359 6342 (0.95%) 0114
8921 5334 7757 7641 7723 8731 6744 6783 (1.5%)
6911 6973 6652 0980 (1.6%) (1%) 6573 0223
6732 3510 (0.79%) 6252 6746 6716 5334 6635
8219 (3.1%) 5156 5138 5239 6421 5821
8842 7751 8124 7781 6745 1110 1123
5331 5824 6210
0548 7711 5823
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 29.27 B / 15.56 T (0.19%)
7810 (13%) Cars 7849 (3.1%) Other vehicles 8211 (2.6%) Chairs 6842 (2.3%) 6732 (1.5%) 6353 (1.4%) 7752 (1.2%) 8842
parts & seats Worked Iron/steel rods Builders` Refrigerators &
aluminium & carpentry & freezers
aluminium alloys joinery 6652
6911 (0.93%)
6953
2482
7758 (2.3%) (0.9%)
Electro-thermal home 8219 (1.7%) 3510 (1.7%) 6415
appliances N.E.S. Furniture parts Electric current
N.E.S.
6411
7783 (1.8%) Auto parts 7169 6954 (0.91%) 7442 7452
(0.65%)
5417 (8.9%) Medicaments 6841 (1.1%) 6998
7139 Unwrought
6991 (0.85%) 6418
7239 (1.7%) Bulldozers, aluminium &
(0.62%) 8743
angledozers & levellers parts aluminium
N.E.S. 7281 7441 alloys
2882 6514
6251 (1.2%) Tires & 7492 (1%) Valves 6572 6994 (0.85%) Yarn
pneumatic for cars 2873 not for retail
6289 7868 (>=85%
8928
7432 (0.95%) 5530 8939 5334 8921 6424 synthetic
7431 (1%) 6940
7372 (1.2%) (1.1%) (0.75%) 2820 fibres)
7919
5542
7757 (1%) 7781 8947 6744 (1.7%) 6745 6252 8731 6635
5335
(0.63%) Iron/steel 5821
8124 0223
>=4.75mm tick 6783 7711 5331 5416 5831 6210 (0.62%)
7751 8942 sheets
(0.56%)
South africa
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.75 0.8 0.85 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.5 k
1.2 k
900
600
300
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.07 B / 228.33 B (0.91%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 14.77 B / 2.79 T (0.53%)
6672 (19%) 0440 (10%) 0571 (2.8%) 0611 (3.1%) 6812 (14%) 3222 (11%) 6716 (8.4%) 0574 0571
(1.3%) (1.3%)
0574 (1.9%) 0575

0459 0812
(1.1%) 0611 (1.9%)
0612 6725 6727 6746 6749
0575 0572 2221
0615 (1.4%) 6712
(0.97%) 6841 2881 2731 2874 2785 6733 6783 0813 1212
6821 (9.6%) 2784 (3.8%) 2890 (4.3%) 2681 (7%) 6512 0589 (3.3%) 0579 (1.4%) (1.2%)
2786 3221 6731 7283
2682 2681 (1.8%) 03600342 5222 5221
0585 6672 (6.9%) 6821 (3.7%) 6831 2872 5241
2683 (1.7%) (1.5%) (1.4%)
6512 2683 6114 2713
6716 6712
2872 0814 (2.7%) 2120 (3.2%) (2.3%) (2.1%) 2784 (1.4%) 5162 3351
2815 2877 2890 2687 2117 0589
2879 (3.2%) 2516 6413 6732
6851 2731 2877 (2.2%) (2.4%) (1.4%)
0360 4111 2116 (1.3%) 0579 (1.4%)
2879 2871 2782 2111 2117 2516 (1.4%) 5322 5225
(1.3%) 6899 2517 2518
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 74.09 B / 15.56 T (0.48%)
6812 (16%) Unwrought metals of platinum 6841 (2.3%) 7810 (7.6%) Cars 6716 (9.5%) Ferro-alloys
Unwrought
aluminium &
aluminium alloys
2882 (0.96%)
7436 (5.2%) Liquid & gas 7821 (2.7%) Trucks & vans
filters & purifiers
6727 (1.1%) 6744
7132 (0.71%)
3222 (7.8%) Other coal 6672 (3.8%) Not mounted 6749
diamonds 6746 (0.86%)
7283
7923
6842 (1.2%) 6911 5222 (1.4%) 5629 0571 0575 1121 (1.3%) Wine
Worked (0.97%) Non-metals (0.84%)
aluminium & inorganic 5221
2879 (2.7%) Other
aluminium acids &
non-ferrous base metals 0579 0585
2816 (3.9%) Agglomerated 2877 (3.2%) Manganese alloys oxygen 0574 0572
8211 7861
iron ore compounds 0589
5111 5832 0440 (0.89%)
Unmilled 0360 2820
2890 (1.3%) Ores 5241 maize

2516 6415
and precious metals 2681
3351
Spain
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3
Fraction of
products with 2 2.5
RCA > 1
2
22% of WT 1.5
1.5
6% of WT 1
1
2% of WT 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.5 0
0.06% of WT
-0.5
0
-1
0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 -0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0
2008 Evolution of
export composition
6.1 k
4.8 k
3.6 k
2.4 k
1.2 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.81 B / 228.33 B (0.79%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 40.31 B / 2.79 T (1.44%)
0571 (13%) 0544 (5.8%) 0460 0541 7244 (4.8%) 8946 8510 (5.2%) 7810 (13%) 0545 (2.7%) 1121 6624 6732 0571 (3.4%)
(1.9%) 7851 (1.5%) (1.4%)
7919
0579 (2.1%) 8219
2440 (0.93%)
6352 0544
0752 0751 2814 6725 8124 7511 8481
8310 6584 7849 (5.4%) 6251 7783 7361 4235 (1.6%) 0589 7731
(1.4%)
8997
0577 (4.3%) 0422 0573
6724 6716 6513 (1.4%) 6521 7132 6954 7492 2517 8960 0440 0577
(0.97%) 0980
0575 (2.8%) 0572
2927 5224 6931 6517 0565 (1.4%)
0620 (1.1%)
0421 5513 8921 (2.1%) 5623 3510 5981 7431 7372 0430 2927
(1.7%) (1.1%) 6940 6991 5156 5416 8921 8510 (3.8%) 0360 6130
1121 (6.1%) 0565 (5.6%) 0545 (3%) 0589 0579 7821 (2.5%) 6418 6731
(1.8%) (1.5%) 5221 (1.9%)
7731 8960 5111 3345 (0.94%)
7442 7162 5413
6973 5148
5137 6733 6746 8942 7528 6252 7932
2742 (1.3%) 5137 6613
0350 0360 6118 2919 (1.1%) (0.87%) (1.3%) 5138 (0.81%)
4235 (2.5%) 6330 0585 (2.2%) 6259
2785 6725 8124 7757 5831 3352 6612 6861
(0.97%) 7929
0546 6613 6744 6747 7781 5623 3354
5832
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 279.29 B / 15.56 T (1.8%)
7810 (15%) Cars 7849 (6.1%) Other 5417 (4.6%) Medicaments 5530 (1.2%) 8939 6624 (1.6%) 6732 (1.6%) 7731
vehicles parts Perfumery & (0.65%) Non-refractory Iron/steel rods
cosmetics ceramic bricks
5335
8921 6424
6842 (0.92%) 6997 6911 6924
5542 6996
5334 8219 (0.76%)
5839 5832 3352
3510
5912
2517 6415
7821 (3.6%) Trucks & vans 6782 7851 7758 6289
(0.64%) 0545 (1.8%) Other fresh 4235 (1.4%) 0565 0113 (1.2%) 0571 (1.5%)
7449 or chilled vegetables Olive oil (0.75%) Swine meat Fresh or dried
7783 oranges &
7361
0980 m&arines
6731 7162 7822 1121 (1.4%) Wine (0.66%)
7132 (1%) 7492 (0.77%) 0342 0544
8931
0579 (1.4%) Fresh or

7169 (0.82%) 7442 (0.67%) dried fruit N.E.S. 0341
7611 (1.4%) 6733 (1%) 6822 6252 7929 (1%) 8510 (1.3%) 8451 5823 3354
Color T.V. Iron/steel shapes Aircraft Footwear (0.52%) (0.7%)
equipment 6861
7415 7711
6746 parts N.E.S.
8439 6613
Sri lanka
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
2008 Evolution of
export composition
410
328
246
164
82
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 8.2 B / (81/4) GDPpc ≥ USD 2,020 / (91/1) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 20 % (100/2) South Asia.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 358.17 M / 228.33 B (0.16%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.52 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
0741 (61%) 0577 2320 (16%) 8439 (6.2%) 8462 (3.4%) 0741 (18%) 2320 (8.4%)
(7.9%)
8435 (4.9%) 8441 (3.3%)
2659
8423 (3.1%) 8451 8421 8429 0752 0812 0751
(2%) (1.9%) (1.9%) (2.1%) (0.83%)
4243 (5.7%) 2659 (3.2%) 0577 0711
8431 (2.5%)
8433 6584 8481 6673 (5.8%) 6672 7924 (2%) 0360
(3.8%) (1.5%)
8463 8434 8472 8997
2231 0721 (2.3%) (2%) 8452 8471 6940 6259 6624 6664
(1.2%) 4242 8443 8459
8465 6289
0752 8999 5989
6581 8482
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 8.19 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
8462 (7.7%) Knitted 8439 (6.9%) Other women 8459 (5.7%) Other 0741 (17%) Tea 0752 (1.7%) Spices other
undergarments of cotton outerwear knitted outerwear than pepper
0460 0812
2320 (1.7%) 1212

Natural rubber,
latex & gums
1223
8423 (4.1%) Men's trousers 8463 (2%) 8451 (2%) 8441 (1.7%)
Knitted Knitted jerseys, Men's 6259 (4.2%) Other tires articles 8482 (1.7%) 7722 7731 6416 7852
undergarments pullovers & undershirt Clothing (0.74%)
of synthetic cardigans accessories from 7641
fibers rubber 6664
6582
8465 (3.7%) Corsets 6289 (0.97%) 7441
Other articles 0342 0341 0360
8435 (1.3%) 8452 (0.8%) 8443
of rubber (0.98%)
Blouses 7711
Frozen fish, 0343
8431 8997 6672 (4.2%) Not mounted 6673 (2.5%) Not mounted excluding
8464 (2.2%) null 8472 (2.2%) diamonds precious stones 0980
fillets 8931 8928 2511
8433 (1.1%)
Knitted clothing 8424
accessories of textile
fabrics 6552 0589
8434 (0.92%)
2771 (1.1%)
Sudan
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1 2 2
1.5 1.5
22% of WT
1 1
0.5 0.5
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
-0.5 -0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
-2.5 -2.5
0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
240
192
144
96
48
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 259.62 M / 228.33 B (0.11%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 561.19 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2631 (58%) 2922 (10%) 0813 0012 2631 (47%) 2922 (12%) 0813 (6.4%) 0012
(6.9%) (4.7%) (4.5%)
2221 (7.4%)
4234 (3.5%) 2117 (1.2%)
0459 (5.8%)
2116
0011 2114 2111
2116 2238 2222 4239
2634 (4.7%) 4233 (1.4%)
2221 (4.5%) 2225 2911
2119 (2.2%) 0615 (2.2%) 0561 7144
0459
2117 0579
2223 2235 0548
2890 2632 0548 2924 6513
2924 (1%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 9.87 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
2922
2631
0459
0012
2820
9410
Sweden
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
2.5 2.5
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT 0.5 0.5

0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 -0.04 -0.035 -0.03 -0.025
2008 Evolution of
export composition
20 k
16 k
12 k
8k
4k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.34 B / 228.33 B (2.34%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 48.89 B / 2.79 T (1.75%)
2517 (7.9%) 2518 (4.2%) 6411 7810 (6.7%) 7491 7411 7499 (1.5%) 7810 (7.7%) 6954 7832 7721 7452 7442 2517 (4%) 6411 (3%) 6415
(2.4%) (1.9%) (1.8%) (1.3%) (1.2%) (2.2%)
7281 (1.4%)
7234 7132 6782 7491 7841
(1.1%) (1.1%) 6413 (3.5%)
6731 7452 6940 7213 6412 (2.2%) 2518
6415 (2.4%) 2516 7821 (2.3%) 6782 (2%) (1%) 7126 6577 7849 (4.1%) 7821 7451 7449 6731 2512
6413 (5.6%) (1.5%)
7283 7371 7841 (2.8%) 8743
2512 8121 7416 7441 7373 2482 (4%) 6732 7731
6412 (1.9%) 6940 7251
7932 (5.8%) 6822 6746 7512 7788 7518 6911
7492 7758 6353 7752
5981 (1.7%) (1.3%) (2.1%) 3510
2482 (10%) 6732 2460 6953 6842
6418 (2.3%) 7284 7259 7414
(1.8%) (1.3%) 7781 8947 8219 6428
6783 6716 (1.3%)
7511 7822
7133 5417 (1.7%) 8720 2815 2816
6416 6842 6353 6770 7649 (2.1%) 7525 7528 6744 6822 6749 6770
(1.3%) 6419 2671 6998 0113 8928 (0.81%) (1.1%) (0.8%) 0484
7932 8939 5831 0730
(1.9%) 7643 6746 6725 6783
2120 7641 (1%) 2120
6973 (1%) 6745 6713 7149
7712
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 184.43 B / 15.56 T (1.19%)
7810 (6.9%) Cars 7416 (1.3%) 7284 (1.2%) 7821 7842 7491 2482 (2.9%) Worked wood 8219 (1.5%) 6732 6413 (1.9%) 2517 (1.8%)
Heating & Specialized (1.1%) of coniferous Furniture Rolls/sheets of Chemical
cooling industry parts N.E.S. kraft paper wood pulp,
equipment machinery & soda or
N.E.S. parts N.E.S sulphate
7441 (1.2%) 7442 (1.1%) 7452 7239 7234
Work trucks Lifting & 7731 (1.1%) 6353 6428 6911
loading 6415 (1.1%) Paper 6412
machinery 7414 & paperboad in (0.63%)
7849 (4.2%) Other vehicles parts rolls or sheets
6782 6954
6411 (1%) 5851
(0.72%) 3510 6842
(0.84%)
7492 7841
6418 (2.2%) Rolls/sheets 7721 (1.6%) (0.66%)
5417 (6.2%) Medicaments 8939 (1%) 0980
of coated paper Switchboards, 7259 Miscellaneous
7187 7188
relays & fuses articles of
plastic 8931
5334
7832 (1.8%) Tractors for 7132 (1.4%) 7133 7493
semi-trailers Internal 2816 (1.5%) 2882
combustion 7758 7283 Agglomerated iron
engines for motor ore
7649 (3.8%) Parts of telecom vehicles
7641 (2.1%) 6744 (1.1%) 7712
6746 7149 7523
& sound recording equipment Telephone lines Iron/steel (0.89%) (0.61%) 8720 (0.89%) 8744 5831 (1.3%)
>=4.75mm tick Polyethylene 0341 (0.93%) 2820
sheets Fresh or chilled
7415 8996 5415 8745 fish, excluding
6822 (0.88%) 5834 6210
Worked copper 6770 fillets
8124
& copper
* Numbers indicate SITC-4 rev 2 codes. Parenthesis indicate percentage of total exports. Treemap Headersalloys
show: Total Trade/Total World Trade (share of world trade represented by the country).
Switzerland
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT 1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT 0.5 0.5

0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 -0.035 -0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01
2008 Evolution of
export composition
26 k
20.8 k
15.6 k
10.4 k
5.2 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 3.96 B / 228.33 B (1.73%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 58.99 B / 2.79 T (2.11%)
7244 (9.5%) 7499 (1.9%) 7452 8852 7788 8851 (17%) 8960 6842 7721 (2.6%) 7361 7246 7416 6954 7267 7373 7788 6672 (11%) 8973
(1.4%) (1.9%) (1.5%) (2.6%) (0.84%) (0.99%) (1.4%)
8743 7252
7281 7492 7493 8852
7126 (1.4%) 6940
(1.3%)
7284 (2.6%) (0.79%) 7369 (0.77%) 9710
7512
7499 7272 7431 7271 6812
7243 6577 7188 (0.94%) 7264
3510 7281 7269
8812 8731 (2.8%) 7245 (1.6%) 7452 7268
7491 6953 7247
6996 (1.3%) 7161 6783
7784 7271 8851 (6%) 8960 6842
6341 7244 (1.5%) 7784 6577
(2.5%) (1.2%)
6418 8749
5155 (5.4%) 5411 5148 5417 (7.3%) 5311 5156 5989 5514 5146 5417 (5.4%) 8939 3510
6522 6513 0240 (2.7%) 6673
(1.5%) (2.6%) (2%)
(1.7%) 5414 5530
8742
6521 5416
5989 8996 5839 5824 5413 5139
5416 8720 6560 8510 5513 0980 2665 5826 8745 6514 6522 8931 8928
8921 5414 5542 (1.3%) 5148 8748 5147 5542
8745 (2.8%) 5162 (1.4%) (1.1%) 8928
(1.6%) (1.4%) 0730
5137 5415 8471 8993 5411 8720 5912 5913 5911 6513 0240 1222
8996 5121 (0.87%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 200.66 B / 15.56 T (1.29%)
5416 (8.1%) Glycosides & vaccines 5148 (2.1%) Other 8720 (1.3%) 7721 (2.4%) 7284 (2.3%) 6940 7162 7431 7149 (1.3%)
nitrogen-function compounds Medical Switchboards, Specialized (0.65%) Parts of gas
instruments relays & fuses industry 7369 & reaction
N.E.S. machinery & 8743 6954 7432 engines
5156 (2%) Heterocyclic 5147 (1.2%) parts N.E.S 7244
compound; nucleic acids Amide-function 7923 (0.7%)
7367 7493
compounds,
excluding urea 7416 (0.96%) 7452 7492 7499
5514 5415 8744 8748 7373
7712
(0.96%) Heating &
cooling 9510
5311 5332
equipment
7361 (0.9%) 7161
N.E.S.
5146 Metal cutting 7281
8996 (3.2%) Orthopaedic appliances 5989 8742 8749
machine-tools
(0.53%) 5824 8851 (8.8%) Watches 8960 8973 (3.2%) 6812 (2.3%)
5411 Precious jewellery Unwrought metals of
5233
platinum
5417 (15%) Medicaments 5413 (0.93%)
8939 (0.86%) 6953 6672 (1.1%) Not

mounted diamonds
5530 5419 1110 0980 0711 8928

5821 3510 (2.9%) Electric current 6842 (0.75%)
1222
5334
6997
Syrian Arab Republic

2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
2008 Evolution of
export composition
700
560
420
280
140
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 179.42 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 688.71 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2631 (22%) 3330 (32%) 0012 (12%) 3330 (64%) 0012 (4.2%) 2919 (3.1%)
2117 (1.9%)
0014 8483
2631 (6.8%) 0752
0011 (8.1%)
0542
4233 0577 2221 2223 2713 (5.8%) 8484 6513

2681 2682 0230 2117 (1.1%)
0542 (4%) 0430 (3%) 0813 8421
(2.1%) (1.1%) (0.99%)
2919 0545 (1.7%) 8960
0579 0545 7821 (2.1%) 6513
(0.92%) 6521
0752 0812 0583
0571 0574 2925 5530 8741
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 14.49 B / 15.56 T (0.09%)
3330 (37%) Crude petroleum 1110 (9.2%) Non-alcoholic beverages N.E.S. 6732 (3%) 7731 (2.8%)
Iron/steel rods Electric wire
7752 (1.6%) 6997

Refrigerators & freezers (0.83%)
4235 (1.2%) 0980 Articles of
(0.54%) iron or steel
6842 (1.4%) Worked 6973
0545 N.E.S.
0484 0565 aluminium & aluminium
0620 alloys
5542 (2.3%) 8939 0544 (0.99%) 0460 0012 (1.9%) Live 0251
Organic Fresh or chilled sheep & goat
surface-active tomatoes
agents N.E.S. 0114
6571 0542 0582
6513 (4.8%) Cotton yarn 6531 (3.6%) Continuous 8510 (1.3%) 8433 (0.58%)
synthetic woven fabrics Footwear
0752 0224 (1.9%)
6560 2713 (3.1%) Natural Preserved,
calcium phosphates & concentrated or
8459 (0.87%) 2631 0572
aluminium sweetened milk &
cream
8463
0412 5825
tajikistan
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
160
128
96
64
32
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 1 B / (127/27) GDPpc ≥ USD 751 / (116/27) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 20 % (99/24) Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 250.69 M / 4.30 T (0.01%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 356.81 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
2631 (53%) 6841 (37%) 6841 (48%) 2631 (24%) 0575
0574
1211
0542
6521 (4.8%) 0579 (4.5%) 0585

(1.5%)
0565 0545
6513 (2.4%) 6522 (1.9%)
2882
5241 (4.8%) 6911 6842 7761
(1.5%) (1%) (1.3%)
8423 2820
2111 6994 6716 3510
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.04 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
6841 (58%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 2631 (13%) Raw cotton 0430 (3.6%) Unmilled barley
0411 (1.9%) 0412

Unmilled durum (1.3%)
wheat
0542 0460 0575 (1%)

Grapes &
raisins
0577 (1.3%) 2221 0422
0579 (6.7%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S. 8423 (1.3%) 6513 (0.74%)
Men's trousers
6522
6978 (1%) 6716

Base metal
household
0545 (2.5%) Other fresh or chilled appliances
vegetables N.E.S.
0344 2111
5621
tanzania
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of 2.5 2.5
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
1.5 1.5
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT 0.5 0.5
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT -0.5 -0.5

0.06% of WT -1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
2008 Evolution of
export composition
94
75.2
56.4
37.6
18.8
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 209.75 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 377.53 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
2631 (17%) 0711 (15%) 6672 (13%) 0711 (32%) 2631 (16%) 6821 (6.9%)
6672 (2.2%) 6899

2654 (14%)
0577 (7.3%) 0741 (4.8%) 6575 (2.8%) 6513
6821 (5.6%) (0.99%)
0752 (3.9%) 0548 0542
6521
(1.2%) (1.2%)
8462 (0.82%)
2924 2929 0149 (2.6%) 6575 2111 2472
0577 (7.8%) 0741 (3.3%) 2654 2225 2223
(1.5%) (1.2%)
0542 (4.2%) 0752 (3.1%) 2924 2112
0812 2483
0813 (2.6%) 2231 5322 0548 1212 (2.5%) 0611 0721 0360 5322
2111 2114
2235 2634 2483 (1.6%) (0.8%) (0.92%)
4314 4314 0712
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 3.13 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
9710 (27%) Gold, non-monetary 2631 (2.9%) Raw 0577 (2.6%) 0741 (1.5%) 2634 1212 (6.2%) Wholly or partly stripped
cotton Edible nuts Tea (1.3%) tobacco
2225 (1.1%)
0711 (3.8%) Green & roasted 0542 (2.3%) 0460 (1.3%) Wheat 4242 (1%) 0721 0813
coffee & coffee substitutes Dried or shelled or meslin meal or Palm oil (0.92%) (0.71%)
legumes flour Raw &
roasted 0412
0752
2926 2927coffee2925
beans
0343 (2.2%) 0344 (2%) Frozen fish 6732 (1.7%) 8212 (0.93%) 5621 (1.3%)
Fresh or chilled fillets Iron/steel Medical & Nitrogenous
2890 (13%) Ores and precious metals fish fillets rods dental furniture fertilizers
2483
0360 5629
8932
7758 (1.3%) 7711 (2%) Electrical 6589 (2%) Other 6575 6513
Electro-thermal home transformers 4312
textile articles
appliances N.E.S. N.E.S.
8931
7268 (1%)
2882 6671 6673 Bookbinding 7929 6951
machines
thailand
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 -5 0 5 10 15

-3
2008 Evolution of
export composition
2.6 k
2k
1.5 k
1k
520
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 739.58 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 16.50 B / 2.79 T (0.59%)
0422 (34%) 2320 (12%) 6871 (8.9%) 2320 (8%) 0611 0422 (8.3%) 7764 (5.7%) 0360 (5.1%)
(3.1%)
7599 (3.9%) 8942 0371 (3.8%) 0372 (1.8%)
0819 (3.1%) 0548 (6.4%) 0542 0711 7525

0342 0341
0440 (11%) 8482
0360 (2.5%) 6673 0612
7491 7161 6783
(1.5%) 0440 6114 0114 (1.4%)
(1.1%)
2785 6129
8510 8439 8451 8429 6534 8973 (3%) 7731 8211 0589 8931 0579
0011 5922 (0.99%) (2.3%) (1.7%)
8462 8441 (1.7%)
2879 6513 0980 0585
0548 (4.5%) 0542 8219 6624
0564 (1.8%) 2483 6581 8433 8463 8434 6584 6521 0565
2640 (4%) 0421 8459 8423 8310 6673 (2.8%) 2483
2929 0470 (1.1%) 8999 6871
(1.3%) 8851
(1%) 2472 8435 6354 5921
2235 2922 0819
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 175.95 B / 15.56 T (1.13%)
7525 (9.6%) Control & peripheral hardware 7415 (2.5%) Air 7599 (2.4%) 7788 2320 (5.1%) Natural rubber, 0422 (4.5%) Semi or wholly 5831 (1.2%) 5138 5112
conditioning Parts of cash (1.7%) latex & gums milled rice Polyethylene
machines registers &
calculating
6210 5834
machines
5832
8841 (1.1%) 7621 7712 8939 5530 5542

(0.65%) (0.59%)
0612 0548 0819
0611
7611 (1%) 7768 7518
(0.62%) (0.56%)
7764 (5%) Electronic microcircuits 0371 (1.9%) Fish 0360 0149 7752 7731 5823 8928
8482 N.E.S. (1.4%) (1.4%) (1.2%) (1.1%)
7638 7722 Other Polyesters
prepared or
7751 7528 preserved
6912
meat & 7853
entrails
6114
7821 (4.2%) Trucks & vans 7721 (1.4%) 7431 7139 6252 0372 (1.1%) 0342
Switchboards, (0.61%) Prepared
5922 6415 5833 2665
relays crustaceans &
& molluscs
9710 (2.6%) Gold, non-monetary
fuses 7162 8510 8462 0980 0589
(0.72%) (0.94%)
6251 7758 7416 7929 (1%) Edible
7849 (3.1%) Other vehicles parts 6940 Aircraft 8459 products
equipment 8973 (2.2%) Precious
N.E.S.
8931
parts N.E.S. jewellery
7851
7938
trinidad and tobago

2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
14 k
11.2 k
8.4 k
5.6 k
2.8 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 457.15 M / 228.33 B (0.2%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.06 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
3330 (32%) 3354 0611 (14%) 0612 3330 (51%) 5225 (16%) 5121 (7.4%) 1124
(4.7%) (3.9%) (3.3%)
0615 6731 (4.5%) 6713

0721 (1.5%) (2.1%)
3345 (5.2%) 5989 0360 (3.1%)

(2%) 5621 (5.2%) 0611 (3%)
5225 (15%) 2877 (2.1%)
8996 1124 0585
5621 (4.4%) 3352 (1.7%)
2789 (1.8%) (1.7%) 0813 (1%) 0612
2873 (2.2%) 2789 0615
8471 6651 6732
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 18.73 B / 15.56 T (0.12%)
3413 (45%) liquified hydrocarbons 5225 (14%) Inorganic bases 5121 (9.1%) Acyclic alcohols & derivatives
& metallic oxides, hydroxides
& peroxides
2814 (3.5%) Roasted 6713 (2.4%) Iron &

iron pyrites steel powders
6725
6731 (1.9%) Iron/steel wire 7234

3330 (16%) Crude petroleum rod (0.95%)
5621 (2.8%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 1222
tunisia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.9 k
1.5 k
1.1 k
760
380
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 193.58 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.47 B / 2.79 T (0.09%)
2713 (17%) 5622 (11%) 4235 (14%) 1121 (4.8%) 8423 (10%) 8441 8429 8459 (2.2%) 6522 3330 (11%) 6612
(2.6%) (2.3%) (2.4%)
8434 (2.2%)
0565 0579 8452 6123 8424 8465 8435 2882 2783

(1.3%) (0.86%) (1.3%) (1.3%) (1.1%) (1.1%) 6592
0545 4235 (5.2%) 0579 (1.9%)
8439 (4.5%) 8433
(1.3%) 8431 8462
3330 (24%) 6851 (1.3%) 8472 6521 0565 1121
(2.3%) 0812 (2%) 2929 0752 6732 2519
8451
(1.8%)
2440 0542 6624 2450 5622 (6.8%) 5222 (6.4%) 5629 (5%) 0360 (4.2%) 7731 8842
(1.3%)
0571 (3.7%) 0012 6592 2519
2783 (1%) (0.99%) 7721 (1.8%) 0571
(1%) 2713 (2%) 5232 5231
2919 0488
2875 0577 (1.8%) 5513 6712 7712 7723
2116 0012
6612
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 19.34 B / 15.56 T (0.12%)
8423 (4.9%) Men's trousers 8510 (2.5%) 8462 (2.2%) Knitted 3330 (16%) Crude petroleum 7721 (5.5%) Switchboards, relays 7783
Footwear undergarments of cotton & fuses
6994
8451 (1.5%)
8429 (4.7%) Other men outerwear

6123 (1.2%) 8463 8441
(0.74%)
7611 (1%) Color 7788 (1%) 6749
8459 (1.1%) 8431 T.V. Other electrical
machinery &
equipment
8439 (3.7%) Other women outerwear 6589 8465 7641 (1%) 7722
N.E.S.
Telephone lines
7528
6612 2882 7712
5629 (5.3%) Fertilizers 5622 (3.9%) Phosphatic fertilizers 8939 7731 (6.2%) Electric wire 6911 (0.62%) 4235 (3.9%) Olive oil 0341
6428
6997
4249
5222 (4.4%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen 5232 (1.9%) 2713 (0.9%) (0.59%)
0579 (1.2%) Fresh 0483
compounds Inorganic acids Natural 7861 or dried fruit N.E.S.
metallic salts & calcium 8720
peroxysalts phosphates
5231
& aluminium 0914
turkey
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT 0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.65 0.7 0.75 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.8 k
1.4 k
1k
720
360
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 576.56 M / 228.33 B (0.25%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 12.17 B / 2.79 T (0.44%)
2631 (36%) 0813 (6.3%) 2879 (4.6%) 8481 (4.3%) 8462 8451 (2.5%) 6513 (3.4%) 3330 (7.4%) 6725 (2.7%) 6749
(3%) (1.2%)
8439 (2.5%) 6727 6822 6716

6821 (3.9%) 6514
6783 6733
8459 6584 8423 8463 8434 6592 6516 2789 (2.2%) 2782
2789 (2.3%) 2742 (1.8%) (1.4%) 6731
6552 8429 6581 6531 (1.3%)
2782 8472 6596
8452 6522 6534 0589 0546 0545 5629 5831 5834
0542 8441 8431 8424 6589
0577 (22%) 2634 (3.8%) 2683 2919 2117 0914 (1.2%) 5832
(1.1%) (0.95%) 8435 8433 6521 0565
2929 0812 (2.5%) (0.86%) 6421 5622 5621 5111
0542 (3.5%) 0577 (4.4%) 1211 (2.5%) 0575 5138
0579 4235 5232
0548 (1.5%)
0571 0012 0360 6732 (3%) 6842 0012 (2.4%)
0572 0571
2632 0741 2682 0011
0572 0576 6973
65926716 0412
(0.81%) 2631 (1.1%) 8483 0112
0752
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 135.24 B / 15.56 T (0.87%)
7810 (7%) Cars 7821 (4.8%) Trucks & vans 6725 (1.9%) Iron/steel 6733 (1.3%) 6732 (8.4%) Iron/steel rods 7731 (1.9%) Electric wire 6842 (1%)
billets Iron/steel Worked
shapes aluminium &
aluminium alloys
7752 (1%)
6783 (1.7%) Other iron 6911 (1.1%) Refrigerators &
6727
or steel tubes & pipes freezers
6822 8219 7414
6973
7611 (1.9%) Color T.V. 7751
7849 (2.7%) Other vehicles parts 6731 8121 7758
7753 6624 6428
7932 (2.3%) Ships & 7711 9710 (3.4%) Gold, non-monetary 2731 0544 0577
boats (0.85%)
7831 (1.4%) 7139 (1.3%)
Public Piston engines Edible nuts
transportation parts N.E.S.
vehicles 1211
0575 0571
8462 (2.6%) Knitted 8459 (1.7%) 8451 (1.2%) 8472 8435 6522 6531 8973 (1.6%) 6612 (1.1%) 2879 0572
undergarments of cotton Other knitted (0.69%) Precious jewellery Cement
8939 (1.1%) 5834
outerwear Miscellaneous
8441 8452 2871
8423 (1.1%) articles of plastic 6210
0579 0980 8931 4312
8481 6514 6513 5541
8439 (1.7%) Other 6584 (1.4%) 6552 (1%) 8463 0484
6539 6613 6595
women outerwear Linens & 0589 0565 (0.88%) (0.86%)
furnishing textile
Building & Man-made
articles
monumental carpets
turkmenistan
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
-1 -1
-2 -2
0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.6 k
1.2 k
960
640
320
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 367.05 M / 4.30 T (0.01%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.21 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)
2631 (94%) 3345 3414 (89%) 2631
(5.2%)
2116
2111
2681 6513
6592 (1.5%)
6522
8462 8459
3222
7923
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.91 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
3414 (94%) petroleum gases 6513
(1.2%)
6521
6584
2631
(1.9%)
5832
(1.4%)
uganda
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
2.5 2.5
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
1 1
6% of WT 0.5 0.5
2% of WT 0 0
0.8% of WT -0.5 -0.5
0.06% of WT
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

2008 Evolution of
export composition
110
88
66
44
22
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 172.46 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 331.61 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0711 (57%) 2631 (20%) 6821 (12%) 0711 (92%) 2112
2111
2114
0741 (4.9%) 2634

(1.7%)
7929
2112 0980
0813
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.73 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
0711 (26%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 0542 6783 (2.4%) Other 6749 (2.1%) Other 7239 (1.1%) 0343 (6.4%) Fresh or chilled fish fillets
iron or steel tubes & worked iron/steel Bulldozers,
pipes sheets angledozers &
levellers parts
7821
N.E.S.(0.9%)
0612
7643 (4.5%) Television & radio 7361 (0.71%)
transmitters
7162 0342 0344
2919 (0.93%) 6116

7831
0470
6612 (5%) Cement 9710 (2.8%) 2879 8928 (4%) Printed matter N.E.S.
Gold,
non-monetary
2926 (2.7%) Live plants 0741 (3%) Tea 1212 (4.2%) Wholly or
5530 5541 (1.3%) 5233
partly stripped tobacco
(0.56%) Soaps
8939
4312 (1.9%) 0484 (0.91%) 1123 (2.6%) Beer (0.52%)
0721 (1.5%) Raw & 4242
Hydrogenated 6732 (1.7%) 3510 (0.7%) 6581
roasted coffee beans 2225 (0.91%) 0422
oils Iron/steel rods
(0.67%) 1110
2690
0611 (1.4%) Raw sugar
beet & cane 2634 (0.83%)
0440
ukraine
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
2.5
Fraction of 2.5
products with
RCA > 1
2
2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1
1
2% of WT 0.5
0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
0
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02

2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.4 k
1.1 k
840
560
280
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.00 B / 4.30 T (0.12%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 15.70 B / 5.90 T (0.27%)
6725 (13%) 2816 (6.1%) 2815 (2.8%) 5621 (8.1%) 6725 (11%) 6727 (2.9%) 6716 2873 (1.7%) 2816 5225 6732 (6.8%)
(2.8%) (1.9%)
2815 (1.6%)
6899 6821
6899
6746 (2.4%) 6783 6841 (2.8%) 2782 (1.2%)
5225 (6.7%) 6841 6891 (1.5%)
6712 (4.6%) 6727 6716 (1.5%) 6998 3232 2482 7752
(3.6%) (3.2%) 2472
5629 (2.2%) 5113 5111 6733 6745 6724 6712 3222 3510
3222 6821 6744 (3.5%) (1.5%) 0412 (1.8%) 0430 (1.6%) 0224 0230 8431
6744 (4.4%) 6749 (1.1%)
6954 (3%) 7239 7267 6418 6770 4236 (1.7%) 2224 5922 0240
6733 6745 6746 2224 (2.8%) 6732 (5.1%) 8431 (1.8%) 2111 5922
6259 0111 6113
6114 7491
(1.2%)
6731 (4.9%) 6760 7932 (2.6%) 8439 6731 6782 7432 7372 7416 7361 7915 7931 5621 (2.8%) 5331
4236 (1.8%) 5121 (1.7%) (2.6%) (1.8%) 7188 2820 (2.6%) 0730
5113
7919 6419 5232 0620
0615 2631 7148
6770 6517 6251 6424
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 67.01 B / 15.56 T (0.43%)
6725 (16%) Iron/steel billets 6744 (5.8%) Iron/steel >=4.75mm 6727 (3.7%) Iron/steel 4236 (3%) Sunflower seed 0412 (3%) Other wheat & 2815 (2.1%) 2816 (1.6%)
tick sheets coils oil meslin, unmilled Not Agglomerated iron
agglomerated ore
iron ore
2873 (0.83%)
0430 (2.6%) 2226 (2.3%) 0440 (1.2%)

Unmilled barley Rape & colza Unmilled 6841 2782 5225
seeds maize (0.59%) (1.3%)
6716 (3%) Ferro-alloys 6733 (1.7%) 6746 (1.5%) 2734
Iron/steel Iron/steel
shapes <3mm tick 0813
3221 3232
sheets
(0.78%) (0.59%)
4242 1222
6745 (1.4%) 6712 (1.3%) Pig 6732 (4.6%) Iron/steel rods 5621 (3.3%) Nitrogenous 5221 5331
6783 (2.3%) Other iron or Iron/steel 3 - & cast iron
steel tubes & pipes fertilizers
4.75mm tick 5629
sheets
6731 (2.1%) Iron/steel 7919 (1.1%) 7239 7915 (3.4%) Not 7711 (1.2%) 6419
wire rod Railway track & (0.94%) mechanically Electrical
vehicle parts Bulldozers, propelled railway for transformers 7731 (1.2%) 6911 2483 0730 0240 6114
N.E.S. angledozers freight Electric wire (0.9%)
7431 & levellers
6782 (1.9%) NULL parts N.E.S.
3510 (0.86%) 0484 2820 7912 8431
7372 7148
(0.6%) 1124
united Arab emirates

2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.915 0.92 0.925 0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
47 k
37.6 k
28.2 k
18.8 k
9.4 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.84 M / 228.33 B (0.001%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 11.65 B / 2.79 T (0.42%)
0751 (14%) 0752 (7.2%) 5989 (11%) 7932 (7.2%) 3330 (82%) 3413 6841
(8.6%)
7821 (2.9%) 7851 (2.1%)

2929 0612 0460
(1%) 5621 (3.6%)
2924
7283
0422 (18%) 0577 2882
(3.6%) 5922 (8.4%) 6652 (3%) 6664 5241
(2.7%) (1.3%) 8973
3354
8999 6612
2482 (2.2%) 2471 (1.5%)
9710
(0.98%)
4312
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 210.03 B / 15.56 T (1.35%)
3330 (69%) Crude petroleum 9710 (7.8%) Gold, non-monetary 7821 (1.6%) Trucks
& vans
7188 6251
7643 (1.4%)
Television & radio
transmitters
8973 (3.2%) Precious jewellery

6613 (1.9%)
Building &
monumental stone
6672 (5.7%) Not mounted diamonds

0422
0612 1222
6531 (0.91%)
Continuous
6812 (3.5%) Unwrought metals of synthetic
platinum woven
5831 fabrics
united kingdom
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.06% of WT
0 0
0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005
2008 Evolution of
export composition
7.8 k
6.2 k
4.6 k
3.1 k
1.5 k
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 15.58 B / 228.33 B (6.83%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 145.53 B / 2.79 T (5.21%)
7810 (7%) 7244 (2.7%) 7411 5989 (1.9%) 3345 5148 6672 (5.6%) 7224 7492
6251 7491 7449 5989 8748 5111 5145 8742 5417 5530 8939
(1.6%) (1.1%) 8743 (1.2%) (1.1%) (2.7%) (0.88%)
7139 7234 7431 7162 7138 5982 5542
8745 8822 8720
7821 (2.4%) 7436 8741 8822 5413 0819
7841 (1.3%) 9510 7132 7441 5331
7439 7428 5156 5148 2331 8921 5334 5419
7452 6782 7271 5417 (1.9%) 6419 6424 5232 6418 7169
7842 (5.3%) 6812 (1.6%) 6831 (0.86%) 8922
6940 5335 5530 7452 7493 7413 5311 5137 5911 5232
7281 6991 5413 6573 7599 7523 (2%) 7525 8983 7528
6811 8921 (1.3%) 2782 6998 3330 (8.7%) 1124 (2.5%) 8960
7783 7491 (2.5%) 7611
6851 5542 6210 (1.4%)
7499 (2.7%) 7212 1124 (5.1%) 6953 8960 26658928 6512 (1%) 7788 7518 7648 7643 7781
7851 (0.89%) (0.85%) 7591 6911
2820
7518 8942 6822 7131 7928 7932 6960 7852 6638 7929 (2.6%) 7923 7931 (3.7%) 6997
6118 (1.3%) 0224
(1.2%) (1.5%) (1.4%) (1.8%) 6665 6672 (4.4%) 6812 2782
7788
6747 7731 7149 (0.86%) 0112
7512 7781 7924 (2.1%) 1222 0430
6749 8731 6770 (1%) 0430 1222 6725 6733 6252 2882 2820 5823
(1.2%) 0730 7148 5241
8811 6911 5513 8928
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 476.24 B / 15.56 T (3.06%)
7810 (10%) Cars 7821 (1.4%) Trucks 7162 (1.1%) 7492 (1%) 5417 (9.8%) Medicaments 5989 (1.9%) Chemical 5156 (1%) 5416
& vans AC electric Valves products
motors &
generators
7234 (1.4%) 7239 8741 5148 8720
Construction & (0.92%) (0.79%)
mining machinery Bulldozers, 8996 5111 8742
angledozers &
7139 7441 7436
levellers parts
N.E.S.
5530 (1.6%) Perfumery 8939 (0.9%) 5419 8744 5154 5827
& cosmetics Miscellaneous
7283 articles of 8922
plastic 8748 5233
5542 6424
7224 7138 8921 (1.1%)
5335
7132 (1.6%) 6832 9710 (2.7%) Gold, 6812 (1.6%) 1124 (2.5%) Alcoholic 8960 (1.9%) Works
8743 7188 non-monetary Unwrought metals of beverages of art
platinum
7929 (3.9%) 7149 (3.3%) Parts of gas & 7599 (1.5%) Parts 7788 (1.2%)
Aircraft equipment reaction engines of cash registers & Other electrical
parts N.E.S. calculating machinery & 2882
machines equipment 8973 (1.5%) (0.99%) 0980 0484 6996
N.E.S. Other
7523 7641 non-ferrous
base metals 2820 0015
7528 8841 6672 (3.1%) Not mounted diamonds 6811
7144 (1.7%) Reaction (0.89%) (1.3%) Iron
engines Unwrought & steel
6725 silver waste
united states of america

2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of
2.5 2.5
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT
1 1
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.5 0.5
0.06% of WT
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02
2008 Evolution of
export composition
4.3 k
3.4 k
2.5 k
1.7 k
860
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
POPULATION ≥ 304 M / (3/1) GDP ≥ USD 14 T / (1/1) EXPORTS PER CAPITA ≥ USD 4,271 / (42/2) * Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 1.3 T / (3/1) GDPpc ≥ USD 47,209 / (13/1) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 9 % (125/2) North America.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 36.27 B / 228.33 B (15.89%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 314.77 B / 2.79 T (11.26%)
7842 (9.8%) 9510 (4%) 5989 (2.4%) 8822 2331 2222 (4.6%) 7849 (5.6%) 7132 7449 6940 7431 8748 5989 8822 0440 2222
(0.92%) 7416 (1.5%) (2.6%) (2.3%)
5148 7234 7212 8720
6954
8745 (2.2%) 0440 (4%) 0813 7239 7452
5155 5137 5839 5138
(1.6%)
7721 7284 7139 5148 5137 0813 0412
7499 (2.8%) 7452 7822 7281 3345 8720 (1.4%) (1.4%) 7493 8749
4232 5513 3345 8996 5161
2631 1222
7783 7212 8921 0819 6419 2713 5416 2331
2631 0459 0460 7599 (4.4%) 7764 (3%) 7523 7924 (3.9%) (1%)
(1.1%) (0.84%) 0819 5413 5832 0577 1212
7411 (2.2%) 7371 7283 (2.8%) (1.2%) (2.1%)
5413 6424 5622 5221
8922
0421 1222 8921
7821 (2.1%) 6940 5621
5335 7929 (2.3%) 2471 2483 3222 (1.9%) 0116 0114 0342
6991
2471 (2.2%) 6413 6998 5225 2820 8928 7768 8983 7522 7528 (1.2%) 7414
7518 (1.8%) 7512 7928 (2.4%) 8731 2111
(0.83%) (1.7%) 2789 (0.82%) (1.3%) (1.6%) (1.3%) (1%) (1%) 7149 7144 7731 2882 2782
2516 (2%)
8813 4113 0116 0980 2517 6413 2820 0980
7131 (2.1%) 6811 3354 7525 7788
7788 (1.4%) 6842 6349 6953 9710 3354 (0.76%)
5121 (1.2%) (1.2%) 7521 7131 0579
(0.94%) 2741 2111 7648 5241 2871 5823
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.30 T / 15.56 T (8.36%)
7810 (5.3%) Cars 7721 (1.5%) 7234 (1%) 7492 8720 (1.7%) Medical 8748 8744 8742 8939 5542
Switchboards, relays & Construction instruments N.E.S. (0.76%)
fuses & mining 8921
machinery 5112 7742
7821 (1.4%) Trucks & 7132 (0.85%) 7436 5989 (1.7%) Chemical 5156 5530
7452
vans Internal products (0.72%)
combustion 5137
8743 7162 engines for 6940 5831 5629
5416 5839 (0.9%) 5148
7849 (3.4%) Other vehicles parts (0.48%) motor vehicles (0.77%)
7449 Other
Polyethylene 5221
8741 7442 polymerization 5161
&
8996 (0.82%)
copolymarization
products
7284 (1.6%) 7239 (1.6%)
Specialized industry Bulldozers, 9710 (2%) Gold, 6672 (1.6%) 2882 (0.71%) 6842 2820 (1.1%)
machinery & parts angledozers & non-monetary Not mounted Iron & steel
N.E.S levellers parts diamonds waste
N.E.S. 6812
7924 (4.1%) Aircrafts of more 7929 (2.4%) 7764 (4.2%) Electronic microcircuits
than 15 tons Aircraft
8973 2890 8960 2517 5823
equipment parts 3222
(0.61%) (0.83%)
N.E.S. (0.84%) Works of art
7599 (1.5%) Parts of 7788 (0.81%) 7528

2222 (1.6%) Soya beans 0412 (1.2%) 2631
cash registers & 0114 0111 0980 8931
Other wheat
calculating machines
& meslin,
7149 (2%) Parts of gas 7923 (0.75%) 8841 0113
7763 7523 unmilled
& reaction engines
(0.84%) (0.82%) 0440 (1.5%) Unmilled
7144 (0.74%) maize
uruguay
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1.5 1.5
6% of WT 1 1
2% of WT 0.5 0.5
0.8% of WT
0 0
0.06% of WT
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.8 k
1.4 k
1k
720
360
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 176.88 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.50 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
2681 (27%) 0111 (23%) 0421 6512 (12%) 6114 (10%) 0421 (4.9%) 0422 8481 (3.3%)
(2%) (2%)
8451 8421
0422 (1.2%)
(1.1%) 2222 0571 (1.5%) 8431 8424
0813 2681 (3.9%) 2682 2687 (1.2%) (1.1%)
(2.5%) (2.3%) 6542 (2%) 6522
4241 6129 2919 6113 0813 0430 0482
(1.5%) (1.1%)
6512 (15%) 2682 (3.9%) 6612 2686
0149 (2.9%) 0112 6130 0011 9710 (7.6%) 5334 5913
(1.9%)
(1.6%) 0111 (6.8%) 8483 (2.6%) 0012 0344 0342 (1.6%) (1.7%) 5311
0116 (2.3%)
2687 2686 5542 5622
2734 0343 0360
(2.8%) (1.8%) 6114 (3.8%) 2116 (2.7%) 2111 6624 2472 6252
2733 0149 0116 0814
8211
0240 5922 0579 0980
2117 6123 4113 6412
2685 (1.1%)
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.98 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
0111 (23%) Bovine meat 0112 (1.4%) Sheep & 2222 (6.3%) Soya beans 0422 (6.7%) Semi or wholly milled 0482 (3.3%) Roasted
goat meat rice & unroasted malt,
including flour
0011 (1.2%)
4113 (1%)
0149 0412 (2.5%) Other wheat & 0571 (1.2%)

meslin, unmilled Fresh or dried
0116 0421 (1.8%) Unprepared rice in oranges &
the husk or husked m&arines
0115
2472 (3.3%) 2460 (3.2%) 6342 (0.91%) 8931 (2.6%) Closable 0914
8483 Sawlogs & veneer Pulpwood Sheets of plastic packing
logs of plywood
0224 (3.6%) Preserved, concentrated 6114 (4.7%) Bovine & 0342 (2.4%) 0344 (0.86%)
non-coniferous 8211
or sweetened milk & cream equine leather Frozen fish, Frozen fish
excluding fillets fillets
2483
9710 (1.3%) 6783 (0.89%)
Gold,
0240 (2.9%) Cheese 0223 (1.1%) non-monetary
& curd Fresh milk & 6210 (1.3%) 5542 (1.2%) 5231 5629
6512 (2.4%) Wool yarn 2681 7832
cream Materials of Organic
or animal hair (0.67%)
rubber surface-active
2919 (1.2%) agents N.E.S. 5912 6542 8431
0230 2682
5834 (0.52%)
(0.67%)
uzbekistan
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of 2.5 2.5

products with
RCA > 1 2 2
1.5 1.5
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0.5 0.5
0 0
2% of WT
-0.5 -0.5
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
260
208
156
104
52
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1994 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.20 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
2001 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.05 B / 5.90 T (0.03%)
2631 (90%) 6861 2631 (40%) 3414 (16%) 9710 (7.5%)
(1.4%)
6811
5241
(1.6%) 6821 (3.8%) 5241 (3.4%)
6821
6861 (1.8%)
6521
(1.3%)
6513 (6%) 6521 0579 0545 6732
(2%) (2.1%)
2633 0565 3510
5621 5621
6822
6522 6577 6822 (0.74%)
0575 0544 0813 1211 (1.2%) 2919
0344 2613
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 6.97 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
3414 (35%) petroleum gases 7810 (11%) Cars 2631 (8.5%) Raw cotton
0575 (1%)
6822 7711
5629 (3.2%) Fertilizers 6513 (3.1%) Cotton yarn 8462

5241 (8.1%) Radioactive chemical elements 9710 (5.1%) Gold, non-monetary 6821 (5.8%) Unwrought copper &
copper alloys
5621 (2.1%) 5831 (1.3%) 0579 (1.8%) Fresh or 6732 (1.1%)

Nitrogenous Polyethylene dried fruit N.E.S. Iron/steel rods
fertilizers
6612 (1.3%) Cement 2890 6861 (1.7%) Unwrought zinc 7731
& alloys 0545
(0.54%)
venezuela, rb
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
-1 -1
0.06% of WT
-2 -2
0.982 0.984 0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
3k
2.4 k
1.8 k
1.2 k
600
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 2.81 B / 228.33 B (1.23%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 10.56 B / 2.79 T (0.38%)
3330 (97%) 3330 (74%) 6841 (8.9%) 6746
6783
6725
6731
6842
(2.3%)
6732 6417
5621
2815 (2.2%)
3345
2873 0342
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 84.88 B / 15.56 T (0.55%)
vietnam
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1
2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
2008 Evolution of
export composition
730
584
438
292
146
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 32.04 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 539.00 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2320 (53%) 0741 (4.2%) 2820 (4%) 0360 (38%) 2924 (5.2%) 0711 (3.7%) 2222 (2.5%) 0440 4249
5513
0422 2221 (1.8%) 2919 (3.1%) 0360 2221 (1.6%) 0577
(2.4%) (1.2%) 0752 0751 (1.2%)
2640 2922 0548 0741 2225
(0.96%) 7932 7821 3330 (9.7%) 3221 2472 (2.6%) 6597
0711 (3.8%) (1.8%) (1.8%)
6953
0819 (3.6%)
2820 (3.2%)
0812 0488 2924 3222
(1.1%)
0752 8997 (2.1%) 6597 7763 8942 0586
2929 8997 (1.7%) 6584 8441
(1.1%) (0.87%)
6611 0372 0344 0350 0342 (0.92%) 8462
0440 (2.1%) 4234 0579
2613 2919 (1.8%) 2111 2120 (1.4%) 0251 8423 8429 8947 8482
5513 0980 0980
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 62.76 B / 15.56 T (0.4%)
8510 (8.9%) Footwear 8439 (2.4%) 8451 (2%) 8462 (1.5%) Knitted 0422 (5.4%) Semi or wholly milled rice 0577 (1.7%) 7518 (2.4%) 7638 (0.78%)
Other women Knitted undergarments of Edible nuts Office machines
outerwear jerseys, cotton N.E.S.
pullovers & 7641
cardigans 8423 (1.5%) Men's
trousers
8310 8431 8429 6589 0711 (4%) Green & roasted 2320 (2.9%) Natural 6727 (0.83%) 7162
(1.1%) (0.98%) coffee & coffee substitutes rubber, latex & gums
8452 8421
6725 (0.7%)
7161
8441 (0.72%)
8459 (2.5%) Other knitted outerwear 6749
8424
0360 (3.4%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or 8219 (3.5%) Furniture parts N.E.S.
3330 (19%) Crude petroleum 3221 (2.6%) salted crustaceans & molluscs
Anthracite
8939 5621
0344 (3%) Frozen 0372 7731 (1.9%) Electric wire 2460
fish fillets (0.78%)
0342 6649
(0.66%)
8211 (1.5%) Chairs & 8931 0579
8973 0371 seats
(0.72%)
yemen
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
360
288
216
144
72
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
TOTAL EXPORTS ≥ USD 7.8 B / (85/15) GDPpc ≥ USD 1,175 / (103/16) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP ≥ 29 % (68/12) Middle East and North Africa.
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 56.75 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 170.37 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
3330 (27%) 2783 (6%) 2116 (7.8%) 2114 (5.2%) 3330 (82%) 0360 (10%)
2919 (3.1%) 2117

(1.2%)
2111
0350 (8.5%)
2631 (20%) 2223 (3.6%)
0350
0616 (1.6%) 2119
2922 (2.9%) 9610 (9.6%)

0711 7641
(1.4%) (1.1%)
2634 3345
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 7.75 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
3330 (88%) Crude petroleum 0341 (1.1%) Fresh
or chilled fish,
excluding fillets
0342 (0.93%)
0360 (0.71%)
7234 (1.1%)
Construction &
mining machinery
7831
(0.66%)
7931
3352 (1.4%)
Mineral tars
0573
1222
zambia
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
2008 Evolution of
export composition
1.1 k
880
660
440
220
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 756.81 M / 228.33 B (0.33%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.13 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
6821 (98%) 6821 (88%) 6899 6822
(3.9%)
6861
(1.1%) 1212
6811
0574
6673 0575
(1.8%) 2631
6521
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 5.12 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
6821 (44%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 6822 (24%) Worked copper & copper alloys
6999 (6.1%) Other base metal 1211 (1.4%) 0440 (1.1%)

manufactures N.E.S. Unstripped
tobacco
2871 (14%) Copper 0460
0611 (1.2%) Raw (0.56%)
sugar beet & cane 2631
7731 (1.1%) 5222 0546

Electric wire
zimbabwe
2008
Product
Space
Product
exported
with RCA>1
Product
not exported
with RCA>1

to world trade

Spectrum
3 3
Fraction of
products with
RCA > 1 2 2
22% of WT
1 1
6% of WT
0 0
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT -1 -1
-2 -2
0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
2008 Evolution of
export composition
200
160
120
80
40
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Electronics
Machinery
Aircraft
Boilers
Ships
Metal products
Home & office
Pulp & paper
Chemicals & health
Agrochemicals
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal Fibers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Cereals & veg. oils
Tobacco
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Textile & Fabrics
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Coal
Oil
Mining
1968 EXPORT
Total Exports: 24.65 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
1988 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.13 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
2784 (11%) 6673 (5.7%) 5417 5542 6424 5530 1123 (7.5%) 1212 (15%) 2631 (6.5%) 6716 (23%)
(1.8%) (0.97%)
6419
5335
5322 (4.3%) 5621 (1.6%)

2789 (5%) 6421 (3.8%) 0914
0611 (3.4%) 0711 (2.1%)
(1.2%)
5221 6210
0980 1211 (6.2%) 1223
(0.85%)
6911 (2.6%) 6732 7831 8510 6575 6517 1213
0412
0111 (13%) 0116 0224 (1.2%) (1.8%) 2927
7211 6991 6647 8310 6513 6831 (13%) 2784 (5.6%) 6821 (3.2%)
6618
6725
0612 0571
7731 6351 6940 6924 0111 (4.2%) 6114 8423 6513
6716 6733 (1.7%) (1%)
(1.1%) 2731 2881
6996 6921 6353 1222 8439
(1.6%) (0.95%) 6521
0814 6783 8928 6951 6935 8993
0141
8960 7781 6770 6871
6423
2008 EXPORT
Total Exports: 1.72 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
2927 (12%) Flora 1212 (5.5%) Wholly or partly stripped 1222 (1.6%) Cigarretes 7821 (3.5%) Trucks 8743 (3.3%) Gas, 8946 6513 (3.4%) Cotton yarn
tobacco & vans liquid & electric
control instruments
1211 1213 6991
6954 7188 6535 (0.74%)

2631 (5.5%) Raw cotton 0612 (1.7%)

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the atlas of

Hausmann, Hidalgo et al.

Hausmann, Hidalgo et al.

| Ricardo Hausmann | César A. Hidalgo | Sebastián Bustos | Michele Coscia |

Ricardo Hausmann César A. Hidalgo

| Alejandro Santo Domingo | MPower Foundation | Standard Bank | Anonymous Donor |

PA R T 1 WHAT, WHY AND HOW?

17 SECTION 2 How Do We Measure Economic Complexity?

24 SECTION 3 Why Is Economic Complexity Important?

30 SECTION 4 How Is Complexity Different from Other Approaches?

41 SECTION 5 How Does Economic Complexity Evolve?

53 SECTION 6 How Can This Atlas Be Used?

56 SECTION 7 Which Countries Are Included in This Atlas?

66 RANKING 2 Expected Growth in Per Capita GDP to 2020

72 RANKING 3 Expected GDP Growth to 2020

78 RANKING 4 Change in Economic Complexity (1964-2008)

84 RANKING 5 Expected Contribution to World GDP Growth to 2020

ARGENTINA (ARG) CREAMS AND POLISHES

and that of Medicaments is 1.

T able 2 . 2 . 2 : B ottom 5 products by complexity

2876 Tin ores & concentrates Mining -2.63

3345 Cocoa beans Tropical Agriculture -2.61

7367 Sesame seeds Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others -2.58

When associating countries to products it is important to take into account

BWA ARG LBN MYS

PRT AGO SGP KOR

VEN ARG BRA

IRN MAR TZA EGY MKD GBR

Technical Box 3.1: The Growth regression

Annualized growth in GDP pc (by decade)

Annualized growth in GDP pc (by decade)

Economic Complexity Index

measures of human capital the skills mastered by students according to standardized

FIGURE 4.2: FIGURE 4.3:

Economic Complexity Index

Years of schooling Cognitive Ability

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

improved methodologically, going through two major revi-

“We define competitiveness as the set of institutions,

policies, and factors that determine the level of

economy, a more competitive economy is one that is

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

sons using 5 and 10 year panels starting in 1979 and find

that the GCI rankings contribute significantly less to the

4.3 and Figure 4.9).

count for a significant fraction of the cross-country varia-

the ECI is a much stronger predictor of growth than other

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Economic Complexity Index

All Education Variables

Economic Complexity Index

All Education Variables

Tertiary School Enrollment

Secondary School Enrollment

Economic Complexity ranking

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

Annualized growth in GDP pc (6 years)

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

(0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)

(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Years of schooling 0.134* 0.213 0.14750

Constant 6.294* 2.861* 6.38972* 6.688* 7.826***

Robust standard errors in parentheses * p<0.01, p<0.05, * p<0.1

Initial Economic Complexity Index 0.044* 0.046* 0.044* 0.045* 0.052***

Years of schooling (standardized) 0.008* 0.013* 0.008* 0.005

Constant 0.097* 0.071* 0.091* 0.097* 0.099* 0.083*

Robust standard errors in parentheses * p<0.01, p<0.05, * p<0.1

Ranking of ECI -0.00009* -0.00007* -0.00064* -0.00060*

Constant 0.02744* 0.01181* 0.02059* 0.17473* 0.06694* 0.15084*

Robust standard errors in parentheses * p<0.01, p<0.05, * p<0.1