Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tax Research IC
Tax Research IC
A.Y. 2017-2018
Research in Tax 1
(International Comity/Treaty)
Group 4
Hill M. Enriquez
Regine B. Manalac
Lailyn S. Rivera
Christylinne Utulo
Allhiza S. Parico
Professor
International Treaty or Comity
Definition and Coverage
International Comity is the courteous recognition, friendly agreement, interaction and
respect accorded by one nation to the laws and institutions of another. Under Philippine Laws,
Treaties are international agreements entered into by the Philippines which require legislative
concurrence after executive ratification. This term may include compacts like conventions,
declarations, covenants and acts. Such treaty provisions are based on any of the following
grounds:
a. Sovereign equality among states under international law by virtue of which one state
cannot exercise its sovereign power over another.
b. The usage among states that when one enters the territory of another, there is an
implied understanding that the former does not intend to degrade its dignity by
placing itself under jurisdiction of the latter.
c. The rule of international law that a foreign government may not be sued without its
consent so that it is useless to assess tax since anyway it cannot be collected.
This principle limits the authority of the government to effectively impose taxes on a
sovereign state and its instrumentalities, as well as on its property held and activities
undertaken in that capacity. In general, tax treaties attempt to eliminate most forms of
international double taxation and various other forms of international double taxation when a
failure to do so would have a demonstrably harmful impact on international trade and
investment. A major goal of bilateral tax treaties is to remove impediments to international
trade and investment by abating the risk of double taxation that can occur when both
contracting states impose tax on the same income.
Under Revenue Memorandum Order (RMO) 01-2000 of the BIR, it is provided that the
availment of a tax treaty provision must be preceded by an application for a tax treaty relief
with its International Tax Affairs Division (ITAD). According to the Supreme Court, this is to
prevent any erroneous interpretation and/or application of the treaty provisions to which the
Philippines is a signatory. The implementation of the said RMO is in harmony with the
objectives of the contracting state to ensure that the granting of the benefits under the tax
treaties are enjoyed by the persons or corporations duly entitled to the same.
The immunity referred to under this rule refers actually to immunity from being constituted as
withholding agents of the Philippine government, which is accorded said foreign entities on the
basis of international comity as embodied in several international agreements to which the
Philippines is a signatory, e.g., Vienna Convention for International Relations, Convention on the
Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations.
Under RMC No. 31-2013, the exemption from withholding taxes on compensation of officials
and employees applies to foreign governments, embassies, diplomatic missions, and
international organizations, and that such exemption refers only to the obligation to collect tax,
and therefore does not equate to the exemption from paying the income tax itself.
However, most international agreements which grant withholding tax immunity to foreign
governments, embassies, diplomatic missions, and international organizations also grant
exemption to their officials and employees who are foreign nationals and/or non-Philippine
residents from paying income tax on their salaries and emoluments. In these instances, RMC 31-
2013 emphasizes that the exemption granted should apply only to those individuals who are
expressly and unequivocally identified in said international agreements or laws, and shall not
extend to those not specifically mentioned as tax exempt. Hence, Filipinos employed in these
tax-exempt organizations are not covered by the tax exemption, thus, their income from
employment is still subject to tax.
In the Philippines, the President has the power to make treaties implicitly in the general
grant of authority in Section 1, Article VII that “The executive power is vested in the President of
the Philippines,” in particular as this is applied in foreign relations.
By constitutional fiat and by the intrinsic nature of his office, the President, as head of
State, is the sole organ and authority in the external affairs of the country. In many ways, the
President is the chief architect of the nation’s foreign policy; his “dominance in the field of
foreign relations is (then) conceded.” Being vested with diplomatic powers, the President
formulates foreign policy, deals with international affairs, represents the state with foreign
nations, maintains diplomatic relations, and enters into treaties or international agreements.
Likewise, the power granted to the Senate to concur in treaties is to be interpreted as referring
to treaties which the President makes and submits to the Senate for concurrence.
Normally, it is the Head of State or the Head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs who binds
States in treaties. These persons do not need to produce evidence of full powers to conclude a
treaty. Treaty ratification is one of the incidents of their position. For purposes of adopting a
text to a treaty, the head of the diplomatic mission or accredited representatives of States to an
international conference or one of its organs are empowered to authenticate or accredit the
text of a treaty. If an act was performed without authorization or without the full powers, a
treaty can still be given force and effect provided it is subsequently confirmed by the State.
Article II, Section 2. The Philippines renounces was an instrument of national policy,
adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and
adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all
nations.
Article II, Section 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations
with other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity,
national interest, and the right to self-determination.
The above is supplemented by the foreign policy priorities of the President of the
Philippines, as the chief architect of foreign policy, and his Secretary of Foreign Affairs. On the
other hand, the procedural dimension of foreign policy-making, which is the ambit of Philippine
treaty law and practice, is based on the following:
(a) The Philippine Constitution, specially Article VII, Section 21 which states, “No treaty
or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds
of all the Members of the Senate;
(b) The ruling of the Supreme Court of the Philippines in Commissioner of Customs vs.
Eastern Sea Trading, which made a distinction between treaties and executive agreements, the
latter requiring the ratification by the President in order to take effect, and related
jurisprudence; and
(c) Executive Order No. 459, series of 1997, which sets the guidelines in the negotiation,
conclusion and ratification of international agreements.
4.) Dividends
Dividends paid by a company which is a resident of a Contracting State to a resident of
the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. However, such dividends may also
be taxed in the Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident and
according to the law of that State, but if the recipient is the beneficial owner of the dividends
the tax so charged shall not exceed:
a) 15 percent of the gross amount of the dividends if the beneficial owner is a company;
b) 25 percent of the gross amount of the dividends in all other cases.
The competent authorities of the Contracting State shall by mutual agreement settle the mode
of application of these limitations. This paragraph shall not affect the taxation of the company in
respect of the profits out of which the dividends are paid. (Tax Treaty between New Zealand
and Philippines)
5.) Royalties
Royalties arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other
Contracting State may be taxed in that other State, if such resident is the beneficial owner of the
royalties. Such royalties may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which they arise, and
according to the laws of that State. However, if the recipient is the beneficial owner of the
royalties:
a) In the case of Malaysia:
(i) The tax so charged shall not exceed 15 per cent of the gross amount of the
royalties; and
(ii) Approved industrial royalties derived from Malaysia by a resident of the
Philippines shall be exempt from tax.
b) In the case of the Philippines: the tax so charged shall not exceed:
(i) 15 per cent of the gross amount of the royalties where the royalties are paid
by a registered enterprise as well as royalties defined in paragraph 4(a) (ii); and
(ii) 25 per cent of the gross amount of the royalties in all other cases.