Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The third type (List) is used to represent Arrays of one type, Arrays of more than one type, Hash (Dictionary), Tree,
etc.
The object can be an object created from a Ring class (Any Class) or just a C Pointer that we get from calling a C/C++
function/method.
Why ?
The Ring is designed to give the programmer/developer the most simple constructs that can be used to do everything.
The programmer/developer can customize the language by creating new classes (and use operator overloading) to get
more types that he care about according to the problem domain.
Why ?
Because simple is better, and easy to learn and remember! And this provide flexibility to convert between high level
types that can be represented using the same basic type
The main function is very important, you need it when you want to write statements that uses local variables instead
of the Global scope.
Example:
x = 10
myfunc()
See "X value = " + X # here I expect that x will be (10)
# but I will get another value (6) because myfunc() uses x !
Func myfunc
for x = 1 to 5
See x + nl
next
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
X value = 6
Func myfunc
for x = 1 to 5
See x + nl
next
Output
1
2
3
100.17. What is the goal of including the “Main” function in Ring? 1784
Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
4
5
X value = 10
It’s about how we count in the real world, when we have three apples in our hand
we say 1 2 3
We don’t start from 0
The question must be why the other languages start from 0 ?
The answer is, because this is related to the machine and how we deal with values and memory address.
Example
we have array called myarray[5]
In memory : myarray will have an address
The first item will be stored in that address
The second item will come after that address and so on
Now when we need to point to the first item we need the address of myarray
So we type myarray[0] because myarray + 0 result will still point to the first item
for the second item myarray[1] because myarray + 1 result will point to the second item and so on
In Low Level languages or languages near to the machine it’s good to be like this
But for high level language designed for applications it’s better to be natural
Example
mylist = [1,2,3,4,5]
for x = 1 to len(mylist)
see x + nl
next
In the previous example we start from 1 to the length of the array if the index starts from 0 we will write
for x = 0 to len(mylist)-1
1. To be more human-friendly
2. Like Ada, SQL, Pascal, Delphi, Visual Basic, Visual FoxPro, etc.
3. To help in supporting Natural Language Programming.
4. To be able to select your favorite style when writing the language keywords
see "lower case!"
5. To avoid getting error message when writing quick tests then type “variable” instead of “Variable”.
6. To avoid getting error message when you type “Dosomething()” instead of “doSomething()”
7. In Ring, No conflict between Variables, Method Names & Classes Names
We can write person as variable name and Person as class name.
person = new Person
class Person
name address phone
“Because it’s a poor tradeoff to add complexity for dubious performance gains, a good approach to deep vs. shallow
copies is to prefer deep copies until proven otherwise.”
, Steve McConnell, Code Complete
1. It’s more natural, When you use the assignment operator, You expect a deep copy.
2. If you don’t need a deep copy, Just don’t use it!
3. The Ring language is designed to reduce references usage as much as possible.
4. The Ring language is designed to make using references simple and possible in special cases where this make
sense.
5. We have references when this is natural, like passing lists and objects to functions, creating objects (Like
GUI Objects) from a C/C++ library, returning an object stored inside a list.
6. It is a feature, We can use it to create pure functions. The Value() function in the stdlib uses this feature to
pass lists & objects by value when we need this.
7. When we need references, It’s recommended to create a class that manage sharing lists and objects.
8. It’s more safe at the application level to avoid many logical errors.
9. In Ring, we start without thinking about the little details and concentrate on the application, You don’t
have to write the type (Dynamic Typing), You don’t have to write explicit conversions between numbers
and strings (Weakly Typed) and you don’t have to select between using values or references, You don’t
have to write the scope (Lexical Scoping).
10. In Ring, we have smart garbage collector (Simple & Fast), We can delete the memory directly at any
time using the Assignment operator too. Reducing references usage or using them through managers
helps a lot to achieve this goal. by doing this we have full control.
11. If you want to create references and avoid creating a manager, You can use Object2Pointer() and Pointer2Object() functio
But It’s not the Ring way “Sprite” to do things.
1 - Ring will allocate dynamic memory space to be used for the new object attributes that Ring doesn’t know anything
about them.
2 - Ring will change the current local scope and the current object scope to use the object state created in step (1)
3 - Ring will move the execution to the class Region (After the class name and before any methods)
4 - Any Instructions/Code in the class region will be executed as any Ring code
5 - Control is moved from the class region to the location of (new point) once we reach the end of the class region or
we uses a Return command.
So All attributes that added to the object are dynamic attributes, this mean that you can control what attributes will be
added through the runtime.
Example:
$3D = False
see new point
$3D = True
see new point
class point
x y
if not $3D return ok
z
Output:
x: NULL
y: NULL
x: NULL
y: NULL
z: NULL
You have an option to call init() method directly when you create a new object
This method can do anything with the object attributes as it will be called after creating the object and executing the
class region code.
p1 = new point3d(100,200,300)
see p1
class point3d
x y z
func init p1,p2,p3
x=p1 y=p2 z=p3
1- When you create an object, the class region code will be executed and you will have the object attributes based on
the code in that region
2- Ring don’t care about the object methods until you start calling a method
3- When you call a method, Ring will check the object class and the class parent (if you are using inheritance) and
will collect the methods for you to be used now or later from any object that belong to the same class.
4- Since methods are dynamic and each object get the method from the class, you can after creating objects, add new
methods and use it with the object or any object created or will be created from the same class.
Example:
o1 = new point {x=10 y=20 z=30}
o2 = new point {x=100 y=200 z =300}
o1.print()
o2.print()
class point x y z
Output:
10
20
30
100
200
300
100.23 Can we use the attributes by accessing the Getter and Setter
methods?
Yes we can, The setter/getter methods are called automatically when you start using the attributes from outside the
class Also you can call the methods instead of using the attributes. It’s your choice.
Example:
o1 = new Developer
o1.name = "Mahmoud" see o1.name + nl
o1 { name = "Gal" see name }
o1 { name = "Bert" see name }
o1.setname("Marino")
see o1.getname()
Class Developer
func getname
see "Message from GetName() Function!" + nl + nl
return "Mr. " + name + nl
Output
100.23. Can we use the attributes by accessing the Getter and Setter methods? 1788
Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
The question is why we don’t avoid conflicts with global variable names when we define the class attributes ?
At first remember that using the optional $ mark in the global variables names solve the problem. Also using the Main
function and avoiding global variables may help.
The Answer:
Ring is a dynamic language
We can in the run-time determine the class attributes (Add/Remove)
We can execute (any code) while defining the class attributes
Example (1)
oPerson = new Person
Class Person
See "Welcome to the Ring language"
Example (2)
Customize attributes based on global variable value
$debug = true
oPerson = new Person
see oPerson
Class Person
if $debug date=date() time=time() ok
In the previous example when we have the $debug flag set to true, we will add the Date and Time attributes to the
object state.
Example (3)
Store the object index based on global variable
100.24. Why should a search of global names be made while defining the class attributes? 1789
Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
$ObjectsCount = 0
oPerson = new Person
see oPerson
oPerson2 = new Person
see oPerson2
Class Person
$ObjectsCount++
nIndex = $ObjectsCount
Output:
nindex: 1.000000
nindex: 2.000000
Common Example:
• Connect to the database then get table columns (Using global Variable/Object).
• Create class attributes based on the column names.
• Later when you modify the database - you may don’t need to modify your code.
It’s flexibility but remember that power comes with great responsibility.
100.25 Why Ring doesn’t avoid the conflict between Global Variables
and Class Attributes Names?
100.25. Why Ring doesn’t avoid the conflict between Global Variables and Class Attributes 1790
Names?
Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
100.27 How to get the file size using ftell() and fseek() functions?
The next function can be used to get the file size without reading the file!
func getFileSize fp
C_FILESTART = 0
C_FILEEND = 2
fseek(fp,0,C_FILEEND)
nFileSize = ftell(fp)
fseek(fp,0,C_FILESTART)
return nFileSize
Note: The previous function take the fp (file pointer) as parameter, We can get the fp from opening the file using
fopen() function.
fp = fopen("filename","r")
We can use the next function to get the current source file path then we can add the path variable to the file name
cPath = CurrentPath()
func currentpath
cFileName = filename()
for x = len(cFileName) to 1 step -1
if cFileName[x] = "/"
return left(cFileName,x-1)
ok
next
return cFileName
if you want to use predefined parameters or optional parameters Just accept a list that works like hash/dictionary
Example
sum([ :a = 1, :b = 2])
sum([ :a = 1 ])
sum([ :b = 2 ])
func sum pList
if plist[:a] = NULL pList[:a] = 4 ok
if plist[:b] = NULL pList[:b] = 5 ok
see pList[:a] + pList[:b] + nl
Output
3
6
6
If you want to print keys only or values only just select the index of the item (one or two).
Example
C_COUNTRY = 1
C_CITY = 2
mylist = [
:KSA = "Riyadh" ,
:Egypt = "Cairo"
]
for x in mylist
see x[C_COUNTRY] + nl
next
for x in mylist
see x[C_CITY] + nl
next
Output
ksa
egypt
Riyadh
Cairo
New Line will be added to the list then the list will be printed, the default print of the lists will print a newline at the
end, You added new newline and You have now 2 newlines to be printed.
See <Expr>
The see command just print the final result of the expression, the expression will be evaluated as it