3.

1:​ ​Cellular​ ​Energetic​ ​Theory

EQ:​ ​How​ ​do​ ​living​ ​systems​ ​maintain​ ​order​ ​(resist​ ​entropy)?
● Gibbs​ ​free​ ​energy​ ​equation​ ​(you​ ​won’t​ ​need​ ​to​ ​memorize​ ​it,​ ​but​ ​know​ ​what​ ​each​ ​variable​ ​means)
● The​ ​difference​ ​AND​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​exergonic​ ​and​ ​endergonic​ ​reactions
○ Think:​ ​what​ ​is​ ​anabolism?​ ​What​ ​is​ ​catabolism?​ ​Are​ ​they​ ​endergonic?​ ​Exergonic?
● Definition​ ​of​ ​entropy​ ​-​ ​how​ ​is​ ​it​ ​related​ ​to​ ​exergonic/endergonic​ ​reactions?
● What​ ​is​ ​ATP
○ When​ ​it​ ​becomes​ ​ADP​ ​-​ ​what​ ​happens?​ ​What​ ​type​ ​of​ ​reaction​ ​is​ ​this?
● Activation​ ​energy​ ​and​ ​catalysts

3.2:​ ​Metabolic​ ​Strategies

EQ:​ ​How​ ​do​ ​organisms​ ​regulate​ ​their​ ​internal​ ​conditions​ ​to​ ​maintain​ ​homeostasis?
● Ectotherms​ ​vs.​ ​endotherms
● Role​ ​of​ ​metabolic​ ​rate​ ​in​ ​maintaining​ ​internal​ ​temperature
● Homeostasis:​ ​stimulus​ ​and​ ​response
● Evolutionary​ ​advantage​ ​of​ ​torpor
● Role​ ​of​ ​surface​ ​area:​ ​volume​ ​in​ ​heat​ ​exchange​ ​with​ ​the​ ​environment

3.3:​ ​Enzymes
EQ:​ ​How​ ​are​ ​the​ ​metabolic​ ​reactions​ ​(chemical​ ​reactions)​ ​regulated?
● Enzymes​ ​are​ ​a​ ​protein
○ Think:​ ​what​ ​is​ ​the​ ​difference,​ ​structurally,​ ​between​ ​different​ ​enzymes?
● Role​ ​of​ ​the​ ​substrate
● Role​ ​of​ ​active​ ​site
● Significance​ ​of​ ​the​ ​induced​ ​fit​ ​(the​ ​substrate-enzyme​ ​complex​ ​cause​ ​a​ ​conformational​ ​change​ ​-​ ​what​ ​is​ ​the
significance?)
● Role​ ​of​ ​cofactor
● Enzyme​ ​regulation:
○ Competitive​ ​inhibition
○ Non-competitive​ ​inhibition
■ Role​ ​of​ ​allosteric​ ​site
○ Other​ ​allosteric​ ​interactions
■ Activation
● Enzyme​ ​compartmentalization​ ​(in​ ​organelles)​ ​causes​ ​certain​ ​reactions​ ​to​ ​happen​ ​in​ ​specific​ ​organelles
● Factors​ ​that​ ​affect​ ​enzyme​ ​functionality:
○ Temperature
○ pH
○ Concentration
● Feedback!!​ ​THIS​ ​IS​ ​SOOOOO​ ​COOL
○ Understand​ ​the​ ​diagram
○ Relate​ ​to​ ​homeostasis

3.4:​ ​Photoautotrophic​ ​Nutrition

EQ:​ ​How​ ​does​ ​the​ ​cell​ ​control​ ​what​ ​is​ ​transported​ ​across​ ​the​ ​membrane?
● Know​ ​the​ ​photosynthesis​ ​and​ ​cellular​ ​respiration​ ​reactions
○ Note​ ​how​ ​they​ ​are​ ​reciprocal/cyclic
○ Note​ ​in​ ​which​ ​organelles​ ​these​ ​reactions​ ​occur
○ Note​ ​there​ ​are​ ​photosynthetic​ ​bacteria​ ​(you​ ​know​ ​this!!​ ​endosymbiosis!)
● Know​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​chlorophyll​ ​in​ ​absorbing​ ​light​ ​in​ ​the​ ​chloroplast
○ Think:​ ​what​ ​wavelengths​ ​of​ ​light​ ​does​ ​chlorophyll​ ​NOT​ ​absorb?
● Know​ ​that​ ​photosynthesis​ ​is​ ​overall​ ​an​ ​anabolic,​ ​endergonic​ ​reaction
○ Know​ ​the​ ​difference​ ​between​ ​oxidizing​ ​and​ ​reducing​ ​(OIL=​ ​oxidizing​ ​is​ ​losing​ ​electrons​ ​RIG​ ​=​ ​reduced​ ​is
gaining​ ​electrons)
 ■ Oxidation​ ​=​ ​losing​ ​electrons​ ​=​ ​where​ ​are​ ​those​ ​electrons?​ ​Would​ ​this​ ​be​ ​anabolic​ ​or​ ​catabolic?
■ Reduction​ ​=​ ​gaining​ ​electrons​ ​=​ ​where​ ​are​ ​those​ ​electrons​ ​placed?​ ​Anabolic​ ​or​ ​catabolic?
○ Overall​ ​in​ ​photosynthesis​ ​-​ ​what​ ​is​ ​being​ ​oxidized?​ ​What​ ​is​ ​being​ ​reduced?
● Know​ ​the​ ​structure​ ​of​ ​a​ ​chloroplast​ ​(thylakoid,​ ​stroma,​ ​grana)
○ Know​ ​where​ ​the​ ​light​ ​reaction​ ​happens​ ​and​ ​know​ ​where​ ​the​ ​dark​ ​reaction/Calvin​ ​Cycle​ ​happens​ ​in​ ​the
chloroplast
OK...here​ ​we​ ​go​ ​team….
● Light​ ​reaction
○ Light​ ​absorbed​ ​-​ ​where?
○ Role​ ​of​ ​water
○ Byproduct​ ​of​ ​light​ ​reaction
○ Role​ ​of​ ​electrons
■ Movement​ ​of​ ​protons​ ​(what​ ​type​ ​of​ ​transport?)
■ Role​ ​of​ ​ATP​ ​synthase​ ​(what​ ​type​ ​of​ ​transport)
■ Follow​ ​the​ ​oxidizing/reducing​ ​cycle
■ Role​ ​of​ ​NADP-reductase
○ Product​ ​of​ ​light​ ​reaction​ ​(or​ ​the​ ​goal)
○ Know​ ​the​ ​overall​ ​inputs​ ​and​ ​outputs​ ​for​ ​the​ ​light​ ​reaction
■ What​ ​is​ ​being​ ​catabolized/oxidized?
■ What​ ​is​ ​being​ ​anabolized/reduced?
● Dark​ ​reaction/Calvin​ ​Cycle
○ Goal​ ​of​ ​carbon​ ​fixation
■ What​ ​is​ ​used?
■ What​ ​is​ ​produced?
○ Goal​ ​of​ ​reduction?
■ What​ ​is​ ​used?
■ What​ ​is​ ​produced?
○ Goal​ ​of​ ​regeneration?
■ What​ ​is​ ​used?
■ What​ ​is​ ​produced?
○ What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​overall​ ​goal​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Calvin​ ​Cycle?
■ How​ ​many​ ​cycles​ ​are​ ​required​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​this​ ​goal?
○ Understand​ ​how​ ​the​ ​Calvin​ ​Cycle​ ​is​ ​self-sufficient​ ​(restarts​ ​using​ ​RuBP)
○ Know​ ​the​ ​inputs​ ​and​ ​outputs
■ What​ ​is​ ​being​ ​catabolized/oxidized?
■ What​ ​is​ ​being​ ​anabolized/reduced?

3.5:​ ​Chemoheterotrophic​ ​Nutrition

EQ:​ ​How​ ​do​ ​living​ ​systems​ ​process​ ​energy​ ​to​ ​make​ ​it​ ​usable?
● Review​ ​the​ ​similarities​ ​and​ ​differences​ ​between​ ​cellular​ ​respiration​ ​and​ ​photosynthesis​ ​(know​ ​their​ ​relationship)
● Review​ ​Redox​ ​reactions​ ​(understand​ ​the​ ​difference​ ​between​ ​reduction​ ​and​ ​oxidation​ ​and​ ​know​ ​their​ ​relationship)
● Understand​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​electron​ ​shuttles​ ​(that​ ​these​ ​both​ ​get​ ​reduced​ ​and​ ​then​ ​subsequently​ ​oxidized)
● Know​ ​that​ ​cellular​ ​respiration​ ​is​ ​overall​ ​an​ ​catabolic,​ ​exergonic​ ​reaction​ ​(opposite​ ​of​ ​photosynthesis​ ​-​ ​make
sense?)
● Understand​ ​the​ ​significance​ ​of​ ​glycolysis​ ​occurring​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cytoplasm​ ​(who​ ​can​ ​do​ ​this?)​ ​versus​ ​the​ ​aerobic
respiration​ ​portions​ ​occurring​ ​in​ ​the​ ​mitochondria​ ​(who​ ​can​ ​do​ ​this?)
● Glycolysis
○ Understand​ ​the​ ​big​ ​picture​ ​(what​ ​is​ ​used?​ ​What​ ​is​ ​produced?​ ​What​ ​is​ ​oxidized?​ ​What​ ​is​ ​reduced?)
○ Understand​ ​substrate-level​ ​phosphorylation​ ​(one​ ​way​ ​how​ ​ATP​ ​is​ ​made​ ​from​ ​ADP!)
○ Understand​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​input​ ​needed​ ​to​ ​start​ ​glycolysis
○ Who​ ​does​ ​glycolysis?
○ What​ ​happens​ ​after​ ​glycolysis?
● Fermentation
○ Happens​ ​only​ ​if​ ​conditions​ ​are​ ​anaerobic
○ What​ ​is​ ​used?
○ What​ ​is​ ​produced?
○ What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​overall​ ​purpose?
○ Understand​ ​the​ ​difference​ ​in​ ​byproducts​ ​between​ ​ethanol​ ​and​ ​lactic​ ​acid​ ​fermentation.​ ​What​ ​do​ ​these​ ​two
pathways​ ​have​ ​in​ ​common?
● Citric​ ​Acid​ ​Cycle
○ Understand​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​Acetyl​ ​Co-A​ ​(made​ ​from​ ​pyruvate​ ​-​ ​reducing​ ​NAD+​ ​to​ ​NADH)
○ Know​ ​inputs​ ​and​ ​outputs
○ Know​ ​the​ ​process​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Citric​ ​Acid​ ​cycle​ ​overall​ ​(do​ ​not​ ​memorize​ ​each​ ​individual​ ​step)
■ Know​ ​each​ ​step​ ​is​ ​mediated​ ​by​ ​an​ ​enzyme
■ Know​ ​that​ ​during​ ​the​ ​steps,​ ​NAD+,​ ​FAD,​ ​etc​ ​are​ ​being​ ​reduced​ ​into​ ​higher​ ​energy​ ​molecules​ ​(this
is​ ​the​ ​goal​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Citric​ ​Acid​ ​Cycle!)
● Oxidative​ ​Phosphorylation
○ Know​ ​the​ ​big​ ​picture:​ ​Reduced​ ​electron​ ​shuttles​ ​are​ ​oxidized​ ​to​ ​provide​ ​energy​ ​(in​ ​the​ ​form​ ​of​ ​electrons)
to​ ​pump​ ​protons​ ​against​ ​their​ ​concentration​ ​gradient​ ​so​ ​that​ ​they​ ​can​ ​flow​ ​through​ ​ATP​ ​synthase​ ​to
create​ ​ATP​ ​(chemiosmosis)
○ Know​ ​that​ ​oxygen​ ​is​ ​the​ ​final​ ​electron​ ​acceptor​ ​(is​ ​it​ ​oxidized​ ​or​ ​reduced?)
○ Know​ ​what​ ​happens​ ​to​ ​NAD+​ ​and​ ​FAD​ ​after​ ​they​ ​have​ ​been​ ​oxidized
○ Understand​ ​the​ ​phrase​ ​“electron​ ​transport​ ​chain”
○ Oxidative​ ​phosphorylation​ ​is​ ​similar​ ​to​ ​substrate​ ​level​ ​phosphorylation​ ​(except​ ​the​ ​phosphate​ ​groups​ ​are
free​ ​-​ ​not​ ​attached​ ​to​ ​a​ ​substrate)
● Know​ ​overall​ ​how​ ​much​ ​ATP​ ​is​ ​produced
○ Be​ ​able​ ​to​ ​compare​ ​aerobic​ ​versus​ ​anaerobic​ ​respiration
● Know​ ​other​ ​molecules​ ​can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​as​ ​the​ ​initial​ ​substrate
● Understand​ ​the​ ​significance​ ​of​ ​enzymes​ ​in​ ​the​ ​process​ ​of​ ​cellular​ ​respiration​ ​(think​ ​regulation/feedback)