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BRAIN MAP Waves
Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves.
? Speed of sound wave in solids
Transverse Wave : Individual Longitudinal Wave : Individual
Speed of transverse wave, v = u
? l Wave Motion : It is a means of Y
particles of the medium execute particles of the medium execute v=
Speed of transverse wave on a
? transferring energy and momentum r
simple harmonic motion about their simple harmonic motion about their
stretched string, from one point to another without
mean position in a direction mean position along the same ?
Speed of sound wave in fluid,
T any actual transportation of matter
v= perpendicular to the direction of direction along which the wave is
m between these points. B
propagation of wave motion . propagating. v=
r
?
Speed of sound wave in gas,
Principle of Superposition : When Nodes : Points where gP
Standing Waves : When two sets v=
any number of waves meet amplitude of vibration r
of progressive wave trains of the
simultaneously at a point in a is zero.
same type traveling in same
medium, the net displacement at a
straight line in opposite direction
given time is the algebraic sum of the
superimpose, standing waves are Antinodes : Points
displacement due to each wave at that
formed. where amplitude of
time. Equation of plane progressive waves travelling
O vibration is maximum.
rg with a velocity v along positive direction of
g an
S trin Pi
pe x-axis is
On y=a sin(kx -
wt+ f)
Beats : The phenomenon of alternate
where (kx – w
t+f
) is the phase.
variation in the intensity of sound with The wavelength of nth mode of vibration of a
?
time at a particular position, when two stretched string is
sound waves of nearly same frequencies 2L
λ n = Organ pipe closed at one Organ pipe open at both
and amplitudes superimpose on each n
and its frequency is end: Frequency of n th ends: Frequency of n th Doppler Effect : According to this effect,
other. normal mode of vibration,
u n = nu 1 normal mode of vibration whenever there is a relative motion between a
Beat frequency = number of beats per u
The fundamental frequency of vibration of a
? n = (2n – 1)u
1 un = nu 1 source of sound and listener, the apparent
second = difference in frequency. The frequency of The frequency of
stretched string frequency of sound heard by the listener is
1 T fundamental mode is fundamental mode is different from the actual frequency of sound
υ
1=
2L µ v v emitted by the source.
u
1= u1= (v ±v )υ
4 LC 2 LO Apparent frequency, υ =L
′
vm vS
where u is the actual frequency of sound emitted.
Symbols Used The upper sign on vS (or vL) is used when source
(listener) moves towards the listener (source)
while lower sign is used when it moves away.
a = amplitude of wave υ1 = fundamental frequency
vL = velocity of listener γ = ratio of specific heats
µ = linear mass density LC = length of the closed pipe
r = density LO = length of the open pipe
L = length of the string vs = velocity of source
v = velocity of sound T = tension in the string
Y = Young’s modulus P = pressure
B = Bulk modulus