Mercado, Dan Angelo R. Digital Communications Lab.

ECE41 Engr. Pura

PULSE TRAIN
Experiment 1

Conclusion:
In the condution of this experiment, two values were obtained, naming the
frequency and amplitude. These are what makes a sine wave, and on the frequency
domain, due to the numerous frequency values plotted, the amplitude collection is
called a spectrum. As seen on the table, as the center frequency increases, the
amplitude decreases. The constructed wave was a square wave which is a pulse, but
when changed to frequency domain, the shape of a sine wave was formed because a
square wave comprises of multiple sine waves. The experiment was therefore
successful in obtaining the values based on the plotted waveform and its
measurements using the cursor on the oscillosope. Most importantly, this experiment
showed the importance of the function of measuring instruments as well as being
aware of ways to reduce distortion and noise of the signal as much as possible.
Using measurement instruments should not be a reason to neglect the manual method
of obtaining waveforms, which is calculating the different values and plotting it
by drawing. This should instead be a way to further enhance critical thinking and
analyzing different characteristics and properties of signals But overall, the
conducted experiment was successful with minimal errors.

Mercado, Dan Angelo R. Digital Communications Lab.

ECE41 Engr. Pura

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Experiment 2

Conclusion:
In this experiment, objectives were all done. The structure and features of the
pulse amplitude modulated signal was observed and covered. I was able to learn the
definition of PAM or Pulse Amplitude Modulation and I have also learned how it
works. This experiment is related to the previous experiment. Pulse Amplitude
Modulation is a technique used to send a signal as a series of continuous pulses,
called a pulse train. These pulses, or samples, that are being sent represent a
small fraction of the original signal. The sampling rate of the original signal
will determine the reliability of the signal and how accurately the original signal
can be reconstructed at the receiving end. To summarize the experiment and its
results, In PAM, the mea sured amplitudes varies inversely to the measured
frequency of the line spectra. This is where the amplitude increases as the
frequency of the line spectra decreases and vice versa. Overall, the conducted
experiment is successful with minimal errors.

Mercado, Dan Angelo R. Digital Communications Lab.

ECE41 Engr. Pura

PULSE CODE MODULATION

Experiment 3

Conclusion:

PCM is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals. It is the

standard form of digital audio in computers, compact discs, digital telephony and
other digital audio applications. In this experiment, we acquired a better
understanding of Pulse Code Modulation by further probing into sampling and
quantization. In a PCM stream, the amplitude of the analog signal is sampled
regularly at uniform intervals, and each sample is quantized to the nearest value
within a range of digital steps. We verified the introduction of aliasing by
sampling a signal at a rate lower than that dictated by the sampling theorem. You
also verified the consequence of reducing the quantization levels by limiting the
number of bits utilized to represent a signal. The concepts of sampling and
quantization are fundamental to a multitude of areas in engineering. Overall in the
experiment, we conducted it successfully with minimal errors.