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Tutorial 23. Using The Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model With Heat Transfer
Tutorial 23. Using The Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model With Heat Transfer
Introduction
This tutorial examines the flow of air and a granular solid phase consisting of glass beads
in a hot gas fluidized bed, under uniform minimum fluidization conditions. The results
obtained for the local wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in ANSYS FLUENT can be
compared with analytical results [1].
This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:
Prerequisites
This tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed Tutorial 1, and
that you are familiar with the ANSYS FLUENT navigation pane and menu structure.
Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly.
Problem Description
This problem considers a hot gas fluidized bed in which air flows upwards through the
bottom of the domain and through an additional small orifice next to a heated wall. A
uniformly fluidized bed is examined, which you can then compare with analytical results
[1]. The geometry and data for the problem are shown in Figure 23.1.
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Pressure Outlet
101325 Pa
Insulated Wall
Heated Wall
T = 373 K
0.598
Volume
Fraction
of Solids
2. Unzip eulerian_granular_heat.zip.
The files, fluid-bed.msh and conduct.c, can be found in the eulerian granular heat
folder created after unzipping the file.
Note: The Display Options are enabled by default. Therefore, after you read in the
mesh, it will be displayed in the embedded graphics window.
Step 1: Mesh
1. Read the mesh file fluid-bed.msh.
File −→ Read −→Mesh...
As ANSYS FLUENT reads the mesh file, it will report the progress in the console.
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(a) Enter -9.81 m/s2 for the Gravitational Acceleration in the Y direction.
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Step 3: Models
Models
Experiments have shown negligible three-dimensional effects in the flow field for the
case modeled, suggesting very weak turbulent behavior.
Step 4: UDF
1. Compile the user-defined function, conduct.c, that will be used to define the thermal
conductivity for the gas and solid phase.
Define −→ User-Defined −→ Functions −→Compiled...
(a) Click the Add... button below the Source Files option to open the Select File
dialog box.
i. Select the file conduct.c and click OK in the Select File dialog box.
(b) Click Build.
ANSYS FLUENT will create a libudf folder and compile the UDF. Also, a
Warning dialog box will open asking you to make sure that UDF source file and
case/data files are in the same folder.
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Step 5: Materials
Materials
1. Modify the properties for air, which will be used for the primary phase.
Materials −→ air −→ Create/Edit...
The properties used for air are modified to match data used by Kuipers et al. [1]
(c) Select user-defined from the Thermal Conductivity drop-down list to open the
User Defined Functions dialog box.
i. Select conduct gas::libudf from the available list.
ii. Click OK to close the User Defined Functions dialog box.
(d) Click Change/Create.
2. Define a new fluid material for the granular phase (the glass beads).
Materials −→ air −→ Create/Edit...
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Step 6: Phases
Phases
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The interphase heat exchange is simulated, using a drag coefficient, the default
restitution coefficient for granular collisions of 0.9, and a heat transfer coeffi-
cient. Granular phase lift is not very relevant in this problem, and in fact is
rarely used.
(c) Click OK to close the Phase Interaction dialog box.
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1. Set the boundary conditions for the lower velocity inlet (v uniform) for the primary
phase.
Boundary Conditions −→ v uniform For the Eulerian multiphase model, you
will specify conditions at a velocity inlet that are specific to the primary and sec-
ondary phases.
(a) Select air from the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Click the Edit... button to open the Velocity Inlet dialog box.
3. Set the boundary conditions for the orifice velocity inlet (v jet) for the primary
phase.
Boundary Conditions −→ v jet
(a) Select air from the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Click the Edit... button to open the Velocity Inlet dialog box.
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4. Set the boundary conditions for the orifice velocity inlet (v jet) for the secondary
phase.
Boundary Conditions −→ v jet
(a) Select solids from the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Click the Edit... button to open the Velocity Inlet dialog box.
5. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (poutlet) for the mixture phase.
Boundary Conditions −→ poutlet
For the Eulerian granular model, you will specify conditions at a pressure outlet for
the mixture and for both phases.
The thermal conditions at the pressure outlet will be used only if flow enters the
domain through this boundary. You can set them equal to the inlet values, as no
flow reversal is expected at the pressure outlet. In general, however, it is important
to set reasonable values for these downstream scalar values, in case flow reversal
occurs at some point during the calculation.
(a) Select mixture from the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Click the Edit... button to open the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
i. Retain the default value of 0 Pascal for Gauge Pressure.
ii. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
6. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (poutlet) for the primary phase.
Boundary Conditions −→ poutlet
(a) Select air from the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Click the Edit... button to open the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
i. Click the Thermal tab and enter 293 K for Backflow Total Temperature.
ii. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
7. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (poutlet) for the secondary
phase.
Boundary Conditions −→ poutlet
(a) Select solids from the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Click the Edit... button to open the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
i. Click the Thermal tab and enter 293 K for the Backflow Total Temperature.
ii. Click the Multiphase tab and retain default settings.
iii. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
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8. Set the boundary conditions for the heated wall (wall hot) for the mixture.
Boundary Conditions −→ wall hot
For the heated wall, you will set thermal conditions for the mixture, and momentum
conditions (zero shear) for both phases.
(a) Select mixture from the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Click the Edit... button to open the Wall dialog box.
9. Set the boundary conditions for the heated wall (wall hot) for the primary phase.
Boundary Conditions −→ wall hot
(a) Select air from the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Click the Edit... button to open the Wall dialog box.
10. Set the boundary conditions for the heated wall (wall hot) for the secondary phase
same as that of the primary phase.
Boundary Conditions −→ wall hot
For the secondary phase, you will set the same conditions of zero shear as for the
primary phase.
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11. Set the boundary conditions for the adiabatic wall (wall ins) for the primary phase.
Boundary Conditions −→ wall ins
For the adiabatic wall, you will retain the default thermal conditions for the mixture
(zero heat flux), and set momentum conditions (zero shear) for both phases.
(a) Select air from the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Click the Edit... button to open the Wall dialog box.
12. Set the boundary conditions for the adiabatic wall (wall ins) for the secondary phase
same as that of the primary phase.
Boundary Conditions −→ wall ins
For the secondary phase, you will set the same conditions of zero shear as for the
primary phase.
Step 8: Solution
1. Select the second order implicit transient formulation.
Solution Methods
(a) Select Second Order Implicit from the Transient Formulation drop-down list.
(b) Retain the default settings in the Spatial Discretization group box.
2. Set the solution parameters.
Solution Controls
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i. Select Properties... and Thermal Conductivity from the Field Functions drop-
down lists.
ii. Select air from the Phase drop-down list and click Select.
iii. Click the multiplication symbol in the calculator pad.
iv. Select Phases... and Volume fraction from the Field Functions drop-down
lists.
v. Ensure that air is selected from the Phase drop-down list and click Select.
vi. Click the addition symbol in the calculator pad.
vii. Similarly, add the term solids-thermal-conductivity-lam * solids-vof.
viii. Enter k mix for New Function Name.
ix. Click Define.
(c) Define the function ave htc.
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5. Define the point surface in the cell next to the wall on the plane y = 0.24.
Surface −→Point...
(a) Enter 0.28494 m for x0 and 0.24 m for y0 in the Coordinates group box.
(b) Enter y=0.24 for New Surface Name.
(c) Click Create and close the Point Surface dialog box.
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8. Define an adaption register for the lower half of the fluidized bed.
Adapt −→Region...
This register is used to patch the initial volume fraction of solids in the next step.
(a) Enter 0.3 m for Xmax and 0.5 m for Ymax in the Input Coordinates group
box.
(b) Click Mark.
(c) Click the Manage... button to open the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box.
i. Ensure that hexahedron-r0 is selected from the Registers selection list.
ii. Click Display and close the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box.
After you define a region for adaption, it is a good practice to display it
to visually verify that it encompasses the intended area.
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9. Patch the initial volume fraction of solids in the lower half of the fluidized bed.
Solution Initialization −→ Patch...
5.98e-01
5.68e-01
5.38e-01
5.08e-01
4.78e-01
4.49e-01
4.19e-01
3.89e-01
3.59e-01
3.29e-01
2.99e-01
2.69e-01
2.39e-01
2.09e-01
1.79e-01
1.50e-01
1.20e-01
8.97e-02
5.98e-02
2.99e-02
0.00e+00
12. Set a time step size of 0.00025 s and run the calculation for 7000 time steps.
Run Calculation
The plot of the value of the mixture-averaged heat transfer coefficient in the cell
next to the heated wall versus time is in excellent agreement with results published
for the same case [1].
2750.0000
2500.0000
2250.0000
2000.0000
1750.0000
1500.0000
Average
of1250.0000
Facet1000.0000
Values
750.0000
500.0000
250.0000
0.0000
0.00000.20000.40000.60000.80001.00001.20001.40001.60001.8000
Flow Time
Figure 23.5: Plot of Mixture-Averaged Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Cell Next to the
Heated Wall Versus Time
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13. Save the case and data files (fluid-bed.cas.gz and fluid-bed.dat.gz).
File −→ Write −→Case & Data...
Step 9: Postprocessing
1. Display the pressure field in the fluidized bed (Figure 23.6).
Graphics and Animations −→ Contours −→ Set Up...
Note that the region occupied by the granular phase has expanded slightly, as a result
of fluidization.
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Summary
This tutorial demonstrated how to set up and solve a granular multiphase problem with
heat transfer, using the Eulerian model. You learned how to set boundary conditions
for the mixture and both phases. The solution obtained is in excellent agreement with
analytical results from Kuipers et al. [1].
Further Improvements
This tutorial guides you through the steps to reach an initial solution. You may be able
to obtain a more accurate solution by using an appropriate higher-order discretization
scheme and by adapting the mesh further. Mesh adaption can also ensure that the
solution is independent of the mesh. These steps are demonstrated in Tutorial 1.
References
1. J. A. M. Kuipers, W. Prins, and W. P. M. Van Swaaij “Numerical Calculation
of Wall-to-Bed Heat Transfer Coefficients in Gas-Fluidized Beds”, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Twente University of Technology, in AIChE Journal, July
1992, Vol. 38, No. 7.