High Performance

Pre-Engineered Steel Sections for

Composite Construction

Professor Chiew Sing Ping

Programme Director, Civil Engineering
SINGAPORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

10 January 2020
Outline of Presentation

 Introduction

 Pre-Engineered Sections for Composite Beams

 Pre-Engineered Sections for Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC) Columns

 Concluding Remarks

2
Maximizing Section Efficiency: Pre-Engineered Section
 Pre-Engineered Section
- Built-up section for higher performance and sectional efficiency

 High Strength Grade S460 and above

Example: HISTEEL460
3
 Standard Section vs. Pre-Engineered Section

Standard UB&UC Section Pre-Engineered Section

Standardized section Built-up sections with higher performance and efficiency
• Fixed dimensions and limited sizes available • Flexible size / designed according to force diagram
• Convenient and efficient for steel structure design • High strength to weight ratio

S355 S690
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 12074 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Becoming more slender, 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 14334 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (+18.7%)
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1701 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 lighter and stronger ! 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1891 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (+11.1%)
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 784 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 923 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (+17.8%)

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 UC 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 HISTEEL

ℎ = 365.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ = 325 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

• English units • Metric units
𝑏𝑏 = 322.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏 = 325 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• Section is not Square • Section is Square
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 44.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• Limited sizes available • Flexible size
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 26.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 16 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4
Benefit of Higher Strength
- Reduced Thickness and Weight
- Lesser Strength Reduction
EN10025-2/3/4/6 and BC1
Mechanical properties at ambient temperature for 690
• non-alloy structural steel
• normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steel 630
• thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steel
• quenched and tempered structural steel

460

385
355

295

* S460M is up to 120mm only.

5
Cost-Effective, High-Productivity & Automatic-Process

 With advancement in automation, control and

welding technology, Pre-Engineered sections can
be fabricated with high precision and quality.

 Men can only work 8hr shift per day but Robot can work
24/7 – Pre-Engineered sections can be competitive in
terms of cost and time.

6
Pre-Engineered Sections for Composite Beams
Towards Higher Strength-to-Weight Ratio Steel

762 x 267 UB173 in Grade S275/S355 Steel Pre-Engineered Section in Grade S460 Steel
b
z ℎ = 762.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 bf1
tf 𝑏𝑏 = 266.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 tf1 z
r 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 14.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 s
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 21.6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
d 𝑊𝑊𝑦𝑦,𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 6198 × 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
y y hw h 𝑊𝑊𝑦𝑦,𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 5387 × 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 hw ha
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 205282 × 104 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 y y
tw
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 6850 × 104 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 tw
hs
𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 2672 × 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
s
𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 9390 × 109 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚6 tf2
z z
bf2
• Fixed dimensions • Flexible dimensions
• Efficient to be used as pure steel beams • Could be Class 3, or even
• All sections in Class 1 or 2 Class 4 Slender
8
Issues with more Slender Section ..

bf1
z Class 3 Cross-Section
tf1
The stress in the extreme compression fibre of
s
the steel member assuming an elastic
distribution of stresses can reach the yield
strength, but local buckling is liable to prevent
hw ha development of the plastic moment resistance.
y y
tw Class 4 Cross-Section
hs
Local buckling will occur before the attainment
tf2 of yield stress in one or more parts of the cross-
z
bf2 section.

9
Improving Efficiency through ‘Composite Action’

Non-composite action

Concrete slab and steel section

each bends about its own
neutral axis.
Free slippage at the concrete-steel interface Strain

Full-composite action

Concrete slab and steel section

bends about the neutral axis of
the combined section.
Controlled slippage at the concrete-steel interface. Strain

10
Improving Section Efficiency from EC3 to EC4 …

0.85fcd Nc,f
z
Headed Studs
Npl,a

Composition action
fyd
Ideal design:
• Concrete is taking compression and steel is taking tension (no local buckling)
• LTB of steel is restrained by concrete flange

In the case of 762 x 267 UB173,

However… ‘someone’ is idling away..
top flange contribute to 45.3 kg/m
(26.2% of total weight).

11
More Efficient Pre-Engineered Sections for Composite Beams

Pre-Engineered sections are tailored to the force diagram

to maximize the section efficiency

Standard S275 and S355 HISTEEL460 can replace More Efficient S460 Pre-Engineered
UB Standard UB 12
Sections
 Bending Moment Resistance
bf1
tf1 z
s
 Rigid Plastic Theory
• Cross section Class 1 or Class 2 (for PNA in steel web case)
• Full shear connection hw ha
• Partial shear connection y y
tw
hs

 Elastic Analysis and Non-Linear Theory tf2

z
• Cross section in any class bf2
𝑧𝑧
• For composite cross-sections with structural steel grade S420 and S460, > 0.4
ℎ

13
 Sagging Moment - Full Shear Connection
with highly efficient Pre-Engineered Sections

0.85 fcd 0.85 fcd 0.85 fcd

P.N.A
Nc,f P.N.A

P.N.A
Npl,a

Inefficient Inefficient
design design
fyd fyd fyd
(a) PNA in Slab (b) PNA in Steel Flange (c) PNA in Steel Web

Steel section
in tension!
14
Case (a) P.N.A in Concrete Slab (ULS)

beff 0.85fcd Nc,f

ht hc P.N.A. z
hp
Npl,a
ha
ℎ𝑠𝑠

fyd

The compressive resistance of concrete slab is:

N c,f = hcbeff (0.85 f cd )
The tensile resistance of steel beam is:
N pl,a = Aa f y / γ a
15
The depth of the plastic neutral axis z measured from the upper surface of the slab is obtained
from force equilibrium:
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎 /(𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 � 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ) < ℎ𝑐𝑐

Centroid of the Pre-Engineered section from the edge of the bottom flange:
2
∑ 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓1 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓1 ℎ𝑎𝑎 − 0.5𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓1 + ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 0.5ℎ𝑤𝑤 + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓2 + 0.5𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓2 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓2
ℎ𝑠𝑠 = =
𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎

The moment resistance is:

𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.𝑎𝑎 (ℎ𝑎𝑎 − ℎ𝑠𝑠 + ℎ𝑐𝑐 + ℎ𝑝𝑝 − 0.5𝑧𝑧)
or 𝛽𝛽
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎 ℎ𝑐𝑐
𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.𝑎𝑎 (ℎ𝑎𝑎 − ℎ𝑠𝑠 + ℎ𝑐𝑐 + ℎ𝑝𝑝 − ) 1.0
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐,𝑓𝑓 2 0.85
Note: for composite cross-section with structural steel S420 or S460, where distance z
between the plastic neutral axis and the extreme fibre of the concrete slab in
compression exceeds 15% of the overall depth h of the member, the design resistance 𝑋𝑋𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
moment 𝑀𝑀𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 should be taken as β𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 where β is a reduction factor. 0.15 0.4 ℎ

16
 Design Example 1

The simply-supported composite beam with an effective cross-section shown in the figure is
subjected to an ultimate factored design uniformly distributed action of 40 kN/m acting along its
entire span of 12m. For simplicity, assume full shear connection and ignore self-weight.

2000 mm

150 mm Grade C30/37

Grade C30/37
Solid concrete slab
Solid concrete slab

Grade S275UB Grade S460

Pre-Engineered S460 section

The mid-span design bending moment is:

𝑞𝑞𝐿𝐿2 122
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = = 40 × = 720 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
8 8
17
 Concrete slab resistance and neutral axis
Standard UB Design
Effective width of compression flange of the
composite beam
𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Compression resistance of the concrete slab
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐,𝑓𝑓 = ℎ𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 5100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Tensile resistance of the steel section
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎 = 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 2351.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐,𝑓𝑓 > 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎 , plastic neutral axis is in concrete slab
Check the position of the plastic N.A. vs. Design the position of the plastic N.A.
Pre-Engineered S460 Section Design
Effective width of compression flange of the
composite beam
𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Compression resistance of the concrete slab
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐,𝑓𝑓 = ℎ𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 5100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Design the Pre-Engineered section
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎 /(𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 � 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ) < ℎ𝑐𝑐 and 𝑧𝑧 < 0.15ℎ
18
  Section properties

Standard UB Design Pre-Engineered S460 Section Design

457×191 UB67 Grade S275 S460 design:

𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓1 = 75
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 6
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 12.7 𝑠𝑠 = 4
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 6 ℎ𝑎𝑎 = 450
𝑟𝑟 = 10.2
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 8.5 ℎ𝑎𝑎 = 453.4
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 8
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 175
𝑏𝑏 = 189.9 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 ℎ𝑎𝑎 − 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓2 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓2 = 4466 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎 = 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 2054.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 = 8550 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ∑ 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
ℎ𝑠𝑠 =
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎 = 2351.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎
ℎ𝑠𝑠 = 0.5ℎ𝑎𝑎 = 226.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑎 − 0.5𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓 + ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 0.5ℎ𝑤𝑤 + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 0.5𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓
=
𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎
= 178.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

19
  Bending resistance

Standard UB Design Pre-Engineered S460 Section Design

𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧 = = 69.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 < ℎ𝑐𝑐 = 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑧𝑧 = = 60.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 < ℎ𝑐𝑐
𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 � 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 � 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

The moment resistance is: The moment resistance is:

𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎 0.5ℎ𝑐𝑐 + ℎ𝑐𝑐 − 0.5𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.𝑎𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑎 − ℎ𝑠𝑠 + ℎ𝑐𝑐 + ℎ𝑝𝑝 − 0.5𝑧𝑧
0.5 × 453.4 + 150 − 0.5 × 69.2 450 − 178.7 + 150 − 0.5 × 60.4
= 2351.25 × = 2054.4 ×
1000 1000
= 803 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 > 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 804 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 > 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
Bending resistance of the composite section is adequate. Bending resistance of the composite section is adequate.

Pre-Engineered S460 section design vs. Standard UB design

𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 0.71%
Weight - 47.8%

20
 Flexibility of Pre-Engineered S460 Section
Standard UB Design 457×191 UB67
𝑴𝑴𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑,𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 Weight
ℎ𝑎𝑎 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) ℎ𝑤𝑤 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓2 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓2 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 )
(𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌) (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎)
453.4 12.7 189.9 8.5 428.0 - - 8550 275 803 67
Pre-Engineered S460 Section Design
𝑴𝑴𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑,𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 Weight
ℎ𝑎𝑎 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) ℎ𝑤𝑤 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓2 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓2 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 )
(𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌) (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎)
450 6 75 6 436 8 175 4466 460 804 36
425 6 75 6 409 10 165 4504 460 807 36
400 6 75 6 384 10 190 4604 460 809 37
375 6 75 6 357 12 180 4752 460 807 38
350 6 75 6 332 12 205 4842 460 811 39
Top flange contribute to <10% of total weight

2000 mm
> 42% weight saving
130 mm Grade C30/37
solid concrete slab

457×191 UB67 Grade S275 Grade S460

Top flange contribute to Pre-Engineered S460 section
28.2% of total weight
21
Parametric Study
– Bending Moment Resistance vs. Weight of Steel

S275 UB S355 UB S460 Pre-engineered

200
180
Weight of steel (kg/m)

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Bending moment resistance (kNm)

Note: assuming a 150mm solid concrete slab, Grade C30/37, 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
22
Weight Saving: Pre-Engineered S460 vs. Standard UB

To replace S275 UB To replace S355UB

100
Pre-Engineered S460 vs. S275UB
90
Weight saving of steel (%)

• 41.7% to 56.6% weight saving

80 • Average = 50.0%
70
60
50
40
30
20
Pre-Engineered S460 vs. S355UB
• 24.9% to 41.9% weight saving
10
• Average = 35.8%
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Bending moment resistance (kNm)

Note: assuming a 150mm solid concrete slab, Grade C30/37, 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
23
Pre-Engineered Sections for Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC)
Columns
Buckling of Pure Steel Columns

Slenderness 𝝀𝝀
𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (kN) 10 m 9m 8m 7m 6m 5m 4m 3m 2m 1m
305x305x283
12008 2.35 1.91 1.51 1.15 0.85 0.59 0.38 0.21 0.09 0.02
UC S355
325x325x211
12060 2.71 2.20 1.74 1.33 0.98 0.68 0.43 0.24 0.11 0.03
HISTEEL460
Comparison +0.4% +15.3% Stocky
Buckling Resistance 𝝌𝝌 � 𝑵𝑵𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑,𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹,𝒂𝒂 (kN)
305x305x283
12008 1770 2555 3750 5480 7592 9511 10922 11935 12008 12008
UC S355
325x325x211
12060 1377 2007 2999 4539 6672 8899 10601 11788 12060 12060
HISTEEL460
Comparison +0.4% -22.2% -21.4% -20.0% -17.2% -12.1% -6.4% -2.9% -1.2% 0.4% 0.4%

325x325x211 HISTEEL460 vs. 305x305x283 UC S355

 Comparable plastic resistance to compression
 Lower buckling resistance, especially at high 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

25
How to Solve the Buckling Issue ..…
Slenderness 𝛌𝛌
𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑎𝑎 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
UC SRC 10 m 9m 8m 7m 6m 5m 4m 3m 2m 1m
(kN (kN)
305x305x283
500x500 12008 16699 1.24 1.11 0.99 0.87 0.74 0.62 0.49 0.37 0.25 0.12
UC S355
325x325x211
500x500 12060 16904 1.28 1.15 1.03 0.90 0.77 0.64 0.51 0.38 0.26 0.13
HISTEEL460
Comparison +0.4% +1.2% +3.6% Stocky
Buckling Resistance 𝝌𝝌 � 𝑵𝑵𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑,𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹,𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 (kN)
305x305x283
500x500 12008 16699 6960 7974 9122 10373 11667 12934 14128 15239 16297 16699
UC S355
325x325x211
500x500 12060 16904 6707 7719 8883 10171 11524 12864 14131 15307 16421 16904
HISTEEL460
Comparison +0.4% +1.2% -3.6% -3.2% -2.6% -2.0% -1.2% -0.5% 0.0% +0.4% +0.8% +1.2%

HISTEEL460 SRC column vs. UC S355 SRC column

 Comparable plastic resistance to compression
 Comparable buckling resistance when 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 < 5 𝑚𝑚
 25.4% lighter steel section
26
EC4 Design Method

Two methods for calculating the resistance of composite columns:

 General Method
• Second-order effects and imperfections taken into account in calculation
• Can be used for asymmetric sections
• Needs suitable numerical software

 Simplified Method
• Full interaction between the steel and concrete sections until failure
• Geometric imperfections and residual stresses taken into account in calculation,
usually using European buckling curves
• Plane sections remain plane

27
Simplified Design Method – Limitations

The simplified method is subject to the following limitations:

• 0.2 ≤ δ ≤ 0.9 bc
• Depth to width ratio: 0.2 < hc/bc <5.0 cy b cy

• The relative slenderness ≤ 2.0 cz

• Steel reinforcement area: 3% ≤ As/Ac < 6%
tw
• Concrete cover : h hc
y-direction: 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚{40 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑏/6} ≤ 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 ≤ 0.4𝑏𝑏
tf
z-direction: 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚{40 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, ℎ/6} ≤ 𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧 ≤ 0.3ℎ cz

A minimum cover of reinforced concrete shall
be provided to ensure the safe transmission
of bond forces, the protection of the steel
against corrosion and spalling of concrete.
Overall size of the SRC section is
controlled by the 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 and 𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧 !
28
Design of a heavily loaded SRC Column with UC ..

424.0

Limit:
𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟏 ≤ 𝒄𝒄𝒚𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒
474.6 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟕 ≤ 𝒄𝒄𝒛𝒛 ≤ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔

Actual size:
𝒄𝒄𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 FAILED !
𝒄𝒄𝒛𝒛 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎
900 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 900 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 SRC column

Steel: 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔, UC S355

(biggest UC available)

29
Maximum SRC Column Size with UC

763.2
169.6 424.0 169.6

142.4
Size of the SRC column as well as resistance is constrained
by the available size of the UC section:
47.6

474.6

759.4
• Maximum size of SRC column using UC: 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟒

77.0
142.4

Limit:
𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟕 ≤ 𝒄𝒄𝒚𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟏 ≤ 𝒄𝒄𝒛𝒛 ≤ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒
Design the SRC Column with Pre-Engineered Section

1200
200 b 200
Q: Design a large SRC column
• SRC size: 1200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 1200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

200
• 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 = 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧 = 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
47.6

1200
h
A: Simple maths:
ℎ = 1200 − 2 × 𝒄𝒄𝒛𝒛 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
77.0 b = 1200 − 2 × 𝒄𝒄𝒚𝒚 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
200

Pre-Engineered Section High axial compression resistance

800 × 800 & High bending resistance
 Design Example 2

bc Determine the axial buckling resistance of SRC columns subject to

cy b cy pure compression with an effective length of 4 m.
cz
Design Axial Force: 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 8000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
tw
Concrete cover to rebar: 30 mm
y h hc
SRC section size: 600𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 600𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

tf
Materials:
cz Concrete: C30/37, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 30 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
Structural Steel: S355 / S460
z
Rebar: Grade 500, 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 500 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
 Standard UC Design

y-direction: 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦{𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎, 𝒃𝒃/𝟔𝟔} ≤ 𝒄𝒄𝒚𝒚 ≤ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

z-direction: 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦{𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎, 𝒉𝒉/𝟔𝟔} ≤ 𝒄𝒄𝒛𝒛 ≤ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
bc
cy b cy 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 Overall size 𝒄𝒄𝒚𝒚 𝒄𝒄𝒛𝒛 𝒉𝒉𝒄𝒄 𝒃𝒃𝒄𝒄
series 𝒉𝒉 𝒃𝒃 min max min max min max min max
cz
283 365.3 322.2 60.9 109.6 53.7 128.9 487.1 623.1 429.6 580.0
tw
240 352.5 318.4 58.8 105.8 53.1 127.4 470.0 607.2 424.5 573.1
y hc 198 339.9 314.5 56.7 102.0 52.4 125.8 453.2 591.5 419.3 566.1
h
158 327.1 311.2 54.5 98.1 51.9 124.5 436.1 576.1 414.9 560.2
tf
137 320.5 309.2 53.4 96.2 51.5 123.7 427.3 567.9 412.3 556.6
cz 118 314.5 307.4 52.4 94.4 51.2 123.0 419.3 560.4 409.9 553.3
z 97 307.9 305.3 51.3 92.4 50.9 122.1 410.5 552.1 407.1 549.5

The only option in 305 × 305 series to fit into a 575 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 575 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 SRC
column is a 305 × 305 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 section.

33
Section Properties

Standard UC Design Pre-Engineered S460 Design

Try 305 × 305 × 283 UC Design the section to maximize the efficiency:
ℎ = 365.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝒄𝒄𝒚𝒚 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒄𝒄𝒛𝒛 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑏𝑏 = 322.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 44.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ = 400 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 26.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏 = 400 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 = 36000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 28 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 78900 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐4 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 14 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 = 24600 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐4 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 = 27216 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 = 5110 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 82391 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐4
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧 = 2340 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 29874581 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧 = 22575 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐4
𝒄𝒄𝒚𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒄𝒄𝒛𝒛 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3

S355, 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 > 40𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 335 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 S460, 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 > 16 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 450 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 12060 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 12247 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Weight = 283 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 Weight = 194 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚

31.3% weight saving!

34
 Compare Axial Compressive Resistance

Standard UC Design Pre-Engineered S460 Design

The cross-sectional areas of the steel, reinforcement, and concrete: The cross-sectional areas of the steel, reinforcement, and concrete:
8×𝜋𝜋×202 8×𝜋𝜋×202
𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 = 36000𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = = 2,512 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 = 27216 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = = 2,512 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4 4
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 = 𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑐𝑐 − 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 575 × 575 − 36000 − 2512 = 292113 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 = 𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑐𝑐 − 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 575 × 575 − 27216 − 2512 = 300897 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴 2512 𝐴𝐴 2512
Reinforcement ratio 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 292113 = 0.86% (within 0.3% to 6%) Reinforcement ratio 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 300897 = 0.83% (within 0.3% to 6%)
𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐

Local buckling check Local buckling check

The concrete cover to the flange of the steel section: The concrete cover to the flange of the steel section:
𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 = 104.9 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > max{40 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 /6} 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 = 104.9 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > max{40 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 /6}
⇒ the effect of local buckling is neglected ⇒ the effect of local buckling is neglected

Design plastic resistance of the composite cross-section in
compression
𝑵𝑵𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑,𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝑨𝑨𝒂𝒂 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 + 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
= 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Design plastic resistance of the composite cross-section in
compression
𝑵𝑵𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑,𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝑨𝑨𝒂𝒂 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 + 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
= 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

Steel contribution factor Steel contribution factor

𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 36000×335×10−3 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 27216×450×10−3
𝛿𝛿 = 𝑁𝑁 = = 0.666 𝛿𝛿 = 𝑁𝑁 = = 0.664
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 18118.6 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 18455.2

Which is within the permitted range of 0.2 to 0.9. Which is within the permitted range of 0.2 to 0.9.

31.3% weight saving in steel and 1.9% higher axial compression resistance 35
 Parametric Study – Square SRC Column with UC
UC Series h b tw tf min cy max cy min cz max cz hc_min hc_max Square hc
356x406x634 474.6 424 47.6 77 79.1 142.4 70.7 169.6 633 763 650x650
356x406x551 455.6 418.5 42.1 67.5 75.9 136.7 69.8 167.4 607 753 650x650
356x406x467 436.6 412.2 35.8 58 72.8 131.0 68.7 164.9 582 742 600x600
356x406x393 419 407 30.6 49.2 69.8 125.7 67.8 162.8 559 733 600x600
356x406x340 406.4 403 26.6 42.9 67.7 121.9 67.2 161.2 542 725 550x550
356x406x287 393.6 399 22.6 36.5 65.6 118.1 66.5 159.6 532 713 550x550
356x406x235 381 394.8 18.4 30.2 63.5 114.3 65.8 157.9 526 697 550x550
356x368x202 374.6 374.7 16.5 27 62.4 112.4 62.5 149.9 500 674 550x550
356x368x177 368.2 372.6 14.4 23.8 61.4 110.5 62.1 149.0 497 666 500x500
356x368x153 362 370.5 12.3 20.7 60.3 108.6 61.8 148.2 494 658 500x500
356x368x129 355.6 368.6 10.4 17.5 59.3 106.7 61.4 147.4 491 650 500x500
305x305x283 365.3 322.2 26.8 44.1 60.9 109.6 53.7 128.9 487 580 500x500
305x305x240 352.5 318.4 23 37.7 58.8 105.8 53.1 127.4 470 573 500x500
305x305x198 339.9 314.5 19.1 31.4 56.7 102.0 52.4 125.8 453 566 500x500
305x305x158 327.1 311.2 15.8 25 54.5 98.1 51.9 124.5 436 560 450x450
305x305x137 320.5 309.2 13.8 21.7 53.4 96.2 51.5 123.7 Allowable
427 557 450x450 Selected SRC
305x305x118 Standard dimensions of
314.5 307.4 12 18.7 52.4 94.4 51.2 123.0 419 553 450x450
305x305x97 307.9 305.3 9.9 15.4 51.3 Cy and Cz limit
92.4 50.9 122.1 sizes for SRC
411 550 450x450 column sizes for
254x254x167 289.1 UC
265.2 19.2 31.7 48.2 86.7 44.2 106.1 385 477 400x400
254x254x132 276.3 261.3 15.3 25.3 46.1 82.9 43.6 104.5 columns
368 470 400x400 parametric study
254x254x107 266.7 258.8 12.8 20.5 44.5 80.0 43.1 103.5 356 466 400x400
254x254x89 260.3 256.3 10.3 17.3 43.4 78.1 42.7 102.5 347 461 350x350
254x254x73 254.1 254.6 8.6 14.2 42.4 76.2 42.4 101.8 339 458 350x350
203x203x127 241.4 213.9 18.1 30.1 40.2 72.4 35.7 85.6 322 385 350x350
203x203x113 235 212.1 16.3 26.9 39.2 70.5 35.4 84.8 313 382 350x350
203x203x100 228.6 210.3 14.5 23.7 38.1 68.6 35.1 84.1 305 379 350x350
203x203x86 222.2 209.1 12.7 20.5 37.0 66.7 34.9 83.6 296 376 300x300
203x203x71 215.8 206.4 10 17.3 36.0 64.7 34.4 82.6 288 372 300x300
203x203x60 209.6 205.8 9.4 14.2 34.9 62.9 34.3 82.3 279 370 300x300
203x203x52 206.2 204.3 7.9 12.5 34.4 61.9 34.1 81.7 275 368 300x300
203x203x46 203.2 203.6 7.2 11 33.9 61.0 33.9 81.4 271 366 300x300
152x152x51 170.2 157.4 11 15.7 28.4 51.1 26.2 63.0 227 283 250x250
152x152x44 166 155.9 9.5 13.6 27.7 49.8 26.0 62.4 221 281 250x250
152x152x37 161.8 154.4 8 11.5 27.0 48.5 25.7 61.8 216 278 250x250
152x152x30 157.6 152.9 6.5 9.4 26.3 47.3 25.5 61.2 210 275 250x250 36
152x152x23 152.4 152.2 5.8 6.8 25.4 45.7 25.4 60.9 203 274 250x250
Axial Compressive Resistance vs. Weight of Steel

S355UC Pre-engineered S460

700
650x650 SRC
Weight of Steel (kg/m)

600

500

400
500x500 SRC Benefit of using Pre-Engineered sections
300
is maximized for larger SRC columns
200
250x250 SRC
100

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Axial Resistance of SRC column (kN)
37
To replace S355 UC with S460 Pre-Engineered Sections

100
90
Weight Saving of Steel (%)

80
70
Pre-Engineered S460 vs. S355UC in SRC design
60 • 18.3% to 25.9% weight saving for steel
50 • Average = 22.5%
40
30
20
10
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Axial Resistance of SRC column (kN)
38
Concluding Remarks
1. Standard UB and UC sections are meant for ‘stand-alone’ condition,
they are NOT the most efficient and economical in composite DfMA Joint HPS-Concrete Beam

construction when buckling is not a major design consideration.

2. For significantly lower self-weight and higher size flexibility, Pre-

Engineered sections are ideal for composite beams when buckling is
no longer an issue. HPSRC Column HPSRC Framing System HPSRC Transfer
Beam

3. Design of SRC columns using standard UC sections is constrained by

𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 and 𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧 limits. Pre-Engineered sections offer much greater flexibility
and strength to suit any column size. Again, buckling is not a major
concern due to concrete confinement and enhancement.

4. Benefits of using Pre-Engineered sections in composite construction

are maximized when higher loads and longer spans are required.

5. What engineers need most are some design spreadsheets for S460
Pre-Engineered sections (being developed).

39
Thank You for your Kind
Attention !