CEE+3346b WZ PartII 2016

CEE 3346b
Steel Design
Course Notes Part II
Wenxing Zhou, PhD, PEng

CEE 3346b, Steel Design WZ, 2016
Contents
7. SHEAR DESIGN FOR BEAMS ...................................................................................................................... 109
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 109
Elastic Analysis of Beams under Shear ............................................................................................................. 109
Behavior of Beam Web under Shear ................................................................................................................. 110
Shear Resistance per S16-14 (Cl. 13.4.1) .......................................................................................................... 113
8. BEARING DESIGN ......................................................................................................................................... 116
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 116
Bearing Resistance per S16-14 (Cl. 14.3.2) ...................................................................................................... 116
Design of Bearing Stiffeners per S16-14 (Cl. 14.4) .......................................................................................... 118
Example ............................................................................................................................................................. 119
9. COMPOSITE BEAMS ..................................................................................................................................... 120
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 120
Method of Construction..................................................................................................................................... 122
Behavior of Composite Beams under Load....................................................................................................... 124
Effective Width of Concrete Slab...................................................................................................................... 128
Ultimate Bending Resistance of Composite Beam per S16-14 (Cl. 17.9.3) ..................................................... 130
Shear Stud Connectors ...................................................................................................................................... 134
Longitudinal Shear in Concrete (Cl. 17.9.10) ................................................................................................... 139
Check Unshored Sections for Construction Load Case .................................................................................... 140
Example ............................................................................................................................................................. 141
10. STABILITY ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................... 143
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 143
Second-order Effects for Member Behavior (P-δ Effects)................................................................................ 144
Second-order Effects for Structure Behavior (P-∆ Effects) .............................................................................. 146
Amplification Factor Method for P-∆ Effects ................................................................................................... 152
Examples ........................................................................................................................................................... 153
11. DESIGN OF BEAM-COLUMNS .................................................................................................................. 157
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 157
Local Buckling .................................................................................................................................................. 159
Cross-sectional Strength (Compression + Bending) ......................................................................................... 160
Overall Member Strength: In-plane Buckling ................................................................................................... 165
107 | 185
Overall Member Strength: Lateral Torsional Buckling .................................................................................... 167

Examples ........................................................................................................................................................... 170
12. CONNECTION DESIGN ............................................................................................................................... 172
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 172
Rivets ................................................................................................................................................................. 172
Bolts................................................................................................................................................................... 173
Load Transfer Mechanisms of Bolts ................................................................................................................. 175
Bolt Resistance Checking Equations per S16-14 .............................................................................................. 178
108 | 185
7. SHEAR DESIGN FOR BEAMS
Introduction
• Shear generally does not govern for steel beams because they usually have long spans.
Typical practice is to design (or select) the beam for bending and then check its shear
capacity
τy
• The yield strength of steel under pure shear, τy = σy/√3 = 0.577σy,
according to the von Mises yield criterion
• The shear yield strength equals 0.66Fy in S16-14 to account for
strain hardening
Elastic Analysis of Beams under Shear
τ = VQ/(Ib) (7.1)
where
τ = shear stress at a given point on the cross section
V = shear force
Q = first moment of the area between the point of interest and extreme fiber of the cross
section with respect to the neutral axis
I = moment of inertia
b = cross-sectional width at the point of interest

109 | 185
• Rectangular cross section
Ι = bh3/12; Q = Ay’ A
τ
τmax occurs at the neutral axis, Q = bh/2 × h
y’ y
τmax
h/4 = bh2/8
b
τmax = V (bh2/8)/(bh3/12×b) = 3V/(2bh)
Define τave = V/bh, then τmax = 3τave/2 = 1.5τave
• I-shaped cross section
o Shear force almost entirely
carried by the web

τmax
τmax ≈ V/Aweb
Behavior of Beam Web under Shear
• The behavior of beam web under shear depends on
whether the web is unstiffened or stiffened
o Design of longitudinal and transverse stiffeners is
a key part of the design of plate girders (built-up
sections consisting of thin webs)
110 | 185
• Unstiffened web can be classified as stocky, intermediate and slender similar to laterally
unsupported beams and simple columns
o Stocky webs: fail by shear yielding τ = τy
o Slender webs: fail by elastic buckling
For a plate with a height of h, a width of a and Thickness w
a thickness of w, the critical shear stress, τcr,

h
causing elastic buckling of the plate is given by
𝑘𝑘𝑣𝑣 𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
a
𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ℎ 2
(7.2)
12(1−𝑣𝑣 2 )� �
𝑤𝑤
4.0
⎧ 5.34 + �𝑎𝑎�2 simply supported edge
ℎ
𝑘𝑘𝑣𝑣 = 5.6 (7.3)
⎨8.98 + 𝑎𝑎 2 fixed edge
⎩ � �
ℎ
where v = Poisson’s ratio
111 | 185
An unstiffened web can be considered to have a/h = ∞. Substituting a/h = ∞ into Eq.
(7.3) and assuming simply supported edge lead to kv = 5.34. Substituting kv = 5.34, E =
200,000 MPa and v = 0.3 into Eq. (7.2) and using rounded values lead to
961200
𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ℎ 2
(MPa) (7.4)
� �
𝑤𝑤
o Intermediate webs: fail by inelastic buckling
• Stiffened webs
o Stocky webs: fail by shear yielding τ = τy
o Slender and intermediate webs: elastic or inelastic buckling occurs before shear
yielding; however, significant post-buckling shear capacity exists as a result of
the so-called tension field action. This is the key difference between stiffened
and unstiffened webs. The transverse stiffeners must be present for the tension
field action to be effective.

112 | 185
Shear capacity = buckling capacity + post-buckling capacity
Shear Resistance per S16-14 (Cl. 13.4.1)
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 ≥ Vf (7.5)
where
Vr = factored shear resistance
φ = 0.9, resistance factor
Aw = shear area
w h d
= dw for rolled shapes
= hw for girders
113 | 185
Fs = critical shear stress
Vf = factored shear force
• For unstiffened webs, Fs is given by (Cl. 13.4.1.1(a))
ℎ 1014
⎧0.66𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤
≤
�𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
⎪ 670�𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 1014 ℎ 1435
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 = ℎ < ≤ (MPa) (7.6)
� � �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
⎨ 𝑤𝑤
⎪ 961200 ℎ
>
1435
ℎ 2 𝑤𝑤 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
⎩ �𝑤𝑤�
• For stiffened webs
o Fs = 0.66Fy for stocky webs
o Fs = buckling capacity + post-buckling capacity for slender and intermediate
webs
o See Cl. 13.4.1.1(b) for more details
Notes:
• The slenderness ratio of the web, h/w, shall not exceed 83000/Fy (Cl. 14.3.1)
• The shear resistance of gusset plates and shear
resistance at the ends of coped beams are
governed by block shear, i.e. Cl. 13.11 (see
Chapter 3 of the Course Notes Part I)
• See Cl. 14.3.4 the effect of thin web on moment resistance

114 | 185
• See Cl. 14.5 for the design of intermediate transverse stiffeners
115 | 185
8. BEARING DESIGN
Introduction
• The webs of beams subjected to concentrated loads (including reactions) may fail by
local yielding or overall buckling (a.k.a. web crippling)
• Bearing resistance of the beams should be checked to ensure that local yielding or
crippling does not occur
Bearing Resistance per S16-14 (Cl. 14.3.2)
• For interior loads (concentrated load applied at a distance from the member end greater
than the member depth)
𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = min�𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤(𝑁𝑁 + 10𝑡𝑡)𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 , 1.45𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤 2 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸� ≥ Pf (8.1)
where
Br = factored bearing resistance

116 | 185
φbi = 0.80, resistance factor for interior bearing
w = web thickness
t = flange thickness
N = length of bearing
Pf = factored concentrated load applied at the bearing
Pf Critical section for

N local yielding
t
N+10t
w
• For end reactions,
𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = min�𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤(𝑁𝑁 + 4𝑡𝑡)𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 , 0.60𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤 2 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸� ≥ Pf (8.2)
where
φbe = 0.75, resistance factor for end bearing
117 | 185
Critical section for

local yielding
t
N+4t w
Pf
• The first and second terms in the curly brackets of Eqs. (8.1) and (8.2) are resistance to
local yielding and resistance to web crippling, respectively. The resistance equation for
web crippling is largely empirical
• What if Br < Pf?
o Increase the bearing length N, OR
o Provide bearing stiffeners
Design of Bearing Stiffeners per S16-14 (Cl. 14.4)
• When are bearing stiffeners needed?
o When Br < Pf, OR
o When the beam does not frame into a column and h/w > 1100/√Fy
• Design requirements
118 | 185
o Provide a pair of stiffeners that bear

Bearing stiffeners
against the flanges where the
concentrated load is applied and extend b t
approximately to the edges of the w
flanges 25w for interior load

12w for end load
o Stiffeners shall be welded to the beam
web and have b/t ≤ 200/√Fy
o Design as a simple column consisting of the pair of the stiffeners and a centrally
located strip of the beam web
o Effective length of the stiffeners (KL) shall be ≥ 0.75 × height of the stiffener
Example
A factored load of 1000 kN is applied over a length of 100 mm to the top flange of a
W610×91, Grade 300W steel. Check the bearing resistance. If the bearing resistance is not
sufficient, (a) determine the required bearing length; (b) design bearing stiffeners.
119 | 185
9. COMPOSITE BEAMS
Introduction
• Concrete slab supported on steel beams is commonly used in building and bridge
constructions
• If the concrete slab and steel beam can be made to work together, then a composite
cross section forms
• To ensure the composite action, shear connectors are required to transfer the horizontal
force at the interface between the slab and beam
o Commonly used shear connectors are “shear studs” that are welded to the top
flange and embedded in the concrete
Shear studs along the

length of the beam
ε ε
No composite action Composite action
• Advantages and disadvantages of composite beams
o Make the best use of both concrete and steel – concrete in compression and steel
in tension
120 | 185
o Reduce the size of the steel beam and save costs
o Concrete slab provide continuous support to the compression flange of steel beam
– eliminate potential of LTB
o Cost of providing the shear connection between slab and beam
• Examples
Cover slab – portion

Flute – portion of of the concrete above
the steel deck that the flute
forms a valley
Effective slab thickness

must be ≥ 65 mm (see
S16-14 Cl. 17.2 for
Rib – portion of detailed definition of
concrete slab effective slab thickness)
formed by the flute
Slab on steel deck for

building floor
121 | 185
Steel box girder bridge with composite slab

(typical span ≈ 50 m)
Method of Construction
• The analysis of composite beams depends on how they are constructed. Two
construction alternatives are used in practice:
o Unshored construction
 Beams (and steel deck) erected without intermediate temporary supports
(a.k.a. shores)
 Beam must carry the slab self weight and any construction loads on its
own, i.e. no composite action, before the concrete has hardened and gained
strength
122 | 185
 Once concrete has hardened and gained strength, any additional
superimposed dead load and all live loads are carried by the composite
section
 Steel beam must be cambered to achieve a final flat floor
o Shored construction
 Intermediate temporary supports are installed to carry self weight of the
wet concrete
 After concrete has gained strength, shores are removed. ALL loads,
including self weight of the beam and slab, are carried by the composite
section.
o Trade-off between the two construction methods: cost of cambering vs. cost and
inconvenience of shores
M Shored M, ∆
l
D
C
Unshored
B Same ultimate
strength
A Steel yields
Start of composite action

O ∆
123 | 185
Behavior of Composite Beams under Load
• Behaviors of composite beam at different stages of the loading process are different.
Let’s examine each loading stage for the simply supported composite beam shown in
the figure above:
o Unshored construction, stage O – A
 Bare steel section carries the self weight of beam and wet concrete
 Beam remains elastic
σ = M1y/I
∆1 = 5w1l2/(384EI)
where
w1 = total load applied up to point A
M1 = bending moment due to w1
ε σ
o Unshored construction, stage A – B
 Composite section carries the additional load applied after point A
124 | 185
 Steel beam remains elastic and concrete slab can be considered
approximately elastic
 Carry out the analysis using the transformed section based on the plane
section assumption
σs = M2y/It – stress in steel
σc = M2y/(nIt) – stress in concrete
σcm = M2(h-yna)/(nIt) – maximum stress in concrete
∆2 = 5w2l2/(384EIt) – deflection of the composite beam
where
w2 = total load applied between A and B
M2 = bending moment due to w2
It = moment of inertia of transformed section
yna = depth of the neutral axis of the transformed section
Ec = Young’s modulus of concrete
nσcm
b b/n
σcm
yna
n = E/Ec ε σ
125 | 185
o Unshored construction, stage O – B
 Superposition of the responses for O-A and A-B
∆ =∆1 + ∆2 = 5w1l2/(384EI) + 5w2l2/(384EIt)
σ (Ο−Α) σ (Α−Β) σ (Ο−Β)
o Shored construction, stage O – C
 Composite section carries all the loads
 Section remains elastic
 Carry out the analysis using the transformed section based on the plane
section assumption, the same as the analysis for the unshored construction
for stage A-B
o Shored and unshored constructions, C-D and B-D
 Inelastic behavior – steel yielding at C (B)
 Plane section assumption still applicable
 At failure, strains are so large that concrete crushes
 Ultimate capacity is independent of the method of construction
126 | 185
Steel Concrete
σ σ
σy
fc’
ε ε
εy ≈ linear εu ≈ 0.0035
elastic
α1fc’
εu
σy
ε σ Simplified σ
o Calculation of ultimate bending resistance at D
 Method of analysis is identical to that used for reinforced concrete design
and plastic moment capacity for steel beam design
 Apply the plane section assumption
 Assume rectangular stress block for concrete in compression, and ignore
strength of concrete in tension
 Assume all steel yields, either in compression or in tension
 Assume perfect bond between steel and concrete, i.e. no slip at the
interface of concrete and steel, due to the presence of shear connectors
127 | 185
• It is possible to design sections with less than perfect bond, i.e.
assuming some slip between concrete and steel, which can lead to
savings in some cases. In this course, perfect bond is assumed.
 Use horizontal force equilibrium to locate the plastic neutral axis, three
possibilities:
• Plastic NA in slab,
• Plastic NA in top flange of steel beam, or
• Plastic NA in web of steel beam
 Use moment equilibrium to determine the ultimate bending resistance
Effective Width of Concrete Slab
• The compressive stress on the concrete slab in a composite section is not uniformly
distributed along the width of the slab as a result of the shear lag (see the figure below).
Therefore, it is important to determine the width of the slab that is effectively
contributing to the composite section, i.e. the effective width be
• Effective width be per S16-14 (Cl. 17.4)
o For slab on both sides of beam (Cl. 17.4.1)
𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 = min{𝑠𝑠, 0.25𝑙𝑙} (9.1)
where
s = beam c/c spacing

128 | 185
l = span of the composite beam
o For slab on one side of beam (Cl. 17.4.2)
𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 = min�𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 + 0.5𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 , 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 + 0.1𝑙𝑙� (9.2)
where
sc = clear distance to the adjacent beam
bf = width of top flange of the steel beam
be
129 | 185
Ultimate Bending Resistance of Composite Beam per S16-14 (Cl. 17.9.3)
• The factored moment resistance, Mrc, of a composite section should be calculated
considering one of the following three scenarios:
o Plastic NA is in concrete slab (the entire steel beam assumed to yield in tension)
be α1φcfc’
εu = 0.0035 Cr
t a
a/2
e’
d
Tr
d/2
φFy
ΣFx = 0: Tr – Cr = 0 → φAsFy = α1φcfc’abe
𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝑎𝑎 = (9.3)
𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒
Therefore,
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒 ′ = 𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒 ′ = 𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑒𝑒 ′ (9.4)
𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎
𝑒𝑒 ′ = + 𝑡𝑡 − (9.5)
2 2
where
As = cross-sectional area of the steel beam
130 | 185
α1 = max{0.85 – 0.0015fc’, 0.67}, parameter for the rectangular concrete stress block
φc = 0.65, resistance factor for concrete
fc’ (MPa) α1
20 0.82
25 0.813
30 0.805
35 0.798
40 0.79
≥ 120 0.67
b) Plastic NA is in the top flange of the steel beam
be α1φcfc’
Cr
t
hd Ctf
hd – depth of φFy yna Ttf
w steel deck
φFy Tw
h
tf Tbf
bf
That the plastic NA is in the top flange is a direct result of φAsFy > α1φcfc’tbe. Therefore,
the compressive force in the top flange of the steel beam, Ctf, must satisfy
131 | 185
𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 − 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 + 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 (9.6a)
𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 −𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒

𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = (9.6b)
2
It follows that the location of the plastic neutral axis, yna, is given by
𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 −𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒

𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = = (9.7)
𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 2𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓
With yna known, the factored moment resistance Mrc can be calculated by summing up
the moments caused by all the component tensile and compressive forces with respect
to the plastic NA. A tabulated calculation is suggested for clarity.
Component Force Lever arm Moment

w.r.t. plastic
NA
Concrete slab 𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
+ ℎ𝑑𝑑 + 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀1 = 𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 � + ℎ𝑑𝑑 + 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 �
- Cr 2 2
Top flange in 𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 − 𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 �𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 − 𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 �𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
2 𝑀𝑀2 =
compression – 2 4
Ctf
Top flange in 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 �𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 � 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 2
𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 �𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 �
tension - Ttf 2 𝑀𝑀3 =
2
Web - Tw 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 ℎ𝑤𝑤 ℎ ℎ

+ 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀4 = 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 ℎ𝑤𝑤 � + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 �
2 2
Bottom flange 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 3 3

ℎ + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀5 = 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 �ℎ + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 �
in tension - Tbf 2 2
5
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖=1
132 | 185
c) Plastic NA is in the web of the steel beam
For this scenario, Eq. (8.4) for calculating yna is still valid. Note that yna is greater
than tf in this case. The factored moment resistance Mrc can be calculated using a
tabulated format similar to that used in scenario b).
be α1φcfc’
Cr
t
hd Ctf
yna
Cw
w φFy
φFy Tw
h
tf Tbf
bf
Component Force Lever arm Moment

w.r.t. plastic
NA
Concrete slab 𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
+ ℎ𝑑𝑑 + 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀1 = 𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 � + ℎ𝑑𝑑 + 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 �
- Cr 2 2
Top flange in 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓

𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑀𝑀2 = 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 �𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − �
compression – 2 2
Ctf
Web in 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤�𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 � 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 2
𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤�𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �
compression – 2 𝑀𝑀3 =
2
Cw
Web in 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤(ℎ + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ) ℎ + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 �ℎ + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 �
2
tension - Tw 2 𝑀𝑀4 = 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤

2
Bottom flange 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 3 3

ℎ + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀5 = 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 �ℎ + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 �
in tension - Tbf 2 2
133 | 185
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖=1
Note: Whenever the plastic NA is in the steel section, it means that the steel section must
accommodate plastic strains in both tension and compression. Therefore, the section
chosen should be either a Class 1 or Class 2 section to achieve the plastic bending
moment capacity.
• An algorithm for calculating Mrc is as follows:
1) Determine be based on Cl. 17.4;
2) Calculate Cr = α1φcfc’tbe and Tr = φAsFy;
3) If Cr ≥ Tr, plastic NA must be in the slab. Calculate Mrc following the equations
provided for Scenario a);
4) If Cr < Tr, plastic NA must be in the steel. Calculate Ctf =φbftfFy;
5) If (Cr + Ctf) ≥ (Tr - Ctf) plastic NA must be in the top flange. Calculate Mrc
following the equations provided for Scenario b), and
6) If (Cr + Ctf) < (Tr - Ctf) plastic NA must be in the web. Calculate Mrc following
the equations provided for Scenario c).
Shear Stud Connectors
• Most commonly used shear connectors
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• Typical diameters range from 19 to 22 mm (3/4 to 7/8 in)
o Must be hooked or headed with h/d ≥ 4 (Cl. 17.7.2.1)
o The projection of a stud in a ribbed slab should be at least 2d above the top
surface of the steel deck
• “Shot” onto a steel surface – sometimes through a sheet steel deck to the steel beam
plate below – using a stud welding “gun”
• The factored shear force that can be transferred per connector depends on whether the
concrete slab is ribbed and how the steel deck (in case of ribbed slab) is supported by
the steel beam
o In solid slab (Cl. 17.7.2.2)
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.50𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 (9.8)
where
qrs = factored shear resistance of a single stud in solid slab
φsc = 0.80, resistance factor for shear stud
Asc = πd2/4, cross-sectional area of the stud
Fu = tensile strength of the stud and equals 450 MPa for commonly available
studs (CSA W59 Type B studs)
o In ribbed slab with ribs parallel to the beam (Cl. 17.7.2.3)
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𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑 𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 �0.75 + 0.167 � − 1.5�� ≤ 𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 1.5 ≤ < 3.0
ℎ𝑑𝑑 ℎ𝑑𝑑
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � 𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑
(9.9)
𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �0.92 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑ℎ(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ )0.8 + 11𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ )0.2 � ≤ 0.75𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 < 1.5
ℎ𝑑𝑑 ℎ𝑑𝑑
where
qrr = factored shear resistance of a single stud in ribbed slab (N)
wd = average width of the flute
h = length of the stud
s = stud longitudinal spacing
wd
h hd
o In ribbed slab with ribs perpendicular to the beam (Cl. 17.7.2.4)
0.35𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 �𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ≤ 𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ℎ𝑑𝑑 = 75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =� (9.10)
0.61𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 �𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ≤ 𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ℎ𝑑𝑑 = 38 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
where
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ρ = 1.0 for normal density concrete (2150 to 2500 kg/m3)
= 0.85 for semi-low-density concrete (1850 to 2150 kg/m3)
Ap = concrete pullout surface area. For a single stud, the apex of the pyramidal
pullout area, with four sides sloping 45 degrees, shall be taken as the centre
of the top surface of the head of the stud. For pair of studs, the pullout area
has a ridge extending from stud to stud.
• Number of shear connectors required
Consider a free body diagram of slab and steel beam
137 | 185
Point of maximum Point of zero

moment moment
Cr
0
Tr
0
Max. Cr = α1φcfc’tbe (plastic NA in steel beam)
Max. Tr = φFyAs (plastic NA in slab)
o The shear connectors must transfer the LESSER of the two forces Cr and Tr (Cl.
17.9.5)
𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟 = 𝑛𝑛𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 ≥ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 , 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 � (9.11)
where
qr = factored shear resistance of a single shear connector
n = number of shear connectors between the point of maximum moment and point of
zero moment, typically arranged with equal spacing
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Longitudinal Shear in Concrete (Cl. 17.9.10)
• Failure can also occur on longitudinal planes through the concrete at each side of the
girder
The factored shear force, Vu, on the critical longitudinal shear planes:
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟 − 𝛼𝛼1 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐2 − 𝜙𝜙𝑟𝑟 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟2 (9.12)
where
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Ac2 = area of concrete in compression within the region containing the shear
connectors (see figure above)
φr = 0.85, resistance factor for reinforcement
Fyr = specified minimum yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing steel within
the area Ac2
Ar2 = area of the longitudinal reinforcing steel within the area Ac2
The factored shear resistance, Vr, on the critical longitudinal shear planes:
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = �0.80𝜙𝜙𝑟𝑟 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟 + 2.76𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � ≤ 0.50𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (9.13)
where
Ar = area of transverse reinforcement crossing the longitudinal shear planes
Acv = area of the longitudinal shear planes (mm2)
Vertical Shear
• The vertical shear force is carried by the steel section only
• The concrete deck is assumed NOT to carry shear
Check Unshored Sections for Construction Load Case
• Cl. 17.12 states that “The steel section, truss, or joist alone shall be proportioned to
support all factored loads applied prior to hardening of the concrete without exceeding
140 | 185
its calculated capacity under the conditions of lateral support or shoring, or both, to be
furnished during construction”
o This clause implies that it is the designer’s responsibility, not the contractor’s
responsibility, to ensure that the designed structure can withstand the construction
loads
o It is therefore important for the designer to clearly indicate on the structural
drawings the construction method (shored or unshored) and lateral support
condition (laterally braced or unbraced) assumed in the design
o If a designer does not indicate lateral support or shored construction, then it is
his/her responsibility to verify that the section selected is adequate
o Loads included in the construction loads for unshored construction
 Steel beam self weight (dead load, load factor = 1.25)
 Steel deck or formwork self weight (dead load, load factor = 1.25)
 Wet concrete (dead load, load factor = 1.25)
 Loads due to the construction crew and equipment (live load typically
0.5~0.6 kPa, load factor = 1.5)
Example
A 10 m-span simply-supported composite beam consists of 1) W360×33, Grade 350W; 2) slab
on steel deck with t = 65 mm, hd = 75 mm, be = 2000 mm and fc’ = 20 MPa, and 3) 100% shear
connection with 19 mm diameter shear studs, qr = 65.2 kN/stud.

141 | 185
(a) What is the factored bending resistance of this section?
(b) How many shear studs are required to develop Mrc?
(c) If the self weight of the beam + slab is 5.1 kN/m, and the specified superimposed dead load
(due to finishes, partitions, suspended ceiling and mechanical services) is 3.4 kN/m, what is
the dead load deflection if the member is 1) unshored during construction or 2) shored during
construction?
2000
65
75
142 | 185
10. STABILITY ANALYSIS
Introduction
• Stability issues play an important role in the design of beam-columns, which are
members subjected to both significant axial loads and bending moments
• The design of beam-columns will be discussed in Chapter 10, before which we will
consider the stability of members and frames
• Structural analyses can be classified as first-order and second-order analyses based on
whether the equilibrium condition is established based on the undeformed or deformed
geometry of the structure
o First-order analysis
 Equilibrium is established based on the undeformed geometry of the
structure
 Majority of the structural analyses are first-order
o Second-order analysis
 Equilibrium is established based on the deformed geometry of the structure
 Solution to the second-order analyses typically requires iteration
• Examples of first- and second-order analyses
o Simple beam subjected to eccentric compressive loads
143 | 185
First-order analysis Second-order analysis
P P P P
e e
δ
l l
P(e+δ)
Pe
Pe Pe
BMD BMD
l/2
Pe
P δ
P
P(e+δ)
o Euler buckling load
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 2 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 P P
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸/𝐿𝐿2
Second-order Effects for Member Behavior (P-δ Effects)
• The P-δ effects result from the deformation of a member between its ends and lead to
magnification of the first-order moment due to the second-order effects
144 | 185
• Evaluation of the moment

y
magnification
Pe Pe
P δ P
y = first-order deflection + x
l
second-order deflection = y1 + y2
y = δsin(πx/l) (assumption)
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦2 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦2 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 0 → 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 sin � � = 0 (10.1)
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝑙𝑙
𝑙𝑙 2 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝛿𝛿2 =𝑦𝑦2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑙 2 𝑃𝑃

𝑦𝑦2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 sin � � = 0 �⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� 𝛿𝛿2 = 2 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝛿𝛿
𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑙𝑙 𝜋𝜋 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃
𝛿𝛿2 = 𝛿𝛿
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1
𝛿𝛿 = 𝛿𝛿1 + 𝛿𝛿2 �⎯⎯⎯⎯� 𝛿𝛿 = 𝑃𝑃 𝛿𝛿1
1−
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃
�1+Ψ �
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑀𝑀1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 → 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1−
where Mmax is the maximum total bending moment (sum of the first- and second-order
moments); M1max is the maximum first-order bending moment (equal to Pe for the example
𝛿𝛿1 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
above), and Ψ = −1
𝑀𝑀1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Introduce the equivalent moment factor,
𝑃𝑃
𝜔𝜔1 = 1 + Ψ (10.2)
145 | 185
Then
𝜔𝜔1
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑈𝑈1 𝑀𝑀1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (10.3)
1−
𝜔𝜔1
U1 = 𝑃𝑃 (10.4)
1−
where U1 is the moment amplification factor to account for the P-δ effects
• Values of ω1 (S16-14, Cl. 13.8.5)
Condition ω1 Comments
a) Members NOT subjected 0.6 – 0.4κ ≥ 0.4 κ = Mf1/Mf2, with |Mf1| ≤ |Mf2|
to transverse loads between
supports κ is positive if
b) Members subjected to 1.0 (double-curvature bending)
distributed load or a series of
point loads between supports κ is negative if
c) Members subjected to a 0.85 (single-curvature bending)
single concentrated or
moment between supports
Second-order Effects for Structure Behavior (P-∆ Effects)
• The P-∆ or sway effects refer to the phenomenon that vertical forces on a structure
acting through sway displacements produce additional moments and displacements.
The P-∆ effects are illustrated in the figure below for a simple portal frame.
146 | 185
• Braced and unbraced (sway) frames
o Braced frames: lateral loads are resisted by direct acting bracing, or by a shear
wall
 Bracing elements provide stability to entire frame
 Cl. 13.8.1: a frame can be considered braced if its sway stiffness is at least
five times that of the frame without the bracing
o Unbraced frames: lateral loads are resisted by the beams and columns of the
frames themselves
147 | 185
At least one of them must be a

rigid (moment-resisting) joint
Braced frame Unbraced frame
• P-∆ effects in braced frames
Consider the braced frame shown on the right. Note that

wl = P
the frame is stable as a result of the bracings, even though V
B C
the beam-column connections are hinged connections.
h
For the lateral load V shown in the figure, assume that the A D
compression brace BD buckles and therefore is l
ineffective.
Consider the following equilibrium conditions for the frame in the deformed position.
148 | 185
∆
wl/2 ∆ wl/2
V NBC
NBC
C
B
h TV h
TAC TH
A TAC
D
wl/2 wl/2
ΣMA = 0 ΣMD = 0
V·h + wl/2·∆ - NBC·h = 0 → NBC·h + wl/2·∆ - TH·h + TV·∆ = 0 →
NBC= V + (∆/h)wl/2 TH = NBC + (∆/h)wl/2 + TV(∆/h)

= V + (∆/h)wl/2 + (∆/h)wl/2 + TV(∆/h)
= V + (∆/h)wl + TV(∆/h)
The above equations show that the horizontal component of the tensile force in the brace
equals V + (∆/h)wl + TV(∆/h). This means that the brace not only carries the lateral load V, but
also provides the stability for the vertical force wl in the deformed position. In other words,
the P-∆ effects lead to an increase in the tensile force in the brace. Note that TV/TH = h/l from
the geometry of the frame, it follows that
TH = V + (∆/h)wl + TH(∆/h)(h/l) →
TH = [V + (∆/h)wl]/(1 - ∆/l) (10.5)
• P-∆ effects in unbraced (moment-resisting) frames
149 | 185
Consider now an unbraced frame with moment-resisting

wl = P
beam-column connections but no brace elements. V
B C
Again consider the equilibrium conditions for the frame h
in the deformed position.

A D
∆
P1 ∆ P - P1
V NBC
NBC C
B MB
P1 = portion of MC
h h
the vertical load
resisted at A
A
D
wl/2
ΣMA = 0 ΣMD = 0
V·h + P1·∆ - NBC·h - MB = 0 → NBC·h + (P - P1)·∆ - MC = 0 →
MB= Vh + P1∆ - NBCh MC = NBCh + (P - P1)∆
MB + MC = Vh + P∆
It is now clear that due to the P-∆ effects, the sum of the moments resisted by the two columns
at the two beam-columns joints is increased by P∆. It can be said that the columns must resist
moments caused by an equivalent lateral force, Ve, where Ve = V + P∆/h. Note that the
150 | 185
moments MB and MC are transferred to the beam BC. Therefore, the beam-column
connections must be properly designed to resist the P-∆ effects.
• Simplified methods for accounting for the P-∆ effects in practice
o Amplification factor (U2) method (permitted by S16-14, Cl. 8.4.2) – covered in
this course
 Carry out first-order analyses to compute the moments in members
 Amplify the first-order moments by the amplification factor to account for
the P-∆ effects
o Fictitious horizontal loads method – an iterative process
 Carry out an first-order analysis
 Determine the fictitious horizontal loads based on the lateral displacements
obtained from step 1)
 Add the fictitious loads computed from step 2) to the lateral forces and
carry out the first-order analysis again
 Go to step 3)
 Stop if the lateral displacements computed from two subsequent first-order
analyses have converged
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Amplification Factor Method for P-∆ Effects
• This method requires decomposition of the first-order moments into sidesway and
nonsidesway components (see the figure below)
o Nonsidesway moments (Mfg): obtained from a first-order analysis under gravity
loads only and consider the frame as braced
o Sidesway moments (Mft): obtained from a first-order analysis of the frame in
unbraced condition and subjected to lateral loads only
 Lateral loads = applied factored load + lateral reaction required to prevent
sway in the gravity load analysis but applied in the opposite direction
o The total factored second-order moment (Mf) is then given by
Mf = Mfg + U2Mft (10.6)
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1
U2 = ∑ 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 ∆𝑓𝑓 (10.7)
1− ∑
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 ℎ
where
∆f = lateral displacement at the level considered relative to the level below
h = height of the storey between the two levels
ΣCf = sum of the column factored axial forces at the storey considered
ΣVf = storey shear
Note: if U2 ≥ 1.4, the structure is too flexible and should be redesigned to reduce ∆f
• Notional Load (Cl. 8.4.1): an approximate, simplified method to account for the effects
of initial imperfections and partial yielding of frames at factored load level:
o Add an artificial lateral load at each storey, equal to 0.005×total factored gravity
load contributed by that storey, to the existing lateral load at each storey
Examples
• Example 1: Calculate the design moment and axial loads in members AB and CD of the
frame shown in the figure below using the moment amplification method and notional
load. The gravity load of 50 kN/m and lateral load of 35 kN at E are factored loads.
o The column EF is pinned at both ends and therefore does not contribute to the
lateral stability of the entire structure. Such a member is called a “leaner”, i.e. it
153 | 185
leans on frame ABCD for lateral stability. Note that the factored gravity load
carried by the leaner must be included in ΣCf in the computation of U2.
154 | 185
• Example 2: The braced end wall of an industrial building is shown below. All columns
are pin-ended, and braces are provided only at the end of bay lines. The specified dead
load on the roof is 1.5 kPa. The diagonal braces in the end bay have areas of Ag = 1000
mm2. Calculate
(a) The tension force in the brace due to specified wind loading and factored wind loads
(b) The sway deflection due to the factored wind loads, assuming negligible deflection of
the column vertically
(c) The P-∆ effect for the load combination of 1.25D + 1.5W
(d) Is the brace adequate for this condition, if it is 300W steel with An = 800 mm2?
155 | 185
Specified wind load

= 80 kN
Brace buckles
Lateral load on Bay Line ○

A
156 | 185
11. DESIGN OF BEAM-COLUMNS
Introduction
• Beam-columns are members that are subjected to both axial forces and bending
moments, including biaxial bending about both the x- and y-axes.
• The combination of axial force and bending moment influences the cross-sectional
capacity as well as instability criteria of the member
• For members subjected to axial tension and bending, the axial tension
o reduces the cross-sectional capacity, but
o enhances the member stability
• For members subjected to axial compression and bending, the axial compression
o reduces the cross-sectional capacity, and
o reduces the member stability
• Four ultimate limit states, i.e. failure modes, considered in the design of beam-columns
o Local buckling
o Cross-sectional strength - yielding of the cross-section under the combined axial
force and bending moment
o Overall member strength (in-plane buckling) – buckling about either the strong or
weak axis, taking into account the moment, without twisting action
o Overall member strength (out-of-plane or lateral torsional buckling) – coupled
bending and twisting in the strong and weak axis

157 | 185
• Examples of beam-columns in practice
Beam-columns in rigid frames
Vierendeel steel truss bridge
158 | 185
Beam-columns in a heavy industrial building
Local Buckling
• The basic section classification for beam-columns is similar to that for beams:
o Class 1 sections – reach full plastic capacity and can sustain large plastic
deformations
o Class 2 sections – reach full plastic capacity
o Class 3 sections – reach first yield capacity
159 | 185
o Class 4 sections – do not reach first yield capacity
• The width-to-thickness limits for flanges of beam-columns are the same as those for
beams because the flanges are in uniform compression in both types of members
• The width-to-thickness limits for webs of beam-columns are different from those for
beams because the magnitude of the axial compression influences the classification in
the case of beam-columns
o Small axial forces: beam-columns approach beams
o Large axial forces: beam-columns approach columns
o Width-to-thickness limits are linear functions of the factored axial force in the
beam column
Class Flange Web
Class 1 bel/t ≤ 145/�𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 h/w ≤ 1100/�𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 [1-0.39Cf/(φCy)]
Cf = factored compressive force in the beam-column

Cy = AFy
φ = 0.9, resistance factor
Cross-sectional Strength (Compression + Bending)
• Moment-axial force interaction diagrams for Class 1 and Class 2 sections
160 | 185
o The interaction diagram for a cross section can be developed by computing the
plastic moment capacity corresponding to a given axial force (see figure below)
o For I-shaped sections, the interaction diagram depends on the ratio of the flange
area to web area (Af/Aw) and whether bending is about the strong or weak axis
 The interaction diagrams are nonlinear, but can be approximated by linear
equations (see figure below), which is adopted in S16-14
• Interaction diagrams for Class 3 sections
o Full plastification of the cross section cannot occur
o Interaction diagram is based on the section yielding at the extreme compression
fibre, i.e. C/A + M/S ≤ σy
161 | 185
Class 1 or 2 section
M M Mpc = plastic moment capacity of the
cross section with axial force
C C
Mp = plastic moment capacity of the
cross section without axial force
σy σy σy σy
σy σy σy
C=0 C small C large C = Cy

Mpc = Mp Mpc < Mp Mpc << Mp Mpc = 0
C/Cy
1.0
0.0 Mpc/Mp
1.0
162 | 185
• Equations for checking the cross-sectional strength of beam-columns per S16-14 (Cl.
13.8.2 and 13.8.3)
o I-shaped Class 1 and Class 2 sections (Cl. 13.8.2)
𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 𝑈𝑈1𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑈𝑈1𝑦𝑦 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

+ 0.85 + 0.60 ≤ 1.0 (11.1)
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝜔𝜔1𝑥𝑥
U1x = 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 ≥1.0 (11.2)
1−
𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝜔𝜔1𝑦𝑦
U1y = 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 ≥1.0 (11.3)
1−
where
Cf = factored axial compressive force
Cr = φAFy, factored cross-sectional yield capacity
Mfx, Mfy = maximum factored bending moments about the x- (strong) and y-
(weak) axes, respectively, in the member
Mrx = φMpx = φZxFy, factored plastic moment about the x- (strong) axis
Mry = φMpy = φZyFy, factored plastic moment about the y- (weak) axis
U1x = moment amplification factor to account for the P-δ effects along the x-axis
U1y = moment amplification factor to account for the P-δ effects (Cl. 13.8.4, see
also page 38 of the notes) along the y-axis

163 | 185
Cex = π2EIx/Lx2
Cey = π2EIy/Ly2
ω1x, ω1y = equivalent moment factors (Cl. 13.8.5, see also the table on page 146 of
the notes)
o All sections other than I-shaped Class 1 and Class 2 sections

+ + ≤ 1.0 (11.4)
 Class 1 and Class 2 non-I-shaped sections

+ + ≤ 1.0
𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝜙𝜙𝑍𝑍𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝜙𝜙𝑍𝑍𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
 Class 3 sections (any shape)

+ + ≤ 1.0
𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝜙𝜙𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝜙𝜙𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
 Class 4 sections (any shape) – Eq. (11.4) still applicable with Cr, Mrx and
Mry determined using CSA S136.
o All sections must satisfy
𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
+ ≤ 1.0 (11.5)
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
o Note: The cross-sectional strength check will never govern and need not be
considered for beam-columns in unbraced frames

164 | 185
Overall Member Strength: In-plane Buckling
• Assume the member will deflect laterally due to the combined axial force and bending
moment in the direction of either x- or y-axis but does not twist
• Resistance to in-plane buckling depends on
o Compressive resistance of the column accounting for possible in-plane buckling,
i.e. Cr is a function of A, Fy and λ (non-dimensional slenderness ratio)
o The moment resistance of the cross section (no twisting of the member or lateral
torsional buckling
• Use the interaction equation to account for the combined effects of compressive force
and bending on the member strength
• Equations for checking the overall member strength with respect to in-plane buckling
per S16-14 (Cl. 13.8.2 and 13.8.3)

+ 0.85 + 𝛽𝛽 ≤ 1.0 (11.6)
where
𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 = 1 (11.7)
(1+𝜆𝜆2𝑛𝑛 )𝑛𝑛
𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥

𝜆𝜆 = �𝜆𝜆𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 (11.8)
max{𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥 , 𝜆𝜆𝑦𝑦 } 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
165 | 185
𝐿𝐿𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥 = � (11.9a)
𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥 𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝜆𝜆𝑦𝑦 = � (11.9b)
𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
β = 0.6+0.4λy ≤ 0.85 (11.10)
U1x = 1.0, for unbraced frames
𝜔𝜔1𝑥𝑥
= 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 , for braced frames (11.11)
1−
U1y = 1.0, for unbraced frames
𝜔𝜔1𝑦𝑦
1−
Cex = π2EIx/Lx2
Cey = π2EIy/Ly2
Mrx = φMpx = φZxFy
Mry = φMpy = φZyFy
o All sections other than I-shaped Class 1 and Class 2 sections (Cl. 13.8.3)

+ + ≤ 1.0 (11.13)
where
166 | 185
Cr, U1x, U1y are given by Eqs. (11.7) through (11.12)
Mrx = φZxFy; Mry = φZyFy, for Class 1 and Class 2 non-I-shaped sections
Mrx = φSxFy; Mry = φSyFy, for Class 3 sections
o Notes on the in-plane buckling strength
 The effective length factors Kx and Ky are set to 1.0 in checking the in-
plane buckling strength because the effect of column sway in reducing the
column capacity is already taken into account in the P-∆ analysis.
 The moment amplification factors U1x and U1y to account for the P-δ
effects are derived for braced members and therefore applied to braced
frames in the interaction equations. Research has shown that for unbraced
frames, the maximum moment usually occurs at the ends of members,
where the P-δ effects are zero. Therefore, U1x = U1y = 1.0 for unbraced
frames.
 For braced frames, U1x and U1y can be less than 1.0.
Overall Member Strength: Lateral Torsional Buckling
• For beam-columns bent about the strong axis and unsupported in the weak axis
direction, failure by lateral torsional buckling (LTB) may take place, which involves
deflection about the weak axis (i.e. sideway “kick”) and twisting motion
• Resistance to LTB
167 | 185
o Compressive resistance of the column depends on λy, the weak-axis slenderness
ratio, even if λx > λy.
o The moment resistance of the cross section about the x (strong) axis is the lateral
torsional buckling resistance
• Equations for checking the overall member strength with respect to LTB per S16-14
(Cl. 13.8.2 and 13.8.3)

+ 0.85 + 𝛽𝛽 ≤ 1.0 (11.14)
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
where
𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 1 (11.15)
(1+𝜆𝜆2𝑛𝑛
𝑦𝑦 )𝑛𝑛
𝐾𝐾𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦

𝜆𝜆𝑦𝑦 = � (11.16)
𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
β = 0.6+0.4λy ≤ 0.85 (11.17)
U1x = 1.0, for unbraced frames
𝜔𝜔1𝑥𝑥
= 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 ≥ 1.0, for braced frames (11.18)
1−
U1y = 1.0, for unbraced frames
168 | 185
𝜔𝜔1𝑦𝑦
1−
Cex = π2EIx/Lx2
Cey = π2EIy/Ly2
Mrx = factored moment resistance accounting for LTB (see Chapter 6, Part I of
Course Notes)
Mry = φMpy = φZyFy
o All sections other than I-shaped Class 1 and Class 2 sections (Cl. 13.8.3)

+ + ≤ 1.0 (11.20)
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
where
Cry, U1x, U1y are given by Eqs. (11.15) through (11.19)
Mrx = factored moment resistance accounting for LTB
Mry = φZyFy, for Class 1 and Class 2 non-I-shaped sections
= φSyFy, for Class 3 sections
o All sections must satisfy
𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
+ ≤ 1.0 (11.21)
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
169 | 185
Examples
• Example 1: A W310x143 section is proposed to be used as a column for the 3rd story of
a 6-story building. The P-∆ effects have been included in the Mfx and Mfy values shown
in the figure. Steel is ASTM A572 Grade 50. Is this trial section adequate?
Cf = 2300 kN
Mfx = 200 kNm
Mfy = 100 kNm
3700 mm
Mfx = 300 kNm
Mfy = 100 kNm
Cf = 2300 kN
170 | 185
• Example 2: A beam-column must support an eccentric load of 450 kN. A transverse
brace is provided at mid-height, which reduces the effective length for bending about
the weak axis only. Verify that the section chosen, a Class C HSS 304.8 x 203.2 x 9.5
of G40.21-350W steel is adequate.
600 Cf = 450 kN
4000 mm
Brace point x
(weak axis only)
4000 mm y y
171 | 185
12. CONNECTION DESIGN
Introduction
• Connection design is essential to steel structures: connections that fulfill the design
requirements, inexpensive, and permit easy erection will lead to high-quality
constructed structures and significant savings in the construction cost
• Commonly used fastening elements for structural steels
o Bolts – main focus of this chapter
o Welds – not covered in this course
o Rivets – widely used in the past but not anymore in North America for new
structures
Rivets
• Rivet starts as a shaft with one formed head. The straight end is heated and inserted
into a hole in the connection, and the protruding head is hammered or pressed until the
rivet fills the hole and a head is formed
172 | 185
• Riveting on site required a crew of 3 or 4 to heat the rivets, hold them in place and form
the head
• On cooling, the rivet shrinks longitudinally and a variable pretension force is induced
Bolts
• Type of bolts:
o ASTM A307 bolts
 Known as unfinished or common bolts, used for temporary or light
structures
 Unsuited for structures where significant vibration exists
 Hand tightened using an iron worker’s spud
wrench
 Manufactured in imperial units only – see
dimensions on page 6-170 of CISC Handbook
 Fu = 414 MPa
o ASTM A325 and ASTM A490 bolts
 High-strength bolts, most commonly used in structural steels
 A325 and A490 are produced in imperial (US customary) units, while the
equivalent SI bolts, A325M and A490M, are also produced in North
America
173 | 185
 Fu = 825 (830) MPa for A325 (A325M) and 1035 (1040) MPa for A490
(A490M)
 Commonly used bolt diameters: 3/4” (≈M20) and 7/8” (≈M22)
 Bolts and nuts must be marked – see page 6-164 of the CISC Handbook
 Two installation procedures
• Snug tight – the nuts turned on until all piles in a joint are in firm
contact and can be usually attained by the ordinary effort of a worker
using a spud wrench or a few impacts of an impact wrench
• Pretensioned – the minimum installed tension in the bolts must be
equal to 70% of Fu (see Table 7 of S16-14) achieved by using the
“turn-of-nut” method as required by S16-14 (Cl. 23.7.2)
 Pretensioned bolts are required for “slip-critical” connections, which must
be used in cases where the following conditions exist (Cl. 22.2.2)
• Fatigue
• Earthquake
• Impact, cyclic loads, frequent load reversals
• Tensile loadings – to ensure the connected parts to stay in contact at
the specified load level
 All non-slip-critical connections can be made using snug tight bolts
174 | 185
 Turn-of-nut method is an elongation control method to induce the desired
bolt pretension
Force
Bolt pretension
Min. bolt
pretension
(70%Fu)
Elongation
Elongation due to turn of nut
Load Transfer Mechanisms of Bolts
• Bolts resisting shear
Shear plane or faying surface
Single shear Double shear
o Load transfer mechanism for bolts in shear depends on whether the bolts are
snug-tight or pretensioned
175 | 185
 Snug-tight bolts: load transferred through bearing between the bolts and
plate
 Pretensioned bolts: load transferred through friction at first and then
through bearing after the friction is overcome
• Bolts resisting tension

176 | 185
o Tension on the bolted connection does not increase the force in the pre-tensioned
bolts, as long as the parts connected by the bolts do not lose contact. If the
tension in the connection is large enough to cause the connected parts to lose
contact, then the bolts simply act as tension members to carry the external load
Tb Tb Tb Tb
• Bolts subjected to combined tension and shear – interaction equation that accounts for
the combined load effects is used to check the capacity of the bolts
177 | 185
Bolt Resistance Checking Equations per S16-14
• Snug tight bolts need to be checked at the ultimate limit states (ULS) only
• Pretensioned bolts need to be checked at both the serviceability limit states (SLS) and
ULS
o SLS checking – ensure no slippage in the connected parts under normal loading
conditions, i.e. at the specified load level
o ULS checking – ensure the ultimate capacity of the bolts at the factored load level
• Bolts in shear
o SLS checking for pretensioned bolts (Cl. 13.12.2.2)
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 0.53𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 ≥ V (12.1)
where
Vs = slip resistance of the bolt connection
V = shear force due to the specified loads
m = number of shear planes or faying surfaces
n = number of bolts
0.53 = converts the ultimate tensile force of the bolt, AbFu, to the minimum
pretension caused by yielding at the threaded area of the bolt, i.e. 0.75Ab × 0.70Fu
= 0.53AbFu
178 | 185
Ab = πdb2/4, nominal cross-sectional area of a single bolt (mm2)
db = nominal diameter of the bolt (mm)
Fu = ultimate tensile strength of the bolt (MPa)
ks = mean slip coefficient, i.e. coefficient of static friction
cs = resistance factor for slip resistance, corresponding to a probability of slip of
5% when V = Vs.
ks and c1 depend on the quality of the surface, especially paint or galvanizing.
Values of ks and c1 are given in Table 3 of S16-14.
Example: The slip resistance of one 3/4” A325 bolt in double shear with clean mill
scale faying surface.
Ab = πdb2/4 = π (0.75)2/4 = 0.442 in2 = 285 mm2
Fu = 825 MPa; m = 2 (double shear); n = 1; ks = 0.30 and cs = 1.00 from
Table 3 of S16-14 for clean mill scale surface (Class A surface)
Vs = 0.53(1.00)0.30(2)1(285)825 = 74,800 N = 74.8 kN
Alternatively, use Table 3-11 on page 3-17 of CISC Handbook to find Vs
= 37.4 kN for single shear, and therefore 74.8 kN for double shear.
o ULS checking for pretensioned and snug tight bolts
179 | 185
 Four potential failure modes
• Block shear of plate – see Chapter 3 of the course notes
• Tearing of plate net section – see Chapter 3 of the course notes
• Plate bearing failure – excessive deformation at the point of contact
between the plate and bolts
• Shear failure of bolts
 Bear failure (Cl. 13.12.1.2(a))
𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = 3𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 ≥ Vf (12.2)
where
Br = factored bearing resistance

d
Vf = factored shear force
φbr = 0.80, resistance factor for
bearing
t1 t2
t = plate thickness, i.e. min{t1, t2}
d = bolt diameter
n = number of bolts
Fu = ultimate tensile strength of plate
180 | 185
 Shear failure of bolts (Cl. 13.12.1.2(c))
0.60𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 , 𝐿𝐿 ≤ 760 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = � ≥ Vf (12.3)
0.50𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 , 𝐿𝐿 > 760 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
where
Vr = factored shear resistance of bolts
φb = 0.80, resistance factor for connection
0.60 = convert the ultimate tensile strength Fu to the ultimate shear strength
L = joint length (mm), the distance between centres of end bolts
Ab = cross-sectional area of one bolt = πdb2/4
= 0.7πdb2/4, if threads of the bolts are intercepted by the shear plane
m = number of faying surfaces
n = number of bolts
Note:
• The cross-sectional area of the bolt at the thread root is typically 70% of the
shank area; therefore, Ab is taken as 0.7×bolt shank area if threads are
intercepted by the shear plane
181 | 185
• For long joint lengths, the load is not uniformly distributed among the bolts
with the end bolts carrying higher loads than the centre bolts. This
phenomenon is accounted for by the second branch of Eq. (12.3).
• Bolts in tension
o SLS checking for pretensioned bolts in tension: to ensure the clamping force
resulting from bolt pretension to be greater than the specified tensile load such
that the connected parts remain in contact
0.53𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 ≥ T (12.4)
where
T = tensile force due to specified load
o ULS checking for pretensioned and snug tight bolts in tension (Cl. 13.12.1.3)
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 = 0.75𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 ≥ Tf (12.5)
where
0.75 = converts the nominal bolt cross-sectional area to the area of the critical
section where tension failure occurs, which is close to the threaded section
Tf = tensile force due to factored external load and any additional force due to the
prying action
A conservative estimate of the prying action can be obtained as follows:

182 | 185
3𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 3
𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 = 𝑄𝑄 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = � − � 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (12.6)
8𝑎𝑎 328×103
where
Tfn = factored tensile force without considering the prying action
Q = factor to account for the prying action
a, b, t = dimensions (mm) as indicated in the figure below
• Bolts in combined shear and tension
o SLS checking for pretensioned bolts in combined shear and tension (Cl.
13.12.2.3)
𝑉𝑉 𝑇𝑇
+ 1.9 ≤ 1.0 (12.7)
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢
where Vs is given by the right hand side of Eq. (12.1).
183 | 185
o ULS checking for pretensioned and snug tight bolts in combined shear and
tension (Cl. 13.12.1.4)
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 2 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 2
� 𝑉𝑉 � + � 𝑇𝑇 � ≤ 1.0 (12.8)
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
where Vr and Tr are given by the right hand sides of Eqs. (12.3) and (12.5),
respectively.
• General guidelines to follow when designing bolt connections
o Minimum number of bolts in a connection = 2
o Both the nut and head must be accessible to install the bolt – see erection
clearance, CISC Handbook pg. 6-174
o Bevelled washers are required for A325 bolts where contact surface slopes ≥ 5%
with respect to surface normal to bolt axis (S16-14, Cl. 23.4.4)
o Gauges – typical dimensions are given in CISC Handbook, pg. 6-173
o Pitch – to suit fabricator equipment
 Minimum = 3db
 Absolute minimum = 2.7db (Cl. 22.3.1)
o Edge distance – from centre of bolts to edge of member (Cl. 22.3.2)
 Minimum edge distance given by Table 6 of S16-14
184 | 185
• Example: minimum edge distance is 34 mm for db = 20 mm if the
edge is sheared; and 26 mm for db = 20 mm if the edge is gas cut,
rolled or sawn
 Maximum edge distance: min{12t, 150 mm}, where t is the thickness of
the connected part (Cl. 22.3.3)
 Minimum end distance – from centre of bolts to end of member (Cl.
22.3.4)
• Values given in Table 6 of S16-14 for more than 2 lines of bolts
• Equal to 1.5db for less than or equal to 2 lines of bolts
185 | 185

CEE+3346b WZ PartII 2016

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CEE 3346b

Wenxing Zhou, PhD, PEng

Overall Member Strength: Lateral Torsional Buckling .................................................................................... 167

7. SHEAR DESIGN FOR BEAMS

according to the von Mises yield criterion

• The shear yield strength equals 0.66Fy in S16-14 to account for

Elastic Analysis of Beams under Shear

τ = shear stress at a given point on the cross section

section with respect to the neutral axis

b = cross-sectional width at the point of interest

• Rectangular cross section

Define τave = V/bh, then τmax = 3τave/2 = 1.5τave

• I-shaped cross section

o Shear force almost entirely

carried by the web

Behavior of Beam Web under Shear

• The behavior of beam web under shear depends on

whether the web is unstiffened or stiffened

o Design of longitudinal and transverse stiffeners is

a key part of the design of plate girders (built-up

sections consisting of thin webs)

unsupported beams and simple columns

o Stocky webs: fail by shear yielding τ = τy

o Slender webs: fail by elastic buckling

For a plate with a height of h, a width of a and Thickness w

a thickness of w, the critical shear stress, τcr,

where v = Poisson’s ratio

o Intermediate webs: fail by inelastic buckling

o Stocky webs: fail by shear yielding τ = τy

yielding; however, significant post-buckling shear capacity exists as a result of

field action to be effective.

Shear capacity = buckling capacity + post-buckling capacity

Shear Resistance per S16-14 (Cl. 13.4.1)

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 ≥ Vf (7.5)

Vr = factored shear resistance

φ = 0.9, resistance factor

Fs = critical shear stress

Vf = factored shear force

• For unstiffened webs, Fs is given by (Cl. 13.4.1.1(a))

• For stiffened webs

o Fs = 0.66Fy for stocky webs

o Fs = buckling capacity + post-buckling capacity for slender and intermediate

o See Cl. 13.4.1.1(b) for more details

• The shear resistance of gusset plates and shear

resistance at the ends of coped beams are

governed by block shear, i.e. Cl. 13.11 (see

Chapter 3 of the Course Notes Part I)

• See Cl. 14.3.4 the effect of thin web on moment resistance

• See Cl. 14.5 for the design of intermediate transverse stiffeners

local yielding or overall buckling (a.k.a. web crippling)

crippling does not occur

Bearing Resistance per S16-14 (Cl. 14.3.2)

than the member depth)

𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = min�𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤(𝑁𝑁 + 10𝑡𝑡)𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 , 1.45𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤 2 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸� ≥ Pf (8.1)

Br = factored bearing resistance

φbi = 0.80, resistance factor for interior bearing

Pf = factored concentrated load applied at the bearing

Pf Critical section for

• For end reactions,

𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = min�𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤(𝑁𝑁 + 4𝑡𝑡)𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 , 0.60𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤 2 �𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸� ≥ Pf (8.2)

φbe = 0.75, resistance factor for end bearing

Critical section for

web crippling is largely empirical