Lai Binglin

International Symposium on Advances in Steel & Composite Structures
Design of Concrete Encased Steel Composite

Columns Using High Strength Materials
Binglin Lai
&
J. Y. Richard Liew
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Contents
• Application of CES columns in high-rise buildings

• Concerns of using HSC and HSS for composite columns
 Concern of HSC
 Concern of HSS
• Axial performance of high strength CES columns

 Premature cover spalling
 Concrete confinement effect
• Proposed N-M curve Method

 Existing EC4 method
 Section analysis using layer-by-layer method
• Conclusions and design recommendations

1
SSSS 2020 Copyright @ Liew & Lai, 2020
Design Guide on Composite Columns with High Strength
Materials
Revised BC4 2020 coming soon..
BC4: 2020
Design Guide for Composite

Columns with High strength
Materials - A Supplementary
Guide to Eurocode 4
Free download from

Building Construction
Authority Singapore
2
Copyright @ Liew & Lai, 2020
Application in High-rise Buildings
Super-structure
Basement structure 3
Typical configurations of CES columns
Kim &
Hwang
2018
4
Issues of HSC and HSS
Primary concern of HSC: Brittleness and poor ductility
Solutions
Material level: add steel fiber
Structural level: confinement
5
Issues of HSC and HSS
Primary concern of HSS: Early failure of HSC leads to the
underuse of HSS. (material compatibility issue)
Stress distribution in Steel Section under
pure bending (Lai et al. 2019)
Pure compression
Elastic-plastic
Normal strength steel: fy=312.3 MPa
Full elastic
High strength steel: fy=913 MPa
6
Axial performance of CES stub columns
Concrete
Steel grade QTY
grade
C90 S500 4
C90 S690 2
C120 S355 6
C130 S500 4
C130 S690 4
20
Section Size
260x260
280x280
300x300
Length: 600-700
ρsh = 1.33%-2.35%
δ = 0.345-0.491
7
A B
A: Crack initiation
B: Cover spalling Concrete crush
C: Rebar buckling
D: Stirrup facture
E: Steel section buckling
C D E 8
Premature cover spalling
Lai et al. (2019)
9
Concrete confinement effect
Highly confined
Partially confined
Cusson & Paultre (1994) Lai et al. (2019)
10
Premature cover
spalling
C
B
Rebar-induced
confinement
Steel section-
induced First peak load: cover spalling
confinement Second peak load: confinement
activated + steel section
11
𝑁𝒑𝒍𝑹𝒅 = 𝐴𝑎 𝑓𝑦 + αcc𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠𝑘 96 test data on CES composite

sections under pure compression
fc αcc fc = 18-130 MPa
fy = 240-739 MPa
Database QTY Percentage
NSC (<60 MPa) 54 56%

HSC (60-120 MPa) 24 25%
UHSC (>120 MPa) 18 19% (Done by NUS)
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫

αcc=0.85 𝜂
𝜼 = 𝟏. 𝟎 − 𝒇𝑐𝑘 − 𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎
To remove unconservative prediction
Lai et al. (2019)
using the existing EC 4 method
12
N-M curve of high strength CES columns
Long column test:
E Pure compression: A
N A Eccentric compression: B & C
B
E
C Bending : D
D
M
13
EN 1994-1-1 (plastic stress distribution over the composite section )
(Lai et al. 2019)
No recommendation for higher steel grade !!! 14

Limitation of EN 1994-1-1
71 test data on CES columns fc = 20-104 MPa
under compression and bending fy = 280-913 MPa
αM=0.8
Lai et al. (2019)

EC4: not safe for high strength materials
15
Limitation of EN 1994-1-1
EC4
16
Strip Element Method (SEM)
Failure criterion: Cover spalling

Assumptions:
1 Plane section remains plane
2 Perfect bond between steel and concrete
3 Limiting concrete strain: εco εcu (0.003 for C90)
4 Ignore concrete tensile strength
Lai et al. (2019)
17
Simplified SEM: Stress-Block Parameter (SBP)
Proposed
equation
N A
:effective height
B
Not use SBP!! η:effective strength
C
D
M
18
Strip Element Method (SEM)
71 test data on CES columns fc = 20-104 MPa
under compression and bending fy = 280-913 MPa
Lai et al. (2019)
19
Conclusion
• 1. Purely compressed high strength CES stub columns suffer
from premature cover spalling. The anticipated capacity may not
be attained.
• 2. EC4 can predict the axial capacity of CES section with concrete
grade up to C50, beyond which the proposed equation should be
used.
• 3. Concrete confinement effect is very weak in HSC. The strength
enhancement is negligible, but some ductility enhancement is
obtained.
• 4. The EC4 method may not be applicable to predict the N-M
curve of high strength CES columns. Instead, SEM is proposed.
20

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International Symposium on Advances in Steel & Composite Structures

Design of Concrete Encased Steel Composite

• Application of CES columns in high-rise buildings

• Axial performance of high strength CES columns

• Proposed N-M curve Method

• Conclusions and design recommendations

Revised BC4 2020 coming soon..

Design Guide for Composite

Free download from

Primary concern of HSC: Brittleness and poor ductility

Normal strength steel: fy=312.3 MPa

High strength steel: fy=913 MPa

Premature cover spalling

Lai et al. (2019)

Cusson & Paultre (1994) Lai et al. (2019)

𝑁𝒑𝒍𝑹𝒅 = 𝐴𝑎 𝑓𝑦 + αcc𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠𝑘 96 test data on CES composite

NSC (<60 MPa) 54 56%

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫

N A Eccentric compression: B & C

No recommendation for higher steel grade !!! 14

Lai et al. (2019)

Failure criterion: Cover spalling

Lai et al. (2019)

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