CCNA STUDY GUIDE

Pages to look at (netacad online)

7.4.1.2
6.5.5.1 and 6.5.6.1 subnetting
9.6.4.1 switch address forwarding table

NF CH.2
Three elements of communication- sender-medium-reciever
Segmentation-smaller pieces *** Multiplexing-allowes interleaving of packets
Intermediary devices- Router,Switch, Firewall, Hub, Access point
Intranet- inside the company ***Internetworks- global mesh of interconnected networks
Protcols-Rules to fallow (IP most common protocol) Client-Gets the information *** Server- provides the
information
Lan- network serving a home,building,campus *** Wan- Connects Lans
TCP/IP
• Application- data to the user,encoding dialog control
• Transport-Packet segmenting and mapping by port #s
• Internet- Determins the best paht through the network
• Network Access- hardware and media(cable)
OSI
• Application- End to end connectivity – DATA
• Presentation- Common representation of the Data transferred between application layer – DATA
• Session- Services to presitation layer of organized dialogs – DATA
• Transport- Segment,transfer,reorganize information at end devices – SEGMENTS
• Network- Services to exchange individual pieces of Data over the network – PACKETS
• Data link- Exchanging data frames – FRAMES
• Physical- Electric bits, cables – BITS
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NF CH.3
TCP/IP Protocols for L7-L
• Port 53 – DNS – Domain Name Service/ It resolves names to IP Addresses/ A-End device, NS- Name Server
• Port 80 – HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol/ It transfers www pages
• Port 25 – SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol/ Transfer mail messages + atatchments
• Port 110 – PoP – Post Office Protocol/ Delivers the mail from the MDA
• Port 23 – Telnet – Provide remote access to servers and networking devices
• Port 20/21- FTP – File Transfer Protocol/File transfer between systems
• Port 67/68 (udp)- DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol/ Assigns IP, Subnets, Gateways
L7 provides the human interface ***Services fallow protocols prepare data for the network
Client/Server - considered to be in L7 *** Download- From server to client *** Upload- client to server
Peer to Peer Networks- Two or more computers connected together sharing resources (files,printers) can be client
and server
Peer to Peer Applications - P2P – Both a client/server
Email is the most populat network service
MUA- Mail User Agent – Allowes messages to be sent it also places received messages into the clients mailbox.
Clients send emails to a server using SMTP receive email using POP3
MTA- Mail Transfer Agent *** MDA- Mail Delivery Agent
FTP- Port 21 is for controlling traffic/ Port 20 is for the actual file transfer
DHCP – Pulls from a large IP address (wireless in airports, schools, ect)
SMB – Server Message Block – is a client server, Sers make their resources avaible to clients on the network
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NF Ch 4

L4
• divides L7 data into segments or datagrams
• adds header to identify/reassemble
• pass to correct L7 application

Prepares L7 data to be transported over the network and processes network data for use by applications
Establishing a session- Makes sure application is ready (TCP) *** Reliable delivery- Lost segment are resent
(TCP)
Same order delivery- reassemble in proper order (TCP) *** Flow control- manages data if there is congestion
(TCP)
UDP- User Data Protocol – connectionless , Datagrams, “best effort”, 8 bytes overhead
• Applications that use UDP – DNS, Video, VOIP
TCP – Transmission control Protocol – connection, same order delivery, reliable delivery – flow control, 20 bytes
overhead
• Applications that us TCP – Web browser, Email, File Transfer
Well known ports = 0 – 1023 ***
Registered ports – 1024 – 49,151 ***
Private/Dynamic Ports – 49,152 – 65,535
TCP Ports – FTP = 21 *** Telnet = 23 *** SMTP = 25 *** HTTP = 80 *** POP3 = 110 *** HTTPS = 443
UDP Ports- TFTP = 69 *** RIP = 520 *** DHCP = 67,68*** Online games
Both UDP/ TCP- DNS = 53 *** SNMP = 161
3 way handshake –Used to establish a connection = Syn, Syn Ack, Ack
FIN – Used to finish the established connection = Fin, Ack Fin, Ack
Window size - # of bytes sent before ack is expected *** ack # - number of the next expected byte
No 3 way handshake on UDP *** UDP- Not re-ordered
Expectational acknowledgment- Next byte the receiver expects to receive
Selective ack – only if both host support . Retransmit missing data
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Ch5 L3
Logical addressing***Packet
4 basic processes for end to end communication
Addressing***Encapsulation***Routing***Decapsulation
Protocols- Ipv4*** Ipv6***IPx=novel*** Apple talk
Ipv4 vs Ipv6= size,hex vs dec
Ipv4
Connectionless***Best effort (unreliable)*** Media independent

Fragmenting- spliting up a packet when forwarding the packet from one media to another media with a smaller
MTU.
MTU(Maximum Transmission unit)- Max size a PDU can support

Networks grouped based on

Geographical location *** Purpose*** Ownership
Broadcast-message sent from one host to all other host on the network
Hierachiacal addressing- Layered approach to addressing
Default gateway- way out of the network. This is on the router interface

***No packet can be forwarded without a route***

Routing Table 3 main Features

***Destination***Next hop***Metric
***If there is no matching address in the rotuing table and no avalible default address, the ip packet is dropped it is
not forwarded and not returned

Static routes- manually entered routes in to the routing table.

Split horizon-cant send out interface port it came in***

Dynamic Routing
Routing protcols are the set of rules by which routers dynamicly share routing information
Ex: Rip***EIGRP***OSPF
Two types of network int the routing table
Directly connected***Remote networks
3 things a router can do with a packet
Drop it***Forward it to the next hop router***Forward it to the destination host

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Ch6 Subnetting

Directed broadcast- broadcast sent to another network

host addresses 0.0.0.0- 223.255.255.255

multicast addresses- 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Experimenatl addresses- 240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255

Link Local- 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255

loop Back- 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class Addresses
A-0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
B-128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
C-192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255

Private Class Addresses

Class A- 10.0.0.0 -10.255.255.255
Class B- 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255
Class C- 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Binary
Places: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Powers of 2

2^0 = 1
2^1 = 2
2^2 = 4
2^3 = 8
2^4 = 16
2^5 = 32
2^6 = 64
2^7 = 128
2^8 = 256
2^9 = 512
2^10 = 1,024
2^11 = 2,048
2^12 = 4,096
2^13 = 8,192
2^14 = 16,384
2^15 =32,768
2^16 =65,535

*** Remeber 2^n -2 = The number of host you can use***

/12 or /20 or /28

0
15
-----
16
31
-----
32
47
-----
48
63
-----
64
79
-----
80
95
-----
96
111
-----
112
127
-----
128
143
-----
144
159
-----
160
175
-----
176
191
-----
192
207
-----
208
223
-----
224
239
-----
240
255

172.16.0.0/25

NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.SSSSSSSS.SHHHHHHH

N=network
S= Stolen Host
H=host
How many subnets? 512
How many host per subnet? 126

CH 7 Data link layer

-Frame = L2 PDU
-Physical network
-govern how to format a frame for use on dif media

2 sublayers
Upper sublayer- LLC to allow diffrent L3 Protocols to use same media
Lower sublayer-Mac addressing, Begining and Ending of the Frame
- LLC- Logical Link Control
-Mac- Media access control
IEEE
802.2=LLC *** 802.3 = Ethernet*** 802.5 = Token Ring*** 802.11 = Wireless

ITU
Q.922 = Frame Relay*** Q.921 = ISDN *** HDLC = High level Data Link Control

ANSI
3T9.5 = ADCCP

Method of MAC used :

-Media sharing- If and how the nodes share the media
-Topology-Connection between the nodes appear

2 rules how delivery share media

Controlled- 1 at a time, no collisions = FDDI, Token Ring
Contention based- compete for use, CSMA/CD = Ethernet, CSMA/CA = 802.11 wireless networks
CSMA = Listing before trying to send. If it “hears” transmission then it wait until the transmission in
proccess is finished. (Cow Troft)

Data Collision= transmit at the same time

CSMA/CD = Monitors the media for the pressure of a data signal. If nothing send. If something then wait.
(Traditional Ethernet)
CSMA/CA = Collision Avoidance- Examins media if nothing it sends it's data. (Once Data is received the
access point sends a conformation back to the host.

Full Duplex- can send an receive at the same time (ex: phone)
Half Duplex- can send a receive just not at the same time (ex: walkie talkie)
Physical Topology-nodes and the physical connection between them
Logical Topology- way the network transfers Frames frome one node to the next
FCS- Frame check sequence – Determing if errors occurred in the tranmission and reception of the Frame (Checks
for damaged frames)
CRC- Cycle Redundancy Check- Verifys no changes have happened to the Frame. # in the FCS it is then
recalculated to make sure the source and destination match

Ch 8 L1

-Bits
-electrical= copper, optical=fiber, microwavable=wireless

3 Fundamentals- Physical (media type), Data Encoding, Signaling

-Anything will end up a 1 or 0

Signaling methods- amplitude, Frequency, Phase

Data transfer measured in 3 ways

Bandwidth- The amount of information that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time
Throughput- Measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time
Goodput- Measure of the usable data transferred over a given period of time

Units of bandwidth Abbr. Equivilance

BITE PER SECOND bps 1 bps
KILOBITSPER SECOND kbps 1 kbps= 1,000 bps
MEGABITS PER SECOND Mbps 1Mbps = 1,000,000bps
GIGABITS PER SECOND Gbps 1 Gbps = 1,000,000,000 bps
TERABITS PER SECOND Tbps 1 Tbps = 1,000,000,000,000

10 base T 100 base TX 100 base FX 1000 base T

Media-Cat 3,4,5 UTP 4pair Cat 5 UTP 2 pair Multimode fiber Cat 5 4 pair
100 M 100 M 2 Km 100 M
***UTP- Unshielded Twisted Pairs***

Ethernet straight through- Both ends the same

Ethernet crossover-One end T568A the other T568B (1-3 is crossed over ) (2-6 is crossed over)
Rollover- Cisco Proprietary- serial to a router console

STP- Shielded Twisted Pair

Fiber media – Glass or Plastic Fibers/ Light = LED

TX-----------------------------RX
RX-----------------------------TX
one side always has the Led on
Ch 9 Ethernet L1+L2
802.3 = L1 +mac
802.2 (LLC) = L2

LLC- Connects with upper layer protocols, Frames the packet, Identifies the L3 protcol independent of the Physical
equipment

Mac- Data Encapsulation- Frame Delivering, Addressing, Error detection,

-48 bit/ 12 hexadecimal digets

2 mac address rules

-Use The Vendors assigned OUI first 3 bytes
• Unique Value in the last 3 bytes

Multicast mac- 01-00-5E

CSMA/CD – Bus topology (Cow troft)

Multi access
collision detection
jam signal with a back off algorithm

Latency- Media, intermediate devices,ect.... in the middle of end points that makes the data slow down From the
sending device to the receiving device.

Ethernet 10 mbps and slower= asynchronous

Ethernet 100 mbps and higher = synchronous
*** Synchronous- cares about the timing of the bits
*** Asychronous- Does not care about the timing of the bits

Collison domains
Hubs- everything is in one collison domain
Switches-Each end device has its own collision domain
Arp- Resolves Ip addresses to Mac address
Proxy arp- goes outside of the network to enable the router to forward the packet to abother network.

Ch 10

100 meters
90 meters horizonal

Bits per second: 9600 bps

Data bits: 8
Parity: none
Stop bits: 1
Flow control: none

Ch 11

Startup config- NVRAM

Runing config- Ram

Major modes
user exec = >
privledged exec = #
global config = (config#)
Other specifics = (router,interface, line, ect..)