FAILURE CRITERIA: MOHR’S

CIRCLE AND PRINCIPAL STRESSES

Slide No. 1

The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
„ Example 2
The stresses shown in Figure 12a act at a
point on the free surface of a stressed
body. Determine the normal stresses σn
and σt and the shearing stress τnt at this
point if they act on the rotated stress
element shown in Figure 12b.

1
 Slide No. 2

The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
„ Example 2 (cont’d) Figure 12
t n
70 MPa
σt τ nt
σn
40 MPa

10 MPa 150

(a) (b)

Slide No. 3

The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
„ Example 2 (cont’d)
The given values are as follows:
σ x = −10 MPa, σ y = −70 MPa, τ xy = +40 MPa
θ n = 150 , θ t = 150 + 900 = 1050 t n

σt τ nt
t σn
n
900
150 150

2
 Slide No. 4

The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
„ Example 2 (cont’d)
Applying Eq. 12 for the given values
σ n = σ x cos 2 θ + σ y sin 2 θ + 2τ xy sin θ cosθ
= −10 cos 2 (15) − 70 sin 2 (15) + 2(40) sin (15) cos(15)

σ n = 5.981 MPa = 5.981 MPa (Tension)

σ t = σ x cos 2 θ + σ y sin 2 θ + 2τ xy sin θ cosθ
= −10 cos 2 (105) − 70 sin 2 (105) + 2(40) sin (105) cos(105)

σ t = −85.98 MPa = 86 MPa (comprssion)

Slide No. 5

The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
„ Example 2 (cont’d)
τ = −(σ − σ )sin θ cosθ + τ (cos θ − sin θ )
nt x y xy
2 2

= −(− 10 − ( −70) )sin(15) cos(15) + 40(cos (15) − sin (15))

2 2

τ nt = 19.64 MPa t n

70 MPa σ t = 86 MPa
τ nt = 19.64 MPa
σ n = 5.98 MPa
40 MPa

10 MPa 150

3
 Slide No. 6

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Principal Stresses
– The transformation equations (Eq. 12 or
13) provides a means for determining the
normal stress σn and the shearing stress τnt
on different planes through a point O in
stressed body.
– Consider, for example, the state of stress
at a point O of the free surface of a
structure or machine component (Fig. 13).

Slide No. 7

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
y
„ Principal Stresses
x
Surfaces perpendicular to z-axis
are stress-free. z
7 ksi

12 ksi

⋅⋅ o 25 ksi

(a) Figure 13 (b)

4
 Slide No. 8

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Principal Stresses
– As the element is rotated through an angle
θ about an axis perpendicular to the stress-
free surface, the normal stress σn and the
shearing stressτnt on different planes vary
continuously as shown in Figure 14.
– For design purposes, critical stress at the
point are usually the maximum tensile (or
compressive) and shearing stresses.

Slide No. 9

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Principal Stresses
– The principal stresses are the maximum
normal stress σmax and minimum normal
stress σmin.
– In general, these maximum and minimum
or principal stresses can be determined by
plotting curves similar to those of Fig. 14.
– But this process is time-consuming, and
therefore, general methods are needed.

5
 Slide No. 10

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Variation of Stresses as Functions of θ
40
σ n sn
Stress

30
τ tnt
Stress
nt 7 ksi

20 12 ksi
y
Stress (Ksi)

t n
10 25 ksi
x
0 θ
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-10

-20
Angle θ (Degrees)
Figure 14

Slide No. 11
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Principal Stresses
– Principal Stresses for Special Loading
Conditions:
• Bar under axial load
P P
σ max=
A
and τ max =
2A
(14)
• Shaft under Pure Bending
Tmax c
σ max = τ max = (15)
J

6
 Slide No. 12

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Principal Stresses for Axially Loaded
Bar
P

Inclined Area, An
Figure 15 Original Area, A θ

P
F

Slide No. 13

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Principal Stresses for Axially Loaded
Bar
Figure 16a
N
P θ
θ
V
N = P cosθ
θ
V = P sin θ
N P cosθ P P
An =
A σn = =
A
= cos 2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ )
An A 2A
cosθ cosθ

7
 Slide No. 14

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Principal Stresses for Axially Loaded
Bar Figure 16b
N
P θ
θ
V
N = P cosθ
θ
V = P sin θ
V P sin θ P P
A τn = = = sin θ cosθ = sin 2θ
An = An A A 2A
cosθ cosθ

Slide No. 15

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Principal Stresses for Axially Loaded
Bar
σn is maximum when θ = 00 or 1800
τn is maximum when θ = 450 or 1350
– Also σ max
τ max = (16)
2
Therefore
σ max=
P
and τ max =
P (17)
A 2A

8
 Slide No. 16

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses for Shaft under Pure
„

Fig.17 Torsion y
t y A
(c)
n x
τn t dA
y
τ yx
τx y dA cos α

α σn dA (a)
α

τ xy τ xy
α
x x
τyx dA sin α τ yx (b)

Slide No. 17

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Principal Stresses for Shaft under Pure
Torsion
t y
σ n = 2τ xy sin α cos α = τ xy sin 2α τn t dA n
(18)
τx y dA cos α

α σn dA
α
τ nt = τ xy (cos 2 α − sin 2 α ) = τ xy cos 2α (19)
Tmax c τyx dA sin α
σ max = τ max = (20)
J

9
 Slide No. 18

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Development of Principal Stresses
Equations
Recall Eq 13
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σn = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ (13a)
2 2
σ x −σ y (13b)
τ nt = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2

Slide No. 19

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Development of Principal Stresses
Equations
Differentiating the first equation with
respect to θ and equate the result to zero,
gives
dσ n d σ x + σ y σ x − σ y 
=  + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ 
dθ dθ  2 2 
set
= −(σ x − σ y )sin 2θ + 2τ xy cos 2θ = 0
or
2τ xy  2τ xy 
tan 2θ p = or 2θ p = tan −1   (21)
σ x −σ y  σ −σ 
 x y 

10
 Slide No. 20

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Development of Principal Stresses
Equations
Substituting the expression for 2θp into Eq.
13a, yields
2
σ x +σ y  σ x −σ y 
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy2 (22)
2  2 

Eq. 21 gives the two principal stresses in the

xy-plane, and the third stress σp3 = σz = 0.

Slide No. 21

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Principal Stresses
Principal stresses σmax and σmin can be
computed from
2
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y 
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy2 (22a)
2  2 

where subscript p refers to the planes of

maximum and minimum values of σn.

11
 Slide No. 22

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Location of the Plane of Principal
Stresses

1  2τ xy 
θ p = tan −1  

(22b)
2 σ x −σ y 

Slide No. 23

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Notes on Principal Stresses Equation
1. Eq. 22 gives the angle θp and θp + 900
between x-plane (or y-plane) and the
mutually perpendicular planes on which
the principal stresses act.
2. When tan 2θp is positive, θp is positive,
and the rotation is counterclockwise from
the x- and y-planes to the planes on
which the two principal stresses act.

12
 Slide No. 24

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Notes on Principal Stresses Equation
3. When tan 2θp is negative, θp is negative,
and the rotation is clockwise.
4. The shearing stress is zero on planes
experiencing maximum and minimum
values of normal stresses.
5. If one or both of the principal stresses
from Eq.22 is negative, the algebraic
maximum stress can have a smaller
absolute value than the minimum stress.

Slide No. 25

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Development of Maximum Shearing
Stress Equation
σ x −σ y
Recall Eq 13b: τ nt = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
dτ nt d  σ x −σ y 
= − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ 
dθ dθ  2 
= −(σ x − σ y )cos 2θ − 2τ xy sin 2θ = 0
set
or
σ x −σ y  σ x −σ y 
tan 2θ τ = − or 2θτ = tan −1   (23)
2τ xy  2τ 
 xy 

13
 Slide No. 26

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Development of Principal Shearing
Stress Equation
Substituting the expression for 2θτ into Eq.
13b, yields
2
 σ −σ y 
τ p = ±  x  + τ xy2 (24)
 2 

Eq. 24 gives the maximum in-plane

shearing stress.

Slide No. 27

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Maximum In-Plane Shearing Stress
Maximum in-plane shearing stress can be
computed from
2
 σ −σ y 
τ p = ±  x  + τ xy2 (24a)
 2 
where the subscript p refers to the plane of
maximum in-plane shearing stress τp.

14
 Slide No. 28

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Location of the Plane of Maximum
Shearing Stress

1 σ −σ y 
θ τ = tan −1  x 
 (24b)
2  2 τ xy 

Slide No. 29

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Notes on Principal Stresses and
Maximum In-Plane Shearing Stress
Equation
1. The two angles 2θp and 2θτ differ by 900,
therefore, θp and θτ are 450 apart.
2. This means that the planes in which the
maximum in-plane shearing stress occur
are 450 from the principal planes.

15
 Slide No. 30

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Notes on Principal Stresses and
Maximum In-Plane Shearing Stress
Equation
3. The direction of the maximum shearing
stress can be determined by drawing a
wedge-shaped block with two sides parallel
to the planes having the maximum and
minimum principal stresses, and with the
third side at an angle of 450. The direction of
the maximum shearing stress must oppose
the larger of the two principal stresses.

Slide No. 31

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
y σy θp Fig.18 Wedge-shaped Block
τ xy
σ p1 > σ P 2
σx
σn
x
θp
τ max
σ p1 σn 450 σ p1
0
45
τ max
σ p2
σ p2

16
 Slide No. 32

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Useful Relationships
• The maximum value of τnt is equal to one half
the difference between the two in-plane
principal stresses, that is
σ p1 − σ p 2 (25)
τp =
2
• For plane stress, the sum of the normal
stresses on any two orthogonal planes through
a point in a body is a constant or in invariant.
σ p1 + σ p 2 = σ x + σ y (26)

Slide No. 33

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Useful Relationships
– When a state of plane exists, one of the
principal stresses is zero.
– If the values of σp1 and σp2 from Eq. 25
have the same sign, then the third principal
stress σp3 equals zero, will be either the
maximum or minimum normal stresses.
– Three possibilities:
max = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) / 2, max = (σ p1 − 0 ) / 2, max = (0 − σ p 2 ) / 2

17
 Slide No. 34

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Example 3
Normal and shearing stresses on
horizontal and vertical planes through a
point in a structural member subjected to
plane stress are shown in Figure 19.
Determine and show on a sketch the
principal and maximum shearing stresses.

Slide No. 35

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Example 3 (cont’d)
Fig.19
The given values for use
4 ksi
in Eqs. 22 and 24 are:
σx = +12 ksi
σy = - 4 ksi
12 ksi τxy = - 6 ksi
6 ksi

18
 Slide No. 36

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Example 3 (cont’d)
Using Eq. 22a for the given values:
2
σ x +σ y  σ x −σ y 
σp = ±   + τ xy2
2  2 
 12 − (− 4) 
2
12 + (−4)
 + (− 6 ) = 4 ± 10
2
= ± 
2  2 
Therefore,
σ P1 = 4 + 10 = +14 ksi = 14 ksi (T)
σ p 2 = 4 − 10 = −6 ksi = 6 ksi (C)
σ p3 = σ z = 0

Slide No. 37

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Example 3 (cont’d)
Since the σp1 and σp2 have opposite sign,
the maximum shearing stress is
σ p1 − σ p 2 14 − (− 6) 20
τ max = = = = +10 ksi
2 2 2
The location θp of the principal stresses is
computed from Eq. 22b
1  2(− 6) 
θ p = tan −1   = 18.430
2  12 x − (− 4) 
 y 

19
 Slide No. 38

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Example 3 (cont’d)
y 4 ksi Sketch of principal and max
6 ksi shearing stresses
σ x +σ y 12 − 4
σn = = = 4 ksi (T)
2 2
12 ksi
4 ksi
x
6 ksi 18.430
10 ksi
450 14 ksi
τ p = 10 ksi = τ max

6 ksi

Slide No. 39

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Example 4
Normal and shearing stresses on
horizontal and vertical planes through a
point in a structural member subjected to
plane stress are shown in Figure 20.
Determine and show on a sketch the
principal and maximum shearing stresses

20
 Slide No. 40

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Example 4 (cont’d)

Fig.20
The given values for use
36 MPa
in Eqs. 22 and 24 are:
σx = +72 MPa
σy = +36 MPa
72 MPa τxy = - 24 MPa
24 MPa

Slide No. 41

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Example 4 (cont’d)
Using Eq. 22a for the given values:
2
σ x +σ y  σ x −σ y 
σp = ±   + τ xy2
2  2 
 72 − (+ 36) 
2
72 + (+36)
 + (− 24 ) = 54 ± 30
2
= ± 
2  2 
Therefore,
σ P1 = 54 + 30 = +84 ksi = 84 MPa (T)
σ p 2 = 54 − 30 = +24 ksi = 24 MPa (T)
σ p3 = σ z = 0

21
 Slide No. 42

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Example 4 (cont’d)
Since the σp1 and σp2 have the same sign,
the maximum shearing stress is
σ p1 − 0 84 − 0 84
τ max = = = = +42 MPa
2 2 2
The location θp of the principal stresses is
computed from Eq. 22b
 2τ xy  1
1
θ p = tan −1   = tan −1  2(−24)  = −26.57 0

2  σ x −σ y  2  72 − 36 

Slide No. 43

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
„ Example 4 (cont’d)
y 36 MPa Sketch of principal and max
42 MPa
6 ksi shearing stresses 42 MPa
72 MPa 450
x 54 MPa 84 MPa
24 MPa 26.57 0
σ p3 = 0
30 MPa
τ p ≠ τ max
450 84 MPa
σ p1 − σ p 2 84 − 24
τp = = = 30 MPa
2 2 σ x +σ y 72 + 36
σn = = = 54 MPa (T)
2 2
τ max = 42 MPa 24 MPa

22
 Slide No. 44

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Introduction
– Mohr’s circle is a pictorial or graphical
interpretation of the transformation
equations for plane stress.
– The process involves the construction of a
circle in such a manner that the
coordinates of each point on the circle
represent the normal and shearing
stresses on one plane through the stressed

Slide No. 45

Maximum Shearing Stress

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf

Maximum shearing stress occurs for σ x′ = σ ave

2
σ x −σ y  2
τ max = R =   + τ xy
 2 
σ x −σ y
tan 2θ s = −
2τ xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from θ p by 45o
σ x +σ y
σ ′ = σ ave =
2

23
 Slide No. 46

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Introduction
Point, and the angular position of the
radius to the point gives the orientation of
the plane.
– The proof that normal and shearing
components of stress on arbitrary plane
through a point can be represented as
points on a circle follows from Eqs. 13a
and 13b.

Slide No. 47

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Plane Stresses using Mohr’s Circle

• Recall Eqs. 13a and 13b,
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σn = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ (13a)
2 2
σ x −σ y
τ nt = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ (13a)
2
• Squaring both equations, adding, and
simplifying gives
2 2
 σ +σ y   σ −σ y 
 σ n − x  + τ 2nt =  x  + τ xy2 (27)
 2   2 

24
 Slide No. 48

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Plane Stresses using Mohr’s Circle

– The previous equation is indeed an
equation of a circle in terms of the variable
σn and τnt. The circle is centered on the the
σ axis at a distance (σx - σy)/2 from the τ
axis, and the radius of the circle is given by
2
 σ x −σ y 
R =   + τ xy2 (28)
 2 

Slide No. 49

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Plane Stresses using Mohr’s Circle

– Normal stresses are plotted as horizontal
coordinates, with tensile stresses (positive)
plotted to the right of the origin and
compressive stresses (negative) plotted to
the left.
– Shearing stresses are plotted as vertical
coordinates, with those tending to produce
a clockwise rotation of the stress element

25
 Slide No. 50

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Plane Stresses using Mohr’s Circle

plotted above the σ-axis, and those tending
to produce counterclockwise rotation of the
stress element plotted below the σ-axis.
– Sign conventions for interpreting the
normal and shearing stresses will be
provided, and illustrated through examples.

Slide No. 51

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Plane Stresses using Mohr’s Circle
• Mohr’s circle for any point subjected to plane
stress can be drawn when stresses on two
mutually perpendicular planes through the point
are known.
σy
τ xy y
A t
τ xy
n
σx θ σx
τ yx A θ x
τ yx
σy

26
 Slide No. 52

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

τ Mohr’s Circle Fig.21

σy
H (σ y ,τ yx )
σ p2

τp
τ yx
2θ p
C σ
τ nt
σ x −σ y 2θ
τ xy
2
σ x +σ y
2 V (σ x ,τ xy )
σx
σn
σ p1

Slide No. 53

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Mohr’s Circle

Maximum shearing stress occurs for σ x′ = σ ave

2
σ x −σ y 
τ max = R =   + τ xy2
 2 
σ x −σ y
tan 2θ s = −
2τ xy
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and
offset from θ p by 45o
σ x +σ y
σ ′ = σ ave =
2

27
 Slide No. 54

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Plane Stresses using Mohr’s Circle

Drawing Procedure for Mohr’s Circle
1. Choose a set of x-y coordinate axes.
2. Identify the stresses σx, σy and τxy = τyx and list
them with proper sign.
3. Draw a set of στ-coordinate axes with σ and τ
positive to the right and upward, respectively.
4. Plot the point (σx, -τxy) and label it point V
(vertical plane).

Slide No. 55

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Plane Stresses using Mohr’s Circle

Drawing Procedure for Mohr’s Circle (cont’d)
5. Plot the point (σy, τyx) and label it point H
(horizontal plane).
6. Draw a line between V and H. This establishes
the center and the radius R of Mohr’s circle.
7. Draw the circle.
8. An extension of the radius between C and V
can be identified as the x-axis or reference line
for the angle measurements (I.e., θ =0).

28
 Slide No. 56

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Sign Conventions
– In a given face of the stressed element, the
shearing stresses that tends to rotate the
element clockwise will be plotted above the
σ-axis in the circle.
– In a given face of the stressed element, the
shearing stresses that tends to rotate the
element counterclockwise will be plotted
below the σ-axis in the circle.

Slide No. 57

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

τ Fig.22
„ Sign Conventions σ
τ
The following jingle may • σ
be helpful in remembering (a) Clockwise → Above
this conventions:
“In the kitchen, the clock
τ
is above, and the counter τ σ
is below.”
Beer and Johnston (1992) • σ

(b) Counterclockwise → Below

29
 Slide No. 58

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Points of Interests on Mohr’s Circle

1. Point D that provides the principal stress
σp1.
2. Point E that gives the principal stress σp2.
3. Point A that provides the maximum in-
plane shearing stress -τp and the
accompanied normal stress σavg that acts
on the plane.

Slide No. 59
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With the physical significance of Mohr’s circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.

• For a known state of plane stress σ x , σ y ,τ xy

plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y  2
σ ave = R =   + τ xy
2  2 

• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

σ max,min = σ ave ± R
2τ xy
tan 2θ p =
σ x −σ y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.

30
 Slide No. 60
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.

• For the state of stress at an angle θ with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2θ with respect to
XY.

• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.

Slide No. 61
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:

P P
σx = , σ y = τ xy = 0 σ x = σ y = τ xy =
A 2A

• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:

Tc Tc
σ x = σ y = 0 τ xy = σx =σy = τ xy = 0
J J

31
 Slide No. 62

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Example 5
The stresses shown in Figure 23 act at a point
on the free surface of a stressed body. Use
Mohr’s circle to determine the normal and
shearing stresses at this point on the inclined
plane AB shown in the figure.

14 ksi

12 B
5 20 ksi
Fig.23
A

Slide No. 63

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Example 5 (cont’d)
τ
The given values for use in C
drawing Mohr’s circle are: R=3
σ x = σ p1 = 20 ksi τ nt
σ y = σ p 2 = 14 ksi
45.24
σ
 − 12 
σ z = σ p3 = 0 2θ = 2 tan −1   = −134.76
0
134.76 0
 5  σn R=3
20 + 14
C= = 17 ksi
2
R = radius =
20 − 14
=3 τ nt = R sin (45.24 ) = 3 sin (45.24 ) = 2.13 ksi
2
σ n = C − R cos (45.24 ) = 17 − 3(0.7) = 14.89 ksi

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 Slide No. 64

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Example 6

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohr’s circle,
determine (b) the principal planes,
(c) the principal stresses, (d) the
maximum shearing stress and the
corresponding normal stress.

Slide No. 65

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

„ Example 6 (cont’d)

SOLUTION:
• Construction of Mohr’s circle

σ ave =
σx +σ y
=
(50) + (− 10) = 20 MPa
2 2
CF = 50 − 20 = 30 MPa FX = 40 MPa
R = CX = (30)2 + (40)2 = 50 MPa

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 Slide No. 66
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf

Example 6 (cont’d)
• Principal planes and stresses
σ max = OA = OC + CA = 20 + 50
σ max = 70 MPa
σ max = OB = OC − BC = 20 − 50
σ max = −30 MPa

FX 40
tan 2θ p = =
CP 30
2θ p = 53.1°
θ p = 26.6°

Slide No. 67
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf

Example 6 (cont’d)

• Maximum shear stress

θ s = θ p + 45° τ max = R σ ′ = σ ave

θ s = 71.6° τ max = 50 MPa σ ′ = 20 MPa

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