Ten Lessons of Arabic PDF

TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC
TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC
based on
Das Sabaq of Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi
Revised & Edited by

‘Aamir Bashir
Copyright © Dār al-Sa‘ādah Publications 2011
First Online Edition Dec 2011
Second Online Edition Jul 2012
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents i
List of Tables ii
Acknowledgments iii
Foreword v
LESSON 1 ُ‫ – مُبُتُدُأٌُوخب ٌر‬Subject and Predicate 1
LESSON 2 ‫افُإِلي ُِه‬

ٌ ‫افُومض‬ ٌ ‫مض‬ 7
LESSON 3 ُ‫اضي‬ ُِ ‫ – ال ِفعلُالم‬Past Tense Verb 11
LESSON 4 ٌُ‫ُمفعول‬،‫اع ٌل‬ ِ ‫ُف‬،‫ – فِعل‬Verb, Subject, Object 19

ٌ
LESSON 5 ُ‫ – اْلروفُاْل َّارة‬Prepositions 25
LESSON 6 ُ‫ضمائِر‬ َُّ ‫ – ال‬Pronouns 31
LESSON 7 ُ‫ – ال ِفعلُالمضارِع‬Present and Future Tense Verb 39
LESSON 8 ُ‫لصفةُوالموصوف‬
ِّ ‫ – ا‬Adjective 49
LESSON 9 ُ‫ – اْلمرُوالنَّهي‬Imperative & Prohibitive 57
LESSON 10 ُ‫ُاْلمع‬،‫ُالتَّثُنِية‬،‫احد‬
ِ ‫ – الو‬Singular, Dual, Plural 67
i
LIST OF TABLES
3.1 ُِ ‫)ال ِفعلُالم‬

Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (ُ‫اضيُُالمعروف‬ 12
3.1a ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬

ُ‫اضيُُالمعروف‬ 13
3.2 ُِ ‫)اُل ِفعلُالم‬

Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (ُ‫اضيُُالُمجهول‬ 14
3.2a ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬

ُ‫اضيُُالُمجهول‬ 15
5.1 Prepositions (ُ‫ارة‬

َّ ‫)اْلروفُاْل‬ 25
6.1 Unattached (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ )من ف‬Pronouns

ٌُ ‫ص‬ 31
6.2 Attached (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ )مت‬Pronouns

ٌُ ‫َّص‬ 32
7.1 ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌلُمضار‬in Active Voice (‫ف‬

Verb Forms of (‫ِع‬ ٌُ ‫)معرو‬ 39
7.1a ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضا ِرعُالمعروف‬ 40
7.2 ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌُلُمُضار‬in Passive Voice (ٌُ‫)َمهول‬

Verb Forms of (‫ِع‬ 41
7.2a ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضا ِرعُالُمجهول‬ 42
Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (‫ف‬ ِ ‫)أم ُرُح‬

ٌُ ‫اضٌرُمعرو‬ 58
9.1 ٌ
9.2 Second Person Imperative in Active Voice (‫ف‬ ِ ‫)أمرُح‬
ٌ
9.2a ِ ‫اْلمرُاْل‬
ُ‫اضرُالمعروف‬ 59
9.3 Creating Second Person Prohibitive (‫ف‬ ِ ‫ )ن هيُح‬in Active Voice

ٌ
9.4 Second Person Prohibitive (‫ف‬ ِ ‫ )ن هيُح‬in Active Voice
ٌ
9.4a ِ ‫النَّهيُاْل‬
ُ‫اضرُالمعروف‬ 61
10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural 68
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who helped in making this project a
success. To begin with, I would like to thank Sr. A. Naviwala who, working on
behalf of Darul Uloom al-Madania, prepared the first draft, which I edited. I would
also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon for his valuable feedback. I am also
indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012 academic year) who
suggested important improvements and pointed out the many mistakes. My
prepatory year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012), including Ahmad Hatim
who proof-read the draft for the second edition, have also given me valuable
feedback. I have greatly benefitted from their questions, comments and suggestions.
May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.
iii
‫الصلوةُوالسالمُعلىُرسولهُالكرمي‬
ُ ‫بسمُاهللُالرمحنُالرحيمُو‬
FOREWORD
This is the second edition of the revised Ten Lessons of Arabic, which in turn was
based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten
Lessons] by Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a
part of the ‘Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years.
In 2011, I was commissioned by Darul Uloom al-Madania to edit a translation that
they had prepared by revising an existing translation of the text that was available
online. I completed the editing in a few months. During this process, I took liberty
with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the
student. The edited version was then used as a textbook for Darul Uloom’s eAlim
program. At that time, I received a number of suggestions from eAlim instructors
and students regarding improvement of the text.
Later, I got the chance to teach the first four chapters myself during Ramadan
2011 to a sincere student. At that time, I realized the many flaws that had
remained, especially in the first four chapters. I revised these chapters thoroughly to
make them more student friendly. Later still, I got the chance to go over the whole
text during the first term of 2011–2012 academic year, while teaching it to first year
students at Darul Uloom. During this time, a number of issues came up and I made
the changes accordingly. The first online edition was released at that time.
Later, during the last two terms of 2011–2012 academic year, I got the chance
to teach it again; this time, to the prepatory year students at Darul Uloom. More
issues came up and I fixed them. Now, at the end of this academic year (2011–
2012), I have gone through the whole text again and revised it throughly. I have
added more explanation and tables in many chapters. I have also revised the word
lists and exercises, and reduced the overall number of vocabulary words. While
teaching, I had felt that memorizing too many new words was taking the students’
attention away from the real thing, viz. grammar rules and construction of the
language. In many cases, plurals of words are given, but they are merely for
reference. Students should not be required to memorize these. The vocabulary lists
still appear quite formidable. However, this is because of the many repeated words.
If they were to be taken out, the overall count will be much less.
This text has been revised multiple times. In the process, it has changed
considerably and those looking for an exact translation of Das Sabaq will be
disappointed. However, I believe it is now much more beneficial. I have tried my
v
best, with help from many of my students, to remove all of the errors in it.
Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some
mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. I hope that the readers,
students and teachers, will apprise me of any such issues. Your feedback
(suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to me. You can contact me at
the email address given at the end.
This is a beginner-level text but notwithstanding its ease, it should be studied
with a teacher. It is also expected that the student will be studying other Arabic
books along with it as well. I would recommend Fundamentals of Classical Arabic
vol. 1 (by Dr. Husain Abdul Sattar) and Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vol. 1 (by
Dr. V. Abdur Rahim). I got the chance to teach both during this academic year.
They are both excellent books. There is some overlap between them and Ten
Lessons. However, this should not be seen as redundancy, but as re-inforcement. Of
the three, Fundamentals is for Sarf, Ten Lessons and Durus al-Lughah are for general
Arabic. The last one is probably the best in terms of its gradual and progressive
introduction to Arabic language concepts. However, the former two provide concise
information for Sarf and Nahw, which is spread out in Durus al-Lughah. I
recommend that Ten lessons and Durus al-Lughah be started at the beginning of the
semester, while Fundamentals be started in the second half.
Since this is a beginner-level text; therefore, Arabic words have not been
transliterated exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be
comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, their approximate
equivalents have been used that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless,
non-English words have been italicized.
As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, the original Arabic duals and plurals
have not been used; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by
adding an ‘s’ to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain.
The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin.
The following abbreviations appear in the text:
S = Singular D = Dual P = Plural
M = Masculine F = Feminine
Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the
following abbreviations:
(S/M) = ‘Singular masculine’ which means one male
(D/M) = ‘Dual masculine’ which means two males
(P/M) = ‘Plural masculine’ which means multiple males
(S/F) = ‘Singular feminine’ which means one female
(D/F) = ‘Dual feminine’ which means two females
(P/F) = ‘Plural feminine’ which means multiple females
vi
I hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students.
I also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have
contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. I also
request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us all
in their prayers.
And He alone gives success.
ُ‫وصلَّىُاهللُُت عالُُعلُىُخ ِْيُخل ِق ِهُسيِّ ِدناُوموَلناُُُم َّم ٍد َُّوعلُىُأُلِِه ُُوأُصحابِِهُأُْجعِي‬
‘Aamir Bashir
Buffalo, NY
91th Shaʻban, 1433 (1th July, 2012)
Email: ainbay97@yahoo.com
vii
LESSON 1
ُ ٌ‫مُبُتُدُأ‬
ُ‫ُوخب ٌر‬
Subject and Predicate
Consider the following sentences: ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ ‘Haamid is pious,’

‘Khalid is a conqueror.’ These sentences and other sentences of the same pattern are
called mubtada (ٌ‫ )مُبُتُدُُأ‬and khabar (‫)خب ٌُر‬. The subject of the sentence is called
mubtada and it comes at the beginning of the sentence. The predicate of the
sentence is called khabar and it is the second part of the sentence. For example, in
‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ Mahmood is the subject and the information about
him being knowledgeable is the predicate. Therefore, ‘Mahmood’ is mubtada and
‘knowledgeable’ُis khabar.
To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps:
1. Take out the “is”.
2. Translate the words into Arabic.
ُِ ‫ )ض َّمت‬to both words in the sentence.
3. Give two dammahs (‫ي‬
Examples:
1. Mahmood is knowledgeable.
ُِ ‫ُمموٌدُع‬
ٌ‫ال‬
2. Haamid is pious.
ُ‫ح ِام ٌدُصالِ ٌح‬
3. Khalid is a conqueror.
ُ‫خالِ ٌدُفاتِ ٌح‬
4. Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace) is a messenger.
ٌُ‫ُم َّم ٌُدُ(صلَّىُاهللُُعلي ِهُوسلَّمُ)ُرسول‬
5. Naasir is a friend.
ُ‫اصٌرُص ِدي ٌق‬
ِ ‫ن‬
In the above examples, the mubtada is a definite noun.1 However, if it is a
common noun, an alif-laam will be added to the beginning of the word. For
example, if the first sentence was ‘the man is knowledgeable,’ it would be translated
ُِ ‫ا َّلرجلُع‬.
as ٌ‫ال‬
It is important to note here that whenever alif-laam comes before a word, the
tanween becomes a single fathah (ٌ‫)ف تح ُة‬, kasrah (ٌ‫ )كسرُة‬or dammah (ٌ‫ )ض َّم ُة‬as the case
1 ِ ‫)ن‬.
In Arabic, a definite noun is called ma‘rifah (ٌ‫ )مع ِرف ُة‬and a common noun is called nakirah (‫كرٌُة‬
1
Lesson 1
may be, eg. ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫ رج‬becomes ُ‫ا َّلرجل‬. Alif-laam is mainly used in place of the definite
article “the.” It gives distinction to a word. For example, ‘a man’ is any man and
‘the man’ is a specific man. Sometimes alif-laam is used for the meaning of ‘a whole
ُِ ‫ ا‬means ‘mankind’ and ُ‫ اْلمد‬means ‘all praise.’
category/class.’ For example, ُ‫لنسان‬
If the mubtada is feminine, then the khabar will also have to be feminine. To
change a word to its feminine form, add the round taa (‫ )ة‬to the end of the word.
ٌُ ِ‫ا َّلرجلُصال‬. Now if you want to say ‘the
For example, ‘the man is pious’ is written as ‫ح‬
ِ ‫المرأةُص‬. Similarly, ‘the girl is knowledgeable’ will be
woman is pious,’ you will say ٌ‫اْل ُة‬
written as ٌ‫البِنتُعالِم ُة‬.
Word List
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
father ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ُ‫أ‬ ُ‫أُباء‬
mother ُ‫أُم‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫أُ َّمه‬
son ‫اِب ٌُن‬ ُ‫أُب ناء‬
boy ‫ول ٌُد‬ ُ‫أوَل ٌد‬
daughter, girl ٌُ ‫بِن‬
‫ت‬ ٌُ ‫ب ن‬
‫ات‬
paternal uncle ُ‫عم‬ ُ‫أُعم ٌام‬
paternal aunt ٌ‫ع َّم ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ُع َّم‬،ٌ‫ع َّماُة‬
‫ات‬
maternal uncle ٌُ‫خال‬ ٌُ‫أُخوال‬
maternal aunt ٌ‫خال ُة‬ ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫خاَل‬
brother ٌُ ُ‫أ‬
‫خ‬ ٌُ‫ُُإِخوة‬،‫ُإِخوا ٌن‬
sister ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫أُخ‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫أُخو‬
grandfather ُ‫جد‬ ‫أُجد ٌُاد‬
grandmother ٌ‫ج َّدُة‬ ُ‫َّات‬
ٌ ‫جد‬
grandson ‫ح ِفي ٌُد‬ ‫ُحفدٌُة‬،‫اد‬ ٌ ‫أُحف‬
granddaughter ٌ‫ح ِفيدُُة‬
man ُ‫رج ٌل‬ ٌُ‫ِرجال‬
woman ٌ‫اِمرأُة‬ ُ ‫نِس‬
ٌ‫اء‬
2
ُ‫ٌُوخب ٌر‬
ُ ‫مُبُتُدُأ‬
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
male child, infant, toddler ‫ِطف ٌُل‬ ٌُ‫أُطفال‬
female male child, infant, toddler ٌ‫ِطفلُ ُة‬
strong ُ‫ق ِوي‬ ُ‫أُق ِوياء‬
weak ٌُ ‫ضعِي‬
‫ف‬ ُ‫ضعفاء‬
ice, snow ‫ث ل ٌُج‬
cold ‫با ِرٌُد‬
ِ
water ٌ‫اء‬
ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫مي ُاه‬
sweet ٌُ ‫عذ‬
‫ب‬
small ‫صُغِي ٌُر‬
fat ٌُ ‫َِس‬
‫ي‬
pious ‫صالِ ٌُح‬ ُ‫صلحاء‬
worshipper ‫عابِ ٌُد‬ ُ‫اد‬
ٌ َّ‫عب‬
ُ‫ذكِي‬ ُ‫أُذكِياء‬
intelligent, smart
ُ‫عاقِ ٌل‬ ُ‫عقالء‬
hard-working ‫َمت ِه ٌُد‬ ُ‫َمت ِهدون‬
beautiful ِ
‫ْجي ٌُل‬
thankful, grateful ‫شاكٌُِر‬ ُ‫شاكِرُون‬
truthful ٌُ ‫ص ِاد‬
‫ق‬ ُ‫ص ِادق ون‬
Lord ُ‫رب‬
prophet, messenger ُ ِ‫ن‬
‫ب‬ ُ‫أُنبِياء‬
messenger ٌُ‫رسول‬ ُ‫رس ٌل‬
path ٌُ ‫ِصرا‬
‫ط‬
straight ‫مست ِقي ٌُم‬
Muslim ‫مسلِ ٌُم‬ ُ‫مسلِمون‬
man, mankind ُ‫ا ُِلنسان‬
slave ُ‫عب ٌد‬ ٌ ‫ِعب‬
ُ‫اد‬
leader, commander ‫قائِ ٌُد‬ ٌُ‫ُقادُة‬،‫ق َّو ٌاد‬
3
Lesson 1
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
brave ُ‫اع‬
ٌ ‫شج‬
generous ٌ‫ك ِر ُمي‬ ُ‫كِر ٌام‬
the hour; day of resurrection ُ‫لساعة‬ َّ ‫ا‬
coming (F) ٌ‫أُتِي ُة‬
respectful ُ‫ب‬ٌ ‫مؤَّد‬
and ُ‫و‬
merciful ‫رِحي ٌُم‬
going (M) ٌُ ‫ذ ِاه‬
‫ب‬
knowledgeable; scholar ُِ ‫ع‬
ٌ‫ال‬ ُ‫علُماء‬
Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic.

1. Haamid is a father.
2. Mahmood is a son.
3. Khalid is an uncle (paternal).
4. Zayd is an uncle (maternal).
5. Bakr is a brother.
6. Sa‘eed is a grandfather.
7. Hameed is a grandson.
8. The man is strong.
9. The child (M) is weak.
10. The ice is cold.
11. The water is sweet.
12. The son is small.
13. Hamzah is fat.
14. The brother is pious.

1. The woman is strong.
2. The mother is beautiful.
3. The daughter is a worshipper.
4. The aunt (maternal) is intelligent.
5. The aunt (paternal) is hard-working.
6. The sister is beautiful.
7. The grandmother is thankful.
4
‫ٌُوخب ٌرُ‬
‫مُبُتُدُأ ُ‬
‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪‘Aishah is intelligent.‬‬

‫‪9.‬‬ ‫‪Fatimah is small.‬‬
‫‪10.‬‬ ‫‪Maimoonah is a grand daughter.‬‬
‫‪11.‬‬ ‫‪The aunt (paternal) is pious.‬‬
‫‪12.‬‬ ‫‪The girl is fat.‬‬
‫‪13.‬‬ ‫‪The grandmother is pious.‬‬
‫‪14.‬‬ ‫‪The aunt (maternal) is a worshipper.‬‬
‫‪Exercise 3:‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English.‬‬
‫اهللُربُ ‪1.‬‬ ‫اُْلخُك ِر ُميٌ ‪11.‬‬

‫ُم َّم ٌدُ(صلَّىُاهللُُعلي ِهُوسلَّمُ)ُنِبُ ‪2.‬‬ ‫لساعة ُُاتِي ُةٌ ‪12.‬‬
‫ا َّ‬
‫ا َّلرسولُص ِ‬
‫اد ٌقُ ‪3.‬‬ ‫عمٌروَُمت ِه ٌُد ‪13.‬‬
‫لصراطُمست ِقي ٌمُ ‪4.‬‬
‫ا ِّ‬ ‫طا ِر ٌقُمؤَّد ٌُ‬
‫ب ‪14.‬‬
‫ُمموٌدُمسلِ ٌمُ ‪5.‬‬ ‫البِنتُمؤَّدب ُةٌ ‪15.‬‬
‫ا ِلنسانُعب ٌُد ‪6.‬‬ ‫اُلع ُّمُذكِيُ ‪16.‬‬
‫خالِ ٌدُقائِ ٌدُ ‪7.‬‬ ‫بُواْلدُُّرِحي ٌُم ‪17.‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اْلفيدُمؤَّد ٌ‬
‫القائِدُشج ٌُ‬
‫اع ‪8.‬‬ ‫اطمةُُذ ِ‬
‫اهب ُةٌ ‪18.‬‬ ‫فِ‬
‫سعِي ٌدُأ ٌُ‬
‫خ ‪9.‬‬ ‫بُ ‪19.‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫حُام ٌدُذاه ٌ‬
‫اْلالُعاقِ ٌُ‬
‫ل ‪10.‬‬ ‫ُمموٌدُع ُِ‬
‫الٌ ‪20.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
LESSON 2
ُ‫افُإِلي ِه‬
ٌ ‫افُومض‬
ٌ ‫مض‬
Consider the following sentences: ‘slave of Allah,’ ‘messenger of Allah,’ ‘door of the
house,’ ‘the Messenger’s order,’ ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ ‘Khalid’s book,’ ‘Hameed’s
house.’ These phrases and those with a similar pattern are called mudaaf (‫اف‬
ٌُ ‫)مض‬
and mudaaf ilayhi (‫اف ُإِلي ُِه‬
ٌ ‫)مض‬. One thing (mudaaf) is attributed to the other
(mudaaf ilayhi). Many times, the relationship is that of the possessed to its
possessor. The possessed is called mudaaf and the possessor is called mudaaf ilayhi.
For example, in the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ the pen is owned by Mahmood.
Therefore, ‘pen’ is mudaaf and ‘Mahmood’ is mudaaf ilayhi.
To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps:
1. Take out ‘of’ or the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ which show possession.
2. If you have taken out the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ reverse the sequence. Write
the second word first and the first word second. If you took out ‘of,’ then
there is no need to reverse the sequence.
3. Replace the English words with their Arabic equivalents.
4. Give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs.
For example, to translate the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen’ to Arabic, first take out
the apostrophe and ‘s.’ It becomes ‘Mahmood pen.’ Then, change the order of the
words to ‘pen Mahmood.’ Next, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents.
You get ‫قلمُُممود‬. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two
kasrahs. You get ‫ق لم ُُمموٍُد‬. Following the same method, ‘Khalid’s book’ becomes
ُ‫كِتاب ُخالِ ٍد‬. For a sentence with ‘of,’ such as ‘ring of gold,’ first remove the ‘of.’ It
becomes ‘ring gold.’ Now, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get
‫خامتُذهب‬. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs.
ٍُ ‫خامتُذه‬.
You get ‫ب‬
The rules concerning alif-laam have been mentioned in the first lesson. Those
rules will apply here also. Thus, if there is an alif-laam at the beginning of the
ٍُ ‫ خامت ُذه‬will become ُ ‫خامت‬
mudaaf ilayhi, the two kasrahs will become one kasrah. ‫ب‬
ِ ‫الذه‬
ُ‫ب‬ َّ . It should be noted here that the mudaaf never accepts alif-laam or tanween.
For instance, in the above example, ُ‫ خامت‬will not accept alif-laam or tanween.
7
Lesson 2
Word List
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
wall ‫ِجد ٌُار‬ ُ‫ُجدرا ٌن‬،‫جدٌر‬
ُ‫د ٌار‬ ٌُ ‫ِدي‬
‫ُدُوٌُر‬،‫ار‬
home, house
ٌُ ‫ب ي‬
‫ت‬ ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫بيو‬
door ٌُ ‫ب‬
‫اب‬ ٌُ ‫أُبُو‬
‫اب‬
window ُ‫اك‬
ٌ َّ‫شب‬ ُ‫شبابِيك‬
ٌ‫حجرُة‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫حجر‬
room
ٌ‫غرف ُة‬ ٌُ ‫غر‬
‫ف‬
roof ‫سط ٌُح‬ ُ‫ُأُسط ٌح‬،‫ح‬
ٌُ ‫سطو‬
ceiling ُ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫سق‬ ٌُ ‫سقو‬
‫ف‬
bed ‫س ِري ٌُر‬ ُ‫سرٌر‬
pen ُ‫قُل ٌم‬ ‫أُقال ٌُم‬
heat ُ‫حر‬
sun ُ‫س‬ ٌ ‫َش‬ ُ‫س‬
ٌ ‫َشو‬
day ‫ي وٌُم‬ ٌُ َّ‫أي‬
‫ام‬
judgment; religion ‫ِديُ ٌُن‬
to establish, establishing ٌ‫ُإِقام ُة‬
ritual prayer (salah) ٌُ‫ُصلُوة‬،ٌ‫صالُة‬
to give, giving ُ ‫ُإِي ت‬
ٌ‫اء‬
poor due (zakah) ٌُ‫ُزكاة‬،ٌ‫زكوة‬
city, town ٌ‫ب لدُة‬
country; city, town ُ‫ب ل ٌد‬ ُ‫ُب لدا ٌن‬،‫ُبِال ٌد‬
city, town ٌ‫م ِدي ن ُة‬ ‫مد ٌُن‬
people ُ‫اس‬
ٌ ‫ن‬
light ٌ‫ضوُء‬ ُ‫أُضواء‬
lamp ٌُ ‫ِسر‬
‫اج‬ ُ‫سر ٌج‬
darkness ٌ‫ظلم ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ظلم‬
‫ات‬
8
ُ‫افُإلي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ُومض‬
ُ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫مض‬
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
night ُ‫لي ٌل‬
finger, toe ‫ُإِصب ٌُع‬ ُ‫أُصابِع‬
foot; leg ‫ِرج ٌُل‬ ُ‫أُرج ٌل‬
tall, long ‫ط ِوي ٌُل‬
leader, governor ‫أ ِمي ٌُر‬
short ‫صي ٌُر‬ ِ‫ق‬
expensive ٌُ ِ‫َث‬
‫ي‬
high ‫رفِي ٌُع‬
winter ُ ‫ِشت‬
ٌ‫اء‬
summer ٌُ ‫صي‬
‫ف‬
spring ‫ربِي ٌُع‬
autumn, fall ٌُ ‫خ ِري‬
‫ف‬
new ‫ج ِدي ٌُد‬
ِ
old ٌ‫قد ُمي‬
book ٌُ ‫كِت‬
‫اب‬
note-book ٌ‫كَّراس ُة‬
jouney, travel ‫سفٌُر‬

1. Haamid’s son/son of Hameed
2. Khalid’s mother/mother of Khalid
3. Fatimah’s sister/sister of Fatimah
4. The house’s wall/wall of the house
5. The room’s door/door of the room
6. The room’s window/window of the room
7. The house’s roof/roof of the house
8. The room’s ceiling/ceiling of the room
9. Hameed’s bed/bed of Hameed
10. The grandfather’s pen/pen of the grandfather
11. The sun’s heat/heat of the sun
9
Lesson 2
Exercise 2: Translate into English.
ُِ ‫ي ومُالدِّي‬
1. ‫ن‬ 6. ُ‫ظلمةُاللَّي ِل‬
2. ‫ُالصالُِة‬
َّ ‫إِقامة‬ 7. ُ‫أصابِعُ ِرج ٍل‬
3. ِ‫اة‬ َّ ‫إِي تاء‬
ُ ‫ُالزك‬ 8. ‫ام ٍُد‬
ِ ‫ق لمُح‬
4. ‫ناسُالب لدُِة‬ 9. ‫ِسراجُخالِ ٍُد‬
ِ ‫ضوء‬
5. ٍُ‫ُسراج‬ 10. ‫أ ِمي رُالم ِدي ن ُِة‬

1. Mahmood’s pen is expensive.
2. The house’s wall is long.
3. The house’s roof is high.
4. Haamid’s son is tall.
5. Fatimah’s sister is short.
6. Days of Summer are long.
7. Days of Winter are short.
8. Door of the house is high.
9. Ceiling of the room is expensive.

‫ُالرج ُِلُعاقِ ٌُل‬ ِ
1. َّ ‫ابن‬
2. ٌ‫ُاَلمرأةُِط ِوي ل ُة‬
ِ ‫بِنت‬
3. ‫تُج ِدي ٌُد‬ ِ ‫بابُالب ي‬
4. ِ ‫أ ُّمُُمموٍدُق‬
ٌُ‫صي رة‬
ِ ِ ِ
5. ٌ‫كتابُعائشةُقد ُمي‬
6. ٌ‫ُآمنةُج ِديدُة‬ ِ ‫كَّراسة‬
ِ ٍ ِ ‫ب يت‬
7. ٌ‫ُمحيدُقد ُمي‬
8. ُ‫اِبنُخالِدةُذكِي‬
ِ ‫ُالسف ِرُق‬
9. ‫صي رٌُة‬ َّ ‫صالة‬
10
LESSON 3
ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
ُ‫اضي‬
Past Tense Verb
In this lesson, we will look at the various forms a past tense verb takes in accordance
with the number and gender of the one(s) performing the action. To begin with, it
should be noted that ُ‫ ف عل‬means “he (S/M) did,” ُ‫ ف عال‬means “they (D/M) did,” ‫ف علوا‬
means “they (P/M) did,” ُ‫ ف علت‬means “she (S/F) did” and so on. These verbs are in
ٌُ ‫)فِع ٌلُمعرو‬.
active voice (‫ف‬
ِ (seeghah). Looking at the table below,
In Arabic, each verb form is called ٌ‫صي غ ُة‬
we can see that there are fourteen seeghahs in it. Each of these seeghahs has a name.
This name identifies, whether it is singular, dual or plural, whether it is masculine or
feminine, and whether it is first person, second person or third person. In Arabic,
the words for singular, dual and plural are ‫اح ٌُد‬ ِ ‫و‬, ٌ‫تُثنِي ُة‬, and ‫ْج ُع‬, respectively; first
ٌ
ِ
person is called ‫متكُلِّ ٌُم‬, second person is called ‫حاضٌُر‬, and third person is called ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫;غائ‬
and masculine is called ‫مذ َّكٌُر‬, and feminine is called ‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫مؤن‬. Thus, singular masculine
of the third person will be called ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌُد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ‬
ِ ‫ و‬in Arabic. Dual masculine of the
third person will be called ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫تُثنِي ُةٌ ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ‬, and plural masculine of the third person
ٌُ ِ‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬, and so on.
will be called ‫ب‬
In the case of the first person, because the gender is not identified, and there is
no separate seeghah for dual, therefore, the two seeghahs, singular first person and
ِ ‫ و‬and ‫ْجعُمتكُلِّ ُم‬, respectively.
plural first person will be called ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬ ٌ ٌ
11
Lesson 3
We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense
verb in active voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.
Table 3.1
ِ ‫)ال ِفعلُالم‬
Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (ُ‫اضىُالُمعروف‬
Person Gender Plurality English Arabic

Singular He did. ُ‫ف عل‬
Masculine
Dual They did. ُ‫ف عال‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Third
Plural They did. ‫ف علوا‬
Person
ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬
(‫ب‬ Singular She did. ُ‫ف علت‬
Feminine
Dual They did. ‫ف علتا‬
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plural They did. ُ‫ف علن‬
Singular You did. ُ‫ف علت‬
Masculine
Dual You did. ‫ف علتما‬
Second
Plural You did. ‫ف علت ُم‬
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬ Singular You did. ُِ ‫ف عل‬
‫ت‬
Feminine
Dual You did. ‫ف علتما‬
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plural You did. ُ‫ت‬
َّ ‫ف عل‬
Masculine/
First Singular I did. ُ‫ف علت‬
Person Feminine
Masculine/ Dual/
(‫)متكلِّ ٌُم‬ We did. ‫ف علنا‬
Feminine Plural
12
ُ‫اضي‬
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.1 would be written in
Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 3.1a
ِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
ُ‫اضىُالمعروف‬
ُ‫لصي غة‬
ِّ ‫ا‬ ِّ ُ‫اِسم‬
ُ‫الصي غ ِة‬
ِ ِ
ُ‫ف عل‬ ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
ُ‫ف عال‬ ٌُ ِ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
‫ب‬
‫ف علوا‬ ٌُ ِ‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ُ‫ف علت‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ِ‫و‬
‫ف علتا‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬
ُ‫ف علن‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬
ُ‫ف علت‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬ ِ‫و‬
ٌ
‫ف علتما‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح‬
ٌ
‫ف علت ُم‬ ِ
‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُحاضٌُر‬
ُِ ‫ف عل‬
‫ت‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬ ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ِ‫و‬
‫ف علتما‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬
ُ‫ت‬
َّ ‫ف عل‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫ثُح‬ ٌُ َّ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤُن‬
ُ‫ف علت‬ ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬ ِ‫و‬
‫ف علنا‬ ُ‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِّ ٌم‬
Note: In the tables above, ُ‫ ف عل‬has been translated as “he did” and ُ‫ ف علت‬as “she
did.” It should be kept in mind that these forms could also mean “it (masculine)
did” and “it (feminine) did,” respectively. The same is true of other forms. The
masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any
feminine thing or person.
13
Lesson 3
Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice

Now, to change these verbs into passive voice, follow the following procedure. Put a
dammah on the first letter (‫ )ف‬of ُ‫ف عل‬, and a kasrah on its second letter (‫)ع‬. It will
become ُ‫فعِل‬. Its meaning will change to “he (S/M) was done upon.” This is passive
ٌُ ‫)فِع‬. Similarly, ُ‫ ف عال‬will become ُ‫فعِال‬, ‫ ف علوا‬will become ‫فعِلوا‬,ُ ُ‫ ف علت‬will
voice (ٌُ‫ل َُمهول‬
becomeُ ُ‫فعِلت‬, and so on. We are listing below the verb forms (also called
conjugations) of the past tense verb in passive voice. These should be memorized
with their meanings.
Table 3.2
ِ ُ‫)ال ِفعلُالم‬
Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (ُ‫اضىُالُمجهول‬

Singular He was done. ُ‫فعِل‬
Masculine
Dual They were done. ُ‫فعِال‬
‫فعِلوا‬
Third
Plural They were done.
Person
(‫ب‬ Singular She was done. ُ‫فعِلت‬
Feminine
Dual They were done. ‫فعِلتا‬
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plural They were done. ُ‫فعِلن‬
Singular You were done. ُ‫فعِلت‬
Masculine
Dual You were done. ‫فعِلتما‬
‫فعِلت ُم‬
Second
Plural You were done.
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬ Singular You were done. ُِ ‫فعِل‬
‫ت‬
Feminine
Dual You were done. ‫فعِلتما‬
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plural You were done. َُّ ‫فعِل‬
‫ت‬
ُ‫فعِلت‬
First Masculine/
Singular I was done.
Person Feminine
‫فعِلنا‬
Masculine/ Dual/
(‫)متكلِّ ٌُم‬ We were done.
Faminine Plural
14
ُ‫اضي‬
Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.2 would be
written in Arabic.
Table 3.2a
ِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
ُ‫اضىُالُمجهول‬
ُ‫لصي غة‬
‫فعِ ُل‬ ُ‫ب‬ ِ
ٌ ‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
ِ
ُ‫فعِال‬ ٌُ ِ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
‫ب‬
‫فعِلوا‬ ٌُ ِ‫ْج ٌُعُمُذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ُ‫فعِلت‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ِ‫و‬
‫فعِلتا‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬
ُ‫فعِلن‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬
ُ‫فعِلت‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬
ٌ
ِ‫و‬
‫فعِلتما‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح‬
ٌ
‫فعِلت ُم‬ ِ
ُِ ‫فعِل‬
‫ت‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬ ُِ ‫و‬
ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬
‫فعِلتما‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬
َُّ ‫فعِل‬
‫ت‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬ ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬
ُ‫فعِلت‬ ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬ِ‫و‬
‫فعِلنا‬ ُ‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِّ ٌم‬
Note: In these two tables, ُ‫ فعِل‬has been translated as “he was done” and ُ‫ فُعِلت‬as “she
was done.” As mentioned above in the note after Tables 3.9 & 3.9a, these forms
could also mean “it (masculine) was done” and “it (feminine) was done,”
respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any
masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.
15
Lesson 3
ِ‫و‬
ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌدُمذ ّك ٌرُغائ‬
Creating Conjugation Tables from ‫ب‬
Having memorized these two tables, the next stage is to identify the verb forms of
ِ‫و‬
other verbs by comparing them to these tables. For this, we need to know that ُ‫اح ٌُد‬
ُ‫ب‬ ِ
ٌ ‫ مذ ّكٌر ُغائ‬of any verb table is considered to be the basic verb form. Generally, it is
composed of three letters. The first is called ٌ‫فاءُكلِم ُة‬, the second is called ٌ‫عيُُكلِم ُة‬,
and the third is called ٌ‫َلم كلِم ُة‬. Now all that remains to be done is to identify which
letter of the new verb matches which letter of the basic verb form of the tables given
above. Consider, the verb ُ‫( نصر‬he helped). Comparing this to ُ‫ ف عل‬of Table 3.1 or
Table 3.1a, we can see that in this verb, ‫ ن‬is the ٌ‫فاءُكلِم ُة‬, ‫ ص‬is the ٌ‫عي ُكلِم ُة‬, and ‫ ر‬is
the ٌ‫َلم كلِم ُة‬. Once, this is established, it is easy to compare any of its forms with the
rest of table.
ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌُدُمذ ّكٌرُغائ‬
Below, we are providing a list of the basic forms (‫ب‬ ِ ‫ )و‬of various verbs
and their meanings. Their remaining forms can be created from them.
Word List For Verbs
English Arabic
he wrote ُ‫كتب‬
he read ُ‫ق رأ‬
he found ُ‫وجد‬
he cooked ُ‫طبخ‬
he cut ُ‫قطع‬
he filled ُ‫مل‬
he sought, he demanded ُ‫طلب‬
he asked ُ‫سأل‬
he made ُ‫صنع‬
he took ُ‫أخذ‬
he ate ُ‫أكل‬
he ran, he fled ُ‫هرب‬
he went ُ‫ذهب‬
he opened ُ‫ف تح‬
16
ُ‫اضي‬
English Arabic
he hit ُ‫ضرب‬
he entered ُ‫دخل‬
he put (something) ُ‫وضع‬
he helped ُ‫نصر‬
he joined, he arrived ُ‫وصل‬
he returned ُ‫رجع‬
he slaughtered ُ‫ذبح‬
he oppressed ُ‫ظلم‬
he imprisoned, he detained ُ‫حبس‬

1. I wrote.
2. They (P/F) read.
3. You (S/M) found.
4. You (P/F) cooked.
5. They (P/F) cut.
6. We filled.
7. You (P/M) demanded.
8. They (D/M) asked.
9. They (D/F) made.
10. You (S/F) took.

1. It (S/M) was eaten.
2. They (P/M) were cut.
3. They (P/F) were made.
4. They (P/F) ran.
5. You (S/M) went.
6. You (P/M) were found.
7. It (S/F) was opened.
8. He was hit.
9. They (P/F) entered.
10. It (S/F) was placed.
17
‫‪Lesson 3‬‬
‫‪Exercise 2:‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English and identify the seeghah.‬‬
‫نصروا ‪1.‬‬ ‫ذهبتما ‪9.‬‬

‫ف تحتُ ‪2.‬‬ ‫كتب نا ‪10.‬‬
‫ضرب تمُ ‪3.‬‬ ‫ق رأتُ ‪11.‬‬
‫دخلتُ ‪4.‬‬ ‫طبخا ‪12.‬‬
‫وضعُ ‪5.‬‬ ‫أكلنُ ‪13.‬‬
‫صن ع ِ‬
‫تُ ‪6.‬‬ ‫وصلتُ ‪14.‬‬
‫ذهبتا ‪7.‬‬ ‫هرب وا ‪15.‬‬
‫ُّن ‪8.‬‬
‫وجدت َُّ‬ ‫رجعتمُ ‪16.‬‬
‫‪Exercise 3:‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English and identify the seeghah.‬‬
‫ض ِرب وا ‪1.‬‬ ‫صنِعوا ‪7.‬‬

‫نِ‬
‫صرتُ ‪2.‬‬ ‫خلِقتمُ ‪8.‬‬
‫ذِِبتُ ‪3.‬‬ ‫خلِقنا ‪9.‬‬
‫ظلِمتُ ‪4.‬‬ ‫حبِستما ‪10.‬‬
‫ق ِط ُع ‪5.‬‬ ‫وِجدتا ‪11.‬‬
‫ُو ُِ‬
‫ضعُتُ ‪6.‬‬ ‫سئِل َّ‬
‫تُ ‪12.‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
LESSON 4
ُِ ُ‫ُف‬،‫ُفِعُ ٌُل‬
ٌُ‫ُمُفُعُ ُول‬،‫اع ٌُل‬
Verb, Subject, Object
ٌُ ‫)فِع‬, then
In Arabic, the word sequence in a verbal sentence is as follows: verb (‫ل‬
subject (‫ل‬ ِ ‫)ف‬, and finally the object (ٌُ‫)مفعول‬.
ٌُ ‫اع‬
ُ‫( فِع ٌل‬verb) = the action being done.
ِ ‫( ف‬subject) = the person doing the action.
‫اع ٌُل‬
ٌُ‫( مفعول‬object) = the person or the thing to whom or to which the action is being
done.
Rule: The ‫ل‬ ِ ‫ ف‬gets a dammah (or two dammahs as the case may be), and the ٌُ‫مفعول‬
ٌُ ‫اع‬
gets a fathah (or two fathahs).
Examples:
ٌُ ‫ فِع‬is ‘helped,’ Haamid is
1. ‘Haamid helped Mahmood.’ In this sentence, the ‫ل‬
the ‫ل‬ ِ ‫ ف‬and Mahmood is the ٌُ‫مفعول‬. When translating this sentence into
ٌُ ‫اع‬
Arabic, the Arabic word for helped (ُ‫ )نصر‬will come first followed by the
ِ ‫ )ح‬with two dammahs, and then the maf‘ool, Mahmood
faa‘il, Hamid (‫ام ٌُد‬
ِ ‫نصرُح‬.
(‫ )ُمموًدا‬with two fathahs. The final sentence will be ‫ام ٌدُُمموًدا‬
ِ ‫ )خ‬opened (ُ‫ )ف تح‬a door (‫)بابا‬.’ The same order used for the last
2. ‘A servant (‫اد ٌُم‬ ً
example (‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫ فِع‬first, ‫اع ٌُل‬
ِ ‫ ف‬second and ٌُ‫ مفعول‬last) will apply here. Remember,
the ‫ل‬ ِ ‫ ف‬will get two dammahs and the ٌُ‫ مفعول‬will get two fathahs. The full
ٌُ ‫اع‬
ِ ‫ف تحُخ‬.
sentence will be ‫اد ٌمُبابًا‬
Notes:
 If there is an alif-laam on any word, the tanween (double harakah) at the
end will change to a single harakah (the two fathahs will change to a single
fathah, the two kasrahs will change to a single kasrah, and the two dammahs
will change to a single dammah). Thus, ‘the servant opened the door’ will
ِ ‫ف تح ُاْل‬. Here, the alif-laam caused the double harakah
be written as ُ‫ادم ُالباب‬
to be dropped, and only a single harakah remained.
19
Lesson 4
 Mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi can combine to form a ‫ل‬ ِ ‫ ف‬or a ٌُ‫مُفُعُ ُول‬. For
ٌُ ‫اع‬
example:
ِ ‫ف تحُخ‬
ُ‫ادمُمحمودُُالُباب‬
Mahmood’s servant opened the door.
ِ ‫ف تحُاْلُ ِادمُُبابُالب ي‬
ُ‫ت‬
The servant opened the door of the house.
ِ ‫ف تحُخ‬
ِ ‫ادمُمحمودُبابُالب ي‬
ُ‫ت‬
Mahmood’s servant opened the door of the house.
In this case, it is important to remember that the mudaaf does not accept an
alif-laam or a tanween. However, the mudaaf ilayhi can accept both.
Moreover, the effect of being a ‫ل‬ ِ ‫ ف‬or ٌُ‫ مفعول‬will show on the mudaaf alone
ٌُ ‫اع‬
and not the mudaaf ilayhi.
Word List for Verbs

English Arabic
he stopped (someone) ُ‫منع‬
he defeated ُ‫هزم‬
he cooked ُ‫طبخ‬
he hit; he beat ُ‫ضرب‬
he worshipped ُ‫عبد‬
he broke (something physical) ُ‫كسر‬
he tore ُ‫خرق‬
he helped ُ‫نصر‬
he cheated, he deceived ُ‫خدع‬
he profited ُ‫ربِح‬
he heard ُ‫َِسع‬
he made (someone into someone
ُ‫جعل‬
or something into something)
20
ِ ‫ُف‬،‫فِعل‬
ُ‫ُمفعوٌل‬،‫اع ٌل‬ ٌ
English Arabic
he understood ُ‫ف ِهم‬
he remembered ‫ذك ُر‬
he looked (at/towards) )ُ‫نظرُُ(إِل‬
he broke (something non-
ُ‫ن قض‬
physical)
he gave an example )‫ال‬
ًُ ‫ضربُ(مث‬
he separated ُ‫ف رق‬
he created, he made; he originated ُ‫خلق‬
he was ungrateful; disbelieved ُ ‫كف ر‬
he killed ُ‫ق تل‬
he sat (down) ُ‫جلس‬
he imposed; he made something
)‫كتبُ(عُلُى‬
obligatory
Word List for Nouns & Particles

Arabic
English
Singular Plural
‫اب‬ ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫كت‬
letter ٌ‫ِرسال ُة‬ ُ‫رسائِل‬
army ُ‫جن ٌد‬ ُ‫جن وٌد‬
girl ٌُ ‫بِن‬
‫ت‬
meat ُ‫ْل ٌم‬ ُ‫ْلوٌم‬
uncle (paternal) ُ‫عم‬
bread ُ‫خب ٌز‬ ُ‫أخب ٌاز‬
rice ُ‫أُرز‬
ُ‫ب‬ ِ
dog ٌ ‫كل‬ ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫كال‬
(drinking) glass ٌُ ‫كأ‬
‫س‬ ٌُ ‫كؤو‬
‫س‬
garment, dress; cloth ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ثو‬ ٌُ ‫ثِي‬
‫اب‬
friend ‫ص ِدي ٌُق‬ ُ‫أص ِدقاء‬
21
Lesson 4
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
mother ُ‫أم‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫أ َّمه‬
messenger; prophet ٌُ‫ُرسول‬ ‫رس ٌُل‬
religion ‫ِدي ٌُن‬ ُ‫أديا ٌن‬
sky ٌ‫اء‬
ُ ‫َس‬ )‫ات‬
ٌُ ‫َُساو‬،‫ات‬ ٌ ‫تُ(َسو‬ٌُ ‫َسو‬
building; roof ُ ‫بِن‬
ٌ‫اء‬ ٌ‫أبنِي ُة‬
land, earth ٌُ ‫أر‬
‫ض‬ ِ ‫ُاْلر‬،‫اض‬
‫اضى‬ ٍُ ‫أر‬
bed; spread; mattress ٌُ ‫فِر‬
‫اش‬ ٌ‫أف ِرش ُة‬
Satan, the Devil ُ‫الشَّيطان‬
not ‫ما‬
trade ٌ‫ِِتارُة‬
ear ‫أُذ ٌُن‬ ُ‫أُذا ٌن‬
heart ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫قل‬ ٌُ ‫ق لو‬
‫ب‬
transgressor ‫اس ٌُق‬ ِ‫ف‬ ُ‫اق‬ ِ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫ُف َّس‬،ُ‫اسقون‬
oath; pledge; promise ‫عه ٌُد‬ ‫عهوٌُد‬
Muslim ‫مسلِ ٌُم‬ ُ‫مسلِمون‬
speech ‫كال ٌُم‬
man ‫رج ٌُل‬
example ُ‫مث ٌل‬ ٌُ‫أمثال‬
blessing ٌ‫نِعم ُة‬ ‫نِع ٌُم‬
sea ُ‫ِبٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫ِِب‬
‫ار‬
chicken, hen ٌ‫دجاج ُة‬ ُ‫دج ٌج‬
servant ‫خ ِاد ٌُم‬ ٌُ ‫خد‬
‫َّام‬
door ٌُ ‫ب‬
‫اب‬ ٌُ ‫أُب و‬
‫اب‬
Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic

1. Hameed read a book.
2. Naseer stopped Mahmood.
3. Khalid wrote a letter.
22
ِ ‫ُف‬،‫فِعل‬
ُ‫ُمفعوٌل‬،‫اع ٌل‬ ٌ
4. Tariq defeated the army.

5. The girl cooked the meat.
6. The uncle (maternal) ate the bread.
7. I ate the rice.
8. I hit the dog.
9. You (P/M) worshipped Allah.
10. You (S/F) tore the cloth.
11. Hameed’s friend helped Khalid’s grandson (son’s son).
12. The girl’s mother broke the glass.
Exercise 2: ٌُ ‫فِع‬, ‫اع ٌُل‬

Translate into English and identify the ‫ل‬ ِ ‫ف‬, and ٌُ‫مفعول‬, where
applicable.
ًُ‫جعلُاهللُُُم َّم ًداُ(صلَّىُاهللُُعلي ِهُوُسلَّمُ)ُ َّرسو‬

1. ‫َل‬
ِ ‫ُالسالم‬
2. ‫ُدي نًا‬ ُِ ُ‫جعلُاهلل‬
ِ
ً ‫السمآءُبِناءً َُّواْلُرضُفر‬
3. ‫اشا‬ َّ ُُ‫جعُلُُاهلل‬
ُِ ‫خدعُالشَّيطُان‬
4. ُ‫ُالنسان‬
5. ُ‫ماُرِِبتُالُتِّجارة‬
ِ
6. ُ‫َسعتُُاُْلُذانُوعقلتُُاُلقلوب‬
ُِ ‫َُسعُالمسلِمُكالم‬
7. ‫ُاهلل‬ ِ ‫اسقُعهدُاهللُِو‬
ِ ‫ن قضُالف‬
8. ُ‫ضربُرج ٌلُمث ًال‬
9. ‫ذكرواُنِعمةُاهللُِوماُكفروا‬
10. ُ‫ف رق ناُالبحر‬
11. ُ‫ذُِبتمُالدَّجاجةُُوطبخُتمُُاللَّحم‬
23
LESSON 5
ُ‫الُحُُرُوفُُالُجُاُرة‬
Prepositions
The following particles are used as prepositions in Arabic. They occur quite
frequently.
Table 5.1
Prepositions (ُ‫)الُحُ ُرُوفُُالُجُاُرة‬
in; regarding ُ‫ِف‬ with; at ُ‫ب‬ِ

from; than ُ‫ِمن‬ to; up to ُ‫إِل‬
on; upon ‫علُى‬ for; belongs to ُ‫ِل‬
as, like ُ‫ك‬ up to, until ُ‫ح ّت‬
about; from; regarding ُ‫عن‬ by (for oath) ُ‫و‬
The words that come after these prepositions end with a kasrah on the final letter.
Below, we give examples of each of these.
ُ‫فُالدَّا ِر‬ ُ ُِ‫زي ٌُد‬ = Zayd is in the house.

‫كتبتُبِالقل ُِم‬ = I wrote with the pen.
‫تُُإِلُُالمس ِج ُِد‬ ِ ‫ِمنُالب ي‬ = from the house to the mosque
‫جلسُزي ٌدُعلُىُالكرُِس ُِّي‬ = Zayd sat on the chair.
‫لسيَّارةُلِزي ٍُد‬
َّ ‫ا‬ = The car belongs to Zayd.
‫أمحدُكأس ٍُد‬ = Ahmad is like a lion.
ُِ‫الصبح‬
ُّ ُ‫ت‬ َُّ ‫ِِنتُح‬ = I slept until the morning.
ُ‫اب‬ِ ‫سألتُع ِنُال ِكت‬ = She asked about the book.
ِ‫اهلل‬
ُ‫و‬ = By Allah!
Besides the ten prepositions listed above, there are seven other prepositions that
occur less frequently. Since they do occur; therefore, it is appropriate to mention
them as well. They are as follows:
1. ُ‫ت‬: by (for oath). This is specific with Allah, the Exalted. Example: ِ‫ااهلل‬
ُ ‫–ت‬
By Allah!
25
Lesson 5
2 & 3. ُ‫منذُ وُ مذ‬: since. These are used to define a time period. Example: ُُ‫ماُذهبتُُإِل‬
ُ‫ – المدرس ِةُمنذُي وِمُاْلمع ِة‬I have not gone to the school since Friday.
4. ُ‫ب‬ َّ ‫ر‬: many a, so many. The noun used after ‫ب‬ َُّ ‫ ر‬is always singular. Example:
ُ‫بُرج ٍلُنصُرته‬
َّ ‫ – ر‬I helped so many men.
5. ُ‫خال‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ – علَّمُت ُاْلُطفال ُخال ُزي ٍُد‬I taught the children
except Zayd.
6. ‫حاشا‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ُالرجال ُحاشاُعم ٍرو‬
ِّ ‫ – من عت‬I stopped the men
except ‘Amr.
7. ‫عدا‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ – جاء ُالقوم ُعداُخالِ ٍُد‬The people came except
Khalid.
Word List for Verbs
English Arabic
he went ُ‫ذهب‬
he killed ُ‫ق تل‬
he cut ُ‫قطع‬
he milked ُ‫حلب‬
he asked ُ‫سأل‬
he made ‫جع ُل‬
he looked (at) )ُ‫نظرُ(إِل‬
he opened ُ‫ف تح‬
he sat ُ‫جلس‬
it (M) fell ُ‫وقع‬
it (M) was prescribed (upon) )‫كتِبُُ(علُى‬
he broke ُ‫كسر‬
26
‫اْلروفُاْل َّارُة‬
Word List for Nouns

Arabic
English
Singular Plural
village ٌ‫ق ري ُة‬ ‫قًُرى‬
city ٌ‫م ِدي ن ُة‬ ‫مُد ٌُن‬
lion ُ‫أُس ٌد‬ ُ‫أُس ٌد‬
sword ٌُ ‫سي‬
‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫سي و‬
‫ف‬
cloth; clothes ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ثو‬ ٌُ ‫ُثِي‬
‫اب‬
scissors ٌُ ‫ِمقر‬
‫اض‬ ُ‫مقا ِريض‬
cow ٌ‫ب قرُة‬
milk ٌُ ‫ل‬
‫ب‬ ُ‫أُلبا ٌن‬
large bowl ٌ‫قصع ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ُقصع‬،‫قِص ٌع‬
‫ات‬
card ٌ‫بِطاق ُة‬ ٌُ ‫بِطاق‬
‫ات‬
pencil ‫ِمرس ٌُم‬ ُ‫مر ِاسم‬
biscuit ٌ‫كعكُ ُة‬ ُ‫ك‬
ٌ ‫كع‬
butter ٌ‫زبدُة‬
cream ٌ‫قِشط ُة‬
teacher ٌ‫أُستا ُذ‬ ُ‫أُساتِذة‬
student ‫تِل ِمي ٌُذ‬ ٌُ‫ُتال ِمذة‬،ُ‫تال ِميذ‬
lesson ٌُ ‫در‬
‫س‬ ٌُ ‫درو‬
‫س‬
night-time ُ‫لي ٌل‬
sleep; sleeping ‫ن وٌُم‬
day-time ٌُ ‫ن ه‬
‫ار‬ ُ‫أُن هٌر‬
buffalo ُ‫س‬
ٌ ‫جامو‬ ُ‫جو ِاميس‬
white; whiter ُ‫أُب يض‬
gold ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ذه‬
silver َّ ِ‫ف‬
ٌ‫ض ُة‬
stone ُ‫حجٌر‬ ٌُ‫ُ ِحجارة‬،‫ار‬
ٌُ ‫أحج‬
moon ‫قمٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫أُقم‬
‫ار‬
27
Lesson 5
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
star ُ‫َن ٌم‬ ُ‫َنوٌم‬
lock ‫ق ف ٌُل‬ ٌُ‫أُق فال‬
key ٌُ ‫ُِمفت‬
‫اح‬ ُ‫مفاتِيح‬
garden ‫بُستا ٌُن‬ ُ‫بساتِي‬
grass ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫عش‬ ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫أُعش‬
praise ‫مح ٌُد‬
right guidance ‫ه ًدى‬
people ُ‫اس‬
ٌ ‫ن‬
clouds (collective noun) ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫سح‬
something which is under
ُ‫مس َّخٌر‬
control
between; among, amidst ُ‫ب ي‬
sky ٌ‫اء‬
ُ ‫َس‬ )‫ات‬
ٌُ ‫َُساو‬،‫ات‬ٌ ‫تُ(َسو‬ٌُ ‫َسو‬
land, earth ٌُ ‫أر‬
‫ض‬ ِ ‫ُاْلُر‬،‫اض‬
‫اضى‬ ٍُ ‫أر‬
Friday ‫ي ومُاْلمُع ُِة‬
Saturday ُِ ‫ُالسب‬
‫ت‬ َّ ‫ي وم‬
Sunday ُ‫ي ومُاْلُح ِد‬
Monday ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ي وم‬
ُِ ‫ُاَلث ن‬
Tuesday ُِ ‫ي ومُالُثَّالث‬
‫اء‬
ُ‫ي ومُاْلُرب ع ِاء‬
Wednesday
ُِ ‫ي ومُاْلُرُبِع‬
‫اء‬
Thursday ِ ‫ي ومُاْل ِمي‬
ُ‫س‬
Jew; Jewish ُ‫ي هُوِدى‬ ُ‫الُي هود‬
Christian ُ‫نصرِان‬ ‫نصارى‬
part, portion ٌ‫جزُء‬ ُ‫أُجزاء‬
good deed ٌ‫حسن ُة‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫ح سن‬
world ‫دن يا‬
hereafter ٌ‫آ ِخرُة‬
28
‫اْلروفُاْل َّارُة‬
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
fly ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫ذب‬ ٌ‫أُ ِذبَُّة‬
food ٌُ ‫طع‬
‫ام‬
ritual prayer (salah) ٌُ‫ُصلُوة‬،ٌ‫صالُة‬
door ٌُ ‫ب‬
‫اب‬ ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫أُب و‬
ٌ‫حجرُة‬ ٌُ ‫حجر‬
‫ات‬
room
ٌ‫غرف ُة‬ ٌُ ‫غر‬
‫ف‬
bed ‫س ِري ٌُر‬ ٌ‫أُ ِسَّرُة‬
today ُ‫الي وم‬
tomorrow ‫غ ًدا‬
yesterday ُِ ‫أُم‬
‫س‬

1. Zayd went from the village to the city.
2. Mahmood killed the lion with the sword.
3. I cut the cloth with the scissors.
4. She milked the cow’s milk in the bowl.
5. You (S/M) put the shirt and the pants (one pair) in the box.
6. You (P/M) wrote on the cards with pencils.
7. They (P/F) ate biscuits with butter and cream.
8. By Allah (oath).
9. The teacher asked the students about the lesson.
10. Allah made the night-time for sleeping and the day-time for working.
11. Buffalo’s milk is whiter than cow’s milk.
12. Gold and silver are like stones to Zahid.
13. I looked towards the moon and the stars.
14. They (P/M) opened the lock with the key.
15. We went to the garden and we sat on the grass.
Exercise 2: Translate into English
1. ُ‫اْلمدُلُِلّ ِه‬
ُِ ‫آنُه ًدىُلِّلن‬
2. ‫َّاس‬ ِ ‫ِِفُالقر‬
3. ‫ض‬ُِ ‫آءُواْلُر‬ ِ ‫ُالسم‬
َّ ‫لسحابُمس َّخٌرُب ي‬
َّ ‫ا‬
29
‫ُويُومُاْلُح ُِدُلِلنَّصارى ‪4.‬‬

‫تُلِلي هوِد ُ‬
‫السب ُِ‬
‫ُُي ومُ َّ‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫سُواْلمع ِةُ‬ ‫آن ُِِفُي وِمُاْل ِمي ِ‬
‫اُمنُالقر ِ‬
‫قُرأُتُجزءً ِّ‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫لِلمسلِ ِم ُِِفُالدُّن ياُحسنةٌ َُّوِِفُالُ ِخرِةُحسن ُةٌ‬
‫‪7.‬‬ ‫ُالذباب ُِِفُالطَّع ُِ‬
‫ام‬ ‫وقع ُّ‬
‫‪8.‬‬ ‫ُالصلوةُعلُىُالمسلِ ُِم‬ ‫ت َّ‬‫كتِب ِ‬
‫‪9.‬‬ ‫ُالس ِري ِرُي ومُالُثَّالث ُِ‬
‫اء‬ ‫يُوجلسُواُعلى َّ‬ ‫ف تحواُبابُاْلجرةُِي وم ِ‬
‫ُاَلث ن ِ‬
‫‪30‬‬
LESSON 6
‫الضُمُ ُائِ ُر‬

Pronouns
A pronoun is called ‫ ض ِمي ٌُر‬in Arabic. Its plural is ُ‫ضمائِر‬. There are a number of
different types of pronouns in Arabic. We are listing below those pronouns that are
unattached (‫ل‬ ِ ‫)من ف‬. These dameers are not joined to any word but appear as
ٌُ ‫ص‬
separate words. They can appear as mubtada. These should be memorized.
Table 6.1
Unattached (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ )من ف‬Pronouns
ٌُ ‫ص‬
Pronouns
Person Gender Plurality
English Arabic
Singular he ُ‫هو‬
Masculine
Dual they ‫ُها‬
Third
Plural they ُ‫هم‬
Person
(‫ب‬ Singular she ُ‫ُِهي‬
Feminine
Dual they ‫ُها‬
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plural they ُ‫ه َّن‬
Singular you ُ‫أُنت‬
Masculine
Dual you ‫أُن تما‬
Second
Plural you ‫أُن ت ُم‬
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬ Singular you ُِ ‫أُن‬
‫ت‬
Feminine
Dual you ‫أُن تما‬
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plural you ُ‫ت‬
َّ ‫أُن‬
Masculine/
First Singular I ‫أُنا‬
Person Feminine
Masculine/ Dual/
(‫)متكلِّ ٌُم‬ we ُ‫َنن‬
Feminine Plural
31
Lesson 6
Below, we list the attached (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ )مت‬dameers. They are also called possessive (‫اف‬
ٌُ ‫َّص‬ ُ ِ ‫)إِض‬
and objective (‫ل‬ُ ِ‫ )مفعو‬dameers. By possessive, we mean those pronouns, which
indicate possession (ٌ‫ ;)إِضافُ ُة‬and by objective we mean those pronouns, which refer to
the object (ٌُ‫)مفعول‬.
Table 6.2
Attached (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ )مت‬Pronouns
ٌُ ‫ص‬
Pronouns
Person Gender Plurality
English Arabic
Singular his, him ‫ه‬
Masculine
Dual their, them ‫ُها‬
Third
Plural their, them ُ‫هم‬
Person
(‫ب‬ Singular hers, her ‫ها‬
Feminine
Dual their, them ‫ُها‬
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plural their, them ُ‫ه َّن‬
Singular your, you ُ‫ك‬
Masculine
Dual your, you ‫كما‬
Second
Plural your, you ُ‫كم‬
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬ Singular your, you ‫ُِك‬
Feminine
Dual your, you ‫كما‬
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plural your, you ُ‫ك َّن‬
Masculine/
First Singular my, me ُ‫ُِن‬،ُُ‫ي‬
Person Feminine
Masculine/ Dual/
(‫)متكلِّ ٌُم‬ ours, us ‫نا‬
Feminine Plural
32
‫ضمائُِر‬
َُّ ‫ال‬
Examples of Usage of Unattached Dameers

ُ‫هوُزي ٌد‬ – He is Zayd.
ٌُ ِ‫أُناُطال‬
‫ب‬ – I am a student.
‫أنتَُمت ِه ٌُد‬ – You are hardworking.
Examples of Usage of Attached Dameers

These pronouns can come after nouns, verbs and particles as shown in the examples
below.
1. After a noun, showing attribution/possession (ٌ‫)إِضاف ُة‬:
‫ – ق لم ُه‬his (S/M) pen
ُ‫ – كِتابك‬your (S/M) book
ُ ِ ‫ – كِت‬my book
‫اب‬
‫ – كِتاب ها‬her (S/F) book.
2. After a verb, indicating the object (ٌُ‫)مفعول‬:
‫ – نصرت ُه‬I helped him
ُ‫ – أُمرتك‬I commanded you
ُ ِ ‫ – نصرت‬you (S/M) helped me.
‫ن‬
3. After a particle:
ُ‫ – فِي ِه‬in it
ُ‫ – له‬for him
ُ‫ – ُِمنك‬from you (S/M)
‫ – ُإِلي نا‬to/towards us
ُ‫ – إِنَّكم‬indeed you (P/M)
‫ – علي ُِه‬on him.
Word List for Verbs
English Arabic
he rode ُ‫ركِب‬
he broke ُ‫كسر‬
he fell ُ‫سقط‬
he stopped (someone) ُ‫منع‬
33
Lesson 6
English Arabic
he raised (someone or something) ُ‫رفع‬
he played ُ‫ل ُعِب‬
he looked )ُ‫نظرُ(إِل‬
he worshipped ُ‫عبد‬
he remembered ُ‫ُذكُر‬
he provided livelihood/sustenance ُ‫ُرُزق‬
he sealed, he put a seal ُ‫ختُم‬
he cheated, he deceived ُ‫خدع‬
he left; he abandoned ُ‫تُرك‬
he snatched ُ‫خطُف‬
he created ُ‫خلق‬
he presented ُ‫عُرض‬
he took ُ‫أُخُذ‬
he did (good deeds); he acted ِ ‫ع ِملُُ(ص‬
)‫اْلًا‬
(righteously)
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
father ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ُ‫أ‬ ُ‫أُباء‬
mother ُ‫أُم‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫أُ َّمه‬
tongue ‫لِسا ٌُن‬ ٌ‫أُل ِسن ُة‬
head ُ‫س‬
ٌ ‫رأ‬ ُ‫س‬ٌ ‫رؤو‬
nose ٌُ ‫أُن‬
‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫أُن و‬
‫ف‬
hand ‫ي ٌُد‬ ُ‫ُاْلُي ُِدي‬،‫أُي ٍُد‬
tooth )ُ‫ِس ٌنُ( ِسن‬ ُ‫أُسنا ٌن‬
chest ُ‫صدٌر‬ ‫صدوٌُر‬
34
َُّ ‫ال‬
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
handkerchief ‫ِمن ِدي ٌُل‬ ُ‫من ِاديل‬
car ٌ‫سيَّارُة‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫سيَّار‬
bicycle ٌ‫د َّراج ُة‬ ٌُ ‫د َّراج‬
‫ات‬
shoe ٌ‫حذ ُاء‬
ِ ٌ‫أُح ِذي ُة‬
foot ُ‫ُقد ٌُم‬،ُ‫ِرج ٌل‬
ball ٌ‫كرُة‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫كر‬
mango ُ‫ُمنُجو‬،‫ان بج‬
apple ٌ‫ت فَّاح ُة‬ ُ‫َّاح‬
ٌ ‫تف‬
garden ‫بستا ٌُن‬
melon, watermelon ‫بِطِّي ٌُخ‬
cucumber ُ ‫قِث‬
ٌ‫َّاء‬
field; arable land ‫حق ٌُل‬ ٌُ‫حقول‬
heart ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫قل‬ ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ق لو‬
hearing; also used for ears ‫َس ٌُع‬
eyesight; glance; also used for
ُ‫بصٌر‬ ُ‫أُبص ٌار‬
eyes
veil, covering ٌُ‫ِغشاوة‬
themselves ُ‫أن فسهم‬
darkness ٌ‫ظلم ُة‬ )‫ت‬
ٌُ ُ‫اتُ(ظلُم‬
ٌُ ‫ظلم‬
lightning ٌُ ‫ب ر‬
‫ق‬
Lord ُ‫رب‬
fuel ُ‫وق وٌد‬
people ُ‫اس‬
ٌ ‫ن‬
stone ُ‫حجٌر‬ ٌ‫ِحجارُة‬
husband; wife; spouse ٌُ ‫زو‬
‫ج‬ ُ‫اج‬
ٌ ‫أُزو‬
clean, pure (F) ٌ‫مط َّهرُة‬
angel ٌُ ‫مُل‬
‫ك‬ ٌ‫مالئِك ُة‬
35
Lesson 6
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
covenant ٌُ ‫ِميث‬
‫اق‬ ُ‫مواثِيق‬
above ُ‫ف وق‬
Mount Sinai ُ‫طوٌر‬
color ‫لو ٌُن‬ ُ‫أُلوا ٌن‬
bright yellow ‫فاقِ ٌُع‬
whoever ُ‫من‬
then; so; therefore;
ُ‫ف‬
sometimes, it is not translated
compensation, reward ُ‫أُجٌر‬ ُ‫أُجوٌر‬
with ُ‫ِعند‬

1. My father
2. His mother
3. Her tongue
4. Your (S/M) head
5. Your (S/F) nose
6. My hand
7. Their (P/F) teeth
8. His chest
9. Our handkerchief
10. I rode in your (S/M) car.
11. She broke my bike.
12. The shoe fell off your (S/M) foot.
13. I stopped them (P/F).
14. They (P/M) raised me.
15. You (P/M) played with the ball.
16. They (D/M) looked at me.
17. You (D/F) worshipped Him.
18. My mother remembered me yesterday.
19. You (S/M) ate a mango and an apple in your garden and you ate a watermelon
and a cucumber in your field.
36
‫ال َُّ‬
‫‪Exercise 2:‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English‬‬
‫رزق ناهمُ ‪1.‬‬

‫ختمُاهللُعلُىُق لوِبِِمُوعلُىَُسعِ ِه ُم ‪2.‬‬
‫علُىُأُبصا ِرِهم ِ‬
‫ُغشاوٌُة ‪3.‬‬
‫خدعواُأُن فسهمُ ‪4.‬‬
‫ت ركهم ُِِفُظلم ٍ‬
‫تُ ‪5.‬‬
‫خطفُالب رقُأُبصارهمُ ‪6.‬‬
‫اِ َّنُربَّكمُخلقكمُ ‪7.‬‬
‫وق ودهاُالنَّاسُواْلِجارةُ ‪8.‬‬
‫ُمط َّهرةٌُ ‪9.‬‬
‫اج ُّ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َلمُفيُهاُأُزو ٌ‬
‫عرضهمُعلىُالملُئِك ُِة ‪10.‬‬
‫أُخذن ِ‬
‫اُميثاقكمُورف عناُف وقكمُالطُّورُ ‪11.‬‬
‫لون هاُفاقِ ٌُع ‪12.‬‬
‫منُع ِملُص ِ‬
‫اْلًاُف لهُأُجُرهُ ‪13.‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
LESSON 7
ُ‫الُ ُِفعُلُُالُمُضُاُِرع‬
Present and Future Tense Verb
We have already discussed the past tense verb and pronouns. In this lesson, we will
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬which is equivalent to present and future tense. ‫اض‬
discuss ‫ع‬ ٍُ ُ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬past tense)
ٌُ ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬present/future tense), as well as ُ‫( ضُمُ ُائِر‬pronouns) are the foundations
andُ ‫ع‬
of the Arabic language. These should be memorized properly. This will make all
future lessons much easier. We are listing below the conjugations (verb forms) of
ِ
ٌ ‫( ُفعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬present and future tense verb) in active voice (‫ف‬
ُ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫)معرو‬.
Table 7.1
ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌلُمضا ِر‬in Active Voice (ٌُ‫)معروف‬
Verb Forms of (‫ع‬

He/It is doing or
Singular ُ‫ي فعل‬
will do
Masculine
ُ‫ي فُعال ِن‬
They are doing or
Dual
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬ will do
They are doing or
Third Plural ُ‫ي فعلون‬
Person will do
She/It is doing or
(‫ب‬ Singular ُ‫ت فعل‬
will do
Feminine
ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬
They are doing or
Dual
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬ will do
They are doing or
Plural ُ‫ي فعلن‬
will do
You are doing or
Singular ُ‫ت فعل‬
Second will do
Masculine
Person You are doing or
Dual
ِ ‫)ح‬ (‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬ will do
(‫اضٌُر‬
You are doing or
Plural ُ‫ت فعلون‬
will do
39
‫‪Table 7.1 Continued‬‬
‫ت فعلِيُ‬
‫‪You are doing or‬‬
‫‪Singular‬‬
‫‪Second‬‬ ‫‪will do‬‬
‫‪Feminine‬‬
‫ت فعال ِنُ‬
‫‪Person‬‬ ‫‪You are doing or‬‬
‫‪Dual‬‬
‫)ح ِ‬ ‫َّث(‬
‫)مؤن ٌُ‬ ‫‪will do‬‬
‫اضٌُر(‬
‫‪You are doing or‬‬
‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫ت فعلنُ‬
‫‪will do‬‬
‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪I am doing or will‬‬
‫‪First‬‬ ‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫أُف علُ‬
‫‪Person‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬
‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪Dual/‬‬ ‫‪We are doing or‬‬
‫)متكلِّ ٌُم(‬ ‫ن فعلُ‬
‫‪Feminine‬‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫‪will do‬‬
‫‪Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.1 would be written in‬‬
‫‪Arabic. This is as follows:‬‬
‫‪Table 7.1a‬‬
‫ال ِفعلُالُمضارِعُُالمعروفُ‬
‫لصي غةُ‬
‫ا ِّ‬ ‫اِسمُ ِّ‬
‫الصي غ ِةُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ي فع ُل‬ ‫بُ‬ ‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغُائ ٌ‬
‫ي فعال ُِن‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫ي فعلونُ‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫ت فع ُل‬ ‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬‫وِ‬
‫ت فعال ُِن‬ ‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫ي فعلنُ‬ ‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫ت فع ُل‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬ ‫وِ‬
‫ٌ‬
‫ت فعال ُِن‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫تُثُنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬
‫ٌ‬
‫ت فعلونُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ت فعلِيُ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫َّثُح ِ‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬‫وِ‬
‫ت فعال ِنُ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫َّثُح ِ‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫ت فعلنُ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫َّثُح ِ‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫أُف علُ‬ ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬‫وِ‬
‫ن فعلُ‬ ‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِّ ٌمُ‬
‫‪40‬‬
ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع‬
Creating Passive Voice ٌُ‫لُمضا ِرع‬ ِ

ٌ ‫فع‬
In lesson 3, we discussed the method of converting ‫ف‬ ٍُ ُ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُل ُم‬past tense active
ٌُ ‫اض ُمُعُُرُو‬
ٍُ ُ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُل ُم‬past tense passive voice). Now, we discuss the method of
voice) to ٌُ‫اض َُمُهُ ُول‬
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬from active to passive voice. ُ‫ي فعل‬, which means “he does or will
converting ‫ع‬
do,” is in active voice (‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫)معرو‬. To convert this ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬to ٌُ‫عَُمُهُ ُول‬
ٌُ ‫عُمعرو‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬, we
give the first letter a dammah and the third letter a fathah. ُ‫ ي فعل‬becomes ُ‫ي فعل‬, ُ‫تض ِرب‬
becomes ُ‫تضرب‬, ُ‫ ي فتح‬becomes ُ‫ي فتح‬, ُ‫ أُنصر‬becomes ُ‫أُنصر‬, and so on.
Table 7.2
ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌُلُمُضا ِر‬in Passive Voice (ٌُ‫)مجهول‬
Verb Forms of (‫ع‬

He/It is being done
Singular ُ‫ي فعل‬
or will be done
Masculine
ُ‫ي فعال ِن‬
They are being done
Dual
)‫(مذ َّكٌُر‬ or will be done
They are being done
Third Plural ُ‫ي فعلون‬
Person or will be done
ٌُ ِ‫(غائ‬
She/It is being done
)‫ب‬ Singular ُ‫ت فعل‬
or will be done
Feminine
They are being done
Dual
)‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫(مؤن‬ or will be done
They are being done
Plural ُ‫ي فعلن‬
or will be done
You are being done
Singular ُ‫ت فعل‬
or will be done
Masculine
You are being done
Dual
)‫(مذ َّكٌُر‬ or will be done
You are being done
Second Plural ُ‫ت فعلون‬
Person or will be done
ِ ‫(ح‬ ُ‫ت فعلِي‬
You are being done
)‫اضٌُر‬ Singular
or will be done
Feminine
You are being done
Dual
)‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫(مؤن‬ or will be done
You are being done
Plural ُ‫ت فعلن‬
or will be done
41
‫‪Table 7.2 continued‬‬

‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪I am being done or‬‬
‫‪First‬‬ ‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫أُف علُ‬
‫‪Person‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬ ‫‪will be done‬‬
‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪Dual/‬‬ ‫‪We are being done‬‬
‫(متكلِّ ٌُم)‬ ‫ن فعلُ‬
‫‪Feminine‬‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫‪or will be done‬‬
‫‪Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.2 would be written in‬‬
‫‪Arabic. This is as follows:‬‬
‫‪Table 7.2a‬‬
‫ال ِفعلُالُمضارِعُُالُمجهولُ‬
‫لصي غةُ‬
‫ا ِّ‬ ‫اِسمُ ِّ‬
‫الصي غ ِةُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ي فع ُل‬ ‫بُ‬ ‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ ٌ‬
‫ي فعال ُِن‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫ي فعلونُ‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمُذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫ت فع ُل‬ ‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬‫وِ‬
‫ت فعال ُِن‬ ‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫ي فعلنُ‬ ‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫ت فع ُل‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬ ‫وِ‬
‫ٌ‬
‫ت فعال ُِن‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬
‫ٌ‬
‫ت فعلونُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ت فعُلِيُ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫َّثُح ِ‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬‫وِ‬
‫ت فعال ِنُ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫َّثُح ِ‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫ت فعلنُ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫َّثُح ِ‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫أُف علُ‬ ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬ ‫وِ‬
‫ن فعلُ‬ ‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬
‫‪42‬‬
Note: When a passive verb is used, the ‫ل‬ ُِ ‫( ُف‬subject) is not mentioned. Rather, the
ٌُ ‫اع‬
ٌُ‫( مُفُعُ ُول‬object) takes the place of the ‫اع ٌُل‬ ُِ ُ‫( ف‬subject) and is called ‫اع ٍُل‬
ُِ ُ‫( نُ ُائِبُ ُف‬subject of
the passive verb) or ‫ل‬ ُِ ُ‫( قُ ُائِ ٌُم ُمُقُامُ ُف‬substitute subject). Since it takes the place of the
ٍُ ‫اع‬
ُِ ُ‫ف‬, it also gets a dammah.
‫اع ٌُل‬
Examples:
ٍُ ُ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬:
ٌُ‫اضَُمُهُ ُول‬ ُ‫ – ض ِربُالولد‬The boy was hit.
ِ ‫ – منِع‬The woman was stopped.
ُ‫تُالمرأة‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬:
ٌُ‫عَُمُهُ ُول‬ ُ ‫ – ي فتحُالب‬The door will be opened.
‫اب‬
ُ‫ – يكسرُاْلِدار‬The wall will be broken.
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬, both ‫ف‬

Note: In the tables above, the first letter of each seeghah of ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ معرو‬and
ُِ‫( حرف ُالمضا ِر‬plural: ‫ِع‬
ٌُ‫َمُهُ ُول‬, is called ‫ع‬ ُِ‫)حُُرُوف ُالمضار‬. As can be seen in the table, these
are ‫ي‬, ‫ت‬, ‫أ‬, and ‫ن‬.
Relationship between the Seeghahs of ُ‫لُماض‬ ِ ٌُ ‫فِع ٌلُمضا ِر‬

ٌ ‫ فع‬and ‫ع‬
Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that the ‘ayn kalimah of the
ِ ِ ٍُ ُ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬and ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫ واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬of a ‫اض‬
ُ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬can vary in a number of different ways. It
can have a fathah, kasrah or dammah in ‫اض‬ ٍُ ُ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُم‬and/or ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. It is beyond the
scope of this book to discuss all of these combinations. However, at this stage, it is,
nevertheless, important to take note of the harakah on the ‘ayn kalimah of any given
ٍ ُ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬and its corresponding ‫ع‬
ُ‫اض‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬.
Word List for Verbs
English Arabic
(for past tense) ُ‫ماض‬ ُ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬
he went ُ‫ذهب‬ ُ‫يذهب‬
he wandered about ُ‫ع ِمه‬ ُ‫ي عمه‬
he made (someone into someone or
ُ‫جعل‬ ُ‫َيعل‬
something into something)
he came to know ‫علِ ُم‬ ُ‫ي علم‬
43
Lesson 7
English Arabic
he worshipped ُ‫عبد‬ ُ‫ي عبد‬
he realized; he became aware ُ‫شعر‬ ُ‫يشعر‬
he heard ُ‫َِسع‬ ُ‫يسمع‬
he played ُ‫لعِب‬ ُ‫ي لعب‬
he wore ُ‫لبِس‬ ُ‫ي لبس‬
he became sad, he grieved ُ‫حُُِزن‬ ُ‫َيزن‬
he slaughtered ُ‫ذبح‬ ُ‫يذبح‬
he drank ُ‫ش ِرب‬ ُ‫يشرب‬
he read ُ‫ي قرأ‬
he cooked ُ‫طبخ‬ ُ‫يطبخ‬
he made (something) ُ‫صنع‬ ُ‫يصنع‬
he stopped (someone) ُ‫منع‬ ُ‫َينع‬
he opened ُ‫ف تح‬ ُ‫ي فتح‬
he washed ُ‫غسُل‬ ُ‫ي غ ِسل‬
he laughed ُ‫ض ِحك‬ ُ‫يضحك‬
he was angry (with someone) )‫س ِخطُ(علُىُفال ٍُن‬ )‫يسخطُ(علُىُفال ٍُن‬
he broke (something non-physical);
ُ‫ن قض‬ ُ‫ي ن قض‬
he nullified
he commanded, he ordered ُ‫أمر‬ ُ‫يأمر‬
he concealed ُ‫كتم‬ ُ‫يكتم‬
he wrote ُ‫كتب‬ ُ‫يكتب‬
he cut ُ‫قطع‬ ُ‫ي قطع‬
he helped ُ‫نصر‬ ُ‫ي نصر‬
he deceived, he cheated ُ‫خدع‬ ُ‫َيدع‬
he colored, he dyed ُ‫صبغ‬ ُ‫يصبغ‬
he raised ُ‫رفع‬ ُ‫ي رفع‬
he sent ُ‫ب عث‬ ُ‫ي ب عث‬
44
English Arabic
he ate ُ‫أكل‬ ُ‫يأكل‬
he remembered; he mentioned ُ‫ذكر‬ ُ‫يذكر‬

Arabic
English
Singular Plural
food ُ‫طع ٌام‬
newspaper ٌ‫ج ِريدُة‬ ‫جرائِ ُد‬
potato ‫بطاطا‬
tea ُ‫اي‬
ٌ ‫ش‬
spoon ٌ‫ِملعق ُة‬ ‫مال ِع ُق‬
lock ُ‫ق ف ٌل‬
key ٌُ ‫ِمفت‬
‫اح‬
washerman ٌُ ‫ص‬
‫ار‬ َّ ‫ق‬
ٌُ ‫ث و‬
‫ب‬ ُ‫اب‬ ِ
cloth; clothes ٌ ‫ُثي‬
pond, pool ‫غ ِدي ٌُر‬ ‫غدٌُر‬
laughter ٌُ ‫ُ ِضح‬،‫ك‬
‫ك‬ ٌُ ‫ضح‬
friend ‫ص ِدي ٌُق‬
house ُ‫ت‬ٌ ‫بي‬
prayer leader; leader ٌُ ‫إِم‬
‫ام‬ ٌ‫أئِ َّم ُة‬
people ٌُ ‫ن‬
‫اس‬
what?; do…?; will…?; etc.
ُ‫ُهل‬،ُُ‫أ‬
(depending on the context)
sinfulness ُ‫فِس ٌق‬
disbelief, infidelity ‫كفٌُر‬
tommorrow ‫غ ًدا‬
45
Lesson 7
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
day after tomorrow ‫ب عدُغ ٍُد‬
a year ago ‫ق بلُسن ٍُة‬
day before yesterday ِ ‫ق بلُاْلم‬
ُ‫س‬
letter ٌ‫ِرسُال ُة‬
paternal uncle ُ‫عم‬
fear ُ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫خو‬
promise; pledge ‫عه ٌُد‬
that, which ‫ما‬
piety, righteousness ُ‫بِر‬
that; to ُ‫أن‬
cow ٌ‫ب قرُة‬
speech ‫كال ٌُم‬
rope ُ‫حب ٌل‬ ٌُ‫ِحبال‬
remembrance ‫ِذكٌُر‬
prophet ُ‫ُنِب‬،ُ‫رسوٌل‬
fruit ٌ‫فاكِه ُة‬ ‫فُواكُِه‬
library ِ ‫ُخزانةُالكت‬،ٌ‫مكتبة‬
ُ‫ب‬ ُ‫ُمكاتِب‬،‫ات‬ ٌُ ‫مكتب‬
magazine ٌ‫َملَُّة‬ ٌُ ‫َم َّال‬
‫ت‬
article; essay ٌ‫مقال ُة‬ ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫مقاَل‬
1. ُ‫أذهب‬ 7. ُ‫تسمعِي‬
2. ُ‫ي عمهون‬ 8. ُ‫تُلعبِي‬
3. ُ‫َيعل‬ 9. ُ‫ي لبسن‬
4. ُ‫أعلم‬ ُِ ‫َتزن‬
10. ‫ان‬
5. ُ‫ن عبد‬ ُِ ‫يذِب‬
11. ‫ان‬
6. ُ‫تشعرون‬ 12. ُ‫أشرب‬
46

1. They (P/M) came to know.
2. You (P/F) are reading.
3. She is cooking.
4. He is grieving.
5. They (P/F) are cooking.
6. I am making food.
7. We will drink.
8. You (S/F) will go.
9. You (S/M) will stop.
10. They (D/M) will go.

1. I will read your (S/M) newspaper.
2. They (P/F) will cook a potato for you (P/M).
3. You (P/M) are drinking tea with a spoon.
4. Your (P/M) uncle (paternal) will open the lock with his key.
5. The washerman is washing the clothes in the pond.
6. Haamid is laughing in his house.
7. I am hearing his laughter in my house.
8. Khalid’s friend will go to your (S/M) house.
9. We will make you (S/M) a leader for the people.
10. Are you (P/F) stopping them (P/M) from sinfulness and disbelief?
11. Today I read your (S/F) letter.
12. Tomorrow I will go to her uncle’s (paternal) house.
13. Are you (S/F) angry with him?
1. ُ‫فُعلي ِهمُوَلُهمَُيزن ون‬

ٌ ‫َلُخو‬
ُِ ‫ي ن قضونُعهد‬
2. ‫ُاهلل‬
3. ُ‫ُإِ ِِّّنُأُعلُمُماَُلُت علمون‬
ِّ ِ‫أُتأمرونُالنَّاسُبِال‬
4. ُ‫ب‬
5. ُ‫َننَُلُنكتمُماُأُمرناُاهلل‬
6. ‫اُهللُُيأمركمُأُنُتذِبواُب قرًُة‬
ُِ ‫يسمعونُكالم‬
7. ‫ُاهلل‬
47
Lesson 7

1. Is being read (S/M, third person)
2. Is being written (S/M, third person)
3. Will be broken (S/M, third person)
4. Will be cut (S/M, third person)
5. She is being helped.
6. You are being stopped (S/M)
7. I am being stopped.
8. We are being helped.
9. You (S/F) will be stopped.
10. You (S/M) are being cheated.

1. The rope is being cut.
2. The cloth will be dyed.
3. Remembrance of the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is being
raised.
4. The prophets are being sent.
5. Fruits are being eaten.
6. Allah is being remembered.
7. Tomorrow, the newspaper will be read in the library.
8. An article will be written for your (S/F) magazine the day after tomorrow.
9. The promise was broken a year ago.
48
LESSON 8
ُ‫لصفةُوُالموصوف‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
Adjective
Consider the following phrases: ‘truthful Muslim,’ ‘pious man,’ ‘large mosque,’
‘small book,’ ‘trustworthy servant.’ These phrases and other phrases of similar
ِ (adjective) andُ ‫ف‬
pattern are called ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ٌ ‫( موصو‬the described). In the phrase ‘small
ِ (adjective), and ‘book’
book, ‘small’ describes the ‘book.’ Thus, ‘small’ is ٌ‫صف ُة‬
isُ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫( موصو‬the described).
To convert such a phrase into Arabic, follow the following steps:
1. Translate the individual words into Arabic.
2. Reverse the order of the words so that the first word comes second and the
second word comes first.
3. Give both words one or two dammah(s) (depending on the situation).
Example: We want to convert the phrase, ‘truthful Muslim’ into Arabic. First, we
translate the individual words into Arabic. We get ‫ادق مُسُُلِم‬
ُِ ‫ص‬
ُ . Next, we reverse the
ُ ِ‫مُسُُل‬. Then, we give two dammahs to both the words. We get
ُِ ‫مُص‬
order to get ‫ادق‬
ُ‫مسلِ ٌم ُص ِاد ٌق‬. Similarly, if we want to convert ‘pious man’ into Arabic, we will first
translate the individual words into Arabic – ‫ُرجُل‬ ُ ‫صُ ُالِح‬. Next, we will reverse the
order of the words – ‫ُرجُلُصُ ُالِح‬. Lastly, we will give two dammahs to both words –
‫رج ٌلُصالِ ٌُح‬.
States of Nouns:
Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that each noun is always in a
certain state. There are three states in total for nouns. These are as follows:
1. ‫رف ٌُع‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two dammahs at the end. Such a
noun is called ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫مرف و‬. For example, ‫ت‬
ٌُ ‫ ب ي‬or ُ‫الب يت‬.
2. ‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫نص‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two fathahs at the end. Such a
noun is called ‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫منصو‬. For example, ‫ ب يتًا‬or ُ‫الب يت‬.
3. ُ‫جر‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two kasrahs at the end. ُSuch a noun
ٍُ ‫ ب ي‬or ‫ت‬
is called ‫َمروٌُر‬. For example, ‫ت‬ ُِ ‫الب ي‬.
49
Lesson 8 ُ
Note: There is another state which is specific to verbs. This is ‫جزٌُم‬. This is the
condition in which a ‫ سكو ٌُن‬appears at the end of a word or its substitute (‫ ن‬in the
case of ُ‫ )فِع ٌل ُمضا ِر‬is dropped from the end.
ٌ‫ع‬ Such a word is said to be ‫وم‬
ٌُ ‫َمُُز‬. For
example, ُ‫( لُيض ِرب‬he did not hit).
ِ and ٌُ‫موصوف‬:
Additional Rules for ٌ‫صف ُة‬
ِ and the ‫ف‬

1. Both the ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ موصو‬have to be in the same state, i.e., if one is ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫مرف و‬,
then the other should also be ‫ع‬ٌُ ‫مرف و‬. Similarly, if one is ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫منصو‬, the other
ٌُ ‫منصو‬. For example, consider ‫رج ٌل ُصالِ ٌُح‬. Since ‫ رج ٌُل‬has two
should also be ‫ب‬
dammahs at the end, it is ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ ;مرف و‬therefore, ‫ صالِ ٌُح‬will also be given two
dammahs to make it ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫مرف و‬. Similarly, if for some reason ‫ ُرجُل‬was ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫منصو‬, ‫صُ ُالِح‬
would also have to be ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫منصو‬. The phrase would then have been ‫اْلًا‬ ِ ‫رج ًال ُص‬
ِ ‫( نصرتُرج ًالُص‬I helped a pious man). If ‫ ُرجُل‬had been ‫َمروُر‬, ‫صُ ُالِح‬
such as in ‫اْلًا‬ ٌ
would also have been ‫َمروٌُر‬. The phrase would then have been ٍُ‫ رج ٍلُصالِح‬such
as in ٍُ‫( ذهبتُُإِلُُرج ٍلُصالِح‬I went to a pious man).
ِ and the ‫ف‬
2. Both the ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ موصو‬should either be maʻrifah or nakirah. Thus, if
ٌُ ‫ موصو‬has an alif-laam, the ٌ‫ ِصف ُة‬should also have an alif-laam. For
the ‫ف‬
example, if ‫ ُرجُل‬were to be changed to ‫اُ َُّلرجُل‬, ‫ص ُالِح‬
ُ would also change to
‫لص ُالِح‬
َُّ ُ‫ا‬.
ِ and the ‫ف‬
3. The gender of the ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ موصو‬should be the same. Thus, if the
ُ‫ف‬ٌ ‫ موصو‬is feminine, the ٌ‫ ِصف ُة‬should also be feminine. To change a word to
its feminine form, just add a round taa (‫ )ة‬at the end of the word. For
ِ ‫ أستاذُةٌ ُص‬and ‘the pious teacher (F)’
example, ‘a pious teacher (F)’ will be ٌ‫اْل ُة‬
ِ ‫الص‬
will be ُ‫اْلة‬ َّ ُُ‫اُْلستاذة‬.
4. If the ‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫ موصو‬is a proper noun, it will not accept alif-laam. For non-proper
nouns alif-laam is used to change nakirah into maʻrifah. However, all
proper nouns are considered maʻrifah by default even without an alif-laam.
ٌُ ‫ موصو‬is a proper noun; therefore, the ٌ‫ ِصف ُة‬will require an alif-
Since, the ‫ف‬
laam to make it maʻrifah. For example, when converting ‘the conqueror
Khalid’ into Arabic, we will not add alif-laam toُ ‫ خالِ ٌُد‬because it is already a
50
ُ‫لصفة ُُوالموصوف‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
ِ (‫ )فاتِ ُح‬because it
proper noun. However, we will add an alif-laam to the ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ٌ
is not a proper noun. The sentence will be ُ‫خالِ ٌدُالفاتِح‬.
The following examples illustrate this point:
‘The king Mahmood’ will be ُ‫ُمموٌدُاُلملِك‬.
‘The commander Taariq’ will be ُ‫طا ِر ٌقُاُلقائِد‬.
ِ ‫غالِبُاُلش‬.
‘The poet Ghalib’ will be ُ‫َّاعر‬ ٌ
These sentences can also be read (not written) as ُ‫خالِد ُنِالفاتِح‬, ُ‫ُمُمود ُنِالملِك‬,
ِ ‫غالِبُنِالش‬.
‫ طا ِرقُنِالقائِ ُد‬and ُ‫َّاعر‬
Word List for Verbs
English Arabic
he drank ُ‫ش ِرب‬

he defeated ُ‫هُزم‬
he entered ُ‫دخل‬
he touched, he felt (by hand);
ُ‫س‬
َّ ‫ج‬
he examined
he provided ُ‫رزق‬
he conquered ُ‫ف تح‬
he took ُ‫أخذ‬
Word List for Nouns

Arabic
English
Singular Plural
pious, righteous ُ‫صالِ ٌح‬
father ٌُ ‫أ‬
‫ب‬
son ‫اِب ٌُن‬
most-forgiving ُ‫غفوٌر‬
Lord ُ‫رب‬
big, large ‫كبِي ٌُر‬ ُ‫كِب ٌار‬
51
Lesson 8 ُ
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
door ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫ب‬
ِ
old ٌ‫قد ُمي‬
mat ‫صي ٌُر‬ ِ‫ح‬ ُ‫حصٌر‬
good; excellent ُ‫جيِّ ٌد‬
article; essay ٌ‫مقال ُة‬
magazine ٌ‫َملَُّة‬
street ٌ ‫شا ِر‬
ُ‫ع‬ ُ‫شوا ِرع‬
small, little ‫صغِي ٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫ِصغ‬
‫ار‬
ship, boat ٌ‫س ِفي ن ُة‬ ‫سف ٌُن‬
deep ‫ع ِمي ٌُق‬
sea ‫ِبٌُر‬ ُ‫ِِب ٌار‬
great; powerful ‫ع ِظي ٌُم‬ ُ‫عظماء‬
mountain ‫جب ٌُل‬ ٌُ‫ِجبال‬
long ‫ط ِوي ٌُل‬
train ٌُ ‫قِط‬
‫ار‬ ُ‫قطٌر‬
train engine ٌ‫اطرُة‬ ِ‫ق‬ ِ‫ق‬
ٌُ ‫اطُرا‬
‫ت‬
station ٌ‫ُمطَُّة‬ ٌُ َّ‫ُمُط‬
‫ات‬
‫اجٌُر‬ ِ‫ف‬ ُ‫ف َّج ٌار‬
immoral person
‫اس ٌُق‬ ِ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ف َّس‬
‫اق‬
man ‫رج ٌُل‬
beautiful, handsome; good ُ‫حس ٌن‬ ُ‫ِحسا ٌن‬
fan ٌ‫ِمروح ُة‬
sick, ill ٌُ ‫م ِري‬
‫ض‬ ‫مرضى‬
woman ٌ‫اِمرأُة‬
bitter ُ‫مر‬
medicine ٌ‫دو ُاء‬ ٌ‫أُد ِوي ُة‬
king ٌُ ِ‫مل‬
‫ك‬ ‫ملو ٌُك‬
52
ِّ ‫ا‬
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
army ُ‫جن ٌد‬ ُ‫جن وٌد‬
capital city ٌ‫اصم ُة‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ُ‫اصم‬ ِ ‫عو‬
skillful; outstanding ِ ‫ُم‬،‫ع‬
ُ‫اهٌر‬ ٌُ ‫با ِر‬
barber ٌُ ‫ح َّال‬
‫ق‬
store, shop ‫د َّكا ٌُن‬ ُ‫دكاكِي‬
old man; scholar ُ‫شي ٌخ‬ ُ‫شي و ٌخ‬
mischievous ‫ش ِري ٌُر‬ ُ‫أُ ِشَّراء‬
boy ُ‫ول ٌد‬
ugly ‫د ِمي ٌُم‬ ُ‫ِدم ٌام‬
near, close )ُ‫بُ( ِمن‬ ٌُ ‫ق ِري‬
house ٌُ ‫ب ي‬
‫ت‬
doctor ٌُ ‫طبِي‬
‫ب‬ ُ‫أُ ِطبَّاء‬
medical prescription ٌ‫وصف ُة‬
‫ط‬
straight ‫مست ِقي ٌُم‬
torment; punishment ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫عذ‬
painful ‫أُلِي ٌُم‬
mosquito ٌ‫ب عوض ُة‬
livelihood ٌُ ‫ِرز‬
‫ق‬ ُ‫اق‬
ٌ ‫أُرز‬
trial, tribulation ٌ‫بال ُء‬
night ٌ‫لي لُ ُة‬ )‫ال‬ ٍُ ‫لي‬
ُ ِ ‫الُ(اللَّي‬
dark ٌ‫مظلِم ُة‬
example ُ‫مث ٌل‬
word ٌ‫كُلِم ُة‬ ُ‫ات‬ ِ
ٌ ‫كل م‬
tree ٌ‫شجُرُة‬ ٌُ ‫شجر‬
‫ات‬
good; pleasant (F) ٌ‫طيِّب ُة‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫طيِّب‬
53
Lesson 8 ُ
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
root ُ‫أُص ٌل‬ ٌُ‫أُصول‬
firm, established ٌُ ِ‫ثاب‬
‫ت‬
branch ٌُ ‫ف ر‬
‫ع‬ ُ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫ف رو‬
sky ٌ‫اء‬
ُ ‫َس‬
commander, leader ‫قائِ ٌُد‬
city ٌ‫م ِدي ن ُة‬
fort, fortress, castle ‫ِحص ٌُن‬ ُ‫حصو ٌن‬
hand; possession ‫ي ٌُد‬
conqueror ‫فاتِ ٌُح‬
Romans ُ‫ا ُّلروم‬

1. Pious father
2. The son Sa‘eed
3. Most-forgiving Lord
4. Big door
5. The old mat
6. Good article
7. Good magazine
8. Big street
9. Small boat
10. Deep sea
11. Great mountain
12. Long train
13. Big engine
14. Small station

1. I hit an immoral man.
2. You (P/M) took a beautiful fan.
3. The sick woman drank bitter medicine.
4. Brave Tariq defeated a big king’s army and he entered his capital.
5. Today I will go to a skilled barber’s shop.
54
ِّ ‫ا‬
6. This is a pious old man and that is a mischievous child.

7. This is a handsome man and that is an ugly boy.
8. You (S/M) went to a shop close to your house.
9. Doctor Mahmood examined a sick woman and wrote a good prescription for
her.
1. ُ‫لصراطُالمست ِقيم‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
2. ُ‫ابُأُلِي ٌم‬
ٌ ‫عذ‬
3. ‫ب عوضةٌُصغِي رٌُة‬
4. ‫رزق همُاهللُ ِرزقًاُحسنًا‬
5. ُ‫بالءٌُع ِظي ٌم‬
6. ٌ‫لي لةٌُمظلِم ُة‬
7. ‫مثلُكلِم ٍةُطيِّب ٍةُكشجرةٍُطيِّب ٍُة‬
ُِ ‫ُالسم‬
8. ‫آء‬ ٌ ِ‫أُصلهاُثاب‬
ِ ‫ت َُّوفُرعه‬
َّ ‫اُِف‬
ٍ ِ‫اُمنُيُ ِدُمل‬
9. ‫كُع ِظي ٍُم‬ ِ ‫ُحصن ه‬ ُ ً‫ف تحُطا ِرقُ ُِنُالقائِدُم ِدي نةًُع ِظيمة‬
ِ ‫ُوأخذ‬
10. ‫ُالروُِم‬ ِ ‫دخلُُم َّمدُ ُِنُالفاتِحُع‬
ُّ ‫اصمة‬
55
LESSON 9
ُ‫الُمُرُُ ُوالنُهُي‬
Imperative (Positive Command) &
Prohibitive (Negative Command)
The command is used to demand an action. That verb which contains a command
to do something is called ‫أُمٌُُر‬, for example, ‘read!’ and ‘write!;’ while that verb which
contains a command to not do something is called ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫نُه‬, as in ‘do not go’ and ‘do not
ٌ
fear.’
Creating ‫ أم ٌُر‬for the Second Person

ُ‫ أُمٌُر‬of any verb is created from its respective ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. In this lesson, we will study
the method of making ‫ أُمٌُُر‬for the second person. This is as follows.
1. First, give a jazm to that seeghah of ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬, whose ‫ أُمٌُُر‬you wish to create. This
means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah
replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which
ends with a noon. The ٌ‫صي غ ُة‬ ِ for ‫اض ُر‬
ِ ٌ ‫ ْجع ُمؤن‬is an exception to this.2 Also, in the
ٌ ‫َّث ُح‬ ٌ
ِ َُّ ‫ْج ٌعُمُُذ‬, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.
case of ‫كٌُرُحاضٌُر‬
ُِ‫حرف ُالمضا ِر‬, which in this case is ‫ت‬. The seeghah should be
2. Now, remove the ‫ع‬
unreadable.
ُِ ‫ ُهزةُالوص‬at the beginning and give it a kasrah.3
3. Now, add a ‫ل‬
This process is illustrated in the following table.
2 ِ is one of those words whose ends do not accept any vowel change. Such
In fact, this ٌ‫صي غ ُة‬
words are called ‫ن‬ُ ِ ‫مب‬.
3
Hamzat al-wasl appears at the beginning of a word. It is not pronounced when there is a
word before the word with a hamzat al-wasl. Giving it a kasrah is the basic principle. There
is more detail to it, and is mentioned later in the lesson.
57
Lesson 9
Table 9.1
ِ ‫)أمرُح‬
Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬ ٌ
[From Left To Right]
Original seeghahs of Give jazm Drop the harf Add a hamzat al-
Second Person to the al-mudari‘ wasl at the
ُ‫ِع‬ ِ
ٌ ‫فع ٌلُمضار‬ seeghahs beginning
ُ‫ت فعل‬ ُ‫ت فعل‬ ُ‫ف عل‬ ُ‫اِف عل‬

‫ت فعال ُِن‬ ُ‫ت فعال‬ ُ‫ف عال‬ ُ‫اِف عال‬
ُ‫ت فعلون‬ ‫ت فعلوا‬ ‫فُعلوا‬ ‫اِف علوا‬
ُ‫ت فعلِي‬ ُ‫ت فعلِي‬ ُ‫ف علِي‬ ُ‫اِف علِي‬
ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬ ُ‫ت فعال‬ ُ‫ف عال‬ ُ‫اِف عال‬
ُ‫ت فعلن‬ ُ‫ت فعلن‬ ُ‫ف علن‬ ُ‫اِف علن‬
Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person
imperative in active voice. These must be memorized.
Table 9.2
ِ ‫)أمرُح‬
Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬ ٌ

Singular (You) Do! ُ‫اِف عل‬
Masculine
Dual (You) Do! ُ‫اِف عال‬
‫اِف علوا‬
Second
Plural (You) Do!
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬ Singular (You) Do! ُ‫اِفُعُلِي‬
Feminine
Dual (You) Do! ُ‫اِف عال‬
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plural (You) Do! ُ‫اِف علُن‬
58
ُ‫اْلمر ُُوالنَّهي‬
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.2 would be written in
Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 9.2a
ِ ‫الُمُرُُالُح‬
ُ‫اضرُُالُمعروف‬
ُ‫لصي غة‬
ُ‫اِف عل‬ ُ‫اضٌر‬ ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬
ٌ
ِ‫و‬
ُ‫اِف عال‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح‬
ٌ
‫اِف علوا‬ ِ
ُ‫اِف علِي‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬
ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ِ‫و‬
ُ‫اِف عال‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِيُ ُةٌُمؤن‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
ُ‫اِف علن‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬
ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬
Examples:
1. From ُ‫( تُفتح‬you are opening/will open), we get ُ‫( اِف تح‬open!).
2. From ُ‫( ِتُلِس‬you are sitting/will sit), we get ُ‫( اِجلِس‬sit!).
3. From ُ‫( تُسمع‬you are hearing/will hear), we get ُ‫( اَِسع‬hear!).
4. From ُ‫( تُضُ ِرب‬you are hitting/will hit), we get ُ‫( ُاِضُ ِرب‬hit!).
5. From ُ‫( تُذُهب‬you are going/will go), we get ُ‫( ُاِذُهُب‬go!).
Creating ‫ي‬
ٌُ ‫ ن ه‬for the Second Person
Like ‫أُمٌُُر‬, the ‫ي‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. In this
ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬of any verb is also created from its respective ‫ع‬
lesson, we will study the method of making ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫ نُه‬for the second person. It is partially
ٌ
similar to the method given above for ‫أُمٌُُر‬, but there are also differences. The process
is as follows.
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. This means that that seeghah

1. Like in the case of ‫أُمٌُُر‬, give a jazm to the ‫ع‬
which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while
the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which ends with a noon. As before,
ِ for ‫اض ُر‬
the ٌ‫صي غُ ُة‬ ِ ٌ ‫ ْجعُمؤن‬will be an exception to this. Also, in the case of ُ‫ْجعُمُُذ َُّك ُر‬
ٌ ‫َّثُح‬ ٌ ٌ ٌ
ِ
‫حاضٌُر‬, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.
59
Lesson 9
ُِ‫حرف ُالمضا ِر‬, just place a ُ‫ َل‬before it. This ُ‫ َل‬is a

2. Now, instead of removing the ‫ع‬
ُِ َّ‫َلُُالُن‬.
ُ‫حرفُالنَّه ِي‬, and is called ُ‫اهيُة‬
This process is illustrated in the following table.
Table 9.3
ِ ‫)ن ه ُيُح‬
Creating Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬ ٌ
[From Left To Right]
Original seeghahs of Give jazm to the Add a laa al-nahiyah at

ٌُ ‫فِع ٌلُمضا ِر‬
Second Person ‫ع‬ seeghahs the beginning
‫ت فع ُل‬ ُ‫ت فعل‬ ُ‫َلُُت فعل‬

‫ت فعال ُِن‬ ُ‫ت فعال‬ ُ‫َلُُت فعال‬
ُ‫ت فعلون‬ ‫ت فعلوا‬ ‫َلُُت فعلوا‬
ُ‫ت فعلِي‬ ُ‫ت فعلِي‬ ُ‫َلُُت فعلِي‬
ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬ ُ‫ت فُعال‬ ُ‫َلُُت فعال‬
ُ‫ت فعلن‬ ُ‫ت فعلن‬ ُ‫َلُُت فعلن‬
Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person
prohibitive in active voice. These must be memorized.
Table 9.4
ِ ُ‫)ن هيُح‬
Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬ ٌ
Singular (You) Don’t do! ُ‫َلُت فعل‬
Masculine
Dual (You) Don’t do! ُ‫َلُت فعال‬
Second
Plural (You) Don’t do! ‫َلُت فعلوا‬
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬ Singular (You) Don’t do! ُ‫َلُت فعُلِي‬
Feminine
Dual (You) Don’t do! ُ‫َلُت فعال‬
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plural (You) Don’t do! ُ‫َلُت فعلن‬
60
Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.4 would be
written in Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 9.4a
ِ ‫النُّهيُُالُح‬
ُ‫اضرُُالُمعروف‬
ُ‫لصي غة‬
ُ‫َلُت فعل‬ ُ‫اضٌر‬ ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬ِ‫و‬
ٌ
ُ‫َلُت فعال‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح‬
ٌ
‫َلُت فعلوا‬ ِ ‫ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬ ٌ ٌ
ُ‫َلُت فعُلِي‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬
ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ِ‫و‬
ُ‫َلُت فعال‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
ُ‫َلُت فعلن‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬
ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬
Examples:
1. From ُ‫( تُفتح‬you are opening/will open), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُفتح‬do not open!).
2. From ُ‫( ِتُلِس‬you are sitting/will sit), we get ُ‫( َلُُِتُلِس‬do not sit!).
3. From ُ‫( تُسمع‬you are hearing/will hear), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُسمع‬do not hear!).
4. From ُ‫( تُضُ ِرب‬you are hitting/will hit), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُضُ ِرب‬do not hit!).
5. From ُ‫( تُذُهب‬you are going/will go), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُذُهُب‬do not go!).
The vowels (harakah) of ‫ أمُ ٌُر‬and ‫ي‬

ٌُ ‫ن ه‬
Many times we find ‫ أُمٌُُر‬to be on the pattern of ُ‫ اِف عل‬as in ُ‫اَِسع‬. However, this is not
always the case. Sometimes, it follows the ُ‫ اف عل‬pattern as in ُ‫انصر‬, and sometimes the
‫ اِف ُعِ ُل‬pattern as in ُ‫اِض ِرب‬. The reason behind this difference is that the particular vowel
pattern of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬is dependent on the (‫ )ع‬letter of the ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ‬
ِ ‫ و‬seeghah of
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬. ُThe (‫ )ع‬letter of this ‫ب‬
‫ع‬ ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬governs the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬in two ways,
ِ ‫ع ُو‬
and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬in one way.
The one way where it governs both ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬is the harakah of the (‫ )ع‬letter
of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫نُه‬. Here, the harakah has to correspond exactly. Thus, when the (‫)ع‬
letter of ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغُائ‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬has a fathah, or kasrah, or dammah, the (‫ )ع‬letter
ِ ‫ع ُو‬
61
Lesson 9
of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫ نُه‬will have the same vowel. For example, in ُ‫ يُسُمُع‬the (‫ )ع‬letter is (‫ )م‬and
ٌ
has a fathah. Therefore, in its ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬forms, the (‫ )م‬will also get a fathah. Its ‫أُمٌُُر‬
ِ ُ ُ‫ نُه‬will be ُ‫َلُتسمع‬. In ُ‫ يض ِرب‬there is a kasrah under (‫ ;)ر‬therefore,
will be ُ‫ اَسع‬and its ‫ي‬
ٌ
ُ ُ‫ نُه‬forms will be ُ‫ اِض ِرب‬and ُ‫ َل ُتض ِرب‬respectively. In ُ‫ي نصر‬, there is a
its ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬
ٌ
dammah on (‫ ;)ص‬therefore, its ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫ نُه‬forms will be ُ‫ انصر‬and ُ‫ َلُت نصر‬respectively.
ٌ
The other way in which (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬governs ‫ أُمٌُُر‬is with respect to
the hamzat al-wasl of ‫أُمٌُُر‬. This hamzat al-wasl either gets a kasrah or a dammah. It
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬has a dammah, the hamzat al-wasl
cannot have a fathah. If the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬
of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬will also have a dammah. For example, the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬of ُ‫ ي نصر‬will be ُ‫ انصر‬because (‫)ص‬
ٌُ ‫ فِع ٌل ُمضار‬and it has a dammah. And if the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬
is the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ِع‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬
has a fathah or a kasrah, then in both cases the hamzat al-wasl of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬will get a kasrah.
For example, the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬of ُ‫ يسمع‬is ُ‫اَِسع‬, and the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬of ُ‫ يض ِرب‬is ُ‫اِض ِرب‬.
It should be noted that there is no hamzat al-wasl in ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫نُه‬. It is only
ٌ
ِ
ٌُ ‫ ُفعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬for the harakah on its own (‫ )ع‬letter.
dependent on the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬
Word List For Verbs
English Arabic
he went ُ‫ذهب‬ ُ‫يذهب‬
he stopped (someone) ُ‫منع‬ ُ‫َينع‬
he started ُ‫بدأ‬ ُ‫ي بدأ‬
he opened ُ‫ف تح‬ ُ‫ي فتح‬
he searched ُ‫ِبُث‬ ُ‫ي بحث‬
he heard ُ‫َِسع‬ ُ‫يسمع‬
he laughed ُ‫ض ِحك‬ ُ‫يضحك‬
he did, he acted, he worked ُ‫ع ِمل‬ ُ‫ي عمل‬
he came to know ُ‫علِم‬ ُ‫ي علم‬
he played ُ‫لعِب‬ ُ‫ي لعب‬
he accepted ُ‫قُبِل‬
62
English Arabic
he was cautious ُ‫ح ِذر‬ ُ‫َيذر‬
he went near, he came near ُ‫ق رب‬ ُ‫ي قرب‬
he became sad ُ‫حزن‬ ُ‫َيُُزن‬
he mocked ُ‫هُزأ‬ ُ‫ي هزأ‬
he did ُ‫ف عل‬ ُ‫ي فعل‬
he read ُ‫قُرأ‬ ُ‫ي قرأ‬
he entered ُ‫دخل‬ ُ‫يدخل‬
he drank ُ‫ش ِرب‬ ُ‫يشرب‬

Arabic
English
Singular Plural
to ُ‫إِل‬
market ُ‫سو ٌق‬
mosque ‫مس ِج ٌُد‬
but, rather, however ُ‫بل‬
box ُ‫صندو ٌق‬
for ‫ُِل‬
yourself ُ‫ن فسك‬ ُ‫أن فُسكم‬
a lot ‫كثِي ًرا‬
advice ٌ‫صيح ُة‬ ِ‫ن‬
mother ُ‫أم‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫أ َّمه‬
with ُ‫مع‬
doll ٌ‫دمي ُة‬
ball ٌ‫كرُة‬
speech ُ‫كال ٌم‬
63
Lesson 9
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
mirror ٌ‫ِمرأُة‬
comb ٌُ ‫ِمش‬
‫ط‬
meat ُ‫ْل ٌم‬
snake ٌ‫حيَُّة‬ ُ‫ات‬
ٌ َّ‫حي‬
scorpion ٌُ ‫عقر‬
‫ب‬ ُ‫عقُا ِرب‬
cat ٌ‫قِطَُّة‬ ٌُ ‫قِط‬
‫ط‬
upon, on ‫عل ى‬
‫ط‬
straight ُ‫مست ِقي ٌم‬
good ‫خي ٌُر‬
that ‫أ َُّن‬
all, each ُ‫كل‬
thing ٌ‫يء‬
ُ ‫ش‬
powerful ‫ق ِدي ٌُر‬
intercession ٌ‫شفاع ُة‬
village ٌ‫ق ري ُة‬ ‫ق ًرى‬
friend ‫ص ِدي ٌُق‬
hotel ٌُ ‫ف ند‬
‫ق‬ ُ‫ف ن ِادق‬
milk ُ‫ب‬
ٌ‫ل‬
door ٌُ ‫ب‬
‫اب‬
house ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫بي‬
manager; editor ‫مُ ِدي ٌُر‬
newspaper ٌ‫ج ِريدُة‬
1. ُ‫اِذهب‬ 7. ‫َلُتسمعوا‬
2. ُ‫َلُتذهب‬ 8. ‫اِضحكوا‬
64
3. ‫َلَُتن عوا‬ 9. ‫اِعملوا‬

ُ ِ‫َلُت بدئ‬
4. ‫ي‬ 10. ‫اَِسعُا‬
5. ُ‫اِف ت ِحي‬ 11. ‫اِعلما‬
6. ُ‫َلُت بحثن‬ 12. ‫َلُت لعبا‬

1. Don’t go (P/M) to the market, but go to the mosque.
2. Open (S/M) the box.
3. Work (D/M) for yourselves.
4. Don’t laugh (P/M) a lot.
5. Accept (P/F) the advice of your mothers.
6. Don’t (P/M) play with the doll; play (P/M) with the ball.
7. Listen (S/M) to the speech of Allah.
8. Don’t (S/F) play with the mirror and the comb; cook (S/F) the meat.
9. Be cautious (P/F) of the snake and the scorpion.
10. Don’t (D/F) go near the ball; play (D/F) with this cat.
1. ‫َلَُتزنُعلي ِه ُم‬
2. ‫َلُت هزءواُوَلُتضحكوا‬
3. ُ‫اِف علواُاْلي ر‬
4. ُ‫اِق رُِءيُُوَلُت لعبي‬
5. ‫ُاِعلمواُأُ َّنُاهللُعلُىُك ِّلُشُيُ ٍءُق ِدي ٌُر‬
6. ُ‫اِق ب لواُالشَّفاعة‬
7. ُ‫ادخلواُه ِذهُِالقرية‬
8. ُ‫اِذهب واُمعُصُ ِدي ِقكمُُإِلُالفند ِقُواشرب واُاللَّبُمعه‬
ِ ‫اِف تحواُبابُالب ي‬
9. ِ‫تُواذهب واُُإِلُُمُ ِدي ُِرُاْل ِريدُة‬
65
LESSON 10
ُِ ‫الُ ُو‬
ُ‫ُالُجُمُع‬،ُ‫ُالتُثُُنِيُة‬،ُ‫احد‬
Singular, Dual, Plural
We have seen in the previous lessons that verb forms are sometimes single,
sometimes dual, and sometimes plural.4 Similarly, nouns can also be single, dual
ٌُ ‫ مُ ُؤُِم‬means ‘one believer,’ ‫ان‬
and plural. For example, ‫ن‬ ُِ ‫ مُ ُؤُِمن‬means ‘two believers,’ and
ُ‫ مُ ُؤُِمن ون‬means ‘three or more believers.’ Below, we give the rules for duals and plurals
of nouns.
ٌ‫ – ت ثنِي ُة‬Dual: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )‫اح ٌُد‬

ِ ‫ (و‬one of the
following:
An ُ‫ف‬ ِ ُِ ‫[ﹷ‬
 ٌ ‫ أُُل‬preceded by a fathah and followed by a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a kasrah i.e. ]‫ان‬
for the state of ‫ُرفُ ٌُع‬.
e.g. ُ‫رجال ِن‬ two men
 ُ ُ‫ ي‬preceded by a fathah and a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a kasrah i.e. ]‫ [ﹷيُ ُِن‬for the states of
A ٌ‫اء‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ُ‫ نُص‬and ُ‫جُر‬.
e.g. ُِ ‫رجل‬
‫ي‬ two men
ِ ‫ (و‬one of the
ُ‫ – جم ٌع‬Plural: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )‫اح ٌُد‬
following:5
 A ‫او‬
ٌُ ‫ ُو‬preceded by a dammah and followed by a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a fathah i.e. ]ُ‫[ﹹون‬
for the state of ‫ُرفُ ٌُع‬.
e.g. ُ‫ ُمسلِمون‬Muslims
 A ٌ‫اء‬
ُ ُ‫ ي‬preceded by a kasrah and followed by a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a fathah i.e. [ُ‫ ]ﹻين‬for
the states of ‫ب‬
ٌُ ُ‫ نُص‬and ُ‫جُر‬.
e.g. ُ‫ مسلِ ِمي‬Muslims
4
It should be remembered that when the verb forms are dual or plural, it is not the action that is dual
or plural. The action taking place is only one. It is only the doers of the action who are two or more.
5
There is more detail to it, which can be studied in more advanced books.
67
Lesson 10
For the ease of the students, a chart showing ‫ مسلِ ٌُم‬and its dual and plural forms in
each of the different states is given below.
Table 10.1
Singular, Dual, and Plural
ُِ ‫)الُُو‬
Singular (ُ‫احد‬ Dual (ُ‫)الُتَّثُُنِيُة‬ Plural (ُ‫)اُْلُمُع‬
In the state of ‫ُرفُ ٌُع‬ ُ‫مسلِ ٌم‬ ِ ‫مسلِم‬
ُ‫ان‬ ُ‫مسلِمون‬
In the state of ‫ب‬
ٌُ ُ‫نُص‬ ‫مسلِ ًما‬ ُِ ‫مسلِم‬
‫ي‬ ُ‫مسلِ ِمي‬
In the state of ُ‫جُر‬ ‫مسلِ ٍُم‬ ُِ ‫مسلِم‬
‫ي‬ ُ‫مسلِ ِمي‬
Examples:
1. Two men went to the market.
ُ‫ُالس ُو ِق‬
ُّ ‫ذهبُرجال ِنُُإِل‬
2. The scholars gave a speech in the mosque.
ُ‫خطبُالعالِمون ُِِفُالمس ِج ِد‬
3. Khalid helped two oppressed persons.
ِ ‫نصرُخُاُلِ ٌُدُمظلوم‬
ُ‫ي‬
4. Naseer hit the oppressors.
ُ‫صي ٌرُاُلظَّالِ ِمي‬
ِ ‫ضربُن‬
5. I wrote with two pens.
ِ ‫كتبتُبِقلم‬
ُ‫ي‬
6. A man from amongst the believers came.
ُ‫ُمنُالمُ ُؤُِمُنِي‬
ِّ ‫جآءُرج ٌل‬
Note: The ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬of dual and plural is dropped when it appears at the end of mudaaf.
For example,
1. ‫ق لماُزي ٍُد‬ (Zayd’s two pens)

This was originally ‫ان ُزي ٍُد‬
ِ ‫ ق لم‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the
end of mudaaf.
ٍُ ‫ف رساُرج‬
2. ‫ل‬ (a man’s two horses)
ِ ‫ ف رس‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the
ٍُ ‫ان ُرج‬
This was originally ‫ل‬
end of mudaaf.
68
ُ‫ُاْلمع‬،‫ُالتَّثنِية‬،‫احد‬
ِ ‫الو‬
ِ ‫مسلِمو‬
3. ُ‫ُمصر‬ (Muslims of Egypt)
ِ ‫ مسلِمون‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the
This was originally ُ‫ُمصر‬
end of mudaaf.
ِ ‫طالِب و‬
4. ‫ُعل ٍُم‬ (seekers of knowledge)
ِ ‫ طالِب ون‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the
This was originally ‫ُعل ٍُم‬
end of mudaaf.
Word List for Verbs
English Arabic
he ordered ُ‫أمر‬ ُ‫يأمر‬
he wrote ُ‫كتب‬ ُ‫يكتب‬
he ate ُ‫أكل‬ ُ‫يأكل‬
he cut ُ‫قطع‬ ُ‫ي قطع‬
he hit ُ‫ضرب‬ ُ‫يض ِرب‬
he took ُ‫أخذ‬ ُ‫يأخذ‬
he studied ُ‫درس‬ ُ‫يدرس‬
he read ُ‫ق رأ‬ ُ‫ي قرأ‬
he filled ُ‫مل‬ ُ‫َيل‬
he imprisoned ُ‫حبس‬ ُ‫َيبِس‬
he forgave ُ‫غفر‬ ُ‫ي غ ِفر‬
Word List for Nouns

Arabic
English
Singular Plural
preacher ُ‫ظ‬ ٌ ‫اع‬ِ‫و‬ ِ‫و‬
ُ‫اعظون‬
‫اب‬ ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫كت‬
believer ‫مُؤِم ٌُن‬ ُ‫مؤِمن ون‬
bread ‫خب ٌُز‬ ُ‫أخب ٌاز‬
69
Lesson 10
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
tree ٌ‫شجرُة‬
boy
umbrella ٌ‫ِمظلَُّة‬
year ٌُ ‫ُع‬،ٌ‫سنة‬
‫ام‬ ُ‫ُأُعو ٌام‬،‫ِسن ون‬
worshipper ‫عابِ ٌُد‬ ٌُ ‫ِعب‬
‫اد‬
a fish ٌ‫َسك ُة‬
notebook ٌ‫كَّراس ُة‬
house ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫بي‬
female servant, maid ٌ‫خ ِادم ُة‬
jar ٌ‫جَّرُة‬
uncle (maternal) ٌُ‫خال‬
thief ٌُ ‫سا ِر‬
‫ق‬ ُ‫سا ِرق ون‬
jail, prison ‫ِسج ٌُن‬
guidance ‫ه ًدى‬
pious, God-fearing )ُ‫مت ٍَّقُ(المت َِّقي‬ )ُ‫متَّقونُ(المتَّقون‬
successful; prosperous ‫مفلِ ٌُح‬ ُ‫مفلِحون‬
corrupt ‫مف ِس ٌُد‬ ُ‫مف ِسدُون‬
we ‫َن ُن‬
peacemaker ‫مصلِ ٌُح‬ ُ‫مصلِحون‬
oppressor ُِ ‫ظ‬
ٌ‫ال‬ ُ‫ظالِمون‬
punishment ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫عذ‬
painful ‫ألِي ٌُم‬
disbeliever, infidel ‫كافٌُِر‬ ُ‫كافِرون‬
humiliating, disgraceful ٌُ ‫م ِه‬
‫ي‬
with ‫م ُع‬
patient ‫صابٌُِر‬ ُ‫صابِرون‬
all praise ُ‫اْلمد‬
70
ُ‫ُاْلمع‬،‫ُالتَّثنِية‬،‫احد‬
ِ ‫الو‬
Arabic
English
Singular Plural
Lord ُ‫رب‬
world ٌ‫ال‬
ُ ‫ع‬ ُ‫عالمون‬
blessing, grace (of Allah
ٌُ‫صلُوة‬
Most High)
peace ُ‫سال ٌم‬
upon, on ‫عل ى‬
master; chief ُ‫سيِّ ٌد‬
messenger ‫مرس ٌُل‬ ُ‫مرسلون‬
seal; ring ٌ‫امت‬
ُ‫خ‬ ُِ ‫خُُو‬
‫امت‬
prophet ُ ِ‫ن‬
‫ب‬ ُ‫نبِيُُّون‬
family ‫أ ٌُل‬
ٌُ ‫اح‬
‫ب‬ ِ‫ص‬ ُ‫اب‬
companion ٌ ‫أُصح‬
all ُ‫أُْجع‬ ُ‫أُْجعون‬

1. I ordered the preachers.
2. They (P/M) wrote a book for the believers.
3. They (P/F) ate the bread.
4. You (P/M) cut the tree.
5. She hit two boys and she took the umbrellas.
6. You (P/F) will study for two years.
7. You (S/F) will cook for the worshippers.
8. You (S/M) ate a fish, but I ate two fish.
9. She wrote two notebooks and you (P/M) read two books.
10. The house’s maid cooked bread and she filled two jars.
11. Khalid’s uncle (maternal) imprisoned the thieves in the jail.

ِ ‫القرآنُُهدىُلِّلمت‬
1. ُ‫َّقي‬ ً
2. ُ‫المؤِمن ونُُمفلِحون‬
3. ُ‫َُننُمصلِحون‬:ُ‫قالُُالمف ِسدون‬
71
‫ابُأُلِي ٌمُ ‪4.‬‬ ‫ِ ِِ‬

‫ُلل ُظّل ُميُعذ ٌ‬
‫لِلكُافِ ِرينُعذ ٌُ‬
‫ابُ ُّم ِه ٌ‬
‫يُ ‪5.‬‬
‫صابِ ِرينُ ‪6.‬‬
‫اُهللُُمعُُال َُّ‬
‫اُهللُُي غ ِفرُلِلمؤِمنِيُ ‪7.‬‬
‫اْلمدُلُِلّ ِهُر ِّ‬
‫بُالعل ِميُ ‪8.‬‬
‫امتُالنَّبِيُِّيُُُم َّم ٍد َُّوعلُىُأُُلِِه ُ‬
‫ُوأُصحابِِهُأُْجعِيُ ‪9.‬‬ ‫السالمُعلىُسيِّ ِدُالمرسلِيُخ ُِ‬
‫لصالُةُو َّ‬
‫اُ َّ‬
‫‪72‬‬

Ten Lessons of Arabic PDF

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TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC

TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC

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“General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered

In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.

LESSON 2 ‫افُإِلي ُِه‬

LESSON 3 ُ‫اضي‬ ُِ ‫ – ال ِفعلُالم‬Past Tense Verb 11

LESSON 4 ٌُ‫ُمفعول‬،‫اع ٌل‬ ِ ‫ُف‬،‫ – فِعل‬Verb, Subject, Object 19

LESSON 6 ُ‫ضمائِر‬ َُّ ‫ – ال‬Pronouns 31

LESSON 7 ُ‫ – ال ِفعلُالمضارِع‬Present and Future Tense Verb 39

LESSON 9 ُ‫ – اْلمرُوالنَّهي‬Imperative & Prohibitive 57

3.1 ُِ ‫)ال ِفعلُالم‬

3.1a ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬

3.2 ُِ ‫)اُل ِفعلُالم‬

3.2a ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬

5.1 Prepositions (ُ‫ارة‬

6.1 Unattached (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ )من ف‬Pronouns

6.2 Attached (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ )مت‬Pronouns

7.1 ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌلُمضار‬in Active Voice (‫ف‬

7.1a ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضا ِرعُالمعروف‬ 40

7.2 ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌُلُمُضار‬in Passive Voice (ٌُ‫)َمهول‬

7.2a ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضا ِرعُالُمجهول‬ 42

Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (‫ف‬ ِ ‫)أم ُرُح‬

9.3 Creating Second Person Prohibitive (‫ف‬ ِ ‫ )ن هيُح‬in Active Voice

10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural 68

Consider the following sentences: ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ ‘Haamid is pious,’

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic.

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic.

‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪‘Aishah is intelligent.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3:‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English.‬‬

‫اهللُربُ ‪1.‬‬ ‫اُْلخُك ِر ُميٌ ‪11.‬‬

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic.

Exercise 2: Translate into English.

Exercise 3: Translate into Arabic.

Exercise 4: Translate into English.

Person Gender Plurality English Arabic

Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice

Person Gender Plurality English Arabic

Word List For Verbs

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic.

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic.

‫‪Exercise 2:‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English and identify the seeghah.‬‬

‫نصروا ‪1.‬‬ ‫ذهبتما ‪9.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3:‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English and identify the seeghah.‬‬

‫ض ِرب وا ‪1.‬‬ ‫صنِعوا ‪7.‬‬

Word List for Verbs

Word List for Nouns & Particles

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic

4. Tariq defeated the army.

Exercise 2: ٌُ ‫فِع‬, ‫اع ٌُل‬

ًُ‫جعلُاهللُُُم َّم ًداُ(صلَّىُاهللُُعلي ِهُوُسلَّمُ)ُ َّرسو‬

in; regarding ُ‫ِف‬ with; at ُ‫ب‬ِ

ُ‫فُالدَّا ِر‬ ُ ُِ‫زي ٌُد‬ = Zayd is in the house.

Word List for Verbs

Word List for Nouns

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic

Exercise 2: Translate into English

‫ُويُومُاْلُح ُِدُلِلنَّصارى ‪4.‬‬

‫الضُمُ ُائِ ُر‬

Examples of Usage of Unattached Dameers

Examples of Usage of Attached Dameers

Word List for Verbs

Word List for Nouns & Particles