Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Problemas Impares PDF
Problemas Impares PDF
Differentiation
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
C H A P T E R 2
Differentiation
Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
5 f )4) 5 x1
)4, 5)
4
f )4) f )1) 3
3
f )1) 2
2
)1, 2)
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
f 0 t f 0
9. Slope at 0, 0 lim 11. f x 3
t→0 t
f x x f x
3t t2 0 f x lim
lim x→0 x
t→0 t
33
lim 3 t 3 lim
t→0 x→0 x
lim 0 0
x→0
53
54 Chapter 2 Differentiation
1
21. f x
x1
f x x f x
fx lim
x→0 x
1 1
x x 1 x 1
lim
x→0 x
x 1 x x 1
lim
x→0 xx x 1x 1
x
lim
x→0 xx x 1x 1
1
lim
x→0 x x 1x 1
1
x 12
23. f x x 1
f x x f x
fx lim
x→0 x
x x 1 x 1 x x 1 x 1
lim
x
x→0 x x 1 x 1
x x 1 x 1
lim
x→0 xx x 1 x 1
1
lim
x→0 x x 1 x 1
1 1
x 1 x 1 2x 1
Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 55
f x x f x
fx lim (2, 5)
x→0 x
−5 5
(2, 8)
f x x f x
fx lim
x→0 x
−5 5
x x3 x3
lim −4
x→0 x
3x2x 3xx2 x3
lim
x→0 x
lim 3x2 3xx x2 3x2
x→0
f x x f x
fx lim (1, 1)
x→0 x
−1 5
x x x x x x
lim
x
−1
x→0 x x x
x x x
lim
x→0 x x x x
1 1
lim
x→0 x x x 2x
4 (b) 10
31. (a) f x
x
(4, 5)
f x x f x − 12
fx lim 12
x→0 x
−6
x x
4
x x
x
4
x
lim
x→0 x
xx xx x 4x x 2x x 4x x
lim
x→0 xxx x
x3 2x 2x xx2 x3 x 2x 4x
lim
x→0 xxx x
x2x xx2 4x
lim
x→0 xxx x
x2 xx 4
lim
x→0 xx x
x2 4 4
1 2
x2 x
At 4, 5, the slope of the tangent line is
4 3
m1
16 4
The equation of the tangent line is
3
y 5 x 4
4
3
y x2
4
33. From Exercise 27 we know that fx 3x2. Since the 35. Using the limit definition of derivative,
slope of the given line is 3, we have
1
fx .
3x2 3 2xx
x ± 1. Since the slope of the given line is 12 , we have
Therefore, at the points 1, 1 and 1, 1 the tangent 1 1
lines are parallel to 3x y 1 0. These lines have
2xx 2
equations
x 1.
y 1 3x 1 and y 1 3x 1
Therefore, at the point 1, 1 the tangent line is parallel to
y 3x 2 y 3x 2. x 2y 6 0. The equation of this line is
1
y 1 x 1
2
1 1
y1 x
2 2
1 3
y x .
2 2
37. g5 2 because the tangent line passes through 5, 2 39. f x x ⇒ fx 1 b
20 2 1
g5
5 9 4 2
Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 57
decreasing slope as x → 3
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4
47. Let x0, y0 be a point of tangency on the graph of f. By the limit definition for the derivative, fx 4 2x. The slope of the
line through 2, 5 and x0, y0 equals the derivative of f at x0: y
7
5 y0
4 2x0 6
2 x0 5 (2, 5)
4
5 y0 2 x04 2x0 3
(1, 3)
(3, 3)
2
0 x0 1x0 3 ⇒ x0 1, 3
Therefore, the points of tangency are 1, 3 and 3, 3, and the corresponding slopes are 2 and 2. The equations of the tangent
lines are
y 5 2x 2 y 5 2x 2
y 2x 1 y 2x 9
(b) g3 0
(e) Because g4 and g6 are both positive, g6 is greater than g4, and g6 g4 > 0.
(f) No, it is not possible. All you can say is that g is decreasing (falling) at x 2.
51. f x 4 x3
1
2
fx
27 3 3 3 3 27
3 16 4 16 0 16 4 16 3
58 Chapter 2 Differentiation
g
f
−2 4
−1
1 1
57. f x and fx .
x 2x3
2
5
−5
(a) x 1: Sx x 2 3 x 1 5
S 0.1
x 0.5: Sx
3
2 3
x 2 3 x
2 S1
f
−2 7
x 0.1: Sx 19
10
19
x 2 3 x
10
4
5 S 0.5 −1
61. f x x2 1, c 2
f x f 2 x2 1 3 x 2x 2
f2 lim lim lim lim x 2 4
x→2 x2 x→2 x2 x →2 x2 x→2
65. gx x , c 0 67. f x x 62
3, c 6
g0 lim
gx g0
lim
x
. Does not exist. f6 lim
f x f 6
x→0 x0 x→0 x x→6 x6
As x → 0 ,
x 1 → lim
x 62
3 0
x x x→6 x6
As x → 0 ,
x 1
→ lim
1
x x x→6 x 61
3
Does not exist.
Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 59
lim x 5 0
x→5 x5
lim x 5
x→5 x5
Does not exist.
73. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x 1. 75. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x 3.
(Discontinuity) (Sharp turn in the graph)
77. f x is differentiable on the interval 1, . 79. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x 0.
(At x 1 the tangent line is vertical) (Discontinuity)
The derivative from the left is The derivative from the left is
lim
f x f 1
lim
x1 0
1. lim
f x f 1
lim
x 13 0
x→1 x1 x→1 x1 x→1 x1 x→1 x1
The derivative from the right is lim x 12 0.
x→1
lim
f x f 1
lim
x1 0
1. The derivative from the right is
x→1 x1 x→1 x1
f x f 1 x 12 0
The one-sided limits are not equal. Therefore, f is not lim lim
x→1 x1 x→1 x1
differentiable at x 1.
lim x 1 0.
x→1
d
Ax1 By1 C
A2 B2 3
m3 11 4 3m 3 . 2
m2 1 m2 1 1
x
(b) 5 1 2 3 4
−1
60 Chapter 2 Differentiation
f 2 x f 2
89. False. the slope is lim .
x→0 x
91. False. If the derivative from the left of a point does not equal the derivative from the right of a point, then the derivative does
not exist at that point. For example, if f x x , then the derivative from the left at x 0 is 1 and the derivative from the
right at x 0 is 1. At x 0, the derivative does not exist.
Using the Squeeze Theorem, we have x ≤ x sin1x ≤ x , x 0. Thus, lim x sin1x 0 f 0 and f is continuous at
x→0
x 0. Using the alternative form of the derivative we have
f x f 0 x sin1x 0
lim
x→0 x0
lim
x→0 x0 x→0
1
lim sin .
x
Since this limit does not exist (it oscillates between 1 and 1), the function is not differentiable at x 0.
x0, sin1x, xx 00
2
gx
Using the Squeeze Theorem again we have x2 ≤ x2 sin1x ≤ x2, x 0. Thus, lim x2 sin1x 0 f 0 and f is continu-
x→0
ous at x 0. Using the alternative form of the derivative again we have
1
3. y 8 5. y x6 7. y x7 9. y
5 x x15
x7
y 0 y 6x5 1 1
7 y x45 45
y 7x8 5 5x
x8
11. f x x 1 13. f t 2t2 3t 6 15. gx x 2 4x3 17. st t3 2t 4
fx 1 fx 4t 3 gx 2x 12x 2 st 3t2 2
1 1
19. y sin cos 21. y x2 cos x 23. y 3 sin x
2 2 x
1 1
y cos sin y 2x sin x y 3 cos x
2 2 x2
Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change 61
3 3 9 4 9
27. y y x3 y x y
2x3 8 8 8x4
x 1 1
29. y y x12 y x32 y
x 2 2x32
0, 21
3 1 7
31. f x 3x2, 1, 3 33. f x x3, 35. y 2x 12, 0, 1
x2 2 5
4x2 4x 1
6 21
fx 6x3 3 fx x2
x 5 y 8x 4
f0 0 y0 4
f1 6
39. f x x 5 3x
2 2 4
37. f 4 sin , 0, 0 41. gt t2 t2 4t3
6 t3
f 4 cos 1 fx 2x 6x3 2x
x3
12
f0 41 1 3 gt 2t 12t4 2t
t4
x3 3x2 4
43. f x x 3 4x2 45. y xx2 1 x3 x
x2
y 3x2 1
8 x3 8
fx 1 3
x x3
47. f x x 6
3 x x12 6x13
49. hs s45 s23
1 1 2
fx x12 2x23 4 2 4 2
2 2 x x23 h(s s45 s13 15 13
5 3 5s 3s
2
53. (a) y x4 3x2 2 55. (a) f x 4 3
2x34
x
y 4x3 6x
3 74 3
fx x 74
At 1, 0: y 413 61 2. 2 2x
Tangent line: y 0 2x 1 3
At 1, 2, f1
2x y 2 0 2
3
(b) 3
Tangent line: y 2 x 1
2
3 7
y x
−2 2 2 2
(1, 0)
−1 3x 2y 7 0
(b) 5
(1, 2)
−2 7
−1
62 Chapter 2 Differentiation
1
57. y x4 8x2 2 59. y x2
x2
y 4x3 16x
2
y 2x3 cannot equal zero.
4xx2 4 x3
4xx 2x 2 Therefore, there are no horizontal tangents.
y 0 ⇒ x 0, ± 2
Horizontal tangents: 0, 2, 2, 14, 2, 14
k 3
65. x3 Equate functions
x 4
k 3
Equate derivatives
x2 4
3 2
x
3 2 4 3 3 3 3
Hence, k x and x 3 ⇒ x x 3 ⇒ x 3 ⇒ x 2 ⇒ k 3.
4 x 4 4 4 2
3
f
f
1
x
3 2 1 1 2 3
73. Let x1, y1 and x2, y2 be the points of tangency on y x2 and y x2 6x 5, respectively. The derivatives of
these functions are
y 2x ⇒ m 2x1 and y 2x 6 ⇒ m 2x2 6.
m 2x1 2x2 6
x1 x2 3
Since y1 x12 and y2 x22 6x2 5, y
5
2x2 2x2 1 0 4 )2, 4)
3
x2 1 or 2 2
x2 1 ⇒ y2 0, x1 2 and y1 4
1
x
)1, 0) 2 3
−1
Thus, the tangent line through 1, 0 and 2, 4 is −2
40
y0
21
x 1 ⇒ y 4x 4.
x2 2 ⇒ y2 3, x1 1 and y1 1
Thus, the tangent line through 2, 3 and 1, 1 is
1 1
fx x12
3.64
2
2 x
1 0y
2 x 4 x
0.77 1.24
4 x 2 x y 3.33
4 x 2 x x
4 x 2x
x 4, y 2
The point 4, 2 is on the graph of f.
02
Tangent line: y2 x 4
4 4
4y 8 x 4
0 x 4y 4
64 Chapter 2 Differentiation
79. (a) One possible secant is between 3.9, 7.7019 and 4, 8: 20
8 7.7019
y8 x 4
4 3.9 (4, 8)
−2
y 8 2.981x 4 12
−2
y Sx 2.981x3.924
3 3
(b) fx x12 ⇒ f4 2 3
2 2
Tx 3x 4 8 3x 4
Sx is an approximation of the tangent line Tx.
(c) As you move further away from 4, 8, the accuracy of the approximation T gets worse.
20
f
T
−2 12
−2
(d)
x 3 2 1 0.5 0.1 0 0.1 0.5 1 2 3
f 4 x 1 2.828 5.196 6.548 7.702 8 8.302 9.546 11.180 14.697 18.520
T4 x 1 2 5 6.5 7.7 8 8.3 9.5 11 14 17
81. False. Let f x x2 and gx x2 4. Then 83. False. If y 2, then dydx 0. 2 is a constant.
fx gx 2x, but f x gx.
1
87. f t 2t 7,
1, 2 89. f x ,
1, 2
x
ft 2
1
fx
Instantaneous rate of change is the constant 2. x2
Average rate of change:
Instantaneous rate of change:
f 2 f 1
22 7
21 7
2 1, 1 ⇒ f1 1
21 1
(These are the same because f is a line of slope 2.) 2, 21 ⇒ f2 41
Average rate of change:
1362 1362
t2 ⇒ t 9.226 sec
16 4
32
1362 1362
(e) v
4 4
2
95. v
97. v 40 mph 3 mimin s
23 mimin6 min 4 mi
60 10
50
8
40 (10, 6)
30
v 0 mph 0 mimin 6
(6, 4)
0 mimin2 min 0 mi
20 4
(8, 4)
10 2
2 4 6 8 10
t
v 60 mph 1mimin t
(0, 0) 2 4 6 8 10
Time (in minutes)
1 mimin2 min 2 mi Time (in minutes)
99. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain (b) Using a graphing utility, you obtain
R 0.167v 0.02. B 0.00586v2 0.0239v 0.46.
(c) T R B 0.00586v2 0.1431v 0.44 (d) 60
T
dT
(e) 0.01172v 0.1431 B
dv
R
dA 1,008,000
101. A s2, 2s 103. C 6.3Q
ds Q
When s 4 m, dC 1,008,000
6.3
dQ Q2
dA
8 square meters per meter change in s.
ds C351 C350 5083.095 5085 $1.91
dC
When Q 350, $1.93.
dQ
105. (a) f1.47 is the rate of change of the amount of gasoline sold when the price is $1.47 per gallon.
107. y ax2 bx c
Since the parabola passes through 0, 1 and 1, 0, we have
0, 1: 1 a02 b0 c ⇒ c 1
1, 0: 0 a12 b1 1 ⇒ b a 1.
Thus, y ax2 a 1x 1. From the tangent line y x 1, we know that the derivative is 1 at the point 1, 0.
y 2ax a 1
1 2a1 a 1
1a1
a2
b a 1 3
Therefore, y 2x2 3x 1.
109. y x3 9x
y 3x2 9
Tangent lines through 1, 9:
y 9 3x2 9x 1
x3 9x 9 3x3 3x2 9x 9
0 2x3 3x2 x22x 3
x 0 or x 32
The points of tangency are 0, 0 and 32 , 81
8 . At 0, 0 the slope is y0 9. At 2 , 8 the slope is y 2 4 .
3 81 3 9
Tangent lines:
y 0 9x 0 8 4 x 2
y 81 9 3
and
y 9x y 94 x 27
4
9x y 0 9x 4y 27 0
xax , b, x ≤ 2
3
111. f x 2
x > 2
lim f x lim ax3 8a 8a 4 b
x→2 x→2
8a 4 b
lim f x lim x2 b 4 b
x→2 x→2
2x,
2
3ax , x < 2
fx
x > 2
For f to be differentiable at x 2, the left derivative must equal the right derivative.
3a22 22
12a 4
a 13
4
b 8a 4 3
Section 2.3 The Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 67
Section 2.3 The Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives
4x3 6x 2 2x 2 t2 4
2t 43
3t23
7t2 4
3t23
x
5. f x x 3 cos x 7. f x
x2 1
fx x 3sin x cos x3x 2
x 2 11 x2x 1 x2
fx 2
3x cos x
2
x3 sin x x 1
2 2 x 12
3 x
x13 sin x
9. hx 3 11. gx
x3 1 x 1 x2
1 x 2cos x sin x2x x cos x 2 sin x
x 3 1 x23 x133x 2 gx
3 x 22 x3
hx
x 3 12
x3 1 x9x 2
3x23x 3 12
1 8x 3
3x23 x 3 12
x2 4
13. f x x3 3x2x2 3x 5 15. f x
x3
fx x3 3x4x 3 2x2 3x 53x2 3
x 32x x 2 41 2x 2 6x x 2 4
fx
10x4 12x3 3x2 18x 15 x 32 x 32
f0 15 x 2 6x 4
x 32
164 1
f1
1 32 4
f 4
2
2
2
4 2
2
8
4
68 Chapter 2 Differentiation
x 2 2x 1 2 2 2 2x 2
19. y y x2 x y x y
3 3 3 3 3 3
7 7 3 7
21. y y x y 7x4 y
3x3 3 x4
4x32 2
23. y y 4x, x > 0 y 2x12 y
x x
3 2x x2
25. f x
x2 1
x2 12 2x 3 2x x22x
fx
x2 12
2x2 4x 2 2x 12
2
x2 12 x 12
2
,x1
x 12
2x 5
27. f x x 1
4
x3
x
4x
x3
29. f x
x
2x12 5x1 2
x 34 4x1 x 2 6x 9 12
5 5
fx 1 fx x12 x32 x32 x
x 32 x 32 2 2
x 2 6x 3 2x 5 2x 5
x 32 2xx 2x32
1
2
x 2x 1 2x 1
33. f x
x3 xx 3 x 2 3x
x 2 3x2 2x 12x 3 2x 2 6x 4x 2 8x 3
fx
x 2 3x2 x 2 3x2
2x 2 2x 3 2x 2 2x 3
2
x 2 3x2 x x 32
x2 c2
37. f x 39. f x t2 sin t
x2 c2
ft t2 cos t 2t sin t
x2 c22x x2 c22x
fx
x2 c22 tt cos t 2 sin t
4xc 2
x2 c22
Section 2.3 The Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 69
cos t
41. f t 43. f x x tan x
t
fx 1 sec2 x tan2 x
t sin t cos t t sin t cos t
ft
t2 t2
31 sin x 3
45. gt
4 t 8 sec t t14 8 sec t 47. y sec x tan x
2 cos x 2
1 1
gt t34 8 sec t tan t 34 8 sec t tan t 3 3
4 4t y sec x tan x sec2 x sec xtan x sec x
2 2
3
sec x tan x tan2 x 1
2
57. g
1 sin
1 sin
cos
g
(form of answer may vary)
sin
12
1 csc x
59. y
1 csc x
1 csc xcsc x cot x 1 csc xcsc x cot x 2 csc x cot x
y
1 csc x2 1 csc x2
sec t
61. ht
t
tsec t tan t sec t1
ht
t2
sec tt tan t 1
t2
sec tan 1 1
h 2
2
70 Chapter 2 Differentiation
63. (a) f x x3 3x 1x 2, 1, 3 53. (b) 10
x
65. (a) f x , 2, 2 51. (b) 6
x1
x 11 x1 1 (2, 2)
fx
x 12 x 12 −3 6
1
f2 1 slope at 2, 2. −3
2 12
Tangent line: y 2 1x 2 ⇒ y x 4
( (
π
4
,1
fx sec2 x −
Tangent line:
y12 x 4
y 1 2x
2
4x 2y 2 0
x2 x 23 3x1 6
69. f x 71. fx
x1 x 22 x 22
x 12x x21 x 25 5x 41 6
fx gx
x 12 x 22 x 22
x2 2x xx 2 5x 4 3x 2x 4
gx f x 2
x 12 x 12 x 2 x 2 x 2
fx 0 when x 0 or x 2. f and g differ by a constant.
73. f x x n sin x 75. Area At 2t 1t 2t32 t12
fx x n cos x nx n1 sin x
x n1 x cos x n sin x
At 2 32t 21t
12 12
1 12
When n 1: fx x cos x sin x. 3t12 t
2
When n 2: fx xx cos x 2 sin x.
6t 1 2
cm sec
When n 3: fx x2x cos x 3 sin x. 2t
When n 4: fx x3x cos x 4 sin x.
50 t2
(b) When x 15:
dC
dx
$10.37. 2000 50 t
2 2
P2
31.55 bacteria per hour
dC
(c) When x 20: $3.80.
dx
As the order size increases, the cost per item
decreases.
1
81. (a) sec x
cos x
cos x0 1sin x
d d 1 sin x 1 sin x
dx
sec x
dx cos x
cos x2
cos x cos x cos x
cos x sec x tan x
1
(b) csc x
sin x
sin x0 1cos x
d d 1 cos x 1 cos x
dx
csc x
dx sin x
sin x2
sin x sin x
sin x
sin x
csc x cot x
cos x
(c) cot x
sin x
x
83. f x 4x32 85. f x
x1
fx 6x12
x 11 x1 1
fx
3 x 12 x 12
f x 3x12
x
2
f x
x 13
gx
93. y 95. f x 2gx hx 97. f x
hx
4
fx 2gx hx
hxgx gxhx
fx
f2 2g2 h2 hx2
3
2
22 4 h2g2 g2h2
f2
1
0 h22
x
1 2 3 4 12 34
12
f 2 0
10
One such function is f x x 22.
72 Chapter 2 Differentiation
99. y
101. vt 36 t2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 6
f′
2
at 2t
1 f
v3 27 msec
x
2 1 1 2
a3 6 msec
100t 1500
103. vt (a) a5 2.4 ftsec2
2t 15 25 152
2t 15100 100t2 1500
at (b) a10
1.2 ftsec2
2t 152 210 152
1500 1500
(c) a20
0.5 ftsec2
2t 152 220 152
1 −
f
P2x f ax a2 f ax a f a 2
2
x 3 21
1 2 3
x −2
4 3 2
(c) P2 is a better approximation. (d) The accuracy worsens as you move farther away
from x a 3.
x
x , if x ≥ 0
2
115. f x x x 2
, if x < 0
f x
2, if x > 0
2, if x < 0
f 0 does not exist since the left and right derivatives
are not equal.
1. y 6x 54 u 6x 5 y u4
3. y x2 1 u x2 1 y u
5. y csc3 x u csc x y u3
1
y 9x2 42318x
3
6x
9x2 423
y 2 144 x 2 34
2x
x
4 4 x 23
x
27. y x1 x2 x1 x212 29. y xx2 112
x2 1
y x
121 x 2 12
2x 1 x2121 1
y x x2 1322x x2 1121
2
x21 x212 1 x212
x2x2 132 x2 112
1 x 2 12
x 1 x
2 2
x2 132x2 x2 1
1 2x2
1
1 x2
x2 132
2 3
31. gx xx 52
2
33. f v 112vv
x 2 2 x 52x
1 v2 1 2v
2
x5 1 2v
gx 2 x2 2 x 2 22 fv 3 1v 1 v 2
2x 52 10x x 2 91 2v2
x 2 23 1 v4
x 1 3t 2
35. y 37. gt 2
x 12 t 2t 1
The zero of y corresponds to the point on the graph of The zeros of g correspond to the points on the graph of
y where the tangent line is horizontal. g where the tangent lines are horizontal.
24
2
y
−1 5 g′ g
y′
−5 3
−2
−2
Section 2.4 The Chain Rule 75
22 t1 t
39. y x x 1 41. st
3
x 1x t
y st
2xx 1 1 t
y has no zeros. The zero of st corresponds to the point on the graph of
st where the tangent line is horizontal.
4
y
s′
−5 4
−3 6
y′
s
−2
−3
cos x 1
43. y 3
x y
dy x sin x cos x 1 −5 5
dx x2 y′
x sin x cos x 1 −3
x2
The zeros of y correspond to the points on the graph of y where the tangent lines are horizontal.
1 cycle in 0, 2 2 cycles in 0, 2
The slope of sin ax at the origin is a.
cot x cos x
53. hx sin 2x cos 2x 55. f x 2
sin x sin x
hx sin 2x2 sin 2x cos 2x2 cos 2x
sin2 xsin x cos x2 sin x cos x
fx
2 cos2 2x 2 sin2 2x sin4 x
2 cos 4x. sin2 x 2 cos2 x 1 cos2 x
sin3 x sin3 x
1
Alternate solution: hx sin 4x
2
1
hx cos 4x4 2 cos 4x
2
76 Chapter 2 Differentiation
1
61. f x 3 sec2 t 1 63. y x sin2x 2
4
ft 6 sec t 1 sec t 1 tan t 1
1
x sin4x2
6 sin t 1 4
6 sec t 1 tan t 1
2
cos3 t 1
dy 1 12 1
x cos4x28x
dx 2 4
1
2x cos2x2
2x
3
s2
4
3t 2
69. f x
3
x3 4
3x3 41, 1, 53 71. f t
t1
, 0, 2
75. (a) f x 3x2 2 , 3, 5 77. (a) f x sin 2x, , 0
1
fx 3x2 2126x fx 2 cos 2x
2
f 2
3x
3x2 2 Tangent line:
9 y 2x ⇒ 2x y 2 0
f3
5
63. (b) 2
Tangent line:
(π , 0)
0 2
9
y 5 x 3 ⇒ 9x 5y 2 0
5
(b) 7 −2
(3, 5)
−5 5
−3
Section 2.4 The Chain Rule 77
y
83. y 85.
f′ 3 3
f
2 2
1
x x
2 2 3 3 1 2
f
2
3 f′
The zeros of f correspond to the points where the graph The zeros of f correspond to the points where the graph
of f has horizontal tangents. of f has horizontal tangents.
132,400 132,400
331 v 2 331 v 2
When v 30, f 1.461. When v 30, f 1.016.
93.
0.2 cos 8t 95. S CR 2 r 2
The maximum angular displacement is
0.2 (since
1 ≤ cos 8t ≤ 1.
dS
dt
C 2R
dR
dt
2r
dr
dt
d
Since r is constant, we have drdt 0 and
0.28 sin 8t 1.6 sin 8t
dt
dS
1.76 10521.2 102105
When t 3, d
dt 1.6 sin 24 1.4489 radians per dt
second.
4.224 102 0.04224.
78 Chapter 2 Differentiation
Thus, s4
1 5
2 4
5
.
8
103. g xx n
105. gx 2x 3
x2 nx 2x 3
dg 1 2
gx 2
2x 3
,
x
3
2
x nx122x n
dx 2
2x n
2x2 nx
2x n2
xx n
x x n2
xx n
a
g
hx x sin x
x
cos x, x
0
Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 79
x
109. (a) f x tan f 1 1
4
x
f x sec2 f1 2
4 4 4 2
x x
f x
2
sec2
4
tan
4 4
f 1
8
21
4
P1x f1x 1 f 1 x 1 1.
2
1
P2x
2 4
x 12 f1x 1 f 1 x 12 x 1 1
8 2
(b) 2
P1
P2
f
0 3
0
1. x2 y2 36 3. x12 y12 9
2x 2yy 0 1 12 1 12
x y y 0
x 2 2
y
y
y
x12
y12
yx
5. x3 xy y2 4 7. x3y3 y x 0
3x2 xy y 2yy 0 3x3y2y 3x2y3 y 1 0
2y xy y 3x2 3x3y2 1y 1 3x2y3
y 3x2 1 3x2y3
y y
2y x 3x3y2 1
y2 16 x2 6 y= 16 − x 2
y ± 16 x2 2
x
−6 −2 2 6
y=− 16 − x 2
−6
6
1 9 y = 34 16 − x2
y2 144 9x2 16 x2 4
16 16 2
x
3 −6 −2 2 6
y ± 16 x2
4 −4
−6 y = − 43 16 − x2
x2 4
21. xy 4 23. y2
x2 4
xy y1 0
x 2 42x x 2 42x
2yy
x y y x 2 42
y 16x
y 2yy
x x 2 42
1 8x
At 4, 1: y y
4 yx 2 42
At 2, 0, y is undefined.
Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 81
sec2x y
tan2x y
sin2x y
tan2x y 1
1
At 8, 1: y . x2
2 2
x 1
At 0, 0: y 0.
y
1 y1 xy
y x yx y 2 x 2 36
y 3
1 x2 y2 y2 y3 y
37. x2 y2 16 39. y2 x3
2x 2yy 0 2yy 3x2
x 3x2 3x2 xy 3y x3 3y
y y xy 2x y2 2x
y 2y 2y
x yy 0 2x3y 3y2
y
1 yy y2 0 4x2
2x3 3y2x 6y
xy
2
1 yy 0 4x2
y2 y3y x2 3y 3x
4x2 4y
y2 x2 16
y 3
y3 y
82 Chapter 2 Differentiation
41. x y 4 9
1 12 1 12
x y y 0
2 2
(9, 1)
y −1 14
y −1
x
1
At 9, 1, y
3
1
Tangent line: y 1 x 9
3
1
y x4
3
x 3y 12 0
43. x2 y2 25
x
y
y
At 4, 3: 6
4 (4, 3)
Tangent line: y 3 x 4 ⇒ 4x 3y 25 0 −9 9
3
3
Normal line: y 3 x 4 ⇒ 3x 4y 0. −6
4
At 3, 4: 6
(−3, 4)
3
Tangent line: y 4 x 3 ⇒ 3x 4y 25 0 −9 9
4
4
Normal line: y 4 x 3 ⇒ 4x 3y 0. −6
3
45. x2 y2 r 2
2x 2yy 0
x
y slope of tangent line
y
y
slope of normal line
x
Let x0, y0 be a point on the circle. If x0 0, then the tangent line is horizontal, the normal line is vertical and, hence, passes
through the origin. If x0
0, then the equation of the normal line is
y0
y y0 x x0
x0
y0
y x
x0
which passes through the origin.
Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 83
(− 4, 0)
Horizontal tangents occur when x 4: x
−10 − 8 − 6 − 4 2
−2
2516 16y2 2004 160y 400 0
y y 10 0 ⇒ y 0, 10
Horizontal tangents: 4, 0, 4, 10.
y 1 y 1.
y 1 1 y cos y −4
x+y=0
y sec y
53. xy C x2 y2 K 2 2
C=4
xy y 0 2x 2yy 0
−3 3 −3 3
C=1
y x
y y K = −1 K=2
x y
−2 −2
4y2 16x2 x4
− 10 10
1
y2 4x2 x4
4
− 10
y± 1
4x2 x4
4
1
(b) y 3 ⇒ 9 4x 2 x4
4
36 16x2 x4
x4 16x2 36 0
16 ± 256 144
x2 8 ± 28
2
Note that x2 8 ± 28 8 ± 27 1 ± 7 2.
x8 x2
To find the slope, 2yy 8x x3 ⇒ y .
23
− 10
—CONTINUED—
Section 2.6 Related Rates 85
61. —CONTINUED—
(c) Equating y3 and y4,
1
3
7 7 x 1 7 3 13 7 7 x 1 7 3
7 7 x 1 7 7 7 x 1 7
7x 7 7 7x 7 77 7x 7 7 7x 7 77
167 14x
87
x
7
If x
87
7
, then y 5 and the lines intersect at
87
7
,5 .
63. Let f x xn xpq, where p and q are nonzero integers and q > 0. First consider the case where p 1. The derivative of
f x x1q is given by
d 1q f x x f x f t f x
x lim lim
dx x→0 x t→x tx
t1q x1q
t1q x1q t11q . . . t1qx12q x11q
t12qx1q
1
.
t11q t12qx1q . . . t1qx12q x11q
d 1q 1 1
x 11q x1q1.
dx qx q
1. y x 3. xy 4
dy
dt
1 dx
2x dt x
dy
dt
dx
y 0
dt
dx dy dy y dx
2x
dt dt dt x dt
(a) When x 4 and dxdt 3,
dy 1
dx
dt
x dy
y dt
3
3 .
dt 24 4 (a) When x 8, y 12, and dxdt 10,
5. y x2 1 7. y tan x
dx dx
2 2
dt dt
dy dx dy dx
2x sec2 x
dt dt dt dt
(a) When x 1, (a) When x 3,
dy dy
212 4 cmsec. 222 8 cmsec.
dt dt
(b) When x 0, (b) When x 4,
dy dy
202 0 cmsec. 2 22 4 cmsec.
dt dt
(c) When x 1, (c) When x 0,
dy dy
212 4 cmsec. 122 2 cmsec.
dt dt
dx dy dy dx
9. (a) negative ⇒ positive 11. Yes, y changes at a constant rate: a .
dt dt dt dt
dy dx
dy dx No, the rate is a multiple of .
(b) positive ⇒ negative dt dt
dt dt
12b
15. A r2 17. (a) sin ⇒ b 2s sin
2 s 2
dr h
3 cos ⇒ h s cos
dt 2 s 2
dA
dt
2 r
dr
dt
A
1
2
1
bh 2s sin
2 2 s cos 2
(a) When r 6,
2
s2
2 sin cos
2 2
s2
sin
2
dA
2 63 36 cm2min.
dt
θ
(b) When r 24, s s
h
dA
2 243 144 cm2min.
dt b
dA s2 d d 1
(b) cos where radmin.
dt 2 dt dt 2
When
dA s2 3
,
6 dt
2 2 12 3s 2
8
dA s2 1 1
When ,
3 dt
2 2 2
s2
8
(c) If d dt is constant, dAdt is proportional to cos .
Section 2.6 Related Rates 87
4 dV 21. s 6x2
19. V r 3, 800
3 dt
dx
3
dV dr dt
4 r 2
dt dt ds dx
12x
dt dt
dr
dt
1 dV
4 r 2 dt
1
4 r 2
800 (a) When x 1,
ds
dr 1 2 1213 36 cm2sec.
(a) When r 30, 800 cmmin. dt
dt 4 302 9
dr 1 1 (b) When x 10,
(b) When r 60, 800 cmmin.
dt 4 60 2 18 ds
12103 360 cm2sec.
dt
23.
1 1 9
V r 2h h2 h
3 3 4 since 2r 3h
3 3
h
4 h
dV
10
dt r
dV 9 2 dh dh 4dVdt
h ⇒
dt 4 dt dt 9h2
dh 410 8
When h 15, ftmin.
dt 9 152 405
25. 12
1
6
3
1
1
(a) Total volume of pool 2126 1612 144 m3
2
1
Volume of 1m. of water 166 18 m3 2
2
h=1
(see similar triangle diagram)
12
18
% pool filled 144 100% 12.5%
b=6
1
V bh6 3bh 36hh 18h2
2
dV dh 1 dh 1 1 1
36h ⇒ mmin.
dt dt 4 dt 144h 1441 144
88 Chapter 2 Differentiation
27. x2 y2 252
dx dy
2x 2y 0
dt dt 25
y
dy x dx 2x dx
dt
y
dt
y
since
dt
2.
dy 27 7 1
(a) When x 7, y 576 24, ftsec. (b) A xy
dt 24 12 2
dy 215 3
When x 15, y 400 20,
dt
20
2
ftsec.
dA 1 dy
dt
x
2 dt
ydx
dt
dy 224 48 dx
When x 24, y 7, ftsec. From part (a) we have x 7, y 24, 2,
dt 7 7 dt
dy 7
and .
dt 12
dA 1
7
Thus, dt 2 7 12 242
527
21.96 ft2sec.
24
x
(c) tan
y
d 1 dx x dy
sec2
dt
y
dt
2
y
dt
θ
25
y
d
1 dx x dy
dt
cos2
y
dt
2
y
dt x
d
dx dy 7 24 24
241 2 247 127 121 rad
sec.
2
Using x 7, y 24, 2, and cos , we have 2
dt dt 12 25 dt 25
108 36 12. y
12
x2 12 y 2 s2
dx dy ds
2x 212 y1 2s
dt dt dt
dx dy ds
x y 12 s
dt dt dt
Also, x2 y2 122
dx dy dy x dx
2x 2y 0⇒ .
dt dt dt y dt
x dx
Thus, x
dx
dt
y 12
y dt
sds
dt
126 1 3
dx
12x ds dx sy ds
xx s ⇒ 0.2 msec (horizontal)
dt y dt dt 12x dt 12 63 53 15
31. (a) s2 x2 y2
dx
450 les
) y
dt mi
in
e(
c 200
dy s tan
Di
600 100 s
dt
x
100 200
ds dx dy Distance (in miles)
2s 2x 2y
dt dt dt
ds xdxdt ydydt
dt s
ds 150450 200600
750 mph.
dt 250
250 1
(b) t hr 20 min
750 3
x 30
30 ft
dx
28 3rd x
1st
dt s
ds dx ds x dx 90 ft
2s
dt
2x ⇒
dt dt s
dt Home
When x 30,
15 y
35. (a) ⇒ 15y 15x 6y
6 yx
5
y x
3 15
dx
5 6
dt
x
dy 5 dx 5 25 y
dt
3
dt
5
3 3
ftsec
d y x dy dx 25 10
(b) 5 ftsec
dt dt dt 3 3
90 Chapter 2 Differentiation
0, 23
dr dr
Lowest point: k4 r 2 4 r 2 ⇒k .
dt dt
1
(c) When x , y
4 1 14 2
15
4
and t 1
dx 1 t t
dt
2 6
cos
6
12
cos
6
x2 y2 1
dx dy dy x dx
2x 2y 0⇒ .
dt dt dt y dt
Thus,
12 cos 6
dy 14
dt 154
1 23 24 15 1205.
15 12
Speed
5
120
5
120
msec
41. pV1.3 k
dV dp
1.3 pV 0.3 V1.3 0
dt dt
V 0.3 1.3p
dV
dt
V
dp
dt
0
dV dp
1.3p V
dt dt
y
43. tan y
30
dy
3 msec.
dt
d 1 dy y
sec2 dt
30 dt θ
x
d 1 dy
30
cos2
dt 30 dt
When y 30, 4 and cos 22. Thus,
d
dt
1 1
30 2
3 1
20
radsec.
Section 2.6 Related Rates 91
y
45. tan , y 5
x
L
y=5
dx
600 mihr θ
dt
x
d 5 dx
sec2 2
dt x
dt
d
dt
cos2 2
5 dx
x dt
x2 5 dx
2 2
L x dt
L5 15dxdt sin 15600 120 sin
2
2
2 2
d 120 1
(a) When 30, 30 radhr radmin.
dt 4 2
d
(b) When 60,
dt
120
3
4 3
90 radhr radmin.
2
d
(c) When 75, 120 sin2 75 111.96 radhr 1.87 radmin.
dt
d
47. 10 revsec2 radrev 20 radsec
dt
P
x
(a) cos
30
30 θ
x
x
d 1 dx
sin
dt 30 dt
dx d
30 sin 30 sin 20 600 sin
dt dt
(b) 2000
0 4π
− 2000
(c) dxdt 600 sin is greatest when sin 1 ⇒ 2 n or 90 n 180
dxdt is least when n or n 180.
dx 1
(d) For 30, 600 sin30 600 300 cmsec.
dt 2
dx 3
For 60, 600 sin60 600 3003 cmsec
dt 2
x
49. tan ⇒ x 50 tan
50
dx d
50 sec2
dt dt
d
2 50 sec2
dt
d 1
cos2 , ≤ ≤
dt 25 4 4
92 Chapter 2 Differentiation
d 2y
51. x2 y2 25; acceleration of the top of the ladder
dt 2
dx dy
First derivative: 2x 2y 0
dt dt
dx dy
x y 0
dt dt
d 2x dx dx d 2y dy dy
Second derivative: x
dt 2
dt
dt
y 2
dt dt
dt
0
d 2y
xddt x dxdt dydt
1 2 2 2
dt 2 y 2
dy 7 dx dx d 2x
When x 7, y 24, , and 2 (see Exercise 27). Since is constant, 2 0.
dt 12 dt dt dt
d 2y
dt 2
1
24
70 22
7
12 241 4 144
2 49
24 144 0.1808 ft sec
1 625 2
53. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain ms 0.881s2 29.10s 206.2
dm dm ds ds
(b) 1.762s 29.10
dt ds dt dt
ds
(c) If t s 1995, then s 15.5 and 1.2.
dt
dm
Thus, 1.76215.5 29.101.2 2.15 million.
dt
1. f x x2 2x 3
f x x f x
fx lim
x→0 x
x x2 2x x 3
x2 2x 3
lim
x→0 x
x2 2xx x2 2x 2x 3 x2 2x 3
lim
x→0 x
2xx x2 2x
lim lim 2x x 2 2x 2
x→0 x x→0
x x x
lim
x→0 xx x x
1 1
lim
x→0 x x x 2x
Review Exercises for Chapter 2 93
7. f x 4 x 2
4 1
9. Using the limit definition, you obtain gx x .
3 6
(a) Continuous at x 2.
4 1 3
(b) Not differentiable at x 2 because of the sharp turn At x 1, g1
3 6 2
in the graph.
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−3
x 2x 2 x 2
lim
(−1, −2) x→2 x2
lim x 2 x 2 8
x→2
−4
x
−1 1
2
25. hx 6x 3
3 x 6x1 2 3x1 3 27. gt t2
3
3 1
hx 3x1 2 x2 3 4 3 4
x
3 x2 gx t 3
3 3t
sin
29. f 2 3 sin 31. f 3 cos
4
f 2 3 cos
cos
f 3 sin
4
94 Chapter 2 Differentiation
37. (a) y
(c) Ball reaches maximum height when x 25.
15 (d) y x 0.02x2
10 y 1 0.04x
5
y0 1
x
y10 0.6
20 40 60
y25 0
Total horizontal distance: 50
y30 0.2
(b) 0 x 0.02x2
y50 1
0x 1
x
50
implies x 50. (e) y25 0
x2 x 1
45. f x 2x x2 47. f x
x2 1
x2 12x 1 x2 x 12x
fx 2 2x3 2 1 1
x3 fx
x2 12
x 1
2
2x3 1 2
x 12
x3
x2
49. f x 4 3x21 51. y
cos x
6x cos x 2x x 2sin x 2x cos x x 2 sin x
fx 4 3x226x y
4 3x22 cos2 x cos2 x
2
x3
65. f x 1 x31 2 67. hx x2 1
1
fx 1 x31 23x2
xx 31x 11 x 32x
2
2 hx 2 2
x 2 12
3x2
2x 3x 2 6x 1
21 x3
x 2 13
1 x sin 2x
73. y csc 2x 75. y
2 2 4
1 1 1
y csc 2x cot 2x2 y cos 2x2
2 2 4
csc 2x cot 2x 1
1 cos 2x sin2 x
2
2 3 2 2 sin x
77. y sin x sin7 2x 79. y
3 7 x2
−2 7
−0.1
g
−2
96 Chapter 2 Differentiation
y
f
− 20 2
f′
−2 7 y′
−1 −4
t
89. y 2x2 sin 2x 91. f x cot x 93. f t
1 t2
y 4x 2 cos 2x fx csc2 x
t1
y
4 4 sin 2x f
2 csc xcsc x cot x ft
1 t3
2 csc2 x cot x 2t 2
f
t
1 t4
99. x2 3xy y3 10
2x 3xy 3y 3y2y 0
3x y2y 2x 3y
2x 3y
y
3x y2
101. yx xy 16
y 12x x
1 2 1 2
y x 12y
1 2
y y1 2 0
x 2x yy y 2y x
2xy x 2xy y
y
2y 2x
2xy y 2y 2yx yy
y
2x 2xy x 2xy xx
Review Exercises for Chapter 2 97
(2, 4)
x cos yy sin y y sin x y cos x 2x 2yy 0
−9 9
yx cos y cos x y sin x sin y x
y
y sin x sin y y
y −6
cos x x cos y 1
At 2, 4: y
2
1
Tangent line: y 4 x 2
2
x 2y 10 0
Normal line: y 4 2x 2
2x y 0
107. y x
dy
2 units sec
dt
dy 1 dx dx dy
⇒ 2x 4x
dt 2x dt dt dt
1 dx
(a) When x , 22 units/sec.
2 dt
dx
(b) When x 1, 4 units/sec.
dt
dx
(c) When x 4, 8 units/sec.
dt
s 1 2
109. 111. st 60 4.9t2
h 2
st 9.8t s (t)
1
s h 30˚
4 s 35 60 4.9t2 x(t )
dV 4.9t2 25
1
dt 5
t
Width of water at depth h: 4.9
1 st
w 2 2s 2 2 14h 4 2 h tan 30
3
xt
dh 2
When h 1, m min. 2
dt 25