List of Hieroglyphs From Gardiner Egyptian Grammar

LIST OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS Sign-list
explanation why one sign rather than another is used in the writing of a particular word.
This applies especially to phonetic signs involving an s-sound, for Old Egyptian rigorously
distinguished ~ J and - z. The reason why ~j SI' son', for example, is written with ~
instead of 6 is that the earlier reading of the Middle Egyptian word s1 'son' was z1, not sJ.
Such facts as these have had to be taken into account.
The transliterations used in the following list call for comment in one particular. The
use of brackets ( ) is a double one. Either they imply that a consonant has to be understood
which is not written, as in To~ Wl{/(y)t 'Edjo ',or else that a consonant which is written had
disappeared from the pronunciation, as in r~Q :1o sw(r)i 'drink' (§ 2 79). When one consonant
passed into another in the course of the development of the language the conservative
Egyptians sometimes retained in the hieroglyphs both the earlier and the later sound-signs.
This is what has happened also in t~Qf~ 'what?', transliterated by us pw-ti in § 497 and
elsewhere; we might well, however, have written pw-t(r)i, indicating thereby that the earlier
form pw-tr had changed into pw-ti. It is unlikely that ambiguity will arise from this twofold
employment of brackets. In some cases, as with Jae inf. verbs like s;_..ll pri, the unwritten
consonant i is added in the transliteration without employing brackets.
The explanations given of individual signs have been confined, as a rule, to normal uses,
except where, as with ~ B 3, an abnormal use has been found in a particularly important text.
It has not, for example, been thought desirable to record wholly exceptional abbreviations, ex.
1 for iJw. But even with this abstention the variety of employments must often appear
astonishing. Sometimes this variety may be due to the fusion of signs originally distinct, as
illustrated above. The diversity of employments as determinative sometimes arises from the
fact that a sign may stand, not merely for the object it depicts, but also for actions performed
therewith, ex. 'JJ (U 13) occurs alike in mj"JJ hb 'plough' (n.) and in ru~ ~~ sk1 'plough.
(vb.); so too with"""""' (T 30), ~ (Y I), ~ (Y 3). And, of course, the development of the generic
determinatives (§ 24) out of signs of much more specific character greatly increased the range
of application of the former, ex. the hieroglyph of the striking man ~ came to be employed
where the early 0. K. inscriptions particularized by showing a man in the act of sowing for
one in the act of reaping J!.
The study of the individual hieroglyphs is still in its infancy, though some admirable
pioneering work has been done. The principal authorities are :-W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE,
Medum, London, 1892; F. LL. GRIFFITH, Bent' Hasan, Part Ill, London, 1896; ID., A Col/ec#on
of Hieroglyphs, London, 1898; N. DE G. DAVIES, The Mastaba of Ptahhetep and Akhethetep
at Saqqareh, Part I, London, 1900; M. A. MuRRAY, Saqqara Mastabas, Part I, London, 1905;
A. M. BLACKMAN, The Rock Tombs of Me£r, Part 11, London, 1915; A. ScHARFF, /lrchaolog£sche
Beitrage zur Frage der Entstehung der Hierogl;phenschrift, in Sitz. Bayr. Ak: 1942, Hift ]·
An admirable synopsis of the signs employed in the earliest period will be found in HILDA
PETRIE, Egyptian Hieroglyphs of the First and Second Dynasties, London, 1927. Not to increase
our references too greatly, we have as a rule preferred to quote less obvious sources.
441
Sign-list EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR
The letter and number prefixed to the individual hieroglyphs in the following list are those
assigned to them in the Catalogue (Oxford, 1928) of the new fount of type made for the express
purpose of this Grammar. Sometimes, however, the designation will seem to be out of its
rightful place, exx. A 59 between A 25, 26, Aa 23, 24 between U 35, 36. This is due either
to the sign having been added after the publication of the Catalo._t[ue or to our desire to present
it in a more appropriate position than in the first edition.
Sect. A. Man and his Occupations

I ~ seated man Ideo. in ~ s (si) 0 'man·. Ideo. or det. 'I', 'me' in jft ·l,
}jft wl, ~it ink, }:it ·kwi. Det. man's relationships or
occupations, exx. ~:it SJ 'son'; ~i<>fr smr 'courtier';
l~} ~ Jt !;wrw 'wretch'; g)t irr 'doer' ; also personal
names, ex. f';'}jft rniJw '<Ankhu '. In personal names,
.~. is abbrev. for <=>l}.~. r!;w men ',I ex .. ~.f ';' R!;w-rniJ
1
'Re}:tu<onkh '.
0 Very rarely written as si, exx. Urk. v. 179; llfett. 18.
:it~ seated man and woman Det. people and their occupations, exx. =~~ rmt 'people' ;
I I I
with plural strokes \~ 1Q.. :it~ rmzw 'Asiatics'; ~'"i:'"'ftfti~ mtrw 1 witnesses'.
~~jt' I I I .X UU t 0 I I
man with hand to Det. eat,1 exx. ~~~ wnm 'eat'; L~.~ !.zlfr' hungry'; drink,
mouth ex. ~~Q2~ sw(r)i 'drink'; speak, exx. ~:J~ stid' relate';
~~ gr 'be silent'; think, ex. ~~ k1i 'devise'; feel,
ex. ~~ mri 'love'.
1 Old uses, AZ. 57, 73·
3 ~ 1 man sitting on heel Det. in ~i !.zmsi 'sit'. Replaced in hieratic by '}I A I 7 or

:/A A I 7* or even by ~ B 4·
1 Ex. Rekh. 4, 1.
man with arms raised Det. supplicate, ex.*~~ dwJ 'adore'; hide, exx. ~m~~A 1
(cf. 1 A 30) sdgJ 'be hidden'; Q:;:~ 2 imn 'hide'.
1 Leyd. V 4o 2.
man hiding behind Det. hide, ex. Q:;:\~ imn 'hide'.

wall (Dyn. XVIII) I Urk. iv. 84, 15. Very rare before Dyn. XIX.
man receiving purifica- Ideo. in Mvar. Pyr. _}..-~~{] wrb 2 'pure', 'clean'.
tion (in M.E. usually I Ex, D. el B. 56.
replaced by {j D 6o)
7 _A 1
man sinking to ground Det. weary, weak, exx. ~=A}. 2 wrd' tire'; j~3 bds 'faint';
from fatigue m=_A• gnn 'be soft'.
1 Ex. D. el B. no. I Brit. Mus. 101. 1 BUDGE, p. 37:1, 14.
4
Cf. Urk. iv. 943, +
442
MAN AND HIS OCCUPATIONS Sign-list
As man performing the Det. in .!!:.o}l hnw 'jubilation'.
hnw-rite 1 Ex. D.e/ B. 89.
man steadying basket Det. in lt.C:j abbrev. j-JJ 1 1tp 'load'; ~j abbrev. j-JJ 2
o W 10 on head fii 'carry'; ~j abbrev. j 8 /ut 'work'.
1 Sin. B 244; Peas. B I, 70. a Urlt. iv. sa, I 7.
~ man holding oar

1
10 Det. in ~1~~ 1 slfdw 'sail'.
1 Tk. T. S. i. 37·
Il ~1 man holding the rbJ- O.K. ideo. or det~ in ft var. !J~~ft 1 !Jnms 'friend'.
sceptre f S 42 and Later replaced by fi A 2 r.
crook 1S 39 (O.K.) 1 DAv. Ptak. i. 4, no. 8. I Saqq. Mast. i. 23.
12 ~ soldier with bow and Ideo. or det. in ti! var. ~::ti 1

msr 'army'. Det. tn
qmver ~QQoti! 2 mnfyt 'soldiers'.
1 Lyons 90. I Urk. iv. 966, 6.
13 J, 1
man with arms tied Det. enemy, exx. UQ)J, sbi 'rebel'; ~J, !Jfty 'enemy'.
behind his back 1 Ex. Puy. 30 (spo..fn~w;.
man with blood stream- Det. die, ex. ~~ mwt 'die'; enemy, ex. ~~ !Jfty 'enemy'.
ing from his head I Ex. D.e/B. ll<j.
as A 14 but blood in- Use as A 14.

terpreted as an axe 1 1
Model taken from temple of Ramesses Ill at Medlnet Habu. Probably in use
far earlier.
r 5 ~ man falling Ideo. or det. in ~~ var. ~ 1 !Jr 'fall' and derivatives.

Abbrev. ~} 2 for !.}~ !Jrw 'fallen (i.e. conquered)
enemy'; also ~ 8 for ~~~ s(Jrt 'overthrow' (infinitive).
1 Urk. iv. 653, 15. s Urk. iv. 658, n.
16 .i] 1
man bowing down Det. in =-PJI ksi 'bow down'.
1 Ex. D.e/ B. 7o.
child sitting (on lap) Det. young, exx. 7f' rnpi 'be young'; sri 'child'; :=q'
with hand to mouth ~l'~ nm!t 'orphan'. Abbrev. ,'J, ' 1
for ~' !J.rd
'child'. Phon. nni in 2
Nni-nsw 'Heracleo- :t.:,=o
polis '.
1 Especially in the title !J•·d n k1p ' child of the bartm ', written phonetically Thebes,
tomb 241, JEA. 16, PI. 17, o.Q. 1 From nn(l) 'child', see the reference qu. on
w 24·
1 7* _ifJ child in sitting posture, Adapted from hieratic, 1 where it replaces ~ A 3, ex. ::_:.[J
arms hanging down ftmsi 'sit ', 2 or' A 17, ex. ffi} ;/J1 1 1 ms:w 'children '. 8
I MOLL. Pal. i. no. 31. 1 P. Kak. 6 1 5· a Hat-Nub 18, 5·
r8 fo child with crown of Det. child-king, exx. Q7 j, inp 'crown-prince', 'royal child';
1
Lower Egypt '?;/ S 3 Uf. 2 wtift 'weaned princeling'.

1 Ex. Urlt. iy. 157, 7· Sim. rnnl 'nursling' (fem.), ib. 361, 15. 1 Urk. iv. 157, 8.
443
bent man leaning on Ideo. or det. old, in Qll}/3l var. 13} inv 'old'; ~ ~ ~ .}13} var. 13}
stick (clearly distin- smsw (smsw) 'eldest'; great, in ~13} varr. ~j, 13} wr
guishable from !1} 'great one', 'chief'. Det. old, also in ::_ Ql3} tni 'old' ;
A 2 I in hieratic,1 not lean, exx. 7!13} rhn 'lean'; oflll/3l tw1 'support oneself'.
always so in hiero- Phon. or phon. det. ik (from a rare ilk 'be aged' 3) in Q~l3} 4
glyphic)2 var.I3}QQ 6 iky 'miner',' hewer of stone'. In M.K. hieratic
l/3ll:t is written for l;wi, J;U 'strike '. 6
1 MOLL. Pal. i. nos. 13-14; JIZ. 491 112. I Especially as wr • chief'. 5 Wb. i. 34·
4 Hamm. I oS. D Hamm. ll3, 3· a See below A 25.
20 f)} 1
man leaning on forked Ideo. or det. in~ much rarervar. r~~.}Jj} smsw (smsw)
stick, less senile than 'eldest', especially in ~--Jj} sJf smsw 'his eldest son',
13}AI92 cf. Pyr. ~=-~~:t.}, 3 zrk smsw, and in the title Jt var.
r~~.}roQQ~j ~ smsw hyt 'elder of the portal'.
1 O.K., Leyd. Dcnkm. i. 6 in !mJw ll(y)t. 1 A sign like A 19 is used for smsw
in hieratic. s Pyr. 6o8. • JIZ. 6o, 64-
21 ti man holding stick in Ideo. or det. in r-=-!i var. !i sr (sr) 'official',' noble'. Det.
one hand and hand- magnate, exx. jJQo!i,~. snyt 'courtiers'; ~i~-=-li smr
kerchief in the other 'courtier', 'friend' (of the king). Also det. in !J~rli 2
(always distinct from /Jnms ' friend ', here replacing an older sign ~ A I I ; in
13} A I9 in hieratic) 1 ~Jii 3 !inti 'statue' replacing Ji A 22. In hieroglyphic
li is often hard to distinguish from 13} A I 9 (in the word
wr ' chief') and from Jj} A 20.
1 MoLL. Pal. i. no. II; JIZ. 49, u~. 2 Cairo 20245, I; 20426, k. 5 Puy. 20.
22 1i. 1 statue of man with Det. in ~ oJi !int(y) 'statue' and in ~Ji twt 'statue'. The
stick and rb1-sceptre form of the sign varies according to the nature of the
t s 42 statue to be depicted. 2
1 Ex. Sit# i. 3-JS (!lnty ). 2 Exx. king, Udl. iv. 279, 7 (!lnty); 753, 3 (twtw).
23 fi 1 king with stick and Det. in Q~QQ!f ity 'sovereign'.

club j T 3 1
Thebes, tomb 55·
24 \1) man striking with stick Det. in Xl:t J;wi, l;ii 'strike'. Hence det. force, effort, exx.
~l:t abbrev. 1:t 1 n/Jt 'strong' ; "0 ~ l:t nl;m 'take away' ;
l--J!Alll:t J;rt.fJ 'plunder'; U* lll:t sb1 'teach'. In Dyn.
XVIII hieroglyphic 1:t is mostly replaced by~ D 40,
which either as ~ or as --JJ is common also in hieratic.
1 Exx. Urk. iv. 82, 10; 89, 7•
444
man striking, with left Rare ideo. used in l~~ (lwi, (lii 'strike·. Serves in this
arm hanging behind book as a conventional transcription of the hieratic group
back 1 aJ employed in Dyn. XVII-XVIII papyri and also
earlier in Dyn. XI; 2 the explanation of the group is
obscure. 3 In papyri of Dyn. XII' strike' is written l~~
with a sign identical with ~ A I 9· 3
l MoLL. Pal. i. no. 16 (Hyksos period). 1 Frequent in the Coffin Texts.; see
also a hieroglyphic equivalent Dent/. II A. I AZ• ..... u6; 56, 39-
59 1f man threatening with Det. 'drive away' in ~!.f slzr 'drive away '. 1
Urk. iv. 618, 7·
stick I
26 j 1
man with one arm Det. call, exx. Tiitzis 'call', 'summon'; c,aQ"j} 2 t;/wi 'call'.
raised in invocation Abbrev. r§ in 411} 3 st;/m-r§ 'servant', lit. 'one who hears
the call'. Det. in the vocative interjection Qi} i' 0' {§ 258).
1 Ex. Rekk. u. ' Urk. iv. 874, 6. I Tk. T. S. iii. 5; reading, ib.loweat register.
man hasteningwithone Cf. Pyr. Q,A./\../\.1\ 2 inw 'messengers'. Hence phon. in in 1!

arm raised in 'by' (§ 168).
1 Ex. Rekn. u. • Pyr. 1675, the body probably omitted for superstitious reasons.
man with both arms Det. high, in LI ~ 'f varr. L1'f ~. 'f *'(i) ' be high'. Det. joy,
raised exx. l--nJ !zri 'rejoice'; ~f\=J 1 sw1s 'extol'; mourn, in
l~ 'f 2 !z1i 'mourn'; also, for unknown reasons, in Q~ ~ J a
iJS 'bald'.
1 D. elB. 81. 2 JEA . •p, to-t. s Eb. 66, 9; cf. too Jrl, Wb. i. 10, 15.
29Jh 1
man upside-down Det. in ~.!,1
1
s!Jd 'be upside down'.
Ex. Amuda 17.
man with arms out- Det. praise, exx. Q~.}'j} var. Q111'j ilw 'praise'; *':!l dw1
stretched (cf. 1ft A 4) 'adore'; ~ f\ = 'j} 1 sw1s ' extol' ; supplicate, ex. of\~ 'j} 2
tw1 'claim' ; awe, in .:.f'Jl~ 3 tr 'show respect for'.
1 Urk. iv. t.p, 4· I PI. 3'9· 1 Sin. R35.
31 f 1
man with his arms Det. turn away, ex. ~o.} 1 2 rnw 'averted' (face).
stretched out behind 1 MoLL. Pal. ii. no. 5 (Dyn. XVIII.) 2
R. I H. 240, 39 (Dyn. XIX).
him
32 f 1
man dancing Det. dance, ex. 0Jf 2 !Jbi 'dance'; joy, ex. roQQ~o.}f 3 hy-
hnw 'jubilate '.
1 MoLL. Pal, ii, no. 6. I Urk. iv. 386, 6. Sim. Dyn. XII, Bersk. ii. 21, 14.
1 Urk. iv. 141, I.
man with stick and Ideo. in, var. ::;Q}, 2 m(i)niw 'herdsman :. 3 Det. wander,
bundle or mat on exx. } , ' rwi 'wander'; =>
~~},,~, 5 sm(1)w 'wan-
shoulder derers ', ' strangers '.
1 Puy. 50. 1 Berl. Al. ii. p. 166. 1 )JZ. 42, 119.
'Puy. 50; D.1lB. II3. 1 Urlt. iv. 390, 8.
445
A34 ~ man pounding in a Det. in o} ~~ !Jwsi ' pound ', ' build'.
1
mortar 1 See the picture Rekk. I 2, In the accompanying text !Jfvst is infinitive, hence the
verb is 4ae inf.
Ideo. or det. in 1~Ifi var. Ifi 1 /fd 'build'.

35
ITi man building a wall 1 Urk. iv. 765, u; cf. 767, n.
36 JA1 man kneading and Ideo. or det. in JA~'i 3 var. ~.4 \!!~ rfty 'brewer'.
straining into a 1 From a walking-stick formerly in the possession of N. de G. Davies. See the
picture Leyrl. V 3= Denkm. ii. 2. 2 AZ. 35, 128. s Cairo 2o161, c 28, Sim.
vessel 2 NoRTHAMPT. 4· 4 Cairo 20095; see too A'Z. 37, 84.
37 \!j 1
commoner form of last Use as last.
1 Cairo 20018, n; Leyd. V 6; see li.Z. 371 82.
man holding necks Ideo. in t!) 1 varr.1~V L!Q~@ 3 I{is, var. Dyn. XVIII 01)~~ 4 $sy,
of two emblematic 'Cusae', the modern town of El-~Cl~iyah in Upper Egypt.
1
animals with panther 1
Meir ii. 17, no. 8-i. 2. 2 Meir ii. 17, no. 4=ib. iii. 9•
LAc. TR. 20, 35; see Meir i. p. I, n. 3· ' Urk. iv. 386, 4·
heads (Dyn. X I I)
39 m 1
alternative form of last Use as last.
1 DAV.J{en. i, 44•
seated god. (Note the Det. god (replacing earlier ~ G 7),1 exx. ~l~ Ptf:t 'Ptah';
slightlycurved beard :=:-=}~ Mnlw '(the god) Mont'. Ideo. ordet. 'I', 'me'
and straight wig) in ~ ·i, }~ wi, ,£.~ ink when a god is speaking or, in
Dyn. XII, the king. 2
1 References for -l see § 34·
M. E. hieratic retains G 7, see § 63 A 1 4· 2
41 king. (Note uraeus on Det. king (common Dyn. XVII I), exx. :}o ,:~ nsw 'king' ;
brow, straight beard, h~ f:tm 'Majesty'; "::::7~ nb 'the Lord' (p. 75). Ideo. or
and coif) det. ' I ', 'me' in ~ ·i, }~ wi, ,£.~ ink when the king Is
speaking.1
1
References for ./ see § 34·
the same, but with Use as last (common Dyn. XVIII).

flagellum ,1\ S 45 1 Already Dyn. XII, Hier. 8, no. IofB=Bersk. i, 15 (lty).
43 king wearing crown of Ideo. or det. in :J,,.:~ var. ~ 1tsw (nzw, nl-fwt} 1 'king of
t:fl Upper Egypt r:J S 1 Upper Egypt', 'king'. Det. .l.~ Wsir 'Osiris'.
1 Reading, P· 50, n. 1.
44 ~1 the same, but with Use as last.

flagellum ,1\ S 45 1 As abbrev. nsw, Urk. iv. 332, IO,
45 Jf king wearing crown of Ideo. or det. in '!R var. R bity 'king of Lower Egypt'.
Lower Egypt '?;/ S 3
46 ~ 1 the same, but with Use as last.
flagellum ,1\ S 45 I Puy. :ao, 6.
shepherd seated and Ideo. in~} var. Pyr. :;:q}~ 1 m(i)niw 3 'herdsman'. Ideo.
wrapped in mantle, or det. in~~~~ var. ~~}~ sJW (z1w)' 'guard',
holding a stick with 'protect'. Sometimes inaccurately for ~ A 48 in Q<>~ 5
appendage 1 iry 'relating to' (§ 79).
1 1 1 4
MoNTET 99· P)'r. 1348. Reading, JIZ. 42, u6. Reading with z,
see P)'r. u63. 1220, a Rekk. ro; Urk. iv. uo, 17.
beardless man (or Ideo.(?) or det. iry in Q<>~ var. ~ iry 'relating to', 'be-
woman ?) holding longing to' (§ 79).
knife(?) 1 1 See DAv.Ptan.i.p. 15. Good detailed exx. of the sign are not forthcoming.
It may depict the 'door-keeper' (lr)' rrrt) of some mythical place.
49 \tl Syrian seated holding

stick
Det. foreigner, exx. )~}\ftj 1 rJmw 'Asiatics'; ggg[~\ft\ft\ft 1
'/wntyw-Styw 'Nubian bowmen '. 3
1 Urk. iv. 6141 r. ' JJ. el B. r6o. • Seep. 398, n. r.
so A man of rank seated on Det. revered persons (M.K.; in Dyn. XVI I I mainly replaced
chair by )1 A 51 and ~ A 52), exx. ~T}.A Snbw 'Sonbu ',
a personal name; ~i.~.AI 1 smr(w) 'courtiers '. Ideo. or
det. 'I', 'me' on M.K. coffins in .A 2 ·i, } A wi, .g..A ink.
Rarely ideo. like )1 A 51 in .A 8 sps (sps) 'noble'.
1 BH. i. 25, n9. 1 Refer~nces, § 34· 1 .Meir ii. II ; Leyd. V 41 12.
the same with flagellum Ideo. in )1 ~ var. ~~.A 1 spsi (spH) ' be noble ' and related
!\ S45 words. After M.K., often det. revered persons, ex.
~ 11.}-l/)1! 11 imyw-lpt 'those of former times'.
1 Siut 1, 231, Sim. P)'r. 931. ' Urk. iv. 591 3· Sim. i6. 59• 4 (lmiOyw);
76, 10 (tpyw-r); 86, 3 (tirlyw).
noble squatting with Det. revered persons, especially personal names, ex. ~~~ 1
flagellum ;\ S 45 P1-!zry ' Pal}.eri ', a man's name; :::::::1 (:n~ 2 sr!z 'deceased
(common in Dyn. noble'. Rarely also for ~ A 51 in ~~ 8 sps 'noble'.
XVIII) 1 Urk. iv. I u, 5• 2 Urk. iv. 123, 12. I PU)'. 20.
53 ~ mummy upright Det. mummy, ex. }Q ~ 1 wi ' mummy' ; statue, likeness, ex.
~~ var. ~ 2 twt 'statue'; form, shape, exx. LlQH ki 'form';
J..} ~~ {Jprw ' forms ', ' stages of growth '.
1 Louvre C 15, 8; Sin. B 193·
54~ recumbent mummy Det. dead, exx. :;:Q&:-~ 1 m(i)ni "death'; <::::7-r;&:-~ 2
nb-rn_{J
'sarcophagus', lit. 'lord-of-life'.
1 1 Urk. iv. II31 9-
Urk. iv, 405, 8.
55 M mummy lying on bed Det. lie, ex. ~ ~n abbrev. 11

n
sir 'lie', 'spend all night' ;
(replacing O.K. form death, exx. 0~r==1 {Jpt 'decease'; ~n' /JJt 'corpse'.
8
1 1 Ex. Meiriv... J, I Eb. 6, 9· s Cairo 20003,a 2. • n. T.S. i. 30, B.
with man on bed)
For fA 59 see above after A 25.
447
Sect. B. Woman and her Occupations

B 1 ~ seated woman Det. female, exx. -;: ~ st ' woman' ; ~~ (tmt ' woman', 'wife' ;
~~~ ntrt 'goddess'; woman's relationships, exx. ~~ s1t
'daughter'; ~~ -:-"-~ !J1rt 'widow'; her occupations,
exx. io~ (tmt 'female slave'; ifiQQc~ smryt 'chantress';
her name, ex. *-::
~ Nfrt 'Nofret'. As suffix 1st pers. sing.
'I', 'my' (fern.)~ ·i has not been noted before Dyn. XIX. 1
1 Exx. MAR. Abyd. i. l5·
Det. pregnant, exx. ~~ 1 iwr 'conceive'; jU~~ 2 bk1 'be

~ pregnant woman
2
pregnant'.
1 D. el B. 49· 1 Urk. iv. 268, 7·
Ideo. or det. in mr4) 1 var. 4) msi (msi) 'bear', 'give birth'

3
~ woman giving birth
and the related words.
1 Urk. iv. I3, I6.
4 ~1 combination of sign for Use as last. In one hieratic MS. substituted for ~ A 3. 3
a squatting woman 1
Exx. Brit. M as. 566; Cairo 70040=ROEDER, NtUis 4l. Also without arms
showing, ex. Berl. Al. i. p. 258, I8. 20.
(cf. 4) B 3) with m • Old exx. show the two signs almost
or quite separate from one another, bat with the phon. sign m/ placed as though it
F 31 2 were the infant in course of being born, Urk. i. 24, IS; 35, 11; 36, 7· • JEA. 32,
PI. 14, n. I, 3a.
5 il woman suckling child Det. 'suckle' in

1
=:::ni mnrt 'nurse', 'foster-mother'.
Exx. Dyn. XII, BH. i. l5, 79; Dyn. XVIII, D. el B. 53·
6 ~1 woman seated on chair Det. 'nurse' in=~ rnn 'nurse', 'rear'.

with child on lap 1 Exx. L. D. iii. 53; D. el B. Iol,
7
~ queen wearing diadem
and carrying flower
Det. of names of queens.t
1 Ex. Ann. 42, 479, from Thebes, tomb 192, temp. Amenophis Ill.
Sect. C. Anthropomorphic Deities

god with sun and uraeus Ideo. or det. in::;;~ 1 var. ~ 1 Rr '(the sun-god) Re<'.
on head 1 D. el B. IIO.
2 god with head offalcon Ideo. or det. in::;;~ var. ~ 1 Rr '(the sun-god) Re<'.
bearing sun on head 1 Urk. iv. 14, 13.
~ G 9 and holding
-¥- s 34
3 god with head of ibis Ideo. or det. in ~~ 1 var. ~ l)(l,wty 2 'Thoth '.
~G26 1 Bet·slz. i. 15. 2 Reading, see on G 26.
4~ god with head of ram Ideo. or det. in 6}i1ft var. if .lfnmw 'Chnum '.
"I;t E IO 1 Urk. iv. 99, 5·
ANTHROPOMORPHIC DEITIES Sign-list
C5 the same holding- Sf- Use as last.
S 34
6 god with head of dog Ideo. or det. in Q'";'}~ var. ~ 'Inpw ' Anubis'; also m
~ E 15 v~l71~ I WjJ-wJWt 'Wepwawet •.
1
Urk. iv, 99• 10,
7 god with head of Seth- Ideo. in ~ St!J I (StS) 'Seth ',

animal yE 20 1 Reading, see on E 20.
8 f ithyphallic god with Ideo. or det. in ~f I var. f Mnw 2 'Min '.

feathers, uplifted arm, 1
Urk, iv. 1031, + 2 Reading, see on R :u.
and flagellum ;\ S 45
9 goddess with sun and Ideo. or det. in ~J I var. J 2
ijt-!zr ' Hathor '.
horns 1 Sinai r..~r. 2 Sinai 95· Also shown seated on chair, ib. 105.
IO goddess with feather Ideo. or det. in ~""'~ var. ~ M1rt 'Macet ', the goddess of
on head Truth.
11 god with arms support- Ideo. in lt' var. Pyr. nw Iij!z '(one of the gods) l:fe}:l '. 2
ing (the sky) and f Hence phon. !t!t in lt' !t!t 'million', 'many' (§ 259).
1 Pyr. 1390. 2 The eight l;Ieli-gods were those who held the sky aloft, see
M 4 on head (often KEES, Gdtterglaube, p. 312 and the pictureJEA. 28, PI. 4· The sign for' year' (M 4)
also without f) was added doubtless on account of the common expression /;/; m (or n) rnpwt 'a
million years '.
It may prove possible to find images of other deities used as ideo. or det. in M. K. inscriptions,
but for lack of positive earlier evidence some models for the hieroglyphic fount have
been taken from monuments of Dyn. XIX or later, I exx. C I 2 ~ Amun, C 17 Mont, 1fl
C 18 j
Tjanen, C 19 ~and C 20 ~ Ptal}.
1
JEA. 17, 245.
Sect. D. Parts of the Human Body

D I fY head in profile Ideo. in !f tp I ' head ' and 0e" tpy ' chief', ' first'. Det. head,
exx. A~L~e t!J</J 'head'; f~e ftJ 'back of head',
whence prep. f~e ftJ 'behind' (§ 1 72) and ~~fe mkftJ
'neglect,; 'f07e dhnt 'forehead', whence ru® dhn
'promote ', etc. ; perhaps with notion throttle, in mfl ~e 2
gwJwJ 'fetter',' bind fast'. Possibly !f possessed the value
qJqJ in some cases where there is no evidence to prove it.
In one M. E. story the spellings A~A~ !f and !f alternate
for the 'head' of a goose, as well as in the common 0. K.
449
& (continued) personal name ty~ -¥-. 3 Of the two words for 'head' tjJr]J
alone has survived in Coptic (djo, construct d;e-), also in
the prepositions edjen, h£djen; it is impossible to say how
early the latter readings are, and the values r-tp, ftr-tp
have been provisionally retained above, p. 135, top.
1 Reading, PSBA. 2
21, 269. Urk. iv. 7, f· s Westc. Index, p. 30.
2 ~ face Ideo. f.tr 1 'face' and derivatives. Hence phon. f.tr, exx.
in~
~~n~ f.tr 'prepare'; ~~ df.tr 'bitter', 'sour'.
1 Reading from Coptic luJ 1 face', derivatives like krai 'upper part', and phonetic use.
3 ~ hair Det hair, exx. ,l "-,. sny 'hair' ; ~ LJ ~ ,_ skm 'grey-haired' ;

skin, exx. q~,_ iwn 'complexion', 'nature'; Q~i~ '""\\
inm 'skin'; mourn, in Q~ ="j\\ ilkb 'mourn'; bald,
empty, forlorn, exx. }~ ws 'fall out (of hair)', whence
abbrev. \\in ""5i'"\\gm ws 'found defective' (of damaged
writing or pictures); 1 ~~ -:-\\~ !J1rt 'widow'.
1 Eb. 18, 1; 90, 3; PIEHL, /H. iiL 74; reading from BH. i. 26, 162. See too
Sits. Berl. Ak. 19u, 9u.
4 ~ eye Ideo. in:-; irt 'eye', Gk. !pl. 1 Hence phon. ir, exx . iri ..g,...
'make'; Q~~ irtt 'milk'. Det. see, in ~ varr. ~~~.

::::
2
mn 'see', whence ~ as phon. mJ in ~~}, ~ ,3 mJw
' lions '. Early det. in other words for see, look, and in
connection with other notions involving the eye, exx.
==- 4 dtri 'look' · = 5 fl'• ' blind ' · ~ 8 rml ' weep' ·
m..g,...
o- • o r • A
4Q>..
•
..g,...
).=... 7 rs 'be wakeful'; later, especially in Dyn. XVIII,

mainly replaced as det. by the more specific signs .QL D 5,
~ D 6, ~ D 7, and 1k' D 9· From end of Dyn. XVIII
a masc. dual ::::~' ... wy ' eyes ' is occasionally found, 8
but whether this points to the existence of a masc. word
ir ' eye ' is uncertain.
1 PLUTARCH, De !side 10. See Rec. 17, 93· 1 Siut I, 2.17, where the
doubling indicate> gemination, see Verbum i. § 390. s Sk. S. 30. 4 Sin. B 279;
Urk. iv. 19, 6. ~ Peas. B 2, 105. 1 Leb. 76. 1 Pa}teri 2. 8 Wb. i. 108, 1-2.
5 l:Q::S.. eye touched up with Det. actions or conditions of eye, exx. ~.QL 1 dgi 'look';
paint ~.QL 2 sp 'blind'; ).QL 3 rs 'be wakeful'.
1 MAR. Abyd. ii. 30, 33- 2 Urk. iv. 85, 6. s Urk. iv. 960, II.
1
6 1Q:3I.. later alternative to last Use as last.
1
MoLL. Pal. ii. no. 83, from Dyn. XVIII; very rare, however, as early as this.
450
PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY Sign-list
D7 ~ eye with painted lower Det. adorn, exx. rn~'l o~::: 1 mstimt 'eye-paint' ; :;:: ~ 9 rn
lid (rin) 3 'beautiful'. From the latter, phon. det. rn, ex.
:;::o
}4;1;>. • rnw ('lnw) 3 '<Ainu ', a place-name, see B 8. The
use as det. see etc., ex. ~ f~ 6 ptr ' behold ', is abnormal.
1 BH. i. 38. ' Amarn. iii. 19. Sim. Urk. iv. 6, n, qu. Exerc. XXXII, (a).
s For rln as the full reading cf. Semitic rain ' eye' and Eg. words qu. below, D 8,
n. 1. 4 BH. i. 26, 175. D Siut i. no.
8 ~ eye enclosed in sign for Det. in 7)3IB 'nw, '(i)1zw '<Ainu ', the quarry at the modern
land= N I8 Turah whence Q~U-~ inr /.z4 nfr n rnw 'fine white
(lime)stone of<Ainu' was obtained. 1 Hence phon. det. in
::::;:~ rn 'beautiful '. 9 See too above D 7·
1 AEO. ii. u6*, following Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1933, 86-4. The full value rln, corre-
sponding to Semitic rain 'eye •, is proved by the derivatives rln 'coat with lime-
stone(!)', Urk. i. 20, 5 (0. K.) and ryn '<Ainu-stone' Wb. i. 191, -4, 5 (Dyn. XX).
1 Meir ii. Il, 3; Urk. iv. 52, 16.
9 1rf"' eye with flowing tears Ideo. or det. in ):'"1it" var. 1it" 1 rmi 'weep', 'beweep ',.
1 ReM. 4·
IO ~ human eye with the Ideo. or det. in }f~o~ 1 var. ~ 2 wt];t 'the wt]Jt-eye' (or
markings ofa falcon's 'wed.fat-eye '), i. e. 'the sound (uninjured) eye' of Horus
head (§ 266, I}. 1 BUDGE, p. 56, 7· 1
BUDGE, P· 38, 15.
I I <r part of the white of the Si~n for i ~.tat-measure of corn (§ 266, I ).1
wt]Jt-eye 1 Reversed in hieratic, see p. 198, n. 1•
12 0 pupil of the eye Det. in ~ "'01 tl/tl ' pupil' of eye. 1 As part of the wt];t-eye
sign fori ~e.tat-measure of corn (§ 266, I). A similar, but
smaller, sign appears to have been used for from I to 9
~.tat (§ 266, I). To be distinguished from the grain of
sand o N 33, and from the circle o, see after Z 8.
1 BUDGE, 2U, 13 (Nu).
I 3 --- eye-brow (also as part Sign for ~ ~.tat-measure of corn (§ 266, I). Also ::= as det.
of the wti;t-eye in Q~ l:::: 1 bz!z ' eye-brow(s) '. Det. or phon. det. in some
words connected with ~ ~:=: smd (smd) ' eye-brow' itself
not found until Greek times. 2
1 M.u. K. 3, 8. 2 Wb. iv. q6.
14 .!>- the other (see D II) Sign for 1

16 ~.tat-measure of corn(§ 266, I}.
part of the white of
the wti1t-eye
1 5 '-.....9 one of the markings of Sign for 1
32
~.tat-measure of corn (§ 266, I).
the wt]1t-eye
45I
D 16 ~ anotherofthemarkings Sign for 1

64 ~e~at-measure of corn (§ 266, I).
of the wri1t-eye
I 7 ~ markings of the w(/11- Ideo. or det. in oQ~ 1 var. ~ 11 tit' figure', 'image'.
eye (nos. D I 5 and 1 Urk. iv. 887, 2. ' Urk. iv. 53, 17.
1 6 together)
I8 8) 1 ear Ideo. or det. in mr ~.9 11 msrir 'ear', dual .9.9 3 mst/rwy 'the
two ears'.
1 Thebes, tomb 93· I Amarn. vi. 15, 6. 1 D.el B. 116.
19 C) 1 nose, eye and cheek Ideo. or det. in~ O.K. var. tt3fnt/, later ~t)jnd, 'nose'.
Det. nose, ex. ~.a 'nose', 'nostril' ; smell, exx. ~Q .a tpl
' sniff' ; ,U.a sn ' smell ' ; face, in I!J:;: .a !Jnt 'face' ; joy,
exx. ;:.a rs(w) 'rejoice'; I!J~.a !Jnts 'take pleasure';
soft, kind, ex. r~ .a sfn ' be mild ' ; also in .a b{n ' be .J::
disobedient' ; m~ .a gfn ' rebuff'. From !Jnt 'face' (see
above), phon. det. and (seldom before Dyn. XIX) 11 phon.
·IJ1tl, exx. ~:;::.a var. ~ IJnty 'in front of' (adj.). Owing
to similarity in hieratic t3 sometimes appears in hiero-
glyphic for [ Aa 32, ex. t3~ 1 71 for [~ 1 71 sty 'red(?) Nubian(?)
pigment'; also for r- U 31, ex. !.. Qe !Jni for ~Qt; !Jn(r)i
' restrain ' ; the hieratic has been often transcribed
wrongly in modern books. 8 Confusion of two different
stems has contributed to the confusion of signs in words
like ~ f;nrt, varr. I!J7 .aLJ, ~LJ ~nt 'prison',' harim ',
'fortress', which are consequently hard to differentiate.'
1 Exx. Hier. 5, no. 59; RekiJ. 1 5· 1 AZ. ss, 86. 1 Rtc. 39, 20.
Si m. in fptrw ' prisoners', Cairo 20024,.. Musle lgyptien i. I 7•
4 Atim. 47.
20 tfo semi-cursive variant of Use as last, but seldom in careful sculptures or paintings.
last 1 1 Already Dyn. IV, Medum n. Exx. Dyn. XII, Cairo 20538, ii. c I3· 14.
2I -= mouth (Dyn. X I I rare- Ideo. in 7 r (n) Ia 'mouth', Coptic rO. Hence phon. :r. In
ly vertically ~ 1) group-writing (§ 6o) 7 is r, 11 ex. Q.,Sr7h ibr 'stallion'.
1 Exx. Louvre C I, 5 ; PoL. § 33, a. Ja See above, p. 429, for the original
presence of I. 1 BURCHARDT § 77·
(Monograms incorporating-= D 21.) For£ see M 6. For ±.see M 24. For~ see M 25.
22 <i? mouth with two strokes Ideo. in <? rwy 1 'two-thirds' (§ 265).
attached I Reading, Cr.tRE in A•·ciJ. Or. 20, 629.
23 <fj1" mouth with three Ideo. in 1jf 'three-quarters', probable reading f;mt rw 1 (§ 265).
strokes attached I Cr.tRE, op. cit. 640·
452
D 24 - 1
upper lip with teeth Ideo. in ;:-; spt, var. Pyr. ~ ~- 2 spt, 'lip', 'border' (of pool,
etc.). Occasionally used by mistake for- F 42. 3
1 MOLL. Pal. ii. no. 92 h. 1 Pyr. 1393· 1 Urk. iv. 140, 6 (spr).
25 <::> two lips with teeth Ideo. or det. in ~ ~' e> 1

var. ~ 2 spty (spry) ' lips'.
1 M.u.K. 4. r. t Urk. iv. 971, 2.
26 r£"' 1 liquid issuing from lips Det. spit, ex. ~m~ psg 'spit'; vomit, exx. .J ~ bSi 'vomit';
2
LJlt. ~ *Jt', var. ~~ ¥. 'spew out'; blood, in E~. 3 srif

'blood'.
1 MOLL. Pal. ii. no. 93 (Dyn. XVIII); the same form already Pyr. 142 (pig).
1 Eb. 30, 17. • P. Kak. 7, 29.
27 Q breast 0
' breast'. Det. suckle, exx. =
Ideo or det. in Q var. Pyr. :;:~ 1 mnt/,later var. :;:~ 2 mnd,
g3 sn* ' suckle ' ; :;:~ •
mnry 'tutor' (det. transferred from mnrt ' nurse').
o Model from Thebes, tomb 85. So too Puy. 59· 1 Pyr. 3l. 11 Urk. iv. 920, 10.
a D.elB. 94· 4< Pden 4·
27* Q breast (rather corn- Use as last.

moner shape) I 1
D. el B. 94; Pakeri 4·
28 U arms extendedsoas to Ideo. in y kJ 'soul', 'spirit' (p. 172). Phon. k1, 1 exx.IJ~
embrace? k1t 'work'; lult.~ {tk1 'magic'. In group-writing(§ 6o)
Yor U is phon. k.2
1 Reading, Pyr. 300 (k1r' chapel'). 1 BURCHARDT § 120.
combination of U D 28 In ¥ k1 'soul', regarded as of divine nature.

and.,- R 12
30 =4 1
the sign U D 28 with Det. in ~lJx,Y,=4 2 N{tb-k1w' Uniter-of-attributes ',name of
an appendage a mythical serpent-deity. 3
1 Pyr. n9- Sim. Urk. iv. 459, 13, 1 MAR. Kam. 33, where the appendage
takes the form of 'I I ro. s ]EA. 21, 41.
31 <p 1
combination of 0 D 3 2 In t var. t.!J {tm-k1 'servant of the ka ', 'ka-priest '.
and i U 36 1 Hier. 9, no. 165 (Bershah).
32 0 arms enclosing or em- Det. envelop, embrace, exx. q~LJO in*' envelop'; l~O {tpt
bracing 'embrace'; open arms, in ~ lt. 0 pg1 'unfold'.
33 ~ arms engaged in rowing Ideo. in ~ ~ !lni 1 'row' and derivatives. Hence phon. !Jn,
ex. ~=o}y~ llnnw 'turmoil',
1 Reading, see the varr. of m!Jnt 'ferry-boat', Pyr. 1223 combined with 334-
34 (]::) arms holding shield and Ideo. in ~lt.~ var. Pyr. ~llt. 2 r{t1 'fight' and derivatives.
battle-axe 1 1 Thebes, tomb 93· Elsewhere usually shield and mace, Hitr, p. 15.
t Pyr. 574· In M.K. also sometimes Y.z1, see Spkinx u, ro8.
34* [!:1 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 DAV. Plak. i. 51 no. 46.
453
D 35 .....A-
1
arms tn gesture of Ideo. in J.o. n 1 and ::: nn 2 'not' (§ 104). Hence phon. n, 2
negation exx. J.o. n 'to', 'for'(§ 164); :::5r~C\ nn§m 'spleen'.
Ideo. also in~~ var.......... }o iwty, var. Pyr. Q} ......... ~Q iwti,
'which not' (§ 202 ). 3 Det. not know, in e ~ _,_ fJm ' be
ignorant' ; hence phon. det. fJm, exx. ~~ ~ 4 !Jm 'shrine';
also with metathesis mfJ, in ~ ~.!_ 5 smfJ 'forget'.
1 Palms upward, common at all periods, exx. O.K., Saqq. Mast. i. I; M.K.,
Meir i. 5 ; Dyn. XVIII, Rekk. 3. 3· 10; but sometimes palms down, exx. O.K.,
Medum 24; M.K., BH. i. 8; Dyn. XVIII, Rekk. 4· 15. 1 Readings, GuNN,
Stud. eh. 9· 8 Reading}EA. 34, 27. 4 Urk. iv. g6,4; see onO 34· & Mill. i, 10.
36 ..-...ll forearm Ideo. in ~ r 'arm', 'hand'. Hence phon. r. A ]so in hieratic,

less often in hieroglyphic, as substitute for LJJ D 37, Q....IJ
D 38, Q...JI D 39. ~ D 40, ~ D 4 I' --JI D 42, A-ll D 43. ~ D 44·
For
37
:;ta seeD 59· For~ see G 20.
0
L-D
For Jl.n see P 7· For
12.
forearm with hand

* For~ see G 45· For+ see M
see Aa 22.
In Pyr. almost exclusively ideo. in QLJJ var. 4-B imi 'give',

27. For =t see
holding /}. X 8 imperative (§ 336),1 whereas /}. is there common both as

(r)di and as lmi. In M.K. and later 4-B is commoner
than /;. both in rdi (:::::) and in di (LJJ), but tends in the
imperative imi to be replaced by Q....IJ D 38. In Dyn. X I some-
times replaced by~ D 40 1a or~ D 44. 1b Phon. d (from
dt) in !::!}® Ddw ' Busiris' (§ 289, 1) ; also mi or merely
m (from imi), exx. =-~LJI~ 2 var. =-~Q~ 3 Kmi' Kemi ',
name of a queen; ~!;: mk 'behold' (§ 234).
1 Verbum ii. § 537· 1• JEA. 16, 195; Coffin Texts, passim. Ib Cairo
200oi, qu. § 327. 1 Cat.d.Mon. i. p. 87, no. 44· s MAR. Abyd. ii. 28, 30.
For~ see G 19.
38 G...-D forearm with hand hold- In M.K. and more frequently in Dyn. XVIII det. in Q~~
ing a rounded loaf imi 'give' (§ 336). Hence phon. mi 1 and more commonly
m, exx. ~~~ 11 mkt 'protect'; Q~~ 3 'Itm 'A turn'.
1 Evidence (but mainly with D 36 or D 37) Verbum ii. § 538. • Puy. 20. Sim.
m[n 'behold', Siut i. 375· In O.K., seep. 357, n. 35. 1 Jlz. 46, 140.
39 Q...-LI forearm with hand hold- Det. offer, present, exx. l~~ var. Q...JI ~nk 'present'; =~
ing bowl o W 24 drp 'offer'. In Dyn. I X-XII occasionally as substitute
forLJJ D 37 or Q....IJ D 38, ex. ~ 1 rdi 'who causes'; 0~~o 2
Mkt-Rr ' Mektre< ', name of a man ; also for ,-n D 36,
ex. ~Q...JI 3 m-r 'in the hand of'.
1 Siut 5 5• 8; Brit. Mus. 581, vert. rg. 1 D.e!B. (XI) ii. g, D. 8 Cairo 20003,
1
qu. p. 366, n. 10.
454
D 40 \-JI forearm with hand From M.K. on tends to replace ~ A 24, exx. ~\..-11 var. \..-11 1
holding stick n!Jt' strong'; 4i\-ll itl,t 'drag'. Also abbrev. for 1~\..-IIIJJl
'examine '. 2 In Dyn. XI sometimes replaces LJJ D 37,
see there.
1 Url. iv. 856, 4· I EIJ. 37. a, qu. § ....... 4t compared with iiJ. 36, 4·
4I ~ forearm with palm of Det. arm, exx. mj)i..~......agb1'arm'; ~.....a varr. ::......a,1 ~ 2
hand downwards rmn ' arm ', ' shoulder'; tJ~ i1b)' 'left' ; det. various
actions involving movement of arrns, 8 exx. -~~.....a !Jms
'bend', 'bow' ; '";.....a r#' incline' ; H ~.....a !tsl 'sing' ;
cessation of movement, exx. !.{.....a gr!t 'cease'; T .....a ni
'reject'. From this last, phon. or phon. det. ni, exx.
-t'si-' niw 'ostrich'; ~ 11 var. q}......ae • niw 1 bowl'.
1 .AZ. 34. ao. I Brit. Mus. 573, 12. • Reason obscure in nml
'traverse'. • Reading, see G 34- a Siul I, 308. ' EIJ. n, IO.
42 --n forearm as last, but with Ideo. or det. in :J var. .....u m!t 'cubit' (§ 266, 2).
upper arm straight
43 A-JJ forearmwithhandhold- Ideo. in~~ varr. Pyr. A},1 o} 2 1Jwi 'protect'. Hence
Phon • Cfr.w' exx• A-JJJf
e ~~~sJ.wwlevil'·, no =•sl.wd enrich'. 1
ing flagellum ft. S 45 Jt. et I' A-JI~
I I 0'
1 Urk. iv. 1077• 9. • lfrk. iv. 6o, 15.
'Pp. 1797·
44 \-D forearmwithhandhold- Det. in !..~ 1 abbrev. \....JI 2 !Jrp 1 be at the head of',
ing the r/;1-sceptre f 1
control ', ' administer ' and derivatives.
s 42 1 Urk. iv. 31, 7• 1 Cairo 20001, IJ 6, qu. § 327.
45 V arm with hand holding Ideo. or det. in ~~ var. V 2 tisr, var. Pyr. "n ~ 8 tisr, 'clear
the n!tbt-wand 1 (a road)', 'be private', 'holy', and derivatives.
1 See ]tQ. 185; used as a brush (f),JEA. 32, 51. ' Urk. k 864, 15.
s Pp. 1456.
46 ~ hand Ideo. in':'; tirt, 1 occasional varr. ~.;.~~ tirt, A.;.s (/114 'hand'.
Ph on. d, from the old Semitic word yad 'hand'/' cf. Egypt.
}~ wdi 'put', ' push ', ' emit (sound)'.
1
Reading based mainly on Coptic ti!re, tJbt-, Az. so, 91 ; formerly read tit, the
varr. here given being regarded as distinct words. t P~r. 440; Siul 3, 3·
s Pyr. 1703; Brit. Mus. 514, 18. 4 A"Z. so, 91,
47 ~ 1 hand with curved palm Det. in tirt 'hand' when written phonetically; see last.
1
CHASS. Ass. PI. 19, top, 1. 6 from left.
46* re:::. 1 hand letting fall drops Ideo. in

1
r: 2 var. ~1iir 8 idt 'fragrance', 0. K. var.
BH. i. 17, and so always Pyr. Shown with drops, not curve, lkkern., col. to
qr:.•
left, and so already PETR. R1: i. 17, 26. 1 BH. i. 17, cf. O.K., L. D. ii. 89 c.
• Ikkern., col. to left, the det. due to confusion with l1dt 'dew'. ' Pyr. 365, IJ.
455
D 48 ~ hand without thumb Ideo. in= 1 varr. zgt.-, .- !sp 'palm', more strictly' a hand-
breadth ', a linear measure (§ 266, 2).
1 Urk. iv. 190, 10. I 2; cf. AZ. 6o, 71 for the reading.
49 'C:J fist Det. grasp, in ~~~t:::. ;mm 'grasp'; ::_c: !Jft 'seize'.
50 ~ finger 0 Ideo. or det. in ~ 1 var. Pyr. Jl--t~~ 1 4br 'finger' and related
words. Hence phon. rjbr, ex. ~ rjbr 'Io,ooo' (§ 259). The
two fingers ~~ serve as det. accurate, exx. '"t~~~~ '*'
'accurate'; ":;'~ ~ mty (mtr? 2) 'precise' ; also in derivatives
of these stems. Apt to be confused in hieroglyphic texts
with I T 14, though quite distinct in hieratic. 3
1
o Not a thumb as proposed A·z. 73, 119; see Milt. Kairo 9, 1.46. Pyr. liS.
2 Possibly two stems mty 'precise' and mtr 'be present', 'witness' are to be dis-
tinguished. 3 MoLL. Pal. i. nos. 117 and 457·
5I = finger horizontally 1deo. or det. in --tl o var. _., 1 rnt 'nail'. Det. for obscure
-~ 0
reasons in !~:::&si 'measure'; ~~::: t1i 'take', 'gird

on'; ~=~ d*r 'press '. 2 From the last, phon. det. d*r
in :g:,::: abbrev. ::=: 3 d*r(w) 'fruit'. As abbrev. ::=:appears
also to represent L1~} 1 ~ 1 *'w
'grains(?)' in the medical
papyri.~ In ";~,::: n*rwt 'notched sycomore figs' 6 ~
either replaces a nail-like notching instrument 6 or more
probably expresses the general notion of scratching.
1 BH. ii. 4· 2 GARD. Sin. 6o. 3 Urk. iv. 748, 7 compared w;th ib. 694, 5;
see too PSBA. 13,452-3. • Compare Eb. 87, 5 with Hearst 10, 15. & KEIMER
in Acta Orientalia, 6, 288. 6 Ib. 293.
52 ~ phallus r,
Det. male, exx. ~i:H 'ass'; £i>~ QQ-=;;.j tl)' 'male',' man';
~ ~ abbrev. ~ k1 'bull'. Phon. mt (cf. Hebrew l:l'z:!t?
' men ') , exx. -=;;. Vi-..o t"=tl m t w t ' pmson
o .1I' · e 1o1 1 (.Jm
' ; -=;;, z. t ' t h ree ' .
In O.K. this sign is used of the organ and all that is
characterized by it, while t"=tl D 53 expresses what issues
from or is performed by it. 1 In M.K. the use differs
somewhat and is less consistent.2
1
Spllinx 16, 69. 2 Sphinx x6, 186.
53 F=t:l phallus with liquid For the use of t"=tl as contrasted with -=;;. D 52, see the latter.
issuing from it Det. in l~t"=tl !znn 'phallus'; };;:t"=tl wss 'urinate' ; :"}"' t"=tl
mtwt 'poison'; sometimes also (contrary to O.K. usage)
in £i>~QQt"=tlj tl)' 'male', 'man'; roQt"=tlj hi 'husband';
regularly (contrary to O.K. usage) in ~j5f-~l:! var.
~ 7 m-b1(t 'in the presence of' (§ I 78).
For tJ as substitute for the female organ, see on tJ N 4 I.

456
D 54 ..ll legs walking Ideo. in ..1} iw 1 'come' (§ 289, 2). Det. movement, exx.
5f'~.il §m 'go'; ~-::; tkn 'approach'; 1~~ {J1!; 'hasten';
also lack of movement, exx. YJ.il 1b 'stop '; ~~ ~ .ll s1i
'linger'. The group ..17 'walk',' step' (plur . ..1..1..1, ~:,-'(,)
reads nmtt. 9 For .ll combined with other signs, exx. ~.
5f', ~ see §58, 1.
1 Reading, Pyr. IUO in the divine name 'Iw•J.r,.J. I .ifZ. as, s6; Spkinx 6,
53; see the varr. Pt. 3I3 and compare Iklurn. IS with Cairo 20473, b.
For~ see M 18. For 7r seeN 40. For 2r see 0 35· For 'Jr see T 32. For 5.f see
V 15. For .] see W 25.
55 ~ legs walking backwards Det. backwards, exx. =~ 1 rnn 'turn back'; Uru~~ 2 sbh1
'cause to retreat'; ~;.;:~ 8 {Jt{Jt 'be reversed'.
1 P. Kak. I, 8. 8 Siut 1, 270.
56 J leg Ideo. or det. in ;:,1 var. 1 rd 'foot'. Det. leg, foot,

exx. ~1 1 mnt 'thigh'; .!,1 pd' knee'; }~1 wrrt 'leg',
'shank'. From pd, phon. pds 2 in 1..:.... varr.J~---. ~JJ---,
e pds 'box'. From wrrt, phon. or phon. det. wrr in
} :;!1~ abbrev. 1:
wrrt 'district' and its derivative title
1 ~ wrrtw 'district official' ; also in }:;;J.ll wrr 'flee·.
From ULJ1 8 sblf 'leg', phon. det. or phon. sblf in ULJJ~
var. 1 ~ ~ sblf ' excellent', ' successful '. For some reason
unknown, phon. g!z or glzs 5 in 1~1n 8 var. mH1~ 6a g!zs
'gazelle'. The group 1.1l is used to determine various
verbs expressing movement, exx. mJ.il thi 'transgress ' ;
~j.ll T !Jnd ' tread '.
t In Pyr. (eL Pyr. 262) with a very different determinative. 1 Spkinx 13, S9.
1 W6. iv. 93, ex. Pyr. 1314 (/61!)· 4 Vrk. iv. 84, 17. 5 Spkinx 13, 89.
• Vrk. iv. 7-41, 12. 6• E6. 98, 7, see Kemi i, '44· 1 Not related to ~m!
'part of foreleg', Pyr. 1547; for this word see Bull. 30, 866.
57 ~ combination of 1 D 56 Det. mutilate, in Q~==~ 1 ili 'be mutilated' and deriva-

and""""" T 30 tives. Noteabbrev. ~.C(, 2 biw'placeofexecution'; ~~)ft 3
var. ~ Q~ ""~ ~ silly 'cheat' (n.) appears from the var. to
be a causative. 5 Det. also in ~~ 6 nkn 'damage'.
1 2 Wb. i. 35- 1 Peas. B I, 99· 262-3.
Wb. i. 34· ' Peas. B r, 250.
11 VoG. Bautr 94• • Brit. Mus. 574, II; West&. 8, 16.
58 J 1
foot Cf. j } var. J• 2 bw 'place',' position'. Hence phon. b. 3
1 In Dyn. I often very low, exx. DE MORGAN, Re&ktrd•es ii. p. 235, fig. 786;
QUIBELL, Hitrakonpolis i. as. In M.E. nsually lower than other high signs.
I Vrk. iv. sn, IS. s SETHE, Alphabet I52·
457
D 59 ::1[-n combination of J D s8 Phon. rb, ex. :fn"= rb 'horn'.

and .....JJ D 36
6o QI combination of j D 58 Ideo. in (1 var. Pyr. }--n(.j 1 wrb 'pure', 'clean'.

with a vase from 1 Pyr. II7r.
which water flows (re-

places earlier fi A 6)
For~ seeS 13.

6r ~ toes 1 Ideo. or det. in ~6:~J-~ var. m.~ s;f:t (S!/:t) 'toe'. Hence
phon. orphon. det.s;f;,(s1/:t) 2 ,exx. ~6~lm_..1.1 s1f;, 'approach';
~ ~ m-s1f;,t 'in the neighbourhood of' (§ I 78)..
1 L. D. ii. 3 (Dyn. Ill). See AZ. 34, 77 and above p. 439· • For J see Pyr. 959·
62 ~ 1 less correct form of last Use as last.

(Dyn. X VI 11) 1 Rekh. 3·
63 ~ 1
another form of last Use as last.
{Dyn. XVII I) 1 Cairo 3400l (LAcAu, PI. 3)= Vrk. iv. ~s, 8.
Sect. E. Mammals
~
1
E 1 bull Ideo. in ~ 2 varr. !;, ~. ~ k1 'buU '. Det. cattle, exx. ffi~
ng 'bull'; q{i~ ~ iw1 'ox'; =::=""~ mnmnt 'cattle',
'herds'.
1 The sign is apt to vary in form according to the sex and species demanded in the
particular case. I Reading, see p. 172, n. 4; but in some contexts the reading
may be l}J or lw1.
2 ~ aggressive bull Ideo. in~ 1 k1 n{Jt 'victorious bull', epithet of Pharaoh(§ ss).
Det. in _Jl}~ 2 smJ 'fighting bull'.
1 IJ. el B. uo. 1 Urk. iv. 2, 13.
3 ~ calf Det. in ~')a} bf:ts (b/:tz) 1 'calf'; also in ~}.~, 2 wntiw' short-
horned cattle'.
1 Pyr. 27. 2 IJ. el B. I<JO, where the sign differs from the calf only slightly.
4 ~
1
sacred f:ts;t-cow Det. in l \...a~ (t,s1t (f;,z1t) 2
' sacred f;,s1t-cow '.
1
Karnak, chapel of I;Iashepsowe. The sign differs considerably elsewhere, exx.
Meir i. II; Louvre C 14, 5- 2 For the z see Pyr. t029.
S ~ cow suckling calf Det. in ~mr~ 1ms 'show solicitude' as towards child or
parent. 1
1 Wb. i. I I.
MAMMALS Sign-list
E 6 P7ft horse Ideo. or det. =~h var. lg I ssmt 'horse'. Det. horse, in
4b5J..7h 2 ibr (Hebrew ,':Ptt) 'stallion'; l.::h 3 ft,tr 'team',
' pair ' of horses.
1 Urk. iv. 652, 10, qu. § IIj. I Urk. iv. 663, 10. 3
Urk. iv. 697, 16.
7 1tl ass Det. in::;~ r1 'ass'. In hieratic I sometimes replaced by

yE 20 2
•
1 The proper form, M6LL. Pal. i. no. 133. s References, E 2o,n. 5·
8 ~ kid(~ E 8* kid jump- Cf. 4J~It ib 'kid '. Hence phon. det. ib, exx. 4J~=~
2
ing, form not found ibi 'thirst' ; 4j~} LJ ibw' refuge' ; only rarely phon. ib,
before Dyn. X I X) I =:
ex. ~l 3 ib!z ' ibft,-priest '. Det. small cattle, exx. T~~ i
rwt 'flocks', 'goats'; ~~"" 1~16 mnmnt 'herds'.
1 This later type is wrongly substituted for the earlier in many old publications.
SeeJEA. 17, 246. 1 Wb. i. 61. • .rlZ. 37, 91. 4 Urk. iv. 664, '3·
1
Sin. B '47·
9~ newborn bubalis or Phon. iw, exx. !;I di var. Pyr. 4}<=>I iwr 'conceive'; ~~
hartebeest (A lcela- iwr 'inherit'. In group-writing (§ 6o) ~.} is used for i. 2
phus buselaphus), cf. 0
Ann . •p, '57· 1
Pyr. 81o. 2 BuRcHARDT § 20.
below F 5. 6.o
1
10 ~ ram ( Ovis longipes Det. in b"f11 b1 'ram'; 6"f:;j Unmw 'Chnum ', a ram-headed
palaeoaegypti'cus) 2 god. Det. sheep, exx. :;:"f11 3 sr 'sheep'; T~Y0"f11 4 rwt
!z4t 'white flocks', i. e. 'sheep'.
1 EH. iii. 3, no. 35 (!fnmw), here represented, as not uncommonly, with the
beard characteristic of the male animal. 1 Rec. 24, 4-4; also more fully Ann.
3
38, 297· Mentkuw. 7• 4 Urk. iv. 664, 14.
1I "'i1J 1 ram (O.K. form of last) Use as last.

1 From the picture Salz. I; as hieroglyph, ib. 17.
I2 ");:;1 pig Det. pig in :;:q');:;r rri 'pig'; ~~ q');:;r !Ji 'pig'.
13 ~ 1 cat Det. in gq}~ miw 'cat'.
1 Cf. the picture Musle lgyptien i. 3·
1
I 4 '}n greyhound (slughi) Det. dog in ~}~ iw 'dog'; ::~ 'F5t tsm 'hound'.
1 D. el B. 70. Cf. the picture EH. iv. 2.
I 5 ~ recumbent dog 1 Ideo. or det. in Q";}~ var. ~ 1npw 'Anubis '. Also ~ 2
as sportive ideo. for the title !Jdj~ ~ !zry sstJ 'he who
is over the secrets '.
1 So interpreted by the Greeks, rather than as a jackal, AZ. 41, 97· Howeyer,
the question is still disputed, see HoPFNER, Der Ti~rkult tier a/ten Agypter 47·
See further below, E 18, n. 2. I EH. i. 32 (see for reading Cairo 20539, i. b 18);
Cairo 20457, i (see for reading ib. 20088, c 12); Urk. iv. 1118, 14.
16 ~1 recumbent dog on Ideo. or det. in Q"';}~ var. ~ 'Inpw 'Anubis '. Also~ 1
shrine like~ E 15 for !zry s§tJ 'he who is over the secrets'.
1 Urk. iv. II2o, 7·
459
E 17 h jackal 1 Ideo. or det. in h s1b, var. Pyr. "i".J~ 2 z1b, 'jackal' and
related words, ex. h s1b 'dignitary', 'worthy'.
1 The conventional rendering is here retained. The animal is depicted BR. ii. 4·
The Upper Egyptian s1b is, however, the Anubis· nimal EIS (Pyr. 727); on the
other hand, the s1b has close connections with Wepwawet, the wolf-god E rS ( Unt. iii.
S. 16). 1 Pyr. I2S7•
I 8 ~ 1 wolf (?) 2 on the stan- Ideo. or det. in V:f;;:!l:~~ varr. V:f;;:5: 1 7 1 ~, ~ Wp-w1wt
dard....,- R I2 '(the wolf-god) Wepwawet ', lit. 'opener of the ways',
Gk. 'Ocpwt'>.
1 Thebes tomb 1oo. So interpreted by the Greeks, .A:z. 41, 97, cf. their name
1
ll.vKOJII 1r6Acr for the modern town of Asyftt. However, GAILLAB.D (Ann. 27, 33)
showed that the skulls found at Asyut were either those of (r) wandering dogs (&anis
familiaris) or (2) crosses of this with the small Eg. jackal (canis lupastn-) producing
the hybrid called &anis lupaster domesticus by Hilzheimer. Hence, he argues, the
description of Wepwawet as a wolf is wrong.
I 9 ~ 1 O.K. form of last with Use as last.

protuberance (sdsd) 1 Pyr. 126 (W 1S7). See GARSTANG, MaMsna and Bet Kkalldfp. 19; fodt/Jd
also Az. 47, SS.

in front and a mace
o- T 3 passmg
through the standard
20 ~ animal of Seth, perhaps Ideo. in y var. ~~ 11 St!J, 8 var. Pyr. ~~ • StS, '(the god)
a kind of pig 1 Seth' I'r}(J; later sometimes abbreviated as+}~~.+}~.
Det. turmoil, exx. ~= o} y~ !Jnnw 'turmoil'; ~ ro ~ 'f:i.t~
sh1 'be in confusion'. M. K. hieratic shows a strong
tendency to use 'f:i.t for i;t E 7 6 and ). E 27. 6
1 JEA. 14, HI; see, however, .tl"Z. so, S4; 61, IS; the tail is shown AS an arrow,
A."Z. 46, 90. 1 Urk. v. 32, 6. s Reading PSBA. aS, 123; AZ. so, S4.
' Pyr. 17. 3 Peas. R 64; Eb. 96, S· • Compare nJny, Sk. S. 32, 9S with
sr, ib. 31, 97·
21 ~ animal of Seth recum- Det. turmoil, ex. ;:ij nS?zi 'storm', 'rage' (vb.).
bent (var. of last)
22 h, lion Ideo. or det. in >~~b. 1 var. h 2
m1i 'lion'.
1 Urk, iv. 893, u. 1 Urk. iv. 39, I; 7I8, I.
23 ~ recumbent lion Ideo. in .b var. Pyr. <=>}.b 1 rw 'lion'; ::!~~ Rwty 'the
Two-lion-god'. 1 Phon. rw, exx. !:~~~ var. O.K. :;:~~ 3
rwyt 'gate(?)'; Q,.:.b}~ itrw 'river'. In group-writing
(§ 6o) .b or~ is used for r, 4 ex.<:::::::"~~~~ Krr 'Gerar',
a Syrian locality; for;-;"',~ see on N 35· Through similarity
in hieratic 6 .b is employed in words with ~ U I 3 reading
snr, exx. l.;;:~ snr c hold back' ; ~C'"J snr ' magazine'.
1
.!'yr. 13SI with the lion mutilated, see )/Z. sr, 36. I PSBA. 38, 92·
8 Gebr. ii. 12. ' BURCHARDT § So. 1 Urk. iv. 7S4, So. I See above p. 439·
24 ~ 1 panther Ideo. or det. in .J

Y ~ QQ- 1 var. Q. 2 1by 'panther', 'leopard'.
1 .D. el B. 7+ ' Urk. iv. 139, 9·
MAMMALS Sign-list
E 25 Q 1 hippopotamus Det. in e:.jQ 2 db, var. f.jQ 3 dib, 'hippopotamus' ; 1~ jQ'
/pb 'hippopotamus'.
l From the picture Bull. Metr. Mus. Nnv York, Eg. Expedition, 19::12-3, 35·
1 Peas. B 1, 3o6. • TA. T.S. ii. n. 'Louvre C I4J n.
26 ~
1
elephant Det. in fj}~ Jow 'elephant'. Semi-phon. in ~} 0 2 Jow
'Elephantine', a town near the First Cataract.
1 Cat. d. Mon. i. 155 (Dyn. XII). 1 I!J.
27 b giraffe (mmy) 1 For unknown reason, det. sr in

1
~<=>), sr (sr) 2 'foretell'.
1 Rtt. 38, 305. Pyr. 378. The det. of this word is confused with the Seth-
animal in M. K. hieratic, see above E 30.
oryx Det. in >Y~ m1(t4'oryx'.

1 Ex. D. tl B. I.fO.
gazelle Det. in mH~ g~ (g{zS) 1 'gazelle'.

1 Ex. D.eiB. cf.ib.
140; III. • For the reading with J see DAv. PtaA. ii. 19.
ibex Det. in ~~ nJW, var. ::A~~ 1 nrJW, var. O.K. ~ 3 nil,

'ibex'.
1 Ex. D.eiB. 140; cf. i!J. III. I E!J. 53, u. a DAV. PtaA. ii. 19-
31 tJ goat with collar carry- Ideo.(?) or det. ~~tJ var. tJ srft (srft) 1 'rank', 'dignity'
ing a cylinder seal 1 and related words. Occasionally replaced by g S 20.
1 Perhaps originated in some attribute Jrl} characteristic of goats, with which was
combined the cylinder seal g S 30 as det. of sense; if ao, the Pyr. form of F 3, a
leopard's head with uraeus, might provide a close parallel, see JEA. 34, 14; JIZ. 35,
171 connects the word sf'l} 'rank' with Arab. saral}a 'pasture freely'. 2 For the
reading with J see Pyr. 8oo.
3 2 ~ 1 sacred baboon (Cyno- Det. in Q:::'k.f irn 2 ' sacred baboon' ; ~Q Qk.f 3 ky ' monkey'
cephalus hamadryas) Det. in ~k.f' ~nd 'be furious'.
1 Ex. D. tl B. 7-4 (rnt). • Varr., see Rec. 38, 163; JIZ. 46, 99· to I.
8
Sk.S. 165 (i"!J. alsogf). 4 Rtkk. 8, 37·
33 5[jj 1 monkey Det. monkey, in !!!._'iii/ gf, var. mQli gif, 'monkey'.
1 Ex. D. tl B. 7-4 (gf).
34 & desert hare (s~rt) 1 Phon. wn,ll exx. &_

- wnn 'be • ; 1R:f!t
•_ _ ~ 111
swnI ' sa1e '. 0
1 BH. ii. + I Reading from many Coptic equivalents, exx. w6n 'open';
t1161usk ' wolf'.
Sect. F. Parts of Mammals

F I ~ head of ox Replaces~ k1 E 1 in the formula of offering (p. 1 72) and like.
2 't:J 1
head of infuriated bull Det. in ;:t"t:r rind 'rage •.
1 .Pu7. 30, where the word is written dfli. Cf. Pp. 63 (t;/wl).
3 ~ 1
head ofhippopotamus,1 Semi-ideo. in ~~ 11 'striking power' 1 ; phon. 11 in ~~ var.
later form of a sign ~ ~ ® 11 ' moment', ' attack '.
resembling il F 9 1
1
Thebes, tomb 93. choc?late ~oloured; ~e too ~airo 34,?03 (LACAU, PI. 3)·
SeeJEA. 341 13, for diSCnsaton of the Btgn and 1ts mean10gs.
F 4 cd!) forepart of lion Ideo. in ctf fut 1 'front' and derivatives, ex. ~'0' var. f~Y 2
futy 'heart'. Note~ ~J!y-f 'prince'.
1 Reading, JI.Z. 39, 135; Sphinx 13, 98. t Cat. d. Mon. i. 24, no. 165.
5 head of bubalis, cf. Cf. =~6 ~}I ss1w (sSiw) 2 'bubalis '. Hence phon. or phon.
above E 9 det. ss1 (ss1), exx. =~ 6 ~ ~~ var. ~~ 3 ss1 'be skilled' ;
~}~ 4 ss1w 'prescription'. Sometimes incorrectly as
phon. det. sh, ex.lS~~~ 5 sh 'prayer'.
1 Depicted EH. ii. 4· 2 Written Uin Dyn. V, DAv. Ptah. ii 19. s Urk. iv.
134, 8. ' P. Kak. 5, 20. a Sk. S. 129, qu. § 457·
6 ~ forepart of bubalis
1
Use as last.
1 Ex. Urk. iv. 97, 7·
7 Zi> ram's head Det. in ::c:~ 1 ift 'ram's head', whence also in :,:QQo-zc;
var. 7{> 2 ifyt 'worth ', ' dignity' ; 7{> ifift ' dignity ·. ::=:""
8 :rf 1
forepart of ram Use as last.
1 The common form in Dyn. XVIII; but so already Louvre C 30 (M.K.).
9 <t) head of leopard (61) 1 Det. or abbrev. in ~,'tl'tl var. i p{tty 'strength'.
1 See Rec. 37, 113; also sculptnre from Abu Gur!b in KLEJ!S, Reliefs des altm
Reichs, p. 63.
10 head and neck of long- Det. neck, throat, exx. :t

!JlJ 'throat'; XoQ Qot {ttyt 'throat';
necked animal (Oyn. also activities connected therewith,exx.Jtt~ rm 'swallow';
XVIII) Kit~ nd1 'be parched'.
I I 11 O.K. form of last Use as last.
1 Pyr. 270.
12
1 headandneck of canine Ideo. in Pyr.17I var.1-: 1 wsrt 'neck'. Hence phon. wsr
animal (wsr), exx. 1 ~<::> wsr, var. Pyr. } 1 ~<=> 2 wsr, 'powerful';
1~~ 8 wsr 'oar'.
1 1 8 Westc. 5, 8.
Pyr. z86. Pyr. 297•
13 V horns of ox Ideo. in }'; wpt 'brow', 'top (of forehead)', 'beginning '. 0
Hence phon. wp, ex. '?D{ var. Pyr. }vI wpl 'divide',
'open'; in two words reads lp, viz. 'o'~~ ipt 2 'mission';
Y~~~ ipwty 'messenger', var. Pyr. Qov}~~. 3
0 According to DAWSON, JEA. zz, 1o6, properly the vertex or sagittal line of
head; but the rendering 'brow' seems often needed in untechnical contexts.
I Pyr. 92. 2 Coptic £IOne; also aL. E. var., CERNY, Late Ramesside Letters,
Io, 6. 3 Pyr. 1440; sim. also later, Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1912,958.
I 4 \{j combination of V F I 3 In \{/ 1 var. ~f 2 wpt-rnpt 'New Year's day'.

and f M 4 1 Urk. iv. 824, 9· a Urk. iv. 261, 8.
15 ~ 1 combination of the last Use as last.

and 0 N 5
PARTS 9F MAMMALS Sign-list
F 16 '=horn Ideo. or det. in ~J'- var. ';= 1 db 'horn'; l~o'\... ftnt 'horn';
-aj'\... var. '\... 11 rb 'horn'. From this last, phon. or phon.
det. rb, exx. -sJ~~ rbr 'boast'; ~'\...j 8 m..rb 'together
with' (§ 178).
1 P. med. Berl. u, u (Dyn. XIX)=Eb. 4S, 16. t Rec. 39, II7. See too ib.
as, 6r. • D.e/B. 112. Sim. rMII-r'breakfast', l!rk. iv. so6, 10, cf. i!J. 59, 7·
17 ~ combination of'\... F I 6 In -sj}~ 1 var. ~,,,s rbw 'purification'.

and a vase with 1 D.1IB.63. 1 D. e/ B. S6, 3·
water, cf. f1 D 6o
18 ~ tusk of elephant Det. tooth, exx. Qj 1'- var. "7"" 1 ibft ' tooth ' ; ~ 1~'- n{tdt
'tooth'; also actions connected therewith, exx. ~l'-~
psft ' bite ' ; u~~ sot ' laugh , (infltlenced by soft ' cry' ?).
From ibft, phon. or phon. det. oft, exx. ~'jr;J b{ts 'calf';
tH'-~ soft 'cry'. For unknown reason, 1a phon. det. ftw
in l}'-~ Qw ' I:I u ', the god of authoritative utterance ;
l}f¥:1 ftw 'sustenance' ; hence in group-writing (§ 6o) ~
is ft 11 , ex. ~i Mft 'Mal)u ',a personal name. In words
reading ob, exx. J'oF=l ob c firmament', j q~~ bilt
'wonder', '- is possibly not a tooth, bnt a metal spout. 3
Phon. det. bi injQ~ var. jQo~ bit' 'character'.
1 1 BO'RCHARDT S 95•
Eb. S9, If. la A suggestion, Ann. 43, 28+
s Jz.
as, 15I. • Aim. p. '82.
19 e::!J 1 lower jaw-bone of ox 1 Det. in ~..lJ rrt 'jaw'.
1 Thebes, tomb IOO. 1 Ann. 44, 313, n. I.
20 \ tongue of ox ? Ideo. in~ ns 'tongue'. Hence phon. ns (ns) 1 , exx. St}

n(y)-sw 'he belongs to'(§ 114, 2); S~<>~ nsr 'flame'.
Det. actions connected with tongue, ex. ~"\~ dp
'taste'. Sportive ideo. in "\ 11 imy-r 'overseer', lit. 'one
who is in the mouth' (§ 79). Sometimes confused with
the abbreviated det. for death, enemy, ~ Z 6.
1
For the reading with I, see nJr ' flame', Pyr. 295.
21 .t/7 ear of ox? Ideo. or det. ear, exx. m~~.e var. 1 1 msgr 'ear'; SfSf~
rn!Jwy ' the two ears' ; also in actions connected with ear,
exx. 4 sjm, var. Pyr. ~ ~~ 11 sdm, ' hear' ; Q~ idi 'be
deaf'. Phon. or phon. det. idn (cf. Hebr. llN 'ear') in
q::~ var. ~ ~ idn 'replace'; ~ o}i idnw ' deputy'. In
medical papyri 1 'leaf (of a tree)' is to' be read drti, cf.
the late var. .!;_'{.er 3 ; there too .e~.-..' sdm (Pyr. sdm)
' paint' (eyebrows), after sdm c hear' had become sdm.
1 Eb. 92, 5 compared with 92, 3· t Pyr. 146I. 1 SeeP. med. Berl.
vs. 3, 7 (ed. WR.ESZINSKI, p. 48) compued with Eb. 62, 20. ' Eb. 59, 10.
F 22 ~ hind-quarters of lion or Ideo. in ~~' p(zwy 'hind-quarters', 'end'; hence phon.

leopard or phon. det. p(z, exx. ~ var. _&l.ll 1 p(z 'reach'; ~,<n<np(zty
'strength'. Det. in~~~ 2 kj1 'bottom' (of vase, etc.);
hence ph on. or phon. det. kji in ~~.,!? 3 var. ~? 4 kfi-ib
'trusty'. Also det. in ~~ rrt 'hind-quarters'.
1 1 4
Berl. AI. i. p. 257, 8. Eb. 54, 22, s Pt. 433· Cairo 20266, b 8; 20399•
1
23 ~ foreleg of ox (thus al- Ideo. or det. in ~....-avar. ~ !Jps 'foreleg', 'arm'. Det. in
ways in hieratic) ffi~®~}~~ Ms(Jtyw 'the Great Bear', lit. 'the Foreleg'.
2
1 2
MoLL. Pal. i. 164. Sim. Five Th. T. 3· LAc. TR. zo, 89, cf. Griff. Stud. 373·
24 ~ 1 the same reversed Use as last.

1 Common in hieroglyphic at all periods; exx. O.K., CAPART, Rue 98. 100; M.K.,
..!Ykir ii. 2; iii. 21; Dyn. XVIII, Five Tk. T. 4·
25 ] leg and hoof of ox 1 Ideo. in J7 w(zmt 'hoof' of ox. 2 By transference to donkey,

semi· ideo. in j_~ 111 3 abbrev. j w(zm(t ?) 'hoof', figura-
tivelyfor'asses'.4 Hence phon. w(zm in j~ w(zm 'repeat',
0. K. var. }1~. 5 and derivatives.
1 KEIMER, Ann. 44, 311. 1 Of ox, Onom. Ram. 2Rr in AEO i. 16 (read wl;mt
for wkmt). 8 Dend. 11, top right. 4 Rec. 38, 61. a JiQUIER, Les
Pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit, PI. 13, 382 =Pyr. 1622, b; pointed out as cor-
rection of accepted reading. wkm (see Rec. 24, 189) in Wb. Belegstellen to i. 3+01 11.
26 '5flJ skin of a goat 1 Ideo. in 'JPI7 2 var. :§a~ 3 !J,nt 'skin·. Hence phon. !J,n(w), 4
exx. :§o}L.J /Jnw 'interior'; '§.ll !ln 'approach'.
1 MONTET p. 316. 2 PETRIE, Deshashe/z 2l. • Eb. fO, 2.
4 Reading, Pyr. 334, variants of mflnt ' ferry· boat'.
27 ~ cow's skin ° Det. skin, exx. =.!, ~ 1 d(zr 'hide', 'leather'; ffi ru ~ ~ mskl
'skin', 'rug'; mammals generally, exx. ~=~ 3 wns
'wolf'; ~o}~ 'jJ1tw 'mouse'.
0 See the markings above, PI. r, top. 1 Westc. 12, 5· 2 Munich 3, 21
s J'eas. R 15. 4 Eb. 98, 2.
28 ~ alternative form of last This form is regular as ideo. dappled in~~ I var. ru~7~ 2
s1b swt 'variegated offeathers ',epithet of the solar Horus,
r
cf. Pyr. ~J 3 s1b ' variegated'. Sometimes replaces f 1b
(U 23), ex. ~J~ 4 Jbtlw 'Abydus ·.
1 Exx. with winged disk, D. el .B. 96 ; flying falcon, ib. 93· 2 Brit. M us.
8l6, 9=Rec. I, 70. s Pyr. I2II; cf. the common O.K. man's name S1bw, exx.
Dyu. I, DE MoRGAN, Recherches, ii. p. 235, fig. 786; Dyn. V, Urk. i,' 8l, 8.
4 LAC. Sarc. i. 184 (coliated); MAR. Abyd. ii. 22.
29 y cow's skin pierced by Ideo. or det. in ~""-!( var. -if~ sti (Hi) 1 'pierce' and deriva-
an arrow tives. Also phon. st, ex. ~-!(=~ 2 Stt' (the goddess) Satis ',
in spite of the fact that Pyr. write this name ~1:::::>~~ 3 Stit
with t instead of t.
1 s Pyr. I u6; see .itZ. 45, 24.
Pyr. 1197·
PARTS OF MAMMALS Sign-list
F 30 ~ water-skin Cf. :J}~ sdw 'water-skin ',1 'cushion '. 2 Hence phon. sd,
exx. ~~ var. Pyr. ~= 3 sdi 'draw forth'; }:!~ var.
}~~ 4 wsd 'address', 'question'.
1 Rec. u, II9; cf. PETRIE, Desnaslteh I9, O.K. ex. with det. waterskin.
I R elth. ~. I. 8 Pyr. 1030. • Brit. Mus. 57 4t 3·
3I m three foxes' skins tied Cf. ffio 2 mst 'apron of foxes' skins'. Hence phon. ms (mr),
together 1 exx. rn~4l msi, var. Pyr. ~~ffi s mJi, 'give birth';
m~=~/?1' msdmt 'black eye-paint'.
1 Bibliography, JiQ. 93· 1 LAC. Sore. ii. I63. a Pyr. 1466. • Eo. 33, 3·
32 e= animal's belly showing Ideo. in:=; flt 'belly', 'body'. Hence phon. f1. 2
teatS and tail 1 1 Medum, PI. u, with p. 30. 1 SETHE, Alphabet I 55·
33 ~ 1 tail Det. in ~~ sd (sfi) 2 'tail'. Hence phon. or phon. det. sd,

ex. ~~'- var. '-~ s sdty, a title.
1 Thebes, tomb 93· 1 Pyr. 1302. 1 Thebes, tomb 93·
34 'V heart Ideo. in '9'var. Pyr. QJ'9' 1 ib 'heart'. Det. in ~'0' (uty 'heart'.
1 Pyr. 3Il•
35 ~ heart and windpipe 1 For unknown reason, phon. nfr in ~:;;:: nfr, rare var. -•:::, 2
' good ' and related words.
1 Hier. p. 65. Cf. 'Av8ptfnrou tcaplilt~ ~rlpll"fYOS 'hP'"If.ltJ111, Ayulloil Av8ptfnrou trr&JUZ.
IT'll'"{"•'• HORAPOLLO, Hierog!yphica, 2, 4· 2 Cairo 2001 I ; cf. also Copt. nufe
'good'.
36 ~ lung and windpipe 1 Cf. t~ ~ 2 smJ 'lung'. Hence phon. or phon. det. smJ (zm1)
in :Jt s var. t:~~ sm1 (zm1) 4 'unite' and derivativfts.
1 AZ• .p, So. 'Eo. 99, I3. 8 Leyd. V 4, 5· • Pyr. 2015.
3 7 -fflfb backbone and ribs Ideo. or det. in Q~~~ var. Tflll7 2 ilt 'back'. Det. in .!_~ 3
psd 'back'. By confusion with~ M 21, phon. det. sm in
~ ~~' sm 'succour'.
1 BH. i. 25, 34· 1 Sin. B I41. a Vrk. iv. 947, 15. ' Brit. Mus. 58I ;
Leyd. V 4, 9; rather different, Menthuu•. II.
38 ~ 1 alternative to last Det. in.!_~ psd 'back'.

(Dyn. XVIII) 1
Also with four ribs, ex. Cairo 34010,11 (LACAU, PI. 7)= Vrk. iv. 614. 7·
39 UfiJ\ backbone with spinal Ideo. in~~ var. QJ.~ im1!J, 'spinal cord',2 whence also Q-J'~
cord 1 issuing from it var. ~ im1{J 'venerated state'. Rarely det. in o ~Ji;\ 8 psrj
'back'.
1 So DAWSON,JEA. ~2, 107; ScHAFER.had suggested•marrow',see MOLL. Pal. i.
p. !6, n. 1. 1 AZ. 47, 126. 8 Dyn. XVIII, Vrk. i~. 373, 9; O.K., Pyr. 5I7.
40 lffD.. portion of backbone Ideo.(?) in""'} 1wi 'stretch out', 'be long'. Possibly hence
with spinal cord issu- .1/ll ~"'= lWt' ouenngs
phon. JW, 1 exx. ttJt t:r • ~Jt 1 1 1 lW ' magm-
' ; ~~~fi .
111
ing at both ends ficence '.
1 Reading, see PSBA. r8, 1i7; cf. also lW 'announce', P;yr. 1141.
F 41 ~ vertebrae convention- Rarely det. in ~{; 1 psd 'back'. As det. of '.::i~ 2 srt 'lust
ally depicted for blood' from an old sign ~ 3 depicting stalks of flax
tied together and the boils cut off. 4
1 2
D. tl B. 116. Urk. iv. 18, 5; also Ird' cut off', Urk. iv. 1!9-4, 11. s Pyr.
4
763. nu. See the scene Palieri 3·
42 ~rib Ideo. ordet. in~ 1 var. ~~- 2 spr(spr) 'rib'. 3 Hence phon.
spr (spr) in :;:.Jl spr ' approach' and derivatives. Similar
signs with which- is liable to be confused are- D 24,
- N 1 1, and """"' N 1 2.
1 P. Boul. xi. vs. 8. I Siut I, 30- s Pyr. Sx.
43 W 1 ribs of beef Det. in ~ o l ~ 2 sp[tt ' ribs of beef'.

1 Meir iii. ~ 5 ; see the picture ib. i. J o.
44 ~ leg-bone with adjoining (r) Det. in ~~ iwr 1 'thigh (of beef)', 'femur'; 2 hence
meat (two different, •
ph on. d et. or ph on. zwr, '. h . ' ~~3
~~ zwr tn ent ; o 1 1 1
exx. A!{_, •
seldom distinguish- iwrt ' heritage'. ( 2) Det. in .}~ 4 swt (Swt) ' leg of t
able, signs) beef', ' tibia' ; 2 hence phon. isw (iSw) in ~ .}~ var.
Qi~}~ isw, 5 var. O.K. ~~.} 6 iw, 'exchange'.
1 Sittt I, 276; cf. Pyr. 1546. 2 See LORTET·GAILLARD, Lafaunemomijile, p. ix.
a EH. i. 32. • D.el B. 107. uo; cf. Pyr. 64- 1 References, p. 132, top.
• Urk. i. 2, 8.
45 i bicornuate
heifer 1
uterus of Ideo. or det. in ~T 2 var. r~ a idt (?) 4 'vulva', 'cow'.
1 PSBA. 21, 277; verified together with Griffith in an Oxford laboratory.
2 3 Eb. 96, 5·
P. Kalt. 5, 2. • For this reading, not l;mt. see on 0 N 41.
46 ~1 intestine Ideo. in LJ~j~ 2 /pb 'intestine'; hence semi-ideo. in ~Ll~

J:= m-lpb 'in the midst of'(§ 178); LJj:,: /f(J)b 'double'.
Ideo. and later phon. also in ~ jl var. :;:.Jl p!Jr 'turn',
'go round' and derivatives; var. ::.Jl dbtt 'go
round' and derivatives. Det. (from Dyn. XII) in lJ'jl
= j=
wdb, var. }=j~ 3 wdb, 'turn' and derivatives.
1 That this, rather than any of the forms F 47-49, is the correct form is shown
by its frequency in good hieroglyphic texts and by the hieratic evidence, see M5LL.
Pal. i. no. 183. Hieroglyphic exx.: m-~1b, Paheri 9, 11; p!Jr, O.K., Gemn. i. II;
M.K., Cat. d. Mon. i. I 55; Dyn. XVIII, D. el B. 6~. IS-4; Palieri g, 7; dQn
'deben-weight ', O.K., Berl. AI. i. 72 (no. 8032); Saqq. Mast. i. 2; Dyn. XVIli,
Puy. 36; NORTHAMPT. I, ~~; wtjb 'cloth (l) ', D. el B. 109; wgb 'shore', Palieri
g, 2-4. 2 Eb. 42, n. 3 Sinai 139, Io.
47 =====> 1 alternatives to last Use as last.

1 Varies with F 46 for p!Jr in Pyr.; Urk. iv. 270, 7; D. el B. Io. 45; dim, D. el B. 81.
(4 7) <==; 2 (N.B. No confusion 2 Ex. p!Jr, D. el B. 11. a Regularly for dbn 'deben·weight' in the Annals of
( )~ with._, M 11 before Tuthmosis III, exx. Urk. iv. 699· 718. 733; contrast Pllr:. Urk. iv. 655, 9· 14.
46 Exceptionally also p!Jr, Rekli. 3• :n. • In wtjb, Amarn. iii. 20. Probably never
the Amarna period) in ~lb, p!Jr, or dbn.
48 ~3
49 =====:;;
BIRDS Sign-list
F 50 + combination of
and ~ s 29
(:3 F 46 In +
l
1
sp!Jr, var. O.K.
Rkind, title. I
P.!a:: 2
WEILL, Dlcr., PI. ...

sp!Jr, • copy', • write out'.
I.
Sl piece of flesh (also Det. 1imb, flesh, exx. ~ rt 'limb'; l~ IJr 'flesh '; parts
sometimes ~) of the body, exx. ~LJ~ nlfbt • neck', 'shoulder'; ::~
mist 'liver' ; meat, ex. Q}~ iwf' meat'. As abbrev. ~ 1
is found for l~s IJ,rw 'members', 'body'; and ~s for~~~ kns
'vagina'. Possibly a different sign is ~' as phon. IS or
ws in ~r!/ 5 Jst 'Isis' and ~~ 8 Wsir 'Osiris ', writings
found on the M. K. coffins for some superstitious reasons ;
the former has as rare variant _d~.' In Dyn. XIX or
before ~ changes into the egg ~ H 8 and subsequently ~
becomes a generic det. for goddesses.
1 Vrk. iv. 959, 2. s lb. 9· 8 Eb. 94 1 5· 8, cf. 93, 21. ' Note the position.
It has been proposed to derive this phonetic sign from lsw 'testicle' ( Wb. i. 131), see
NOR.THAMPT. p. 9*; another possibility is that it is an adaptation of the hieratic
sign for' son' (s1), which is likewise later shown in hieroglyphic as the egg; see on H S.
1 LAC. TR. a, Sr; LAC. Sarc. ii. p. u9. 1 JfZ. 46, 9+ ' PETRIE, Giu!
and Rift! 13 F; CAPART, Recueil de Monuments i. ao.
52 ~ 1
excrement (Pyr.) Det. in Pyr. H~ Ifs 'excrement'.
1 P)'r. u7. Later replaced, first by tJ N 32 and then by 0 Aa 2.
Sect. G. Birds
Gr Egyptian vulture (Neo- Ideo. in Pyr. ~ 2 1 'vulture'; hence phon. 1. Often indis-
p!tron percnopterus) 1 tinguishable from ~ (tyw) G 4·
1 Bier. p. 19- • P)'r. 1303; sim. ib. I7l9. In the more general sense 'bird',
Louvre C 14, 10,
2 ~ two vultures ~ G I as Phon. 11, ex. ~~ mn 'see'.

monogram
3 ~ combination of ~ G 1 Plion. m1, ex. ~~ ~'~ smJIW)' 'renew'.
and> U I
4 ~1 the long-legged buzzard Phon. tyw, exx. 1.!.~.~. !Jrtyw-ntr 'necropolis workmen';
(Buteo ferox) ~.Jl ~- i·tywn{y) 'welcome ye ! ' {§ 3 I 3). Reading, see
§ 79· Often indistinguishable from ~ {1) G I. 2
1 A brown bird, with head rounded and breast more prominent than in G r, see
Bier. 1, no. 1 ; cf. SHELLEY, Birds of Eopt, Pl. IX. • Ex. Cairo 20046, qu. §.,.ss.
5 ~ falcon {exact species Ideo. in~ var. Pyr.l!_}~s lf'rw '{the falcon-god) Horus'.
not determined 1) 1 So KEIMER; taken to be Fa/eo peregrinus by LORET, Bull. 3, I; BENEDITE,
Faucon ou ipervier, in Monuments Piol, 1909. I Pyr. x69o.
G 6
~ falcon with flagellum j\ Det. in J Q=-- ~ 1 bik ' falcon '.
s 45 1
Urk. iv. 159, 13.
7
~ falcon of Horus on the
standard 1 R I 2
Det. in the O.K. writing l.!.~ 1 Qr(w) 'Horus '. Hence·
in O.K. and later often archaistically det. of gods, ex.
q:;:~ 'Imn ' Amun ', or of the king, ex. t :_ ~ nsw ' king'.
So too regularly in hieratic, while hieroglyphic prefers ~
A 40. Also ideo. in pronouns of Ist _pers. sing. when the
king is speaking, exx. ~ 2 ·l, .}~ 3 wl ' I ', ' me'.
1 Urk. i. 1;p, 3· 2
See p. 39, n. 3· s Urk. iv. 158, 16.
7* ~ falcon in boat 1 Ideo. for the god of the X I I th nome of Upper Egypt, whose
name ~~ has been inferred from somewhat complicated
7** ~ variant form of G 7* 1 data to read rnty '<Anty ', meaning perhaps literally 'he
with the claw(s) '. This god occurs also in other parts
of Upper Egypt, particularly in the XVIIIth nome, where
his name was possibly read differently. Closely connected
was also a biune god rntywy '<Antywey' worshipped in
the X th nome and elsewhere, whom the Greeks equated
with their mythical giant Antaeus. 2
1 For the sources of these forms see ]EA. 17, 246. 2 Full discussions in AEO.
ii., see the Index p. 317 under <Anty and <Antywey.
For~ as old symbol of the West, see R I 3· For~ see 0 10.
8 ~ falcon of Horus on the In title of the king ~ Qr (or bik ?) n nbw 'Horus (or
sign for gold~ S 12 falcon?) of gold '. 1
1 See p. 73 above.
9 falcon of Horus bear- ln ~ 1 Rr-Qr-1/Jty '(the composite god) Re<-Barakhti:

1 In cnrtouche of the Aten, SET HE, GiJttinger Nackrickten, 1921, 109, n. 1, cf. Urk.
ing the sun 0 N 5 iv. 144-5· The sun behit1d the falcon of Horus in royal titularies w2~ perhaps not
on head read, cf. Urk. iv. 211, 15 with i6. 4·
I o ~ 1 falcon on a special Det. in~~ 2 Skr (Zkr) '(the god) Sokar '.'~ Also det. in
sacred bark [:;:o.} ~ 3 (znw 'the (znw-bark (of Sokar) '.
1 Leyd. Denkm. i. 17 (Zkr). 2 Dend. 8; BuDGE, p. 38, 13. 2• The often
used Soknris appenrs to he n spurious clnssical form; it is doubtful whether ~OJXaf'11~
as personal name is derived from that of the god, see AEO. ii. 124.* s NAV. eh.
I, 21. Sim. Pyr 138.
11 ~ archaic image of a Det. in~~~ rsm (also r!Jm, r!Jm) 'divine image'; also in
falcon LJ ~ 1 snbt • breast·.
1 Urk. iv. 612, 4·
12 ~ archaic image of falcon Like ~ G I I, det. in~~ r!Jm 'divine image '. 1
With flagellum j\ 1 BRUGSCH, Tkes. 1078.
s 45
BIRDS Sign-list
archaic image of falcon Ideo. in .t..@ 1 var. Pyr. ~@ QQ 2 Qr NIJn(y) '(the god)
with the double Horus of Nekhen ',i.e. of Hieraconpolis. Det. in A}.t... 3
plumes fD S 9 Spdw (Spdw) 4 1 (the god) Sopd '.
1 1
Urk. iv. 130, 12; 134, 4· ' P)'r. 295· Sinai 115. 4 Reading, see
Pyr. 1534; LAC. TR. 2o, 14-15.
I4 ~ vulture (Gyps fulvus ; Det. in Pyr. :;:~.:::. 1 nrt 'vulture'; hence phon. det. nr, ex.
cf.~ H 4) ::;:} ~ ~! nrw ' terror'. For obscure reason Ia in ~ o ~
mwt 'mother', Copt. maau; hence phon. mt, exx. ~t;.; 2
r!Jmt 'river-bank·, t;.,.: :f;;3: 3 mbt 'road'.
1 Pyr. 1 ri 8. 1• DAV. Ptak. i. 19. 1 Peas. R 57· 3 Siut l, 230.
IS ~ vulture with flagellum Ideo. in~ 1 Mwt 1 (the goddess) Mut'.

j\S45(Dyn. XVIII) 1
Urk. iv. 413,16.
I6 ~ the vulture-goddess In~ nbty 'Two-Ladies', title of the king. 1

N ekh bet and the eo bra- 1 See p. 73 for the reading and interpretation.
goddess Edjo on
baskets = V 3 o
I7 ~ owJl Cf. Coptic .t.'-''i'A~-x 'owl'. 2 Phon. m.

1 According to KEIMER the hieroglyphs show several members of the family of
Strigidae. NEWIIERRY states that the sign as here printed depicts the Barn owl
(Tyto alba alba). 2 SETHE, Alplzabet 153·
I 8 ~ two owls as monogram Phon. mm, ex. ;.~1 lmm 'not having been'. In Dyn.
XVIII ~seems to be used for Q~ im 'therein'(§ 205).
1 D. tl B. 76.
I9 ~ combination of~ G I 7 Phon. m (originally mi), ex. ~~~ mhy 'be neglectful'.
and~ D 37 (Dyn. See~ D 37 and I:WI D 38.
XVIII)
20 ~ combination of~ G I 7 Use as last.

and - l l D 36 (Dyn.
XVIII)
2I ~~ Sennar guinea- fowl Ideo. in ~' ~ 2 1t{t the n{t-bird '. Phon. 1z{t, exx. ~ l1b 1z{ti
1
(Numida m. melea- 1
pray'; ~U0 1z{t{t eternity'. Some sculptors assimilate
1
gris) ta this sign to ~ G I or} G 43. 3

1 Exx. O.K., MoLL. Pal. i. no. 229; Dyn. XVIII, Rekk. 2, 12. 1• ]EA. a6,
79; earlier also Ann. 38, 253· 689. 2 BUDGE, p. 397, Il. s For the latter
see]EA. 26, So, n. 1 and above p. 361, n. 3·
22 ~1 hoopoe ( Upupa epops) Phon. db in ~J ~ 1 var. Pyr. b = 2 dbt, var. N.K. ~J ~ dbt,
'brick'.
1 L. D. iii. 56, A.
G 23 ~1 lapwing ( Vanellus cr£- Phon. or phon. det. YQ(y)t in '";QQo~.~~ var. ~ 1 7 1 rQyt
status) ' common folk'.
1 DA v. Plan. i. x8, no, 410, with p. lO. See too the picture Tn. T. S. i. frontispiece.
24 ~ lapwing with wmgs Use as last.

twisted round one 1
Ann. 26, x86; AEO. i. xox•.
another 1
25 ~1 crested ibis (Ibis coma- Ideo. or semi-ideo. in ~ 2 var. ~s IQ 'spirit', 'spirit-like
la) nature', Hence semi-phon. IQ in ~ IQ 'be glorious',
' beneficial ' and derivatives.
1 Hier. p. 21; Bull. Ij, 183; Ann. 30, 24; 38, 263. 2
Pyr. 474·
s A·z. 57. 137·
26 ~ sacred ibis (Ibz's rel£- Det. in ru.J~ 1 hb 'ibis'. Det. in ~~~ varr. ~. )l}~ 2
giosa) on the standard .O!twty '(the ibis-god) Thoth ',
1 R 12 1 BRUGSCH, Tiles, 1075• • A·z. sx, ss.
;!6* ~ sacred ibis Use as last, but very rarely without the standard.
27 ~ flamingo (Phoen£co- Det. in ~~ 2 dsr' flamingo'. Hence semi-phon. dsr in ~~
pterus roseus) 1 var. ~-=- dsr ' red ' and derivatives.
1 Coloured red, Medum, frontispiece, no. 6. I B. ofD. ed. LEPS., eh. 31 1 9·
28 ~black ibis (Pie,![ad£s Cf. O.K. m~ 1

gmt 'thegmt-bird '. Hence phon. gm, 2 exx.
falcinellus) 0 ~ ~ gmi 'find' ; ~ ~ll!C=•· gm!t 'look at'.
o GUNN, Teti, i. xog, n. 4; Ann. 30, 20. 1 Legend to a picture of the bird
flying, A"z. 38, PI. 5· 2 Reading, compare gmf!Jw in Pyr. 250 with BUDGE,
p. 461, 12.
29 )r. jabiru (Ephippiorhyn- Ideo. in jj.. 01 'soul (in bird form)'. Hence phon. 01, exx.
chus senega!ensis) 1 ~it b1k 'servant'; e.J)r ~::5 QOI 'destroy'. In group-
writing (§ 6o) ~ or t.Sr or .J )r is used for b 2•
1 Ann. 30, 1. I BURCHARDT § 41 •
30 ~ three jabirus as mono- In ~ b1w 'spirits', 'might'.

gram
31 "j. heron (Ardea c£nerea Det. in .,! o} "]'-. bnw (bynw) 2 ' phoenix'. A very similar
or A rdea purpurea) 1 bird is det. in l. ~"]'-. s snty ' heron '.
1
JiZ. x6, 104. I Urk. iv. 113 1 14- Cf. JiZ. 61, Io6.
32 ~ heron on a perch Ideo. or det. in .J......l!l:~ var. ~ 1 br!ti 'be inundated'.

1 Urk. iv. t 165, 14••
33 "jr1
buff-backed egret? Det. in Pyr. ~= ~ ~ 12 sd1 'the sd1-bird '. Hence phon. det.
(A rdea £bis ?) in~=~~ sdJ 'tremble'; ~= ~=~ ~~ sd1d1 'tremble'.
1 Cairo 34010, 12 (LACAU, PI. 7) = Urk. iv. 616, 8. 1 Pyr. 2152.
34 ~1 ostrich (Struth£o came- Det. in ~} '5r 1 var. --t~ 2 var. Pyr. ~'sr 3 niw 'ostrich'.
!us) 1 Cairo 34001, t8 (LACAU, PI. x)= Urk. iv. 19, xo. 1 Eb. 59, 19. 1 Pyr. 469.
470
BIRDS Sign-list
G 35 ~~ cormorant (Phalacro- Phon. r~, exx. ~..ll var. it..ll 2
r~ 'enter' ; ~};=:=: r~
corax) 'revenue', 'provisions'.
1 See the picture BH. iv. n. 1 JiZ. 57, 6•.
36 ~ swallow or martin 1 (one Phon. wr 2, exx. <=> ~ wr 'great' ,· <=> ~l \-11

O wrk •
'anoint'. A
of the Hirundidae. similar sign is det. in ;;:~a mnt 'swallow'. 4
Note the swallow 1 So CARTER, confirmed by KEIMER, who insists that it is impossible to define
the species more closely. Coloured facsimiles, differing much in detail, Metlum,
tail) frontispiece no. 4 ; Hiw. PI. I, no. 3 ; contrasted with the ' bad ' bird, below G 3 7,
see Bull. Metr. Mus. New York, Egyptian Expedition, 1916-7, IS, fig. I7.
2 Reading, cf. Coptic OTHP • how much' •Eg. wr (§ 501); but also varr. in Pyr.
IJS3 (nwrw) and kindred words. 8 Urk. iv. 1 I3, 13. 4 Hier. p. 20.
37 ~ sparrow 1 (Passer do- Det. small, exx. ;:;~~ abbrev. ~ 2 n4s (ntil) 3 'small';
mesticus aeg;jJtiacus. l~J~ 4 l;ns ' narrow ' ; bad, defective, exx. .J Q~ bin
Note the rounded 'bad'; ~}~ sw 'empty'; YA~ mr 'ill', 'diseased';
tail) ~~ 1~ 'perish'.
1 So CARTER, confirmed by KEIMER. Represented with approximative accuracy
as a small brown bird, spotted with dark brown on the sides of the throat and crop;
see Bull. Metr. Mu.r. New York, Egyptian Expedition, 1916-7, 18, fig. 1S; i/J.
1922-3, 35, fig. 29. 1 Tk. T. S. i. II, row 2. 8 Pyr. 912, 4 Peas. R 45·
38 ~ white-fronted goose Det. in 0. K. m.J~ 2 gb ' the gb-goose' ; hence semi-phon.

(A nser albifrons) 1 gb in ~.J~ Gb, var. m.J.J~ Gbb, '(the earth-god) Geb',
Gk. K~/3. 8 Det. in~~ r, :;:o~ trp, names of kinds of
geese 4 ; alsoin ~~~1pd'bird', 'goose'. Thistypemay
be employed in place of the more exact ~ G 39 in words
containing SI (z1), except when the originals clearly mark
the pintail. It may be employed for the indeterminate
birds serving as ph on. det. in }-.~ ~ ~ wfi ' talk ' ;
};;:~..ll wsf 'be idle'; }~~..ll wdf 'delay' (§ 352);
and 1~~~~ 6 /;tm 'perish'. Lastly, it maybe used for
the generalized det. of birds and insects found in hieratic/
exx. :=:!..e~ 7 tnl;r 'hawk(?)'; '"t~ 8 niw 'ostrich';
=o~ ~,~, 9 snl;mw 'locusts'.
1 Hier. p. 22; Bull. Metr. Mus. New York, Egyptian Expedition I916-7, 19.
1 O.K., L. D. ii. 61, B; N.K., P. Harris ;oo, recto, 4, 7· 9• 1 Reading, JiZ.
24, I; 43, I47; SI, 5S. 59· 4 DAV, Ptall. i. p. 2I; cf. Gemn. i. II. 12.
1 A goose according to Hier. p. 22. • MoLL. Pal. i. no. 217. ' Peas. B I, I75·
8 E/J. S6, II. t Hears/ I.oJ, 7•
39 ~ pintail duck (Dafila Det. in -;:~ 2 st (zt, perhaps for z1t) 'pintail duck'. Hence
acuta) 1 ph on. SI (z1), exx. ~ i {SI) 8 ' son ' ; \:"~}~ SIW ' beam :.
' plank ' ; l \:" ""~ l;s1t ' the divine l;s1t-cow '. This type
may, if preferred, be employed in place of ~ G 38 in
the indefinite uses where the actual nature of the bird in
question is unknown.
1 Hier. p. :u; Bull. Melr. Mus. New York, Egyptian Expedition I916-7, 19.
I Ptak. (E. R. A.) 37; Ti 25. 8 Reading with s, Pyr. 1130,
471
G 40 AA pintail duck flying Ideo. in Pyr. o~~ 1 later var. o~~-- 2 p1 'fly'. Hence
phon. jJJ, exx. ~ p1 'the' (§ 110); -;~~- spJ 'centi-
pede'. In group-writing (§ 6o) ~ (hieratic "''t~) is used
for p. 3 In Dyn. XII~ is occasionally used for "'t G 41.'
In hieratic ~ is always replaced by "'t G 41, as also
occasionally in hieroglyphic. 5
1 Pyr. 463. 2 BUDGE, p. 493, 12. 1 BURCHARDT § 46. f A'z. 391 11{,
8 (bn); BB. i. 25, 10 (tn). 6 See G 41, n. 10.
41 ""ft. pintail duck alighting Det. in,.! "'t..ll (Jni 'alight ',1 'halt' ; hence phon. det. (Jn, ex.
,.!"'t ~ (Jn ' speech ', ' sentence '. For unknown reasons,
phon. or phon. det. *mi in LlgQQa"''t, ~ 12 var. "'t.QQ,'f,3 *myt
'gum'; phon. det. sl;:w in ~ ~'~ "'t~ 4 sftwy' collect'. The
combination )"'.:{' 6 is used to show that I is the throw-stick
I T 14, not the identically shaped warrior's club, serving
as det. in Ll>~ l"'t~ 6 var. LJ>
~ 17 *m'' throw', whence
Ll> ~ l"'t.~ *m' 'create'; also in ~,:_ l"'ti 8 mtn, O.K.
~=) 9 m{n, 'nomad hunter', whence phon. det. {n, tn,
exx. ~gy~~ m{n 'road'; ::l"'t. {ni, var. .:l"'t. tni,
'distinguish'. Before Dyn. XVIII "'t is sometimes used
for~ G 40 in hieroglyphic, 10 as always in hieratic, 11 where
it often serves, like~ G 38, as an indefinite det. for birds.
1
Contrasted with PI 'fly', Pyr. 366. 1 Eb. 68, 4• 1 Eb. 68, 7; see
AZ. 31, uS. ~ BUDGE, p. 228, u. Sim. Urk. iv. 84, 2. 1 Occasionally in
Dyn. XVIII (ex. tn, Palzeri 9, 39) the bird's head hangs as though it had been
struck; so often later. e Westc. 4, ro. 7 LAC. TR. H, 69. 8 Sin. R 50.
9 L. D. ii. 6, as proper name. 10 Exx. p. 395, nn. 3· 6; Louvre C II, 3· 6; C 12, 6.
11 MoLL. Pal. i. no. 221 compared with no. 222.
42 ~ fatted duck or wid- Ideo. in ~ 2 var. ~~~ "'t.~ 3 var. O.K. }=~' wSI 'fatten';
geon? 1 also in~~~ 6 tij(;) 6 'provisions'.
1Bier. p. 23. Cf. too w}lf 'widgeon (!) ', WRESZINSKI, Atlas i. 27. 2 BB.
i. 27. s Eb. 89, 3, where the generalized det. G 41 is used. ' Gemn. i. II.
6 Urk. iv. I165, 13. Sim. ib. 1222, 4· 8 For the radical I see Verbum i. § 7~, 2.
43 } quail chick 1 For unknown reason, phon. w.

1 Bier. p. 21 ; Ann. 30, 6.
For~. the hieroglyphic adaptation of the hieratic abbreviated form of} G 43, see Z 7·
44 ~ two quail chicks} G 43 Ph on. ww, ex. ~)? ~ pftww ' end '.
as monogram
45 ~ combination of} G 43 Phon. wr, ex. -jt}\-.11 wrw ' soldier'.

and -DD 36
combination of} G 43 Phon. mJw, ex.~~_: m mJwt 'anew'.
and> U 1
BIRDS Sign-list
G 47 ~ duckling 0 Ideo. in ,71! 1 {1 'nestling'. Hence phon. {1, 2 exx. ~~ qqf='\:.l
{ly 'male'; =~"'~ {1e{1t 'baldachin '. In group-writing
(§ 6o) ,71! is used for P
o ]EA. 27, 133. 1 Amarn. vi. 27 1 7· Sim. lrf. u K. vs. 2, 2. 2 Reading,
Sphinx 19, 59· s BURCHARD'J' § I.j.l.
48 ~ 1 three ducklings~ G 4 7 Det. in=~ 2 ss (zS?) 'nest'. Sometimes ~stakes the place
in nest of~.
1 O.K., Gebr. i. 5, with the scene. 1 D. el B. 131.
qu. p. g6, n. 9·
49 ~ ducks' heads protrud- Ideo. or det. in ;;:~ 2 var. ~ 3 ss (zs ?) 'bird-pool', 'nest'.
ing from a pool1 1 See Ti 23;. Eerslz. i. 2o, where the water of the pool is clearly marked.
• Amarn. vi. 16, I g. Sim. sJy, Urk. iv. SgS, 9· 1 Bersk. i. 20.
50 ~ 1 two plovers(?) as mono- In ]?~~ 1/IJ.ty 2 ' fuller', ' washerman '.
gram 1
BH. i. 29. One bird only, see BH. iii. p. 6; Meir i. p. 23. In spite of the
identity of the consonants r!Jt, this bird seems to be distinct from the lapwing G 23.
2 Reading, MASPERO, Etudes lgyptiennes, i. 91, n. 3; 93, n. I ; )/Z. 20, I89.
51 t!:: 1
egret(?)peckingatfish Det. in f~~Ot~ !um 'catch fish'.
1 Tlz. T. s. ii. 5·
52 fii- 1 goose(?) picking up Det. in Hi:~ snm (snm) 3 'feed' (trans. vb.).
grain 2 1 Puy. 63 ; cf. Tk. T. S. i. 7. 2 See the scenes of' feeding' (ltzmt), Gemn. i.
rr. 12. 1 With fem. infinitive, hence probably caus, :~-lit.
53~ human-headed bird Ideo. in ~ 1 b1 'soul'.

preceded by b R 7 1 Leyd. Denkm. iv. 37 ; see )fZ. 61, 104.
(Dyn. XVIII)
54 ~ trussed goose or duck Det. in }::~ 1 wsJt 'wring neck of (birds)', 'offer'. For
unknown reason, phon. or phon. det. in ~fo sn<i, var. Pyr.
~t'S'~ 2 sn<i, later var. ~=~ snd, 'fear' and derivatives.
1 Siut I, 239.
Sect. H. Parts of Birds

1> head of pin tail duck \... In formula of offering as abbrev. of ~~~~~ pdw 'fowl'
G 39 (p. 1 72). Det. in }::21 ws1t 'wring neck of (birds} ,
'offer'. This type may be used forTH 2 in transcribing
hieratic mlf when the crest is absent. 2
1 Sk. S. 145; see Rec. 38, 200. 1 Exx. m,C 'temple', Eb. 58, 22; mlf 'real',
Sk. S. 66; Peas. B I, 76.
473
H 2 / head of a crested bird 1 Phon. det. mlf, exx. ~T 2 mJf 'temple' (of head), cf.
-::!;,~~ 3 m1r ' real '. Also phon. or phon. det. wsm, exx.
}=~T'\. 4 wsm 'ear (of corn)' ; T~} e 6 wsmw 'vessel
(for beer)'. From Dyn. XII in place of I! H 3 as phon.
Plf (p1/f) in T~T! 6 P# 'fine linen'.
1 Heron (1); but a duck m,t occurs MAR. Mast. p. I u. 2 Bersk. i. q, 7·
8 See HI, n. 2. ' Urk. iv. 535, 10. 1 Urk. iv. 828, 7• 16. 4 Dyn. XII,
Sinai 53, 14; Dyn. XVIII, Rec. 29, 165 (collated).
3 Jl/ 1 head of spoonbill (Pla- Phon. det. p1/f (p!f), ex. o~~il= 2 p1/f 'PI/f-cake '.
talea leucorodia; Pyr.)
4 ~ head of vulture ~ G 14 Phon. det. nr, ex. :;:1.} 1 nrw 'terror'. From Dyn. XVIII
(Gyps fulvus) sportive writing in 'i,~~ 2 late var. :i~~ 3 rmt 'people'.
1 Urk. iv. 43, I. 1 Urk. iv. 965, 10. Sim. ib. 138, 15. 8 Reading, AZ. 20, 188.
5 lii'iiit!F' wing Det. wing, ex. =:t1-- 1 rinf:t, var..::1-- 2 dnf:t, 'wing' ; fly,
exx. ;::..... 3 r!JI, 'fly'; o~~-- 4 p1 'fly'.
1 LAC. TR. 5, 3· Sim. Pyr. 387. I Eb. 88, 13. 8 Sin. Rn.
4 BUDGE, p. 493, 12.
6 feather Ideo. in ~7var. Pyr. ~~· 1 swt 'feather'. Hence phon. Iw,
ex. ~}~ Sw '(the air-god) Shu '. Ideo. as substitute for
~ C 10, in ~""'~~ varr. ~7, 2 ~ 3 nurt 'truth'; in the
adjective~~ m1r 'true' and related words~ is not written,
nor has it been found in M.E. hieratic in any words from
this stem.
1 Pyr. 1566. Reading, see also Rec. 38, 62. Rtkh. 1
I 10, U, Urk. iv.
4II, 4• in l}m-nt.r iliJrt.
6* ~ feather as found m With one or two strokes at side in M. E. hieratic for words
hieratic 1 from the stem sw.
J Artificial sign to be used in transcribing from hieratic, see MoLL. Pal. i. no. 237.
L E. hieratic uses H 6 for Mlrt, ib. ii. no. 236.
7 ~ claw Phon. sJ in J..oJ./ S1t 2 '(the land) Shat '.

1 Urk. iv. 618, 1. 1 Reading, AZ. 13, u; Sphinx I, 256. The sign occurs
also as det. of lift 'claw' (Pyr. 1779) and as a division of the cubit (PSBA. q,
404), in both cases outside our period.
8 \) egg Det. in ~} 1~ 1 swf:tt (swf:tt) 2 'egg'. The hieratic contraction 3

of ~ G 39 found in the inverted M.K. method of ex-
pressing filiation (p. 66, top) appears in Dyn. XIX
hieroglyphic as the egg ~ 4 ; that sign may be con-
ventionally used in transcribing the instances in M. K.
hieratic. In~~~~ prt 'patricians',' mankind'\) is perhaps
derived from an earlier sign for a clod of earth. 6
1 Urk. iv. 361, I.oJ. 1 Pyr. 1967. 1 AZ. 49, 9J;· 4 GARD. Sin. ISS·
An isolated Dyn. XII instance seems to occur Sinai 28. See further F 51, n. 4·
I AEO. i. Il*, 18•, Jo8*.
474
EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR Sign-list
Sect. I. Amphibious Animals, Reptiles, etc.

I 1 ~ lizard Det. in l~.B~ t~~ 1 {tnt1sw ' lizard' ; ~~ 2 rs(1) ' lizard '.
From the latter, phon. rs1 in ~~~ var. ~ var. Pyr.
~~ ~ 3 rs1 'many' and the related words.
1 Eb. 98, 9· 2 Ramesseum medical papyrus, unpublished. 3 Pyr. II46.
2 c{) freshwater turtle Ideo. or det. in~~ -o 1 var. -{::)1 2

styw 3 'turtle'. '.
1 Eb. 57, 6. 2 Eb. 86, u. s Writings with t are all late.
3 ~ crocodile Ideo. or det. crocodile, exx. ~ T ....,_ ms{t (mz{t) 1 'crocodile';

~=..,..._ fptty 'crocodile'; 2 however, for the god Sobk
the sign ~ I 5* or ~ I 4 is perhaps invariably used.
Det. greedy, in ~~ 3 sktt ' lust after' ; l~ ..:;_ 4 {tnt 'be
greedy' ; perhaps also in :::;:~....,_ 5 r/}m ' voracious (?)
spirit'; aggression, in ~.::_ 6 Jd 'be aggressive',' angry'.
For obscure reason, 7 phon. lt in :::~ 8 for Q~QQ!} lty
' sovereign '.
1 3 Pt. 296.
Rtc. 25, r 56. i .. TVb. iii. 308. 4 Peas. B r, 291.
5 Wb. i. 226. 8 Berl. Al. i. p. 258, 12. 7 It is just conceivable that by M.K.
1d had already become Jt, giving rise to the value lt. s Sh. S. 24; Pt. 7·
s* ~ archaic stone(?) image Ideo. or det. in rJ~ 2 var. ~ 3 Sbk (Sbk) '(the crocodile-god)
of a crocodile 1 Sobk ·, Gk. Iovxo~.
1 DAv. Ptah. i. 9, no. 157· Distinguished from ~ I 3 also in hieratic, MoLL.
Fal. i. no. 242. 2 Pyr. 456; Sinai 23, no. 85. 3 Sinai 35, no. Io6.
4 ~1 crocodile on a shrine Ideo. or det. in u<:::::" ~ var. ~ Sbk (Sbk) ' (the crocodile-god)
Sobk'.
1 Exx. PETR. Abyd. iii. 13; Sinal 53, 6.
5 ~
1
crocodile with inward Det. in r6
~Ll~~ 2 abbrev. ~ 3 SJ* (s!¥) 4 'collect', 'gather
curved tail together'.
1 PETR. Abyd. iii. 29; Dend. 8. • Sin. B 23-4. 3 Seen. 1. ' Pyr. 735·
6 LJ piece of crocodile-skin Cf. QLJ~ ~ 2 var. Q<:::::"~ It 3 ikm 'shield'. Hence(?) phon.
with spines 1 km, exx. LJ~@ Kmt 'Egypt'; rLJ~ \\\. skm 'grey-haired '.
1 Ilier. p. 23. 1 s LAC. Sarc. ii. p. 157•
Sin. R 159.
7 ~ frog (~wr) 1
Det. in l~~ if#' (the frog-goddess) I:Ie~et '. From Dyn.
XVIII or XIX sometimes as sportive ideo. for J¥- w{tm
rn!J ' repeating life' as epithet after persm1al name. 2
1 .IJ:rr is apparently not known before Dyn. XX. 2 Sphinx 7, 215.
8 ~ tadpole Cf. the O.K. name of a man l~~ 1 .ljfnr, i.e. 'Tadpole'.
Hence phon. !ifn in~ !ifn 'one hundred thousand'(§ 259),
plur. var. Dyn. X I X l:::~ ,~ 2 !ifttw.
1 Berl • .li!. i. p. 162, 2 L. D. iii. 175, G.
475
I 9 ~ horned viper ( Cerastes Ideo. perhaps in the name of the Xllth nome of Upper
cornutus) 0 Egypt t:_;J; ..{)w-ft 'Mountain-of-the-Horned-Viper', for
which a rare var. with~ ft occurs; 1 cf. also demotic fy
'viper'. Hence phon . .f. For Q,:_ it 'father' seep. 43, n. 1.
o KEIMER, Etudes d'!gyptologi~, VII. 1 SETHE, Alphabet 152; cf. the epithet
!}w-ftt, Pyr. 1358; see too now AEO. ii. 69*, n. I.
For+ seeP 9· For+ seeS 30. For{- see U 35·

10 ~ cobra in repose (Naja Cf. Pyr. ';{ 1 var. ":\~ 2 t.it 3 'cobra'. Hence phon. t.f. Some-
haje, Gk. ao-?Tt~) 0 times also, by a false archaism, for c=. d (§ 19, 0Bs. 2).
o KEIMER, Etudes d'lgyptologie, VII, -41; Miss Murray !]EA. H• 117) prefers to
identifv with .Naja nigricol/is. 1 Pyr. 20-47. 2 Pyr. 697. s Doubtless
properiy J!lt from the stem wJ!l, cf. W;rjyt 'Edjo '. See AZ. 55, 89; SETHE, Alpha-
bet 157.
I 1 l two cobras'-, I 10 Phon. t.ft.i, ex. ~} "!1~ 1 w#t 'what had been commanded',
1 Siut I, no.
For "11 see M 14. For i1 see T 5· For~ see T 6. For 'Tl1 see V 21.
12 ~ cobra (erect as on the Det. in Q~~1 irrt 'uraeus '. Det. goddesses, especially those
forehead of the Pha- to whom the appearance of a snake was attributed, exx.
raoh) TQQa~ 1f'it.iyt'Edjo' 1 a;:;:~~ 2 Nsrt (Nzrt) 3 'the goddess
Nesret '.
1 ERM. Hymn. -4, 4; see.JZ. 46, I02; theovpai'os of HORAPOLLO, Hi:roglyjJhica, I. I,
1• See above, p. 73, n. Ia. 2 ERM. Hymn, 3, 2, s Pyr. I9.f·
cobra ~ I 12 on the Det. goddesses, exx. To~ 1 iVJt.f(y)t 'Edjo'; ~~~~~ 1ztrt
basket 'C7 V 30 'goddess'. As an element in the royal title~ see G 16.
' Urk. iv. 308, 6.
I 4 iJVL 1 snake Det. snake, e:xx. l~}'lM- 2 !zj1w 'serpent'; ~~'lM- 1 t.fdft
'snake'; possibly also det. worm, but it is doubtful if
t.fdft ever had that usually attributed meaning. 8
1 Amarn. iv. -4, 3· 2 Sh. S. 6r. s Sp1zin.11: -4, I-47; see too JEA. 3-4, uS.
I 5 'V1Jl. alternative form of last Use as last.
Sect. K. Fishes and parts of Fishes

K 1 <fi{3J a fish ( Tilapia nz'lotica ; Det. in Q':'~~~ var. Q~~s int' the bulfi-fish '. Hence phon.
Arabic bulfi) 1 in, exx. Q::'~ int 'valley'; Q::'Jil inb 'wall',
1 GAILLARD 89. ' Cairo ss-4, Io-PIEHL, IH. iii. 75· s Eb. 7I, 20.
2 ~1 a fish (Barbus bynni) 11 Ph on. det. bw s in j }~ bwt ' abomination '.

1 Thebes, tomb 83. 1 GAILL.UlD49· a .AZ. sS, I7.
476
FISHES AND PARTS OF FISHES Sign-list
K 3 ~ 1 a fish (Mug£! cephalus; Det. in=~~ 3 rdw 'the burl-fish '. Hence phon. rd (rti?)
Arabic bur£) 2 in the title ~ 4 rtj (?)-mr, var. :=:S= 5 rd-mr, 'administrator
(of a province)', probably lit. 'excavator of canal(s) '.
1 D. e1 B. 109. 1 GAILLARD 93· s Eb. 82, 9· ' Dyn. XVIII, D. el B.
109; O.K., Urk. i. 5, 17; II, ro. I Urk. iv. 952, 13. The writing rg in
GARD. Sin. 152 is not quite conclusive for the O.K. reading.
4 ~ 1 oxyrhynchus fish (Mor- Ideo. in .q. 3 fpt 'oxyrhynchus '. Hence phon. /}1, 4 exx. ~
myrus kannume) 11 var. Pyr. -=- ~ ( 6 !iJt ' corpse' ; .q.~ ~\\~ 8 !iJrt, var.
1~ ~~ 7 QJr!, 'widow'.
I D. e/ B. 152. 1 GAILLARD 26. s Ti In, fem. ; the t is written in the
tomb of Merernka, A 13, east wall. 4 Reading, Verbum i. p. 156, top.
1 Pyr. 474· 1 BH. I. 8, 20. 7 Siut 3, 5·
5 ~1 a fish (Petrocephaltu Phon. det. bs (bz) in ..H~ bs, var. O.K. QJ;: 3 ibz, 'introduce',
bane) 2 'enter'. A very similar fish is used as generic det. fish,
ex.);}~ 4 rmw 'fish'; fishy smell, ex. !.~~ 6 uns 'stink'.
1 Ex. Rekn. ro. 1 GAILLARD 17. The characteristica are shown in earlier
forms, Bull. u, 41. a Urk. i. 87, 17. ' Urk. iv. 954, 7· & Hearst 2, 17.
7 ~ a fish ( Tetrodon faha- Det. of ~~ 2 spt 'be discontented'.

ka)1 1
GAILLARD 97• 2 Brit. Mus. 159.
6 <) 1 fish-scale (also written Ideo. or det. in:;:~.; 1 var. {) 3 nsmt 'fish-scale'.
6) 1 Leyd. Denlm1. ii. 5 ; not to be confused with
Rec. 38, 62. 1 Leyd. Denkm. ii. 5·

1::::1. L 6. 2 M.u.K.r,2;see
Sect. L. Invertebrata and Lesser Animals

LI dung-beetle (Scara- Ideo. in fl\• 1 var. Pyr. ~=#l\• 2 uPrr 'dung-beetle'. Hence
baeus sacer) ph on. uPr in .!t var. Pyr. ~ #l\<=> 3 uPr ' become , and
derivatives.
1 Eb. 88, 13. a J7r. 212.
2 ~bee Ideo. in~~ 1 bit' bee'; also in ~""'• ~ 1 bit 2 'honey'. Hence
phon. bit 3 in~""' var. Pyr. JQoJ£ 4 bit(y) 'king of Lower
Egypt'. For M n-sw-bit 'king of Upper and Lower
Egypt' see§ 55 and p. 73·
1 P. Kak. 3, 2. 1 Coptic ebiO. s Reading, AZ. 30, II3.
3 ~ E& s rff' fly'.

1
fly Det. in
1 From a gold fly given as an honorific decoration, BISSING, Tkebani'scne
Grabfunde 6; see PSBA. 22, 167. 1 Urk. iv. 39, I; 893, u; see )/Z. +3, 143.
4 ~ 1 common locust (A cry- Det. in =o~ ~ sn{tm (Pyr. zn{tm 2) 'locust'.

d£um peregrz"num) 1
2
SCHIAPARELLI, Re/azione .•. lavori d. Miss. Arcn. ii. p. 171, fig. 156.
Pyr. 891.
477
L5 ~ centipede
1 Az. 5s, S2. 2 Pyr. 669.
6 ~ bivalve shell 1 For unknown reason, phon. fp, in M. E. only in~~ 2 (pt, var.
®!~.J''" 3 fpwt 'table of offerings'.
1 BH. iii. p. 14. Not to be confused with the fish-scale 0 K 6. • Urk. iv. 163, 7·
Reading, see Sah. 63; Pyr. sS. 3 Siut 1, 240.
7 fjl scorpwn (modified for Ideo. in fJ' Srlft '(the scorpion-goddess) Serl~et ', full name
superstitious rea- in Pyr. r;oJo}1~ 3 Srftt-fttw 'she-who-relieves-the-wind-
sons)2 pipe'.
1 Exx. Sinai Ss. 143; Five Th. T. 9· 2
Az. sr, 49· 57· a Pyr. 6o6 ; see
PSBA. 39, 34·
Sect. M. Trees and Plants

M1 0 tree Det. tree, exx. ;;:0 nht 'sycamore-fig', 'tree', plur. often
;;:000 1 nhwt; ~000 2 mnw 'trees'; JP'O nbs 'Christ's
thorn-tree', 'neb*-tree'; 0~0 3 lmt, varr. Pyr. Q~O~'bm,
Q>O 5 im1, Q>~O 6 lm(1), unidentified tree. From this
last, ph on. inn, im-writings with 0~ are best transcribed
iJm (cf.§ 19, 0BS. 1)-exx. 0~..: bmt 'charm', 'favour';
O~L.J 7 ilm(w) 'tent'. The rather similar sign which
serves as det. in ~~0 8 mrr 'fortunate' may well depict
a quite different object.
1 8 Urk. iv. 73, 14. 4
Urk. iv. 1064, S. • Urk. iv. 353, 3· Pyr. 699.
D Ib. 8 Ib. 7 Urk. iv. 325, 12. 8 D. el B. 57, 4; cf. O.K., Gebr.
ii. 13; M.K., Siut 3, S; later the det. of mrr resembles V 29, see on this.
2 '\. herb Det. plant, flower, exx. Q~-=-} '\. '\. '\. i1rw ' reeds ' ; !,.-:-'\.
f.zrrt 'flower'. From l~ Q'\. 1 f.znl 'rush', phon. l,z1t, exx.
1~ c} 5 l,z1tw ' vessel ' ; 1~ ~,_ /.znskt ' lock ' (of hair).
Det. in Q~"i" 2 isl 'be light' (perhaps like Q~~~~~~ isw
'reeds'); hence phon. det. is, exx. Q~~"~ 3 isy, var. O.K.
Qf~' iz, 'tomb', 'chamber'; Q~}~ 6 iswt 'old times'.
From Q1'\. i 'reed' (see on M 1 7) rarely as sportive writing
for ·i 'I',' my' 6 ; hence also for 1t as det., ex. ~ 7 s 'man'.
From Dyn. XVIII on sometimes as faulty tra~scription
of hieratic (C T 24 in '\.!~ 8 il,zwty 'te~ant farmer'.
1 LAC. TR. 22, 63. 2 VoG. Bauer 121. 3 Urk. iv. 132, II. 4 Urk. i. 16, 4·
D BH. i. 25, 45· 6 Urk. iv. 77, s-6, qu. § 440, 2; sim. ib. 401, 16. 7 Ib.
8 PETRIE, Tarkhan i. So, 19; Med. Habu (ed. Chicago), HO, 6o.
478
TREES AND PLANTS Sign-list
M3 v- branch Ideo. in ~ (Jt 'wood', 'tree'; hence phon. (Jt, exx. ;,:~~
(Jtyw ' terrace ' ; ~~ n(Jt ' strong '. Det. wood, ex. 2;!-.!..
hlmy 'ebony'; wooden objects, exx. } !,_,_ 1 w(J1 'column';
~J~0,_,_ 2 *niw 'palanquin '. Vertically y in ~f./.1 s <frr,
var. ~ f' <fr, 'search out', lit. perhaps 'harpoon' (vb.); 5
here y is probably corruption of an old sign ~ or J. 6
1 Urk. iv. 765, r 3· • Westc. 7, 12. 3 Urk. iv. 384, 12. 4 Thebes, tomb uo.
6 8 Pyr. I 105 in (/rbw 'curly'·
Cf. (/r rmw 'spear fish ' 1 P. Ka!r. 33, I6.
palm-branch stripped of Det. in ~f ft, rnpi 'be young', 'vigorous'. Hence rnp in
4
f leaves and notched f~ var. Pyr. ::ofo 1h rnpt 'year', with f ideographically as
(rare var. p) to serve symbol; with similar sense ideo. in fe
{ut-sp 'regnal year'
as tally Ia (p. 204) and in f f~ Ic snf (from sn·nwf' its second ') 'last
year'. Possibly ideo. of time (if not phon. det.) also in
.:.f0 2 tr 'time', 'season', where it usually appears in the
form I M 5 or f M 6. Elsewhere also f is an occasional
substitute for I M 5, f M 6, or~ M 7. 3
1 BH. i. 8. 1• JEA. 34, 119, cf. HORAPOLLO I, 3 .potllllta; in pictorial repre-
sentations always with many notches, e.~. J EA. 4, PI. 4; 30, PI. 4; MoRET, Royautt
Pharaonique, figs. I 7. I 8. 19. 1 Pyr. 965, as designation of Sothis; Coptic
rompl' year'. 10 Adm. p. I02. 2 Written {rw, Urk. iv. 195, 4· 3 In
ptr' see', Siut r, 220; Cairo 20538, i. c 3; rnpt 'vegetables',' fruit', ib. ii. c 25.
5 combination of f M 4 With sportive ideographic intention (palm-branch planted in

and oX I o) in Pyr. I-=- tr, var. I t(i), 'season '. 1 Hence I (see on
M 4 for f) becomes in M. E. characteristic det. in 0 2 .:.I
abbrev. I0 3 tr 'season'. However, f M 6 is a commoner
substitute for £, though I interchanges with .[ in some
uses really belonging only to the latter, exx. "~JI \.-JJ 4 pri
'battlefield'; = .::;:QI® 5 T1-mri 'Ta-meri ', i.e. Egypt.
1 SETHE, Pyramidentexte iv. § 132. 2 Urk. iv. 384, 9• Sim. plur. ltr(w),
Sinai 90, 19. 3 Sinai 90, 3· II ; lkkern. 14. 4 Urk. iv. 32, ro. 5Urk. iv.ro2, II.
6 f With sportive ideographic intention in Pyr. .[-=- 1 tr 'season'.

f combination of
and-=- D 21
M 4
In M.E. det. in .:_.[0 2 abbrev. £3 tr 'season'. Hence
phon. det. tr, ti, exx . .:_.[~ tr 'pray' (§ 256); l.:.H 4 (ttr
'assess, (taxes); also phon. det. ri, exx. <~:Jf~ 5 pri
'battlefield' ; = .::;:4.[® 6 T1-mri 'Ta-meri ', i.e. Egypt.
1 SETHE, Pyramidentexte iv. § I 32, where a word rr 'seaSon' is perhaps unneces-
sarily assumed. 2 Urk. iv. 343, I3· 3 Urk. iv. 195, 8. 4 Rekh. 3, 28.
G Vrk. iv. 38, Il. 6 Urk. iv. 325, IS· (PI)-tJ-mrl is n'Tlp.vpiS in a fragm. ot
Ephorus, there wrongly given as a name of the Delta only, GARD. Sin. Sr.
479
combination of f M 4 With sportive ideographic intention in Pyr. rnpi 'be ::&

and o Q 3 young', 'vigorous '. 1
Hence, in M.E., ideo. or det. in
::oq&~~ 2 var. &3 rnpi 'be young' and derivatives.
1 SETHE, Pyramidentexte iv. § 131. 1 Amam. v. 27, Q II. 5 Urk. iv.
182, 17. More often thus abbreviated in rnj>t 'vegetables',' fruit', Th. T. S. i, 1.~;
Urk. iv. n67, 10.
8 ~ pool with lotus flowers Ideo. in ~7 1 var. Pyr. = ~~~ 2 s1 'lotus pool', 'meadow'.
Hence phon. s1, exx. ~~~ sJ 'appoint', 'command';
~~~ s1d 'dig'. In group-writing(§ 6o) ~or~~ is
used fors. 3 From Pyr. q~ ®~ 4 i1l;i 'be inundated', ideo.
or semi-ideo. in ~ var. ~0 var. O.K. ~~:; 5 1!;t 6
'inundation season' (p. 203).
1 Exx. Rec. 24, 180, where the reading 1!J is unnecessarily assumed. 2 Pyr. 12 23.
s BURCHARDT § 110, • Wb. 33· D Urk. i. 25. 8 Reading, AZ. 38,103; 41, 89.
9 ~ lotus flower Ideo. or det. in;~ 1 ssn, var. Pyr: ==~ 2 zss1t, var. M.K.
~~ 3 'lotus'.
1 Eb. 44, H; Urk. iv. n62, 9· I Pyr. 266. s Cairo 20093, c.
IO ~ 1
lotus bud Det. in ~.J=• "") 2 nl.zbt 'lotus bud'.
1 Thebes, tomb 55· • Urk. iv. 918, 12.
I I ~ flower on long twisting Ideo. or det. in =~ll var. }::~ 3 wdn 'offer'. In late
stalk 1 Dyn. XVIII also erroneously in place of~ F 46 as det.
in !J}=14 w(1)dbw 'shores'.
1
Hier. p. 28. The forms in Pyr. do not suit this interpretation very well.
2 Puy. 52. 1Urk. iv. 452, 3· Sim. Pyr. 1127. • Amam. iii. 20.
12 leaf, stalk and rhizome Ideo. in 11 : S§~ 1 f;Jw nw ssn 'lotus plants'. Hence phon.
of lotus 0 QJ, exx. 1 Ql 'thousand'; n~~ var. ~®1~~ 2 SQI 're-
member'. In group-writing(§ 6o) 1or 1~ is used for !;. 3
0 Ann. 48, 92. 1 Eb. 43, 6. I BURCHAltDT, § 100,
I 3 J stem of papyrus Ideo. in ! 1w1d 'papyrus column', cf. Pyr. f\ !1 2wJd'papyrus '.
Hence phon. wJd.in !~ vai". Pyr. .f\"1 p w1d' be green'
and derivatives. From M.K., phon. w(1)d as substitute
for~ V 24, exx. H.:::J 4 sw(1)d, older var. ~~} ~swd, 'hand
over', 'bequeath'; H~~/ w(,)d/;, var. Pyr. }=lf2 6 wdl;,
'pour out'.
1
Urk. iv. 843, 10. 2 Pyr. 187S· a Pyr. 1530. • Urk. iv. ss, 10.
D Eb. 94, 13. 1 Pyr. 2o67.
r4 i1 combination of l M I3 Phon. w1tf, w(1)d, exx. "f1~= 1 W1d-wr 'the sea', lit. 'the
and,., I 10 great green'; ~ "f1 ~ 2 sw(1)d 'hand over', 'bequeath'.
1 Sh. s. 40-I. • prk. iv. HI, 8.
MI5 ;l clump of papyrus with Det. papyrus and watery regions, exx. Q=l}l ldf.zw
buds bent down 'swamps' (of the Delta); '{QQol 1 t;/yt 'papyrus-marsh'.
Phon. det. w1!; in -f\~®;ln 2 w;!J(y) 'hall of the Inunda-
tion' from the Pyr. stem Q~®;l 3 ii!Ji, whence ~o;l aa 1!;
'thicket' (of papyrus). Hence phon. 1/j (or ideo.?) in
;l~@ 3h var. Pyr. ~o~®j:® 3 c ]lj-bit 'Chemmis' (a Delta
place), possibly understood as ' Papyrus-thicket of the
King of Lower Egypt'.sd Det. in ~l};l® varr. 7':;l, ;i:
T1-mf.zw 'Lower Egypt', 'the Delta ',• whence ;l~ 5 mf.z-s
' the crown of Lower Egypt '. -
1
Bull. Metr. Mus. New York, 1914, 219. 2 AZ. 40, 48. 8 Pyr. 280.
sa Coffins, S 2 C 207. Sb ERM. Hymn. 15, I. se Pyr. 2190; without
inversion, }EA. 24, PI. IT, 3· 6. Sd See, however, ]EA. 30, 54, n. 3·
• AZ. 44, 1o. 6 lb. 20.
I6
t clump of papyrus Phon. f.zJ, exx. f~~ var. l~ 1 f.zJ 'would that!' (§ 238);
lf~li f.zJ/f 'capture'. In group-writing{§ 6o) f or f~
is f.z. 2 As O.K. det. in ~f 3 TJ-mf.zw 'the Delta' and
related words f is often replaced in M. E. by ;i: M I 5,
but exx. with f are still fairly common,4 exx. f 5 TJ-
mf.zw 'the Delta'; f~J£ 6 mf.z~s 'crown of Lower Egypt'.
1 Brit. M us. 562, qu. § 364. 2 BURCHARDT § 94• 3 Urk. i, 64, 8 j 101, II.
' JiZ. 44• 10. 6 Louvre C 172; Urk. iv. 583, 7· 8 Brit. Mus. 574, ~.
I 7 Q flowering reed Ideo. in Q,-,.} l ' reeds '. Hence phon. l. For QQy see § 20. 2
In group-writing (§ 6o) QQcorresponds to Hebr. ~. Q~ to N. a
1 Berslz. ii. p. 19. Sim. Eb. 49, 2. 2 See the full discussion Verbum i.
§§ 121-4. a BURCHARilT, § 16; cf. ALBRIGHT, Vocalization, pp. 33-4; 36-7.
I8 ~ combination of Q M I 7 In ~Q..1 U 'come' and the related words.

and ..1 D 54
heaped conical cakes Det. in ::;~Jo~Jl)~,I abbrev. ~~ 11 ~'1bt 'offering', 'pile

between reed QM 1 7 of offerings' and the related verb. 3
and sign like i U 36° 8
0
DAV. Rekk. Pl. 49i P• 44, n. 5·
Wb.l. 167.
1
LAC. TR. 14, 7·
20 .M_Q reeds growing side by Ideo. or det. in ~!.Mft varr. .Mft:, .Mft s!Jt (s!Jt) 1 'marshland ',
side 'country' and its derivative .Mft~i s!Jty 'peasant'. Occa~
sionally phon. sm (Sm) like ~ M 21, ex. ~.Mft~~ sm 2
'occupation', 'pastime'.
2 Urk. iv. 462, 13~ Sim. s1n' succour', Dend. IS, IS·
M21 ~ like the last, but with Ideo. or semi-ideo. in ~~ '\_1 sm, var. Pyr. ~ ~ ~ 2 sm,
a loop at the side 'herb', 'plant'. Hence phon. sm (sm), ex. ~~~~ 3 sm
'succour'.
1 Urk. iv. 775, 15. 1 Pyr. 1722. a Brit. Mus. I 164, 1, where the form
is almost likeD 6r. But see Pyr. 892.
22 f rush with shoots 0 Cf. Pyr. ";'Jcfi1tl;bt 'germination', 'shooting up'. Hence
ph on. n!Jb in tJ""~ var. Pyr. ';:j:f.o~ 2 N!Jbt '(the vulture-
goddess) N ekh bet '.
0 According to LORI!.T in Griff. Stud. 308 the marsh club-rush (Heleoclzaris palus-
lris). 1 Pyr. 4; Salz. Text, p. 109. 2 Pyr. 1229.
(22) f.t two rushes with shoots Cf. Pyr. tt7'\. 1

mtt 'rushes'. Hence tt
is phon. nn, exx.
tt var. ++- nn' this'(§ IIo); ++=At~ nni 'be weary'.
1 Pyr. 557·
23 t plant regarded as typi-

cal of Upper Egypt
Ideo. in t 7'\. swt (swt) 'the swt-plant '. 1 Hence phon. SW
(w), 2 ex. t }"' swt 'but' (§ 254). The word :t,.:~ var.
(probably form of 1- t,/~ 3 'king of Upper Egypt' probably originally read 1zt-
M 26, but without swt 'he who belongs to the swt-plant ',but before M.K.
flowers) had become=}~ nsw (nzw); +Qt:
'kingship' is perhaps
to be read nsyt. For ~ n-sw-bit ' king of Upper and
Lower Egypt' see§ 55· Sometimes is inaccurately used t
for± M 24 or 1- M 26. 4 In group-writing(§ 6o) t} stands
for s. 6
1 AZ. 49, r8. 2 Reading from O.K. varr. of lmlw 'elder'; also· from other
words cited Wb. iv. 6o, 2; 65, 13; 74, 2; cf. too the exceptional writing of S'lvsh
'make broad', Ikhern. 24. 3 AZ. 49, 15: Rec. 38, 69. • AZ. 44, 22~
6 BURCHARDT § ro6.
24 ± combination oft M 23
and-=- D 21
With sportive pictorial intention (plant swt growing from
mouth r),I phon. rsw in Pyr. ±}C> 2 rswt 'South' and the
related words. 3 In M.E. 'South' is ±~ rsy.
1 SETIIE, Pyramidentexte iv. § 132. • Pyr. 470, s Jiz. 44• r.
25 :j; confusion of ± M 24 Faulty writing either for words connected with ±}o rswt
and 1- M 261 'South', ex. :±-},7,2 rsyw 'southerners', or ·for words
connected with 1-}mm Smrw ' Upper Egypt', ex. :±-;.m 3 it
Smr ' Upper Egyptian corn '.
1 JiZ. 44• 22. • Urk. iv. 909, 3· 3
PSBA. 18, 196.
~ sedge(?) 0 growing from Probably as a flowering specimen of+ M 2 3, ideo. in 1-}llllll 1
a sign for land re- var. 1- 2 Smrw 'Upper Egypt', the reading of which is
sembling = N I 7 given by =~--o 3 var. O.K. =~--o1o' smr 'make music'.
Hence phon. smr in 1oQQo 6 smryt 'chantress', 'singer'.
0 See above, p. 73, n. Io. Depicted as a desert plant, }EQUIE·R, Monument
funbaire de Pepi II, ii, PJ. 43· Identified with :j. M 23, hut with floweis, Mitt.
Kairo 12, So. 1 BH. i. 26, n7; see A"Z. 44, 9· 2 Urk. iv. 583, 2; 617,14.
8 BH. ii. 7· 4 Gebr. ii. 7· 6 Cairo 20142, d.
27 ift combination of1o M 26 In ifi® 1 Smr(w) 'Upper Egypt'. Also phon. smr in ifiQQo
and --o D 36 var. 7ft 2 smryt 'chantress ', 'singer'.
1 Urk. iv. 530, 12. 2 Tk. T. s. iii. I 4·
28 combination of 1- M 26 In the title ~1- varr. ~1- 1 ~ P ~iff~it wr mt;/w Smr(w)
=r and n V 20 'greatest of the tens of Upper Egypt '. 1
1
AZ. 44, I8; SETHE, Zak!worte 40, n. 7· Some varr, have M 23 instead of M 26.
Cf. fO 2 1zt;/m 'nt;/m-tree '. Hence semi-phon. nt;/m in ~~~

~
29 pod from some sweet-
smelling tree 1 var. Pyr. 'S~~ nt;/m 'sweet' and the related words. The
3
tree or wood r~ ~ ~ 04 var. r~ -~·- 5 ssnt;/m is possibly a later

deformation of an O.K. word
1
ssti or r~~ sst;/m.s rr'tT
Hier. p. 26. 1 Urk. iv. 73, 14. Formerly taken to be the' carob-tree', but
seeAZ.64,51. 8 Pyr.1172. 'Westc.7,13. Gfkhern.I2. 8 Wb.iv.279,7·
30 [ a sweet-tasting root ? Ideo. or det. in .J::~ var. ~ ~ 1 bn,r 'sweet' and derivatives.
1
Urk. iv. 749, 5·
3I 0 1
stylised rhizome of a Det. in ;;:a rd 'grow'.
1
lotus (Dyn. XVII I) Very variable in shape, exx. Urk. iv. 749, 5; CARTER and NEWBERRY, Tomb
of Tlloutm~sis IV, 46160. The explanation here substituted for' plants growing in
a pot 1' of the rst ed. is that given by KEIMER, Ann. 48, 89.
32 ~ 1 Dyn. XII var. of last Use as last. A similar sign sometimes in hieratic erron-
eously borrowed from rd 'grow' in :=2~ r(zv)d 'be
strong '. 2
1 Bersk. ii. 21. 2 Sin. B 76. 108; one would have expected (1\ T 12.
33 <:. <:. <:. grams of corn (also Ideo. in ~-m

~
n a 1 it' barley', 'corn' and its varieties
var. Pyr. ~~~~
written ~or ~') ~,.-rn it M !t 'Lower Egyptian corn' and ~+ it Smr ' Upper
Egyptian corn'. 2 Det. corn, ex. ";-=-Q~~ 3 Npri '(the
grain-god) Nepri '.
1 Compare Pyr. 1748 with ib. I950. s Mill. 2, I 2.
34 bearded ear of emmer Ideo. or det. in j~· bdt, var. ·~~ ...... 1 bty, 'emmer '.
1 Already Dyn. XI, PSBA. r8, 202, 9· Sim. BH. i. 8, 21.
35 {j heap of corn Det. in ~ 1 9 11 rttrw 'heaps'; also in }JQ' 2 wb11, 'overflow'.

1 D. el B. 79• Sim. ib. 74• 2 Puy. 36.
Cf bundle of flax stems Ph on. ir, 2 exx. ~ ir 'since' (§ I 76); z~ n(/ri 'hold fast'.
showing the boils u Det. in =>
~ 3 dm1 'bind together'.
0 See the picture Palzeri J. 1 Dyn. XII, Mtir ii. '7• no. JO.
(sometimes mtstn- • Reading,
Pyr. 58l (tjrt 'hand'). I Urll. iv. 612, '5· but rather different from tjr, i!J. 9·
terpreted J)
37 IIHl 1 bundle of flax stems Phon. ir like e M 36.
(O.K. form ofe M 36) 1
Exx. Dyn. V, Salt. 28; Cemn. i. 13; Dyn. XII, Mdr ii. 17, no. 28.
38 ~1 bundle of flax (O.K.; Det. in O.K. l~~ m~r(?), 1 var. Dyn. XII 3
mr~(?), :llrr
specialized variant of m~(?), 'flax' and in =>~ i dm1 'bind together'.
1 MONT KT I9.f.• 1 Reading, Rec. 25, 159· 1 BH. i. 39. ' Salt.
!ll M 37) Dyn. XVIII form differs slightly from eM 36, ~«there n.•~.
8;
39 \J 1 basket of fruit or grain Det. vegetable offerings, ex. ~; rnpt 'vegetables', 'fruit'.
1 Exx. O.K., Medum 16 (d16 'figs'); Dyn. XVIII, D.eiB. 93 (rnpt, ~nllt).
40 ~ 1
bundle of reeds Cf. Q~~ ~ 1 "' 1 2 lsw 'reeds'. Hence phon. is (iz), exx. Q~;;- is
(iz) 3 'tomb'; ~} 1 ~ 1 i iswt 'crew'.
0
1 Elaborate forms, O.K., Medutn 13; Dyn, XVIII, Pu)'. 20.

8 Ex. O.K., Urll. i. 16, +· • Sk. S. 7; Rec. 28, I I3.
41 ~ log of wood stripped of Det. wood, exx. ~- rs 'cedar' (properly 'pine' or 'fir') ;
its branches (Dyn. }~- 2 wr11, 'juniper(?)'; ':- -=:- 2 mr(w) 'meru-wood '.
XVIII)! 1
1
See Ann. 16, 33· O.K. forms, see Pp. 590. 634; Palermo stone, 6, 2-4.
Urll. iv. 373, 4•
42 + flower? Ph on. wn, 1 exx. ~ ~ 2 wn<fw 'short-horned cattle' ; l±~~ 3

~w1z 'be young'; +~ i var. ~~~ wnm 'eat'. Not
6
distinguished from +
Z I 1 in the earliest hieratic, and re-
placed by the latter sign in M. K. hieratic, 6 as also regularly
in later hieroglyphic.
1 1 Urk. iv. 716, 7·
See Sitz. Berl. Ak. tgu, g6o. s Urk. iv. 365, 17.
• Brit. Mns. 614, vert, 2; see Rec. 34,214. 6 LAC, TR. 22,9; see AZ. 46, 141.
8 MOLL. Pal. i. no. 564.
43 ~1 vme on props (var. Det. vine in Q~'Ff' 2 i(1)r(r)t, var. O.K. Q~~T6itf\ 3 i1rrt,
14') ' vine ' ; various notions connected with the vine, exx.
q :-rmfb • var. rmTb i irp ' wine ' ; 1!. qQ1'4' 11 var. Qqe n
knty ' gardener' ; fruit generally, exx. = ~j 'Ff' 1 ~ 17 dJo
• fi gs •,' Q4:..~ o s •xJ, •xJfj • •
~I 1.' I I I t.lu t.lu- rmt .
1
Thus with a vessel or basket Dyn, XII, BH. i. 17 (lrp); Dyn. XVIII, D. el B.
II 2(lrp); Pu)'. 12 (k1m). In O.K. and often later the vessel or basket is absent,
see DAY.- Ptak. i. Io, nos. x66. I7J. • Urk. iv. 73, II. 1 Urk. i. 103, 14.
4 BH. i. 17, 6 Cairo 20I67, 6 2, 1 BH. i. 29. 1 Sin, B 81, 1 E!J. 86, I,
44 ~ thorn 1 Det. in W-:~ 2 srt 'thorn'. Possibly it is the same sign, if

not a mere triangle, which serves as ideo. or det. in ~ ~~
var. M3 spd (Spd) ' ' sharp ' and the related words.
I E!J. 88, ..... • Urk. iv. 535, Io,
Sect. N. Sky, Earth, Water

N1 ~ sky Ideo. or det. ih ~ var. = pt 'sky'. Det. sky, exx. ~~
Nwt '(the sky-goddess) Nut';.!.~ var. Pyr. X.!.~ 1
{trt 'heaven', lit. 'the distant one'; high, in 7:= 2 r!Ji
'hang'. In ~ 3 var. O.K. l.J,!.,;,~• 'In-{trt '(the god)
Onuris' =
is a later interpretation, since the name origin-
ally meant' he who fetched the distant one (fern.) '.6 From
{trt 'heaven', phon. {try, {trw in.!.~ var. ={try 'above •
and the related words. In two words for 'gate' = is
derived from earlier signs for a gateway like or ,oa n n
namely in 7~= rwty 'the double gate' and in ~ ht,
6 7
var. roQQ~ 8 hyt, var. O.K. ro~ 9 ht, 'portal', whence the
title Jt 10 var. ~ ~ ~ }roQ Q~j 11 smsw hyt 'elde.r of the
portal '. There is perhaps a similar contamination in
ro~~ h1t 'ceiling '. 11
1 Pyr. II7I, 2 Amada r8. s Cairo 20057• a. 2; 20380. 4 Gebr. i. r8.
fi Unt. 5, r.p. 6& Rwt, see Wb. ii. 404, I. • Sin. R 9• 7 Cairo 202Jo, a.
8 Seen. r1. 9 Leyd. Denlm1. i. 5· °
1 Cairo 20035, k; 20086, k. r.
11 A."Z. 6o, 64. 12 Urk. iv. 429, 7·
sky with a broken(?) Det. night, exx. ~JT abbrev. T 2 gr{t 'night'; }eT 3 wiJ
wJs-sceptre 1S 40(?) 'night'; darkness, exx. ~} T kkw 'darkness'; ~~T 4
suspended from it riJIJw 'dusk'.
(Dyn. XVIII) 1 Thebes,tomb9J. 'Cairo2o7J8,b. 3 Siut3 Io,qn.§212. 4 Sin.B254·
1
3 T 1
O.K. form of last Use as last.
1 Pyr. 265. According to the ingenious theory of Mlle M. CHATELET an oar (or·
sceptre, N'2) suspended from the sky broken and bound up to symbolize darkness,
Bull. rS, 21.
4 'Ti'ir 1 moisture falling from Ideo. or det. dew, rain, exx. QC:'ffii' 1 idt, var. Q~ C:'ffii' 2 abbrev.
the sky(Dyn. XVIII) 'ffii' 3 ildt, 'dew'; .L QQo'ffii' 4 snyt 'rain-storm'.
1 1 Eb. 77, 21. 8
D.elB. 47· Eb. 6, 9·
5 0 sun Ideo. or det. in ::;0 var. <p rr 'sun', 'day'; ~}0 var. <p hrw
'day'; 0 in dates reads sw (p. 203). Det. sun or actions
of sun, exx. ~ }0 sw 'sun ' ; } J"; wbn 'rise'; day, exx.
~~ sj 'yesterday'; ~~ WrS 'spend day'; time all
generally, 1 exx. ~~~ wnwt 'hour'; f}0 r{trw 'period';
H0 (n){t{t 'eternity'. For~ se~ :a: N 23.
1 Development of this use, ~ee SETHE 7 Zeitreclznung (11), 29.
N 6 0. sun with uraeus (Dyn. Ideo. or det. in =::.a. 1

var. «(-. 2 rr 'sun'.
XVIII) 1 Wes!c. n, 5·
7 ~ combination of 0 N 5 Abbrev. 1 for ~~}0 !!rt-hrw 'day-time',' course (of day)',

and llrl T 28 lit. 'what belongs to the day'.
1 Ex. llrll. iv. 99:1, 4•
8 Q sunshine Det. (or ideo.) sunshine, exx. ~e}~ 1 var. ~}.JP 1!;.w (Pyr.
i1!Jw) 'sunshine'; oW'{~ 3 psi' shine'; }j'Qvar. ~·wbn'rise'.
From this last, phon. won in ~~~ 6 var. ~j~o 6 wbnw
'wound'. Phon. ftnmmt in ~~~o~~ 7 var. ~,7,8 var.
Pyr. l-~~ o~ 9 ftnmmt 'the sun-folk' of Heliopolis.
1 llrk. v. 55· 9· I Urk. iv. I9, II. a Urk. v. 55· 4· 4
Urk. iv. sRs, u.
a Eb. Io7, 5· 1 Eb. 6j, I. 1 llrk. iv. I7, 7• 8 Cairo 20498. e Pyr. 139-
9 e moon with its lower Ideo. or det. in ,! ~ ~ 2 ps4ntyw, varr. ;£;,7(;, 3 ,!~ 4 psdn,
half obscured (Dyn. var. Pyr. o~ 6 ps4tyw, 'New-moon festival'. Hence phon.
XVIII) 1 det. psi in ~111 ps4t 6 'divine ennead ', 'company of nine
gods'. This sign is liable to confusion with the loaf G X 6.
1 2 1
Cairo 34002 =LACAU, PI. 3· Sim. BH. i. 24, I. llrk. iv. I77, 9· llrk. iv.
27, 4· 4 llrk. iv. 836, I. 6 Pyr. 794· 1 Reading, Az. 47• 8.
10 6 alternative form of last Use as last.

(Dyn. XVII I) 1 1
MoLL. Pal. ii. no. 573·
I I ~ crescent moon (also Ideo. or det. in Q.....Jll- varr. Q.....JJD, - ir!z 'moon'; hence
vertically ) 1 or ( 2 phon. det. or abbrev. in }.....Jlt':": 3 var. ~ 4 wr!z 'carob
when used as det.) beans'. Combined with N I4, ideo. in *~ var.
1bd 'month'; for the reading cf. an O.K. personal name
* *
~~} 5 1bdw and Sactdic ebot 'month'; in dates abbre-
viated as - . ex. ;7': Jbd J 'month 3' (§ 264). In tgt-
abbrev.- !sp' palm' (as measure § 266, I} the sign has
doubtless a different pictorial origin. 8 In some inscriptions
-is written for ....... spr, F 42. 7
1 l'yr. 732. 3 4
• Pyr. II04; Urk. iv. 813, 5· Rec. 25, 155· Rekk. 12;
cf. Eb. 14, 8. 5 See Wb. i. 8; nevertheless the usual reading lbdis retaintd ib. i. 65.
6 MOLL. Pal. i. no. 68o; ii. no. 68o. 7 Palzeri 5, row 3·
I2 ~ alternative form of last

(Dyn. XVIII) 1 llrk. iv. 8oS, 4· • u~k. iv. 12, IS; 14, 7· 8 Urk. iv. 30, 4· I3.
I 3 -}? combination of half of Ideo. in -R7~ 1 var. -R 2 • • • nt 3 'half-month festival'.

*
- N I I and N I 4 1 llrk. iv. I 12, 8. 2 BH. i. 24. 3 Reading unknown, see Wb. ii. I 98, 2; iv. I 47, I.
SKY, EARTH, WATER Sign-list
NI4 * star Ideo. or det. in U* var. "*
sbJ, var. Pyr. u~ * 1 sbl, 'star';
hence ph on. or phon. det. sb1 (sb1), exx. U* ~ ~ var.
*~~ sbJ 'teach' (with derivatives); ~*JU sbJ 'door'.
Det. star, constellation, exx. ffi~e~}*~ 2 Msfltyw 'the
A*
Great Bear';
stars, exx. * Spdt 'Sothis' ; time as indicated by
1bd 'm-onth', seeN I I; ~~~ var. :1'13 wnwt
{I) 'hour', (2) 'priesthood'. Also semi-phon. dwJ, exx.
* ~~ dw1t' morning'; *'.1l var. Pyr. =-ft 4 dwJ 'adore' *
(in the morning). In the word*~ 'netherworld' (origin-
ally the place of the morning twilight, 5 popularly known
as 'the Duat' and in this work still transliterated dw1t)
the very comrnon Pyr. var. = ~ ® dJt probably indicates
that the w had fallen and that the pronunciation already
approximated to the Old Coptic le, tei. 6
1 2 LAC. T-R. 20, 89. 3 As' priesthood', Kopt. 8, 4·
Pyr. 1038.
' SETHE, Pyr., Commentary, I 49• 6 AZ. 38. 87.
• Pyr. 1087.
15 ® star in circle Ideo. in ®2; 1 var. *~ varr. Pyr. =~®, 2 =f\®, 3 d(w)Jt
'netherworld ', see N 14, at end.
1 BUDGE, p. 14, I 2, 2 Pyr. 5· 8. 802 and after.
I6 =;;;=
1 flat alluvial land with Ideo. in;-; varr. ;=:,
~. ~ 11 'earth',' land'. Hence phon.
grains of sand tJ (rare), ex. :;:::: 2 sstJ 'mystery', 'secret'. In group-
N 33 beneath it writing (§ 6o) :;:"; is phon. /. 3 Det. land, in 4
tit' estate', 3
whence also in 3 tit' eternity'; 3.~~ rft 'serf'. 5
1 Cairo 20088, c 12; 2o683, a 8. BURCHARDT
O.K. exx. Pyr. 75; Ti 49· 2 I
§ 132; an ex. under 0 29, n. 5· • GARD. Sin. 77, n. 2. 1 VOG. Bauer 34-
1
I 7 = alternative form of ....... Use as last.
N 16 1 Common at all periods. As det. land in Dyn. Ill, see exx. under N 22.
I 8 = sandy tract 1
Ideo. in ~ var. :=:' lw 1 'island'. In group-writing (§ 6o)
:=; is phon. l, 3 ex. ~7~Q 4 'Irt 'Yareth' (Syrian place-
name). Det. desert or foreign country, exx. ~~ var.
= IQf 'horizon', more exactly the land of the sun-rise; 5
~~ Tl,mw 'Libya'; !j= Stt 'Asia'; cf. too 319 D 8. 8
Different signs, but with similar outline, are (r) the gar-
ment=, see afterS 26; (2) the cake=, see after X 4;
(3) the oval, see c::> Z 8.
1
Exx. showing the sand, D.e!B. ro (t1-rjsr); Ptt.y. 36 (St,). • Reading from
old varr. of lwy 'deprive of a ship', Pyr. r.p9. 1742. a BURCHARDT § 21.
4 6 See under N 27. 8 In Pyr. 628. 707 also of sea
U,.k, iv. 791, 237.
in WJg-wr 'the great green', as var of= N 37·
I 9 g the last twice repeated In~ 1 .f::lr-Jflty, var. Pyr. ~ ~~~Q 2 Qr-Jfltl, 'Horus-of-the-
(often small §) horizon ', ' I:Iarakhti '.
1
Pyr. 337·
N2o = tongue of land Det. in l J= 1 var. Pyr. U ~ 2 wdb 'sand-bank', 'shore'.

Hence ph on. w{/b in =j'J.r 3 var. Pyr. ~ j = ~ ' wdb ' turn
back' and derivatives. From O.K. onward a sign of like
appearance is used in CIJr~llJ J;..b-sd 'jubilee', 'Sed-
festival '. 6
1 D.elB. u6. 2 Pyr. 291. s Louvre C t66. 4 Pyr. BoB.
1
Exx. Dyn. VI, Hamm. 63; Dyn. XII, Kopt. 9; Dyn. XVIII, D.elB. 37·
21 c:::::=J tongue of land Det. land, especially in 4'J' <:::J abbrev. :, '<:::1 idb 'bank', 'region'
(dual : : idbwy 'the two banks', i.e. 'Egypt '). 1 More
widely used in Dyn. XVIII, then often taking the place of
earlier :Il: N 2 3, exx. :=; t
t; 'earth ' ; ~ 7,2 1!z,t 'fields' ;
=gq";" 3 dmi 'town'.
I Wb. i. '53· 2 Rekk. 3, 1B, qu. Exerc. XXX, (iii). s Urk. iv. B931 7•
22 C)
1
sandy tongue of larid In wdb, see O.K. varr. under N 20. Det. land, exx. Dyn.
(O.K. prototype of Ill (C ~ 2 r!zt 'field'; r!OOfi':: 3 sQt 'field'.
both = N 20 and 1 Showing the sand, Munich, Inv. 204 (Abu Gmab, Dyn. V). Sim. bnt reversed,
DAv. Ftah. i. II, no. 219=Piah. (E.R.A.) 31, in the title l;ry wtfb, like last.
«:::, N 21) 2
Berl. AI. i, p. 79, B. to. • Berl. Al. i. p. 93· Sim. 1[11, Urk. i. t 2, 7.
23 ::rr irrigation canal (Dyn. Det. irrigated land, exx. ~ !1 'land' ; f}~ tJs ' boundary ' ;
XI-XVIII; early in Dyn. XVIII :Il: tends to be replaced by '<:::1 N 21. In Dyn.
identical with, 1 and XI-XII ~or~ is found as det. of time, probably corrupted
clearly a mere dif- from cg as used in words for' to-morrow' and' yesterday ', 2
ferentiation of, = c. f0 3 tr ' season ' · <=>0 4 rk ' time '
exx • <=> n ' ~tt •
1
N 36) 2
Dyn. XI, BtsSING-BRUCKMANN, Dmkmiiler 33 A (ldbwy); Dend. II A (1/).
AZ. 34, 28; Rec. 35, So. s Th. T.S. ii. l l ; !'rleir iii. 16 (tr). Sim. ]EA.
4, PI. B, 10 (r[,rw). • BH. i. 8, 19. Sim. Brit. Mus. 6q, 3 (f{1fw).
24 Hl!II land marked out with Ideo. or det. in r~ varr. ro~~' ~ sp(l)t (Spit) I 'district',
irrigation runnels 'nome'; also in ~ {/1tt (?) 2 'estate'. Det. province, exx.
;! T1-wr 'nome of Abydus'; i-}llll!l Smrw 'Upper Egypt';
also garden, in r;llll!l 3 !zsp (Pyr. !zzp) 4 'garden'.
1 LAC. Sarc. ii. t 32; the reading sp/t is suggested also by some varr. of the place-
name Sjl, see A·z. 58, 3t, n. 20; 82, n. 4· 2 Reading, see on,........ Aa B.
4
" Mission V 283. Pyr. 126.
25 ~ sandy hill-country over Ideo. or det. in ~ var. !r~ 1 b1st (b1St} 'hill-country',
edge of green culti- 'f,oretgn
. I an d' . D et. desert, exx. -c. ~ varr. -~c~·
. 2 ~. 3
vation smt (zmt) 'desert',' necropolis'; :;_~ !zrt 'upland tomb';

tJ~ ilbtt 'east'; also foreign countries, ex: :.:_0 }~
Rtnw 'Retjnu ', 'Syria'. Ideo. in~ var. Pyr. l~ ~_J1'
.{h '(the desert-god) I:Ia '.
1 Urk. iv. 343, 16; 373, 11; cf. O.K., MAR. Mast. p. 1B8. 2 Cairo 1622,
cf. O.K. Gebr. ii. 8; smyt, Cairo 20011. 8 Proof in title lmy.r smwt l1btt, see
Hier. p. 31; other exx., Siut i, 314. 322. 4 Pyr. 1013.

N 26 M sand-covered mountain Ideo. in ¥ <iw 1 'mountain', plur. M )? 2 <iww. Hence phon.
over edge of green <iw 3 (later dw), exx. MQj <lwi 'call'; fjM}® Jb<lw
cultivation 'Abydus'; ~~ wtt<iw 'short-horned cattle'.
1 Coptic toou. The proposal to read tpy flmy:f in the well-known title of Anubis
'he who is upon his mountain' (Rec. 35, 228) needs further investigation.
1 Th. T. S. i. 9• s Reading, see prju•, Pyr. 1013; cf. Vo.G. Bauer, p. 70.
27 Q] sun rising over moun- Ideo. in~ var. Pyr. ~~= 1 ;(Jt 'horizon' (properly the place
tain in the sky where the sun rises) 2 and its derivatives.
1 Pyr. I54· I Bull. 17, 189.
28 e hill over which are the Ideo. in Pyr. ~ 2 (Jr 'hill of the sunrise' and in~ (Jri 'appear
rays of the rising sun 1 in glory'. Hence phon. (Jr, 3 ex. ~~.Jl (Jrm, var. ::~.Jl4
!Jrm; 'approach'.
1 DE BucK, De egyptische voorstclli1zgetz betrejfe1tde dm oerheuvel, Leyden, 1922,
p. 6;~. 2 Pyr. 542. 3 Wb. iii. 243, 2 quot~s an O.K. word in which the
sign a is preceded by the alphabdic signs for ~r; Coptic also points to ~r rather
than !lr. 4
GARD. Sin. 33·
29 Ll sandy hill-slope 1 Cf. Ll~ ~ J7 var. Pyr. Ll~~Ll 2

!:n 'hill', 'height'. Hence
phon. !:.
1
Exx. showing sand, Meir ii. 17, nos. 36. 37·
30 ~ 1 mound of earth with Ideo. or det. in ~ var. Q~;;_~ i1t 'mound'.

1 Bull. 3, 145·
shrubs 2 t Exx. Dyn. IV, Medum II; Dyn. XVIII, D.el B. I 16.
3 I £:n:I road bordered by Ideo. or det. in ft~~ var. ~wit' road' and related words.
shrubs 1 Det. road, exx. ~~)~~ m{n 'road'; !.~ ftrt 'road'
(with related words); travel, in ~~ rr 'mount up ' and
derivatives; position in general, exx. £; r1 'here' (§ 205) ;
~~~ r-.ry 'entirely' (§ 205); ~~~ pft 'that' (§ IIO) ;
distance, in l~~fr~ ftnty 'period'. Abbrev. ftr (see
!_;:;. ftrt 'road' above) in j~ 2 var. O.K. l.l.!;;..ft.s
'In-f;,rt ' (the god) Onuris' 4 ; in ~ for !.~~<> ftrw-r
'besides' (§ 1 79) ; and for superstitious reasons in place
of~ ijr 'Horus' on M.K. coffins 5 ; also abbrev. w1 in
~ w1 r 'fall into' a bad state. 6
1 Exx. O.K., Medum 9; Saqq. Mast. i. 39, no. 47· 2 Leyd. V 3 (in a proper
name); Cairo 20446, a. 3 Geb1·. i. IS. 4 Lit. 'he who fetched the distant one';
see Unt. s. l.p. 6 AZ. sr, 58. 59· 6 fVestc. 9· 12, qu. P· 420.
32 '(] lump of clay or dung Phon. det. in Pyr. ~Q'O'.ll}"' 1 Sinw 'runners' on account
(O.K.) of ~ Q!::~ sin 'clay'. Also as· alternative for '13 F 52 in
O.K. ~HHi1 2 m{zSfts 'filthy one'. In M.E. replaced by
Cl Aa 2.
1 Pyr. 1499• 1 Ti 111.
N 33 0 grain of sand, pellet, Det. sand, in ::" 1 ~ 1 sry 'sand'; metal or mineral (often
or like. (For similar repeated eXX. ~ ttbW 'gold'; m~= ~I'? Imsdmt 'black
0 0
•),
signs cf. o D I 2 and eye-paint', 'kol)l'; medicaments, incense, etc. exx. 'tJ:,o 1
the circle, see after {J 'pellet'; ~:! p!Jrt 'medicine', 'prescription'. A sign
z 8) of like appearance rarely takes the place of dangerous
signs such as ~ A I 4 in religious documents, ex.
? ~.:. !Jftyw 'enemies' ; this practice dates from Pyr. 2
Sometimes • • • or : is substituted for the plural strokes
1 1 1, !, exx. ,!!ojft';. gnwt 'annals'; .lJr.~.' ssrw 'bags'.
3
I D. el B. IO. 2 A"Z. 51, IS. 63. 8 Urk. iv. 86, 3· • Urk. iv. I Lf3, I3·
34 D 1 ingot of metal (Dyn. Ideo. in D.:. 'copper', early perhaps read bil and later
XVIII; in Dyn. XI !;mt (?). Det. objects of copper or bronze, exx. Sf .[l rn!J
4
6
the sign resembles 'mirror',· --'ll DI I6 (JLrw 'weapons' !· =JD,.
,_-., minb 'axe' •
1 Puy. 38. 1 JEA. 4, PL 9· 1
D W I 3 ; 2 in Dyn. Medum I3; Palermo stone 5, 4;
rather different, Gebr. i. I3, reg. 3· ' A'z, 53, 51, n. 2. The reading b/1 would be
III-V it resembles confirmed for early times if the compound word written with this sign JEA. 4, PI. 9,
1. IO proved to be really b/1-rwt!. the Coptic barot 'copper'. The supposed later
o X 3 a) reading l;mt (!) is based solely on Coptic homent, komt. 6 Adm. 8, 5·
8 Urk. iv. 656, 2. 7 GARD. Sin. 51. I 59·
35 - ripple of water Cf. 7: nt 'water '. 2 Hence(?) phon. n. Perhaps phon. n

(rarely vertically D1
'not' and in =
too when used as a substitute for -"- D 35 both in - n
nn 'not' (§ 104). In group-writing (§ 6o}
~. ~. and~ are all used for n, 3 while~~ appears, as
does also ;717 in Dyn. XIX, to correspond to /, 4 ex.
~Q~~.b},-,. 1 5 S!Jt inr 'Field-of-Reeds'. In ~ 6 rjt
'serf' - replaces the sign of land = N I 7, a curious sub-
stitution (or error of transcription?) found also in Pyr. 7
1 Louvre C I, I SETHE, Alpkabet I 53· 8 BURCHARDT §§ 67. 6g. 7I. 4 Ib. §Sr.
I Urk. iv, II94, 2. e Cairo 20161. 7 Pyr. 1217 (/1); 1713 (1kr).
(35) three ripples Ideo. in =

mw 1 'water'. Hence phon. mw, exx.
smw 'summer'; =}}var. ~}}.~. mww 'muu-dancers'; 2
=.=0
.,g;:v- hdmw 'footstool'; phon. m in group-writing (§ 6o),
ex. QQ:;::::~-=~ 3 Ynrm'Yenoam', Palestinianplace-name.
Det. water, liquid, exx. f\~}= 'WJW 'wave'; ~= fdt
'sweat' ; actions connected with water, exx. Q--D:; iri
'wash'; ~~Q=~ sw(r)i 'drink'. The composite det.
: ' : (in hieroglyphic also ==) for rivers, lakes, seas
comes into vogue in Dyn. XVIII, exx. q_:~:': 4 itrw
'river'; :§lo}== 5 1!nw 'brook'.
1Coptic mow. Cf. mwt 'semen', phonetically Pyr. I 23. 1 GARD. Sin. 70.
li Urk. iv. 744, 6. ' D£v. Grnpkies, no. 9· 0 Vrk. iv. 655, 13. Sim. ib. 3, Io.
490
N 36 :r:::=c channel filled with Ideo. in= ""'I
2 var. Pyr. "<!::.= 3 mr 'canal', 'channel'.
<=>
Hence
water 1 (later form as ph on. or phon. det. mr in ~= var. = mri ' love' ; ' phon.
det. irrigated land mi, 5 exx. ~~ var. ff mist' liver'; ~·~n 6 mi!zrt 'tomb'.
n:N 23) Det. rivers, lakes, seas, exx. l~ "V1<!-wr 'the sea', lit.
1
the great green' ; X~~= !zrpy, var. M.K. t,~ !;p, 'the
inundation', here early interchanging with= N 37· For
=~(in hieroglyphic also==) as det. of names of rivers,
lakes, seas from Dyn. XVIII on, see under = N 35·
Doubtless an irrigation canal when prototype of the later
land-sign n: N 23, see there. In the fern. collective ~~A. 7
varr. ~, 8 ~~~ 7 mrt 'weavers ' 9 the sign= was probably
understood as a weaver's reed, 10 though the occasional
presence of n: or co::. may have indicated the same value
mr as in the masc. r::; ~~ 11 mr 'friend(s) ', 'partisans'.
1 Detailed 0. K. exx. Berl. Al. i. p. So; DAV. Ptah. i. 11, no. 218 (ni-mr). ~ Dyn.
XVIII, Urk. iv. 81:;, 1, qu. Exerc. X VIll (a). Cf. U.K. Urk. i toS, 13; ;i7. .p, 9·
3 Pyr. 848. ' Verbum i. § 397, 7· 5 PSBA. 16, 142; Sphinx 13, '57·
6 Urk. iv. 45• 16. 7 Wb. ii. ro6, 11-lo, there confused with mrt 'serfs'.
8 BH. i. 2<). 9 Existence as a separate word doubted Wb. ii. 97, 2, hut clear
proofs DAV. Seven Private Tombs, pp. 2-3. 49; Puy. 43; P. Anast. VI. 20.
10 JIZ. 45, 88. 11 Wb. ii. 98, 3.
37 c:::=J garden pool Ideo. in~ var. ~ s 'pool'. Hence phon. s. 1 Not seldom
interchanging in hieroglyphic with = 2 N 36, ex. l~=! 3
!zrpyw' inundations'. Appears to be a sign for irrigated land
in :;;;:= 4 var. Dyn. I I I E3l 5 {N 38) S{Jt 'aroura' (§ 266,
3); cf. the use of= N 36 both as a channel of the Nile
and, in its use as the early form of n: N 23, as an
irrigation canal. Sometimes = replaces the cake =·(see
after X 4) in spellings of Sit 'open' like ~=. oa. :;:.JJ
Occasionally it serves as a large form of the block of
stone = 0 39, ex. Q::= 6 inr 'stone'.
1 SETHE, Alphabet '55· 2 Often in mrl 'love', exx. Pyr. 317. 953· 2192.
3
Sim. Amarn. i. 22; ii. 23; iii. 6. PSBA. 18, 202, 9· Sim. BH. i. 8, 21;
also Hamm. I 14, 1~, qu. p. 392, n. 5 ( WJtj-wr ). 'so too Pyr. 435· 56~ (lj(r)p);
802 ( W;tj.wr). 4 Urk. iv. 172, 1. 6 Berl. A"I. i. p. 79, 13. sa For this
nnd the possibly homophonous word for 'pass by' see GARD. Sin. 72. 160, as well
as Wb. iii. ~5~· 6 Puy. 38. Sim. Bersk. i. 1~, 2 (snt).
38 garden pool with slop-
E3 Use as last.
1 Exx. O.K., Berl. AI. i. p. 75,
ing sides (detailed 11; DAV, Ptah. i. 11, no. 213; Dyn. XVIII, Puy.
20. 22; D. el B. 79· 81.
form of= N 37) 1
For~ see U 18.
39 llllllllllllll gardenpoolfullofwater Use as= N 37·
(alternative of = 1
Exx. o.K., Medum 9· 13; Ti 69; M.K., Berl. A"I. i. P· 254·
N 37) 1
491
N 40 5r combinationof=N 37 In 5f'~..ll sm 'go'.

and ..ll D 54·
4I t:! well full of water 1 Det. well, ex. ~ 0 2 !J1tmt 'well'; pool, marsh, in ~~, 3 varr.
~.' ~, 5 O.K. ~§, 6 p~ww 7 ·' limits', 'distant marsh-
lands'. As substitute for the female organ (cf. O.K.
"-lb 8 ) in ~J ~mt 'woman . 'wife·. Hence phon. ~m, exx.
tJ~ var. lo~ 9 (tm 'assuredly' (§ 253); o~li 1l~m
'rescue'. Also as female organ in ~i var. (here o is T;
det.) 'vulva , and derivatively 'cow', where the reading
is more probably idt than (tmt; 8a cf. above T F 45· For
obscure reasons, 10 phon. bi1, exx. j Q~ bil 'copper'; j ~
bi1 'firmament'; for the reading see ..H~~ 11 var.
jQ~}- 1 ~ 1 12 bi1w 'mine·.
1 With interiorzigzttg linesforwater,BH. iii.6,no. 88; D.~IB. 16. 1 Th. T.S. i. 27.
Sim. O.K. Sdwt, Berl..A"/. i. p. 71, cf. A"z. ..p, 9· s Vrk. iv. 138, 8. 4 Puy. 36.
6 Urk. iv. 587, 3· • MoNTET 4· 7 The proposed reading ljnw reposed mainly
on Vrk. iv. 5~3, 5, but Puy. 30 shows the reading there to be false. See also A"z.
3, 62. 8 From a sculpture at Abu Gurab; cf. nk 'copulate', Pyr. 1331, • Vrk.
iv. ~57, 9· t& Full discussion ami references, AEO. ii. ~ss•; W!J. iii. 76 reads l;mt.
10 Hier. p. 34; hardly a copper axe-head as proposed in MOLL. Pal. i. 98, n. 1.
11 Sh. S. 23-4. 12 Sinai 53, 3·
42 t:! well full of water (a Use as last.

1 With the zigzag lines, but having a straight line at top, O.K. Salz. 48; Ti 128
common alternative
(I; m/).
form of last) 1
Sect. 0. Buildings, Parts of Buildings, etc.

0 I LJ house Ideo. in SJ pr 1 'house', cf. the fern. collective ~QQa,SJ1 2
pryt 'houses'. Hence phon. pr in ~..ll pri 'go forth'
and derivatives; only very rarely not initial pr, ex. ~ 3
for fl\ IJpr 'become'. Det. house, building, exx. ~L.l rt
'room', 'department'; ~}=L.l iwnn 'sanctuary'; ~o}L.l
!Jmv 'interior'; ~·~ mr~rt 'tomb·. Less suitably also
in j ~ st 'seat', 'place'; m~ nst 'seat' of office; IQJr;
1/Jt ' horizon '.
1 Reading perhaps preserved in Coptic djmepor 'roof' (p. 8, n. 2) 1 also in Greek
transliterations like +<~p<~C:. =Hebrew l"llr}!l! ; +opC:.p = ol1<os ~Opou ; see A'z. 51, I 2 5·
1 Ijareml;a!J 34· 36. 38; also in pryt Pr-f1 'courts of Pharaoh', P. Kak. 38,
1o-1 1 (Akhenaten), Coptic nep1nepot. 1 A'Z. 57, 3*. s•, very rare.
492
BUILDINGS, PARTS OF BUILDINGS, ETC. Sign-list
combination of n 0 I In cp pr-l.ui 'treasury', lit. 'white house'.
and Y T 3
3 m! combination of["] 0 I,
p 8, 0 X 3, and 6
In rn prt-!Jrw 'invocation-offerings'.
1
See above P· I7l.
1
w 22.
4 ru reed shelter in fields 0 Ideo. in ro~ 1 h 'room (?) '. Hence phon. h.
o Probably a reed shelter of the kind still to be seen in Egyptian fields (Iversen).
A late sign-papyrus in Copenhagen 2ives pr n s!Jt ' field-house ' as one of several
descriptions of the hieroglyph. 1 M. u. K. 1, 7 (with note); Eb. 25, 16. The
exact meaning is doubtful, but see Wb. ii. 470, 2.
5 Ul winding wall (also Det. in ~=m n 1 mrrt 'street'; hence phon. or phon. det. mr
sometimes ru) in ~~>)Rt 11 var. ru~~ 3 Mr-wr ' Mnevis-bull '. For
unknown reason, ph on. det. nm in fi QlJl-JJ' var. Pyr.
ru
~ ~ 5 nml 'traverse'; also in ii. qlJ1 1o 6 1tml 'lowing' of
cattle.
1 BH. i. 44, l. 1 Amam. v. 3l 1 ll. s Berl. AI. ii. p. 100. ' Sin. R 33,
G PJ!r. 1260. Sim. ib. 1370. • Sin. R 49•
6 rectangular enclosure Ideo. in g~ !Jwt 1 'castle', 'mansion', 'temple', 'tomb'.

seen in plan The full reading !Jwt, possibly later !Jyt, is suggested by the
O.K. personal name l)Qmq lfwt£ 2 and by the isolated
variant ";l QQ7 ~ 3 Nbt-1;-yt, together with the Coptic equi-
valent nEfteoo' of the name of the goddess Nephthys.
Hence the transliteration !Jwt has been adopted in this
Grammar except for the divine name Ift-1;-r, Gk. 'A.Ovp,
' Hathor' where the element 1;-at- is clearly in status con-
strue/us. However, in one passage of Dyn. XII g~ 6 is
written for l:n 1;-tt 'quarry', giving to g the mere value 1;-.
1 Perhaps one of the large enclosures of reeds called in Arabic zarlbalz, the enclosed
portion roofed with stalks and reserved for the women and children (Calverley).
2 Az. 63, 149. s Cairo, unnumbered coffin from Asyllt. ' PREI&ENDANZ,
Pap. Grae&. mag. i. 72; cf. also the place-name fOof, fW A EO. ii. 33*."
6 Berslz. ii. p. 24.
7 alternative form of last Use as last.

(Dyn. XVIII) 1 1 Exx. Pu)'. 40; Rekk. r6.
8+ combination of
and- 0 29
~ 0 7 In if-~ 1
1
!twt-rJt 'temple', earlier 'castle'/" lit. 'great castle'.
Urk. iv. 575, 8. 2 Berl. AI. i. P• 78.
9 ra combination of ~ 0 7
and C7 V 30
In ¥ varr. ~g~~\ ~lQQ7~
Nephthys '.
2
Nbt-1;-yt '(the goddess)
1 M.u. K. vs. 5, 4· 2 See above 0 6, n. 3·
493
0Io ~combination of~ 0 6 In~ var. ~1.& 1 lft-!;r '(the goddess) Hathor'.
and ~ G 5 1
Sinai So.
I I palace with battle- Ideo. in ~~ var. -t 1

var. Pyr. -nn 2
rf;, var. M.K. Ql~ 3 if;,
ments 0 'palace'.
0 Earliest depictions, PETR. RT. ii. 3, 4 and within an enclosure like 0 I 3, ib. ii.
7, 8. 9; later DAv. Plan. i. 12, no. 225; Hier. 3, 30, Not two-storeyed, SCHARFF,
1 2 Pyr. 141. 3 Bee. 14, 167; seeSpkinx 13,157.
22, n. 64. Urk. iv. 58, 7·
I Z -f.n cornbination of e0 I I In var. of rf; 'palace', see last.

and -n D 36
I3 m 1 battlemented enclosure Det. in U!ffi sb!ft 'gateway' and in the related verb sb!J
(sb!J) 'wall in ', 2 'enclose'.
1 Ex. Urk. iv. 174, 9· I Exx. Pyr. sSs. 636. Sim. with 0 14, AZ. 6o, 63.
I 4 r portion and alternative

of last 1
Use as last.
1 Exx. Urk. iv. 4a2, 2; A·z. 6o, 63.
I 5 m 1
walled enclosure with
buttresses, and with
Ideo. in ~ 1 varr. } ~!~. ~LJ wsfJt (wsfJt) 'hall' in palace
or temple.
the signs '0 W I o and 1 Rekn. 10. Varr. with battlements as in 0 13, as well as palace 0 II, see Bier.
p. 34·
oX I
I6 ~ 1 gateway(?) surmount- Ideo. or det. in BEl 2 tJ 'curtain(?)' and B~ QQaE5 3 var. E57 3
ed by protecting ser- tJyt 'curtain'. Hence seini-ideo. in the title of the vizier
pents E5:~ var. B~QQ~~ 6 var. O.K. M 6 tJyty 'he of the
curtain'. For M:S... tJ-wr 'larboard' see on H S 22.
1 Reklz. 4· 1 MAR. Abyd. i. 19, a. a LAC. TB. 21, 85-6. 4 Tn. T. S. ii.
14. 17. 5 BUDGE, p. 312, 2, as epithet of Osiris. 8 DAv. Plan. ii. 6. 28;
Saqq. Mast. i. 17.
I7 M 1
1 DAv. Ptan. i. n, no. 232.
I 8 n shrine seen from side Ideo. or det. in

'shrine'.
J:L Qfj 1
var. .El 2
k1(r)i (Pyr. kJr 3) 'chapel',
1 Exx. D. el B. 114; Urk. iv. 168, 15. 1 Urk. iv. 130, 16. 1 Pyr. zj6.
1 9 tJ. primitive shrine Det. in ~b 1 Pr-wr' Great House' name of the pre-dynastic
national shrine of Upper Egypt at H ieraconpolis (NfJn); 2
also of itrt in Q~t:J.-+' itrt smr(yt) 'the row of upper
Egyptian sanctuaries', as seen at the Sed-festival ; 3 hence
also as collective term for ' the gods of Upper Egypt '. 4
1 Pyr. 648; Brit. M us. 574, 7· 2 Unt. v. 127, n. 2. 3 JEA. 30, 27; for
references see Az. 44• 17. 4 See above p. 291, with n. 3·
494
02o Iffi 1
shrine Det. sanctuary, exx. Q~ffil itrt 'row of sanctuaries'; !..~!ID 2
!Jm 'shrine'; especially of the ~Ifil 8 Pr-nw or C(S=Ifil'
Pr-nsr (Pr-nzr), names of the pre-dynastic national
sanctuary of Lower Egypt at Buto (P). Hence Q~ffilf
itrt m!,tt ' the row of Lower Egyptian sanctuaries' and
col1ective term for 'the gods of Lower Egypt'; see on
0 19, together with no. 3, 4 there.
1 Lisltt, p. 37· 1 Urk. iv. 167, I. 3 Pyr. 1438; Brit. Mus. 574, 8.
4 Pyr. 852; BUDGE, p. 8!!, 20; 319, 11.
21 Jili fa~ade of shrine Ideo. or det. in j'ID[ var. IT Jill 1
s!,t-ntr (z!,t-ntr) 'the divine
booth'.
1 Mitt. ix. PI. 7, I, in the title of Annbis {Jnty sl;-ntr. Cf. Hier. p. 36.
22 m open booth supported r

Ideo. or det. in lm var. m~ s!,t, var. Pyr. Tm 1 z!,t,
by a pole 'booth'; hence phon. s!,t (z!,t) in lm ~ s!,t 'counsel'. In r
the combination CD the sign retains a value !.zb (/.t1b) m
which it formerly possessed when used alone. 11
1 Pyr. I 30. 1 Cf. Pyr. 555 (/;1b 'catch of wild fowl') ; 1672 (/;1b 'be festive').
For CIJ see W 4·
23 IJJ hall used m the Sed- Ideo. or det. in wr~w 2 varr. r~f1IQ;), 8 f1IQ;) 4 !.zb-sd (!,tb-sd)
festival 1 'jubilee·~ 'Sed-festival'
1 See Unt. 3, 136. 1 Urk. iv. 565, r6. s Kopt. 9· Sim. O.K., U;.k, i. 97; 6.
' Urk. iv. 569, 8.
pyramid with side of Det. in ~~/1 mr 'pyramid',' tomb' and in names of specific
surrounding wall royal pyramids, ex. (Q~~~~LJ'.fb/1 /{J-nfr-'Imnm!,tJt
'the pyramid Amenem}:let-is-high-and-beautiful '. 1 Hence
also in ~b:;::/1@ Mn-nfr 'Memphis' (p. 183, n. 1).
1 See A'Z. 32, 88.
obelisk Ideo. or det. in ~fi 1 var. fi 2 t!Jn 'obelisk'.
1 Urk. iv. 366, IJ. I Ut·k. iv. 360, I6.
stela Ideo. or det. stela, exx. ~} "1.0. 1 var. i). 11 wi' stela'; ¥11 ..1.Q 8
r!.zrw 'station', 'stela '.

1 BH. i. 25, 32. 1 BH. i. 26, 141. s Rec. 20, 40, in the phrase rf;rw n
N b ' station of the King ', see Unt. 2, 40.
27 mnr hall of columns Det. hall of columns, exx. A~=}IHBPildw 'hal1 of columns';
1~1811 /JJ 'office'. From last, phon. or phon. det. /JJ in
® }lm 8 yar.
1
4
2
rm
!J(i)w(y) ' night·.
Reklt. 4· Urk. iv. 257, I. 1 JEA. 4, PI. 8, 3; cf. Pp. I6J9· ' Puy. 29, 5 in
the name of the feast {Jt-{J,wy 'night-ceremonies', cf. BH. i. 24; Urk. iv. 27, 5·
g column with tenon at Ideo. in g• iwn 'column';

for the reading cf. ggg~ var.
top ~} TI ~ iwnyt 'hall of columns'. Hence phon. iwn,
1
exx. 97 2 var. Pyr. go 18 iwnt 'bow'; g~ 'Iwnw ' Heliopolis '.

1 Amatia I4-Eiepn. 17. For further evidence see Si/11. Berl. Akad. I9u, ~~.
1 Sebekkku 5· a Pp. 1644-
495
0 29 -= wooden column 1 (also Cf.::,.,.._ 2 r, 'column'. Hence phon. r,, exx. =~~ r, 'great';
found vertically n H~~ 3 var. Pyr.l-n~?)t~r, Ingroup-writing 'infant'.
(§ 6o) :: or -=- is phon. r, 6 exx. 6
Trmt ::::~c= }~
7
'Tacmetj ',f. personal name; QQ~~=~ Ynrm 'Yenoam',
Palestinian place-name.
1 As support of the booth 0 l2, Medum 10. t P. Kak. 13, 2. 3 Louvre C 1, Io.
' P)'r. 1I05. 4
BURCHARDT, § 26. 8 Urk. iv. n, 9• 7 Urk. iv. 744, 5·
30 y supporting pole Ideo. or det. in ::!:>"1 var. 11 s!Jnt (z!Jnt) 2 'support' of heaven.
For a similar sign, but reversed 1. see after U I 2.
1 Four times repeated,' the four supports', Urk. iv. 843, 2. 1 Reading with z,
P)'r. 1559; f/ar!J. 365.
31 = 1
door Ideo. or det. in :;: var. = 2 r,
'door'; hence very rarely
phon. r,, ex. =~o~ r1mt 'Asiatic woman'. Det. open,
3
exx. ~= wn 'open'; =~ sn 'open'.

1 Pu)'. 54; see the picture PETRIE, Deskashe!z 21. 1 In the title lry-r1 'door-
keeper', Cairo 20103,/; lOI84,k. • Urk. iv. 743, 4·
32 !J[]P gateway Det. door, gateway, exx. ~*j i[J 1 abbrev. 11[]1 2 sb1 (sb1) 'door';
U!U sb!Jt 'gateway'.
1 D.elB. 137. 1 Urk. iv. 845, 13.
33 11fiftl fac;adeofpalaceortomb
1
Det. in ~";tilllil sr!J 'banner' for the Horus name (p. 72).
1 Urk. iv. 160, 12.
34 -c>- bolt Ideo. in 7 ,.,. _ s (z) 'bolt'. Hence phon. s (z). Also as
1
substitute for~ R 22 in _!_~® 2 var. Pyr. !_~® 3 ..(fm

'Letopolis ',the modern Ausim NW. of Cairo.{
1
_ Urk. iv. 498, I I.
2
Cairo 204~; f/arl;. 535· Det. with the shrine 0 lo,
3
Ca1ro 20738. P)'r. 167o. • From Dyn. XIX onward, however - is
often actually written at the beginning of this place-name (GAUTHIER, Die/ g!ogr.
V 45). which appears from the Gk. personal name nETEapf!~O'ICLI'LOS (gen.)=PJ-dl-f/r-
nb-S!Jn really to have read S!Jm or S!Jn (SPIEGELBERG, Ag. u. gr. Eigennamen, 28*,
no. 198 a).
35 7l combination of- 0 34 In a number of words implying motion and having s (z) as

and .A D 54 a characteristic radical, exx. Jlj.A rare var. Jl sbi 'go',
'pass',' send'; Jr~ si 'perish', later replaced by Jrj.A
sbi; ~jfl rare var. kJr..J.A ms 'bring', 'offer'; QJr is
'go ' (imperative, § 336) ; Jl QQvar. Jl.: var. Pyr. -Q Q1
sy (zy) 'who?',' what?' There is much confusion in the
value of Jl, owing to the tendency ( 1) to write Jl alone
for sb, and (2) to write Jlj for simple s. 2
1
P)'r. 438.
wall 0 (occasionally hori- Ideo. or det. in Q~Jil var: il 2inb 'wall'. Det..wall, exx.
u~ ilS sbty L SUrrounding wall }::t:::JS wmtt bulwark',
1 1
zontally t:::1 1 )
'fortification'; =.J
il.A' snb 'overleap ··a wall.
;
o In the earliest times perhaps plan of a brick enclosure with buttresslike projec-
tions, but later certainly interpreted as a wall, cf. A 35 and 0 37· See SCHARFF, 18.
1 Urk. iv. 764, 9· 3 4 Sin. R I..p.
:1 Urk. iv. 765, 7· 16. Urk. iv. 661, 5·
0 37 l::::::J falling wall Det. overthrow, exx. } ~ ~~ 1 whn 'overthrow'; ~=~ 2
s!!nn 'demolish' a wall ; slanting, ex. m~ 6 ~ ~ 3 g-s1 'tilt'.
1 Urk. iv. 78o, 7· s Cf. Puy. 20. s Peas. B I, 92.
38 IF corner of wall Det. in ~jo!J /fnbt 'corner', 'angle ',0 whence ~Jf.~, var.
U:i l /fnbt ' magistrates ', lit. perhaps 'those who sit at the
corner'. Det. gate, in glF rrrt 'gate· ; corner(?), in
""<C..
<=:>
c:::::..u mrrt 'street ·. Ideo. or det. in -==-
0
~ =IF' var. ~ - <::::>
,;._il (try (n) tm, an obscure title. 1

0 Palermo stone, vs. 5, 2; see too AEO. ii. uo. 452 of On. Am. 1 Az. 40, 96.
39 CJ stone slab or brick Det. stone and similar, exx. Q:;: = inr ' stone' ; ,:: r,t
(sometimes large like 'valuable stone' for vessels, etc.; = dbn 'deben-weight' :=
= N 37) (§ 266, 4); ~= rr 'pebble'; ~j: tibt 'brick'.
40 t:CJ stairway Det. stairway, exx. <::>}'ZJ' varr. :;:LJ, L] 1 rwd 'stairway';
®:~LI var. L] 2 !Jtyw 'terrace', 'terraced hill'.
1 Sebckkhu 8. Reading, see Leyd. V 3, 5· 11 Urk. iv. I03r, 6, in connection
with Min: for the !Jtyw 'platform' of Min see Cairo 20703, a 5; also LEGRAIN,
L'ailenwddu py16ne d'Amtnophis Ill, 14 A; see too the elaborate study K!miii. fi.
41 6 double stairway Det. stairway, exx. Ll ~ QQL:'!. 1 if'Y 'ascent', 'high place';
Q~L:'!. irr 2 'ascend'.
1 Urk. iv. 364, 3· 11 Az. 46, 98.
42 d!11. fence outside primitive Phon. ssp (szp) in .ittJtli ssp, var. Pyr. ~= 2 szp, 'receive',
shrine b 0 19 1 but early ssp ~~1!1t; 3 cf. J{1t0 4 var. ~~Q 6 ssp 'daylight·.
1 See the pictures of 0 l<J Medum '); Sah. 22; Ann. 25, 126. 11 Pyr. 87<J·
3 Siut I, 225. 'P.J.."ah. I, 10; Peas. B 1, 201. 5 DK BUCK, ii. 5·
43 :mtt. 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 Pyr. 260 (W 387). See too ScHARFF, 13, n. 23.
44 f emblem erected outside

the tern pie of M in 1
Ideo. or det. in
1
'f7 2
var. Q]i;\'f 3 iJt 'office·, 'rank'.
See A"opt. 10, 3; a divergent early form jUNKER, Gfza I, If6. 2 Commonest
form, exx. Reni 1/asan I, 25, 1I; Kopt. 8, I r; Urk. iv. 208. 3 BUDGK, 482, 16;
llwt, given as principal form IVb. i. 29, if found at all early, is probably status pro-
nomina/is, see § 78.
45 l3 domed building Ideo. or det. in Q~U3 varr. U3~, U3 ip! 'harim'; Q~~ 1 ipJt
is possibly the fuller form of the same word.
1 Az. 45• 127.
46 ea Older form Of last I Use as last.

1
• Exx. O.K., Urk. i. Ioo, 13; M.K., Bersk. ii. 2I, top 16; Dyn. XVIII, Urk.
1V, 897, 3•
47 GD a prehistoric building Ideo. in @' varr. ~. ~ ~ NIJn 3 'Hieraconpolis ', i.e. Kom
at Hieraconpolis 1 el-Aomar in Upper Egypt.
1 }iZ. 53, 57. 1 Rekk. I6; but also Dyn. VI, Gebr. ii. 6; Dyn. XII, BH. ii.
(Dyn. XVIII form) 2 3 Rea<\ing, BRUGSCH, Diet. Gtogr. 353; see too A"z. 58, 6o
14; Leyd. V 4, I.
and the alternative writing M1Jn, AEO. ii. no 320 of On. Am.
497
0 48 ® alternativeformoflast 1 Use as last.

1 Dyn. V, Sak. r8; Dyn. XII, Tk. T. S. ii. 6; Dyn. XVIII, Pakeri 8.
49 @ village with cross-roads Ideo. in !

niwt ' village ' ; for the reading cf. Pyr. -;: @t::=l1&1
1
n(iw)tyw(?) ' those belonging to the lower heaven' and

the very late var. ®~@ 2 for NavKpan~. Det. village,
town, ex. 1~ WJst 'Thebes'; inhabited region, in LJ~~
Kmt' Egypt', lit. 'the black (land)'; ~ 3 t.i1tt (?) 'estate'.
1 Pyr. 1.~67. The puzzling evidence suggests that the 'lower heaven' had two
names, namely Nl(w)t and Nnt, which are much confused in the writing. Crucial
passages are Pyr. 149. 446. 1691. 2 Az. 53, 105. 8 Peas. R 68; see Aa 8.
50 ® circular threshing-floor Det. in ~ 0 2 spt (zpt) 'threshing-floor'. Hence phon. or

covered with grain 1 phon. det. sp (zp) in ;;; var. 0 sp ' time', 'occasion' and
(printed m older related words. Note ~ var. ~ sp sn ' two times ' as sign
books in the late that a word or part of a word is to be repeated in reading
form®) (§§ 207. 274), exx. ~ ~ rs1 rs1 'very often'; ;::.a~ rsrs
'rejoice'. For 0 in f@ fzlt-sp 'regnal year' see p. 204.
1
Hier. pp. 27. 67. t MONTET 213-14.
5I JI1 heap of grain on a Ideo. or det. in .Q~.l]1 varr. .[]1;;, .[]1 1 s1iwt 'granary'.
0
So ERMAN, Agypten, 577, n. 3· probably rightly; for the shape of the heap, cf.
raised mud floor 0 Ti 124. DAV. Ptak. i. 36 thought the sign originally depicted a granary, and was
only later interpreted as a heap of corn. However, both early (ib. 28; Ti 84) and
late (ER MAN, op. cit. 576) the actual granaries were dome-shaped.
1 Urk. iv. Joso, 13.
Sect. P. Ships and Parts of Ships

P 1 ~ boat on water Det. boat, ship, exx. ~ ~ dpt 'ship' ; X}~ 1 !zrw 'ships' ;
¥}~ 2 r!zrw 'ships'; sail, travel by water, exx. ::~
nri ' sail ' ; ~ ~ {Jdi ' fare downstream ' ; also det. in
~.}~ 8 iw(y) 'one without a boat'. As abbrev. the
sign presents difficulties; 1~ 4 is doubtless dpt-ntr 6
'the divine bark' ; in \ ~ 6 'overseer of ships' there is
definite evidence in favour of r!zrw, 7 but possibly r!zrw
is merely a later writing of, or more recent substitute
for, !zrw; 8 the singular ~ 'boat' doubtless usually stood
for 4=~}~ 9 imw, but once at least represents the
much rarer LJ~LJ~ ~ ~ 10 /plpw.
1 2
Hamm. I 14, 14; Bersk. i. 14, 7· BH. i. 4-J, 5; Rekk. 3, 34· 1 Wb. i. 47•
4
Az. 45, PI. VI, 6. G Adm. p. 33· 6 .Az. 45, PI. VI, 6; Cairo 20023, s;
Urk. iv. 153, 3· 7 Compare Cairo 20143, c with ib. -~; so too without plural
strokes and followed by numeral, Cen. 90, 1, 5· 6. 8 AZ. 32, 34· Possibly the
relationship is like that of O.K. lbw, Dyn. XV Ill wsh ' breadth'. 9 .AZ. 68, 8.
10
Westc. 8, 3-4. •
(I) ~ boat upside down Det. in~ l{l'"- j1zr 'upset', • overturn'.
SHIPS AND PARTS OF SHIPS Sign-list
P 2 ~ ship under sail Det. in ~':' ~ IJnti 'sail upstream'.
3 ~ sacred bark (details Ideo. or det. in }Q~ ~ var. ~ wiJ 'sacred bark'. Det.
vary greatly in differ- divine boats, exx. ~ ~ ~ mrndt ' bark of the dawn ' ;
ent cases) 1 =~~ nsmt 'the neshmet-bark ',i.e. the sacred boat of
Abydus. Also det. sail, when divine journeys are meant,
ex. A~~ 2 d1i 'cross' sky, said of Re<.
1
For different forms see lkhern. 14. 23 (nJmt); Cairo 20024=Mus. !g. i. 17
(mrngt, msktt); Urk. iv. 366, 6. 7 (mrngt, msktf). s D.elB. 114.
For~ see G 7*. For~ see G 10.
4 <g> fisherman's boat with Semi-ideo. in ~i w!;r 'fisherman', plur. }l}it 1 w!;rw,
net together with the related words.
1 Bersh. ii. 16 without the plural strokes. Cf. ~acidic OT(J)f£ 'fisherman'.
5 y sail Ideo. or det. in ~}~ var. ~} {lw 1 'breath', 'wind'. Det.

wind, exx. -=,J QQo~ ml;yt 'north wind'; ~}~ t}rw
'storm'; sail, in lf)}~ 2 /;t1w 'sail'. Ideo. also in~}
var. y~ nfw 'skipper', late var. ~Y~i nfy. 2
1 Reading, Pyr. 309; see Az. 24, 86. 2 DuMICHEN, Kalenderinschriften
35, 49· 8 LEPSJUS, Todlenbudz, eh. 99, 23. Coptic t~eef.
6 mast 0 Phon. rJ;r 1 in -nfJt var. ¥-A rJ;r 'stand' and derivatives.
° For the problem of the form (also in P 5, 7) see Sah. II, p. 16r. l That !z
forms part of the reading is shown by a late spelling of l;rw 'limbs', BRUGSCH,
W01'terbuch, Suppl. 2j2.
7 ~ combination of ¥P 6 Use as last, ex.~~ 1

rJ;rw 'ships'.
and -n D 36 1 Urk. iv. 702, 15.
Det.oar,exx.i~}UPwsrw'oars'; ~p!;pt'oar'.
8 ~ oar (also often horizon- Perhaps
tally in=§ ss) from a word 13 var. 17,4 'oar' known only from the king's
name ( 0<:::::::7!) 5 Nb-IJrw(?)-Rr 'Nebkherure<' phon. IJrw,
exx. 1} var. !J} IJrw 'voice'; !}QQ~i IJrwy 'enemy'.
1 NAY. 99, 23. t A secondary word, see A.'Z. 62, 4· a Value deduced
only from phonetic use. 4 D. e! B. (XI) iii. Pl. 11. 5 Now recognized as
distiuct.from king Nebl_lepetre<, see Stud. Aeg. I 38-41; also AZ. 62, 3·
9 + combination of
and-- I 9
! P 8 In +" var. ~J~ flr(y)jjt 'says'(§ 437).
1o ~ steering oar Det. in o~} ~ l;mw 'steering oar'; o~QQ~i /;my
' steersman '.
I I ~ mooring post Det. in :;:Qo~ 1 mnit (minit) 'mooring post~ and the related
words. In hieratic often indistinguishable from) T 14 and
consequently so usually transcribed. 2
1 Brit. Mus. 574, 14. 1 See MoLL. Pal. i. nos. 457· 472.
499
Sect. Q. Domestic and Funerary Furniture

Q I jj seat Ideo. in j(; st, var. Pyr. rJa 1 st, 'seat',' place'. Hence
phon. st (S/), 2 exx. >Jcj mJSt 'lap'; u;;:Je nmst 'jar';
ws (ws), 8 in j-=-~ Wsir 'Osiris'; Js (1s), in jo~ rare var.
~jo~ 4 Jst (Ut)' Isis '. From a word lJ..: !;tmt 'chair'
(Dyn. XIX) phon./;tm, 2 ex. lJ~~ var.lP~~~ l;tm
'perish'.
1 Pyr. 87z. 2 Az, 46, 107. 8 Az. 46, 92. • LAc. TR. 43, 4; Coffins,
M-4C,J.44.
2 A portable seat (some- Ideo. in 4 2 st 'seat' (rare). Phon. ws (ws) in fE. rarer var.
times reversed) 1 4 8 Wsir ' Osiris '.
1 Exx. Cairo 20023. 34049• 34085. 2 Kopt. 7, 16, a.
3 0 stool of reed matting 1 Cf. ~2p ' base' (for shrine), Ptolemaic 04 s p 'seat', Coptic
po£ 'bench'. Hence phon. p. 4
1 Depicted Tit. T. S. i. 15; the earliest forms suggest a stool-covering rather than
an actual stool, but exx. of Dyn. II favour the latter, see PETR. Eg. Hier. PI. 38.
2 Urk. iv. 834, 6. 8 DUMICHEN, Ruultai'SJ, 19. 4 SETJn;, Alpkabe/152.
For~ see M 7·
4 X head-rest Det. in ~rx wrs (wrs) 1

• head-rest'.
1 For I see Saqq. Mast. i. r.
5 r;::::::;J chest (varies much m Det. box, chest, exx. ~&=;~ hn 'box'; ~~&=;~ rjdt 'chest'.
form) 1 1 Exx. Berslz. i. 10. 15; Urk. iv. 427, 6; PETR. Abyd. ii. 34·
6 t:==1 coffin (varies much m Ideo. or det. in ..~J~}~ var. ~ *rsw (*rsw) 'coffin'. Det.
form) 1 in .~J ~~ *rs ' bury'.
1 Exx. EH. i. 12; Puy. 6o. 68.
7 jl brazierwith flame rising Det. fire, exx. !~ !Jt 'fire'; ~ ~ sgt 'flame'; heat, exx. ~l ~
from it 1 rkl.z 'heat'; fj~(l. IJ 'hot'; cook, etc., exx. ~J ~ psz
'cook' (§28I); YJ}~ Jbw 'brand'; torch, in u~ tkJ
'torch', 'candle'. Also abbrev. ~ 2 for r::~ srf (Sif)
'temperature'; (l.~ nsrsr (nsrsr) in ;=::~~® 8 'Iw-1zsrsr, a
mythical locality.
1 See the varr. NAV. uo, 17. 19.
Meir ii. p. 34· 8
soo
Sect. R. Temple Furniture and Sacred Emblems

R I ~ 1 ta~le with loaves and Ideo. or det. in 0!~.} ~ 2 I;JWt, varr. ~~, 3
0
or 4
l;1t, 'table
jUg of offerings'.
1 D. el B. 3.7• Often the round loaf is on the left, exx. Palzeri •H Urk. iv. 163, 7·
2 Siut I, 240. s See on L 6. 4 Cairo 20667.
2lfl' 1table with convention- Ideo. or det. in l~QQlf 2 IJJ.Y(t), varr.l~lf, 3 lf 4 l;1t, 'table
alized slices of bread of offerings'.
(alternative form of 1 Ex. D. el B. 140. Sim. O.K., Salz. 63. 2 Louvre C u, 7· 8 D. el B. 140.
' Cairo 20712, a 6.
last)
3 ~ four-legged table with Ideo. or det. in ~.} 'ft.}~ z wtf!;w (§ I 9, 0Bs. 2 ), var. Pyr.
loaves and libation }=1.}~ 3 wd!;w, 'table of offerings'. Also as abbrev.,
vase 1 especially in the title W!~ 4 ss wd!;w ' scribe of the
offering-table'.
1 Forms differ considerably, but in M.E. the four-legged table is characteristic of
wdl;w, while {J1wt has the forms shown under R I. 2. Dyn. XII, see Bier. 8, no. 126;
BH. iii. 3, no. 21 ; Dyn. XVIII, Palzeri 7; NoRTHAMPT. 3, 7· 2 Berslz. i. 12,
3
PJir. 474· • Cairo 20023, n; 20562,g; reading proved by i6. 20671,6.
4 c:::!:::, loaf G X 2 on a reed-mat Ideo. in

l;tp in
1
**var. O.K. ~ 2 l;tp 'altar'. Hence semi-phon.
!;tp 'rest', 'be pleased' and derivatives ; the
writing 1* is not uncommon in M.K. proper names and
occurs also in a hieratic ligature of the same date. 3
1
Brit. Mus, 590. • Urk. i. 107, 17. s Ex. Le6. 23; see Az. 29, 54·
5 r=- 1 censer for fumigation 2 Ideo. ordet. in ';"(l. var. Pyr. ~~ 3 kp 'fumigate'. Hence
(after O.K. doubt- ph on. k1p, ex. ";LJ var. r=- 4 kp ' hartm ', ' nursery' ;
less misunderstood) kp, ex. ":7~ 6 Kpny' Byblus', a town in Phoenicia.
1 Ex. Dyn. XVIII, D. e1 B. 139· The same form, but reversed, already Dyn. V,
Saqq. Mast. i. u. Sometimes in Dyn. XVIII somewhat resembles a wrist and hand,
exx. Two Sculptors 8; Urk. iv. 997, 6; later interpreted as a claw. 2 Az. 50, 66.
3 4 Urk. iv. 997, 6.
P)lr. 184. Sim. i6. 803. Sim. k1pw' crocodile', Pt. 262,
a Urk. iv. 535, 6; Sin. R 53·
6 ~ 1
1 Ti 132, over a scene of fumigation.
7 b 1
bowl for incense with Ideo. or det. in IJ~b 2 abbrev. b8 sntr 'incense'. Also as
smoke rising from it equivalent of O.K. l7 W 10* ( = Pyr. "0 Aa 4) in +>~ 4 var.
~ 6 bJ 'soul'; also in ~ b1 'ram '. 6
1 2 Urk. iv. 943, 12. 3
See Bier. p. 43· Depicted Meir iii. 17. Pfheri 5;
Urk. iv. 914, 9· ' (Jrk. iv. I14, 3• 1 Urk. iv. 945, 2. 8 W6. I. 414.
50 I
R81 cloth wound on a pole, Ideo. in 1• n{r

'god'. Hence phon. (semi-ideo.) n{r, ex.
emblem of divinity 1 1~~ ntry. var. Pyr. 1:: 2 n{r(i), 'divine'. Very rarely
det. for a god, ex. 'bjJ1 3 Gbb 'Geb ', Gk. K~/3.
1 See NEWBERRY,.fEA. 33, 90; Meir ii. p. 35; Saqq. Mast. i. P· 45·
2 Pyr. 533· a A'z. 43· 148,
9 ~ combination of 1R 8 Ideo. or det. in Jc::oi var. i 1

bd' (a kind of) natron '.
and 'b V 33 1 D. el B. xo. In Pyr. ideo. in n£r 'nitre' (Pyr. 1368), det. in ~zmn 'natron' (ib.).
IO ;1 1 combination of 1 R 8 Ideo. in ~ var. 1.!.~ !Jr(t)-ntrt 'necropolis'.

1 1 .JEA. 24, 244.
and1.1r1T 28andLJN 29 Ex. Paheri 3·
IJ n column imitating a
bundle of stalks tied
Ideo. in !• rid' t(jed-column '. Hence phon. rid in !c::o var.
n
Pyr. :J. 2 ridi ' be stable ', ' enduring ' and derivatives.
together 1 The twofold writing of the sign in the town-name ftft}®
doubtless indicates the change of value from rid to dd,
see the varr. § 289, I.
1 ScHXFER, Griff. Stud. 424; early exx. as architectural ornament, Ann. 25, PI. 5;
27, PI. 2. 2 Pyr. 1078.
12 1 standard for carrymg Det. in Q~ 4- ilt 'standard'. Also accompanying various

religious symbols ideograms for gods, exx. ~ M1tw '(the god) Min' ; ~
ijJ' (the god) Ba '. Cf. also J(. D 29; ~ E I8; ~ G 7;
~ G 26; ' R I3·
I3 ~1 falcon ~ G 5 on .,- As emblem of the West, ideo. in '~ imnt 'west' and the
R I 2 with feather related words. For the reading compare Pyr. Q~' 2 imn
(O.K. to Dyn. XII) 'right', 'right-hand'.
1 Sak. 5· The forms differ greatly, see SETHE, Reckls 21I. Exx. Dyn. XI, PETR.
Abyd. ii. 24. 25. 2 Pyr. 730.
14 y abbrev.oflast,omitting Ideo. in J~ imnt 'west' and related words, including J~~

falcon and enlarging var. J-.l\ wnmy, var. Pyr.. +~'l~Q 2 wnmi, 'right' hand,
feather (from Dyn. side, etc.
VI onward) 1 1 SETHE, Reckts 215. 2 Pyr. roo2. See SETHE, Reckts 199.
I 5 t spear decked out as As emblem of the East, ideo. in tJ~ ilbt 'east' and related
standard 1 words, ex. tJ~ i1by, varr. Pyr. t, Q~J 2 iJbi, 'left-hand'.
From Dyn. XVIII on, by confusion with f U 23, phon.Jb,
exx. t J M}® 3 Jbriw 'Abydus' ; tJ- Jb·n ' has desired '.'
1 SETHE, Re,·kts 220. 1 Pyr. 730. a Urk. iv. n, 49· 4 Urk. iv. 28, 1.
papyrus-shaped wand Ideo. or det. in ' var. }o' w!J 'the w!J-fetish' of Cusae in
I6 ' with feathers 1 Upper Egypt.
1 With many variant forms, see Meir i. p. 2 ; ii. p. 38.
502
TEMPLE FURNITURE AND SACRED EMBLEMS Sign-list
R 17 ~ w1g, with fillet and Fetish of Abydus, ideo. or det. in~ var. =~! 2 T1-wr 'the
plumes, on pole 1 nome of Abydus or This'.
(Dyn. XVII I) 1 See WINLOCK, Bas-reliifsfrom the temple of Rameses I at A!Jydos, p. 15.
I Urk. iv. 111, 13,
18 ! variant form of last Use as last.
19 r the uas-sceptre 1 S 40 As emblem of the Upper Egyptian nome of Hermonthis

with fillet and feather and its town, ideo. in f@ W1st (W1st),t var. Dyn. XX
1~fc 2 T¥s(r), 'Thebes '. For f:e i1tt 'milk' see on S 40.
1 Reading further proved by demotic, see MoLLER, Di1 !Jeiden Totenpapyrus
Rkind, p. 76*, no. 538. Cf. -ois in the name Xa.Jlots=.(ff·m-Wut, GRili'FITH,
Stories of the High Priests of Memphis, p. z, n. 2. 1 Brit. M us. 303.
1
20 . , conventionalized flower As emblem of the goddess of writing ideo. in -'r"'~ 11 Ss1t,
(?) surmounted by var. Pyr. ~=~~ 3 Ss1t, late var. ~~-'t • S!t, '(the goddess)
horns Seshat '.
1 1 1 4
D. el B. 55· Urk. iv. 19, 14. P)'r. 616. Louvre A97, qu. PSBA. 16, 252.
21 + 1
1 Saqq. Mast. i. 1 (Dyn. III-IV).
22 c::JOC> two fossil belemnites ? 1 As emblem of the god of Panopolis (Ekhmim) and of
Coptus (~ift) ideo. in ~ varr. ~. 9f var. Pyr. ;:}~ 11
Mnw ' (the god) Min ', Greek Mtv. 8 The name of
Letopolis (Ausim) in the Delta@' reads .{fm, as the var.
Pyr. !.~c 11 shows; from M.K. onwards- 0 34 is often
substituted for-, ex. .!_~c, see on 0 34· Hence phon.
!;m in !.~ffil. var. !._~r; 8 !Jm 'shrine'.
1 Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology (Liverpool) 3· 50. The earliest exx.
resemble a double-beaded arrow. 1 P)'r. ·1-24· 8 PLUTARCH, De IsiJe 56.
4 Cairo 20221; sim. P)'r. 1270. & Pyr. 167o. For the localization at Austm
see Ann. 4, 91; Rec. 26, 144. 8 U,-k, iv. g6, 4· This word has no connexion
with the Gk. town-name Chemmis and itS modem descendant Ekhmim, the Egyptian
original of which was !fnt.Mnw, see A'Z. 62, 93; AEO. ii. 40*.
23 c::~t~~::> 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 Saqq. Mast, i. 8.
24 ><=>< 1 two bows tied in a As emblem of the goddess of Sais, ideo. or det. in --=~~ 8
package 2 (sometimes varr. >:<~! l=< Nt (Nrt, Nit) 6 '(the goddess) Neith '.
also vertically ~) 1 D. el B. II6. 2 Ancient Egypt 19H, 35· 8 U;k. iv. 414, 5· 4 D. el B. u6.
1 Reading, .A.'Z. 43, 144- The Gk. form N.,r8 suggests a medial I or r.
25 ){ 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 Ti 46.
503
Sect. S. Crowns, Dress, Staves, etc.

Sr(J white crown of Upper Ideo. or det. in fa4 1 var. 4 2 f.tdt 'the white crown'. Det.
Egypt 0 white crown, exx. ;-4 3 !mr-s 'crown of Upper Egypt';
~-:- 4 4 wrrt 'great crown'.
o ABUBAKR, 25. 1 Urk. iv. t6 7 8. 2 Sebekklm 12; BRUNTON, Lakun I 15.
3 Urk. iv. 266, 8. • CAPART, Recueil de Monuments i. 30.
the last m basket 'C7 Ideo. or det. in f~.:t:V var. ,4.2 !J4t 'whit~ crown'. Det.
V 30 white crown, in ~-:-,4.8 wrrt 'great crown'.
1 2 Kopt. 8, 8. s Urk. iv. t6,
LAC. TR. 89, 35· II.
red crown of Lower Ideo. or det. in ~-:-'?;! 1 var. '?;/ 2 d!rt 'red crown'. Det.
Egypt 0 red crown, ex.;t-'r:;/ 3 mf.t-s 'crown of Lower Egypt'. From
Pyr. 7 Ji 4 nt 'crown of Lower Egypt' ph on. n, rare before
Dyn. XVIII. 6 Substituted for ~ L 2 for superstitious
reasons 6 in 'r:;/g 7 sd1wty (?) blty ' treasurer of the king of
Lower Egypt' ; also in i ~ 8 1t-sw-bit 'king of U ppcr and
Lower Egypt'.
0 ABUBAKR, 47• t Urk. iv. 16, 8. 2 Sebekkku 12. 3 Urk. iv. 266, 8.
• Pyr. 724. 6 Seep. 27,n.4. 6 AZ.51, 57· 7 Kopt. 8, 11. 8 Urk.iv. 15o,12.
4 J£ the last m basket 'C7 Det. red crown, exx. "';: Ji 1 nt 'net-crown'; f~Ji 2 mf.t-s
V 30 'crown of Lower Egypt'. Very rarely phon. n, 3 like '?;/ S 3·
1 2 Brit. Mns. 574, 6.
Brit. Mus. 574, 8. Sim. Pyr. 724. s Dyn. XII,
Az. 45, 125; Dyn. XVIII, Urk. iv. 309, 12.
s¥f combined white and Det. double crown in f c~J;f 1 s/Jmty 'the double crown' of
red crowns 0 Upper and Lower Egypt, lit. 'the two powerful ones', in
Greek t/Jxlvr 2 (p1-s!Jmty).
1 P. Boul xvii. 3, 3· ' Rosetta stone.
o ABUBAKR, 6o; OLZ. 35 1 698.
6 ~ the last m basket 'C7 Ideo. or det. double crown, exx. f!-.,:4 1 var. Jt 2 s!Jmty 'the
V 30 double crown' ; ~-:- Jt 3 wrrt 'the great crown'.
1 Urk. iv. 565, I.oj. I Urk. iv. 278, 6. 8 Urk. iv. 255 •. 7•
7 ((J the blue crown 1 Ideo. or det. in f;\:;;q 2

var. q 3
!Jpr! 'the blue crown'.
1
Az. 53, 59· 1 P. Boul. xvii. 3, 3-4. 8 BR. Tkes. 1077.
8 4 the atef-crown 1 Ideo. or det. in ~-=--4

1 ABUBAKR;
2
var. 4 2
1if' the atef-crown '.
7; an early ex. Salt. 38, Dyn. V. I .{(ec. 39, I I 7•
9 I!J two plumes Ideo. or det. in ~~I!J 1 var. I!J 2 !wty 'double plumes'.
1 Urk. iv. 1 11, 8. I Urk. iv. 48, 6.
504
CROWNS, DRESS, STAVES, ETC. Sign-list
S I o q band of cloth as fillet Ideo. or det. wreath, exx. ll}q 1 w1[zw 'wreath'; q 2 var. ql
var. O.K. ~ ""ll~ 3 md!z 'fillet'. From this last, phon.
md!z (md!z) in q[~ 4 md!z, var. ~~l"'"' 6 md!z, 'hew' and
the related noun gs varr. qJ, 7 q 8 md!z(w) 'carpenter',
'shipwright'.
1 llrit. M us. 826. 1 Brit. M us. 828, in this and the ex. quoted under 3 often
wrongly translated 'girdle'. 8 Urk. i. 98, 12, in the phrase £s md!J as above n. 2 •
• Urk. iv. s6, 13, ' Urk. iv. 778, 14· Sim. mrj!z, ib. 707, I+ • Cairo 588.
7 Cairo 20441. • Brit. Mus. 223.
I I ® collar of beads with Ideo. or det. in}~~~ 1 var. ~ 2 ws!J (ws!J) 'collar'. Hence
falcon-headed termi- occasionally phon. or phon. det. ws!J (ws!J), exx. ~ 3 ws!J
nals 'breadth' ; ~}-; ~ 4 sws!J 'widen'.
1 Cairo 20539, ii. b 8. I Mitt. 8, 17; Urk. iv. 54, 3· a Urk. iv. 142, 10.
' Urk. iv. 83, 3·
I2 A collar of beads Depicted with the name "JQQc nbyt 'collar'.1 Hence ideo.
in !':"! var. Aj}! 2 nbw 3 'gold' and the related words.
Det. precious metal, exx. 1A drm 'fine gold'; YA !zd
'silver'.
1 J.EQ. 6o; Rec. 35, 231. 1 EH. i. 8, 13. s Reading from Coptic nQU/J
'gold', etc. See too AZ. 8, 20.
I3 ~ combinationofAS I2 Ex. ~~ 1 nbi 'gild', 'fashion'.

and J D 58 1
Brit. Mus. 826, 3·
I4 ~ combination of A S I2 In ~ 1 71 !z4 ' silver', Coptic ~~T.

and YT 3
I4* ~ combination of AS I 2 In~~ 7 drm 'fine gold', see under S 40, 41.
1
and 1 S 40
I 5 m 1
pectoral of glass or
fayence beads (Dyn.
Ideo. or det. in u:--m:
t!znt, var. m71
7I var. O.K. ==ltR:;: 2
t!znt, 'fayence ', 'glass', and in other words from the stem
XVIII form) t!zn 'sparkle', 'be dazzling'.
1 MoLL. Pal. ii. no. 417. 1 MAR. Mast. 113.
I6 m O.K. form oflast

1 Use as last.
1 MAR. Mast. 113, qu. under S 15.
I 7 m another O.K. form of

1
use as last.
S I5 1
P7r. 454 (W 563).
I 8 ~ 1 bead - neckl:ce with Ideo. or det. in ::;:Qa~ var. ~ mnit' bead-necklace',' metzat'. 2
counterpoise 1
Puy. 53· 5+ s GARD. Sin. Ioo.
505
SI 9 {j\J cylinder-seal attached Ideo. in gu} var. .((\) sd1wty (?) 2 'treasurer', plur., gu} ~:j! 3
to bead-necklace 1 sqJwtyw (?), and in the related ~ 4
sdnv (?) 'precious'.
1 .ti"Z. 35, 1o6. 2 Reading doubtful;. see .liZ. 32, 66; 36, 146; 37, 86.
a Munich 3, 15, qn. § 212. • GARD. Sin. III.
20 g cylinder-seal attached Ideo. or det. in ~~g var. g 2 !Jtm 'seal' and related words.
to bead-necklace (as Det. seal, in ~ !~ QQg 3 sdJ)'t 'seal' ; ~ g qbrt 'signet-ring'.
seen from the front) 1 Id eo. or d et. m. g= I
var. ="'
-.J)\\lJ,~ X t
1 1 .)rry
' sea I' , a umt
. of
value (§ 266, 4). Also as substitute for.((\) S I9, ex. ~g
sqJwty (?) bltJ' ' treasurer of the king of Lower Egypt' ; 4
also as substitute for tl' E JI (sr~). 6
1 ./iZ. 35, 106. 2 Cairo 20056, c, in the title sJ /:tr /}tm. a Siul 5, 7·
6 Wb. iv. 49,
' Already PETR. RT. i. II, 1.4; 31, 43; JUNK.ER, Gtza I, 149·
exx. Pp. 219; Cairo 20520, t/6; BUDGE, 241, 3·
2I 0 ring (possibly a plain Det. ring, ex. ~}}o iwrw, var. ~}o rrw, 'ring'. 1 A
finger-ring) similar, if not identical, sign m }o 2 ssw 'ring' (of :;:x
silver).
1 Wb. i. 51. !I Vrk. iv. 701, 12.
22 H 1 shoulder-knots Phon. st (#.),ex. H~~ Stt, var. H::: Stt, (I) 'Asia',
H= Y"'=
(2) 'Sehel ', an island in the First Cataract; 3 also st in
4
var. sti 'pour'. Also, for unknown reason,
ideo. or det. in O.K. H~ 6 var. ~H 6 tJ-wr 'larboard';
here later apparently replaced by M 0 17. 7
1 1 8 .liZ. 45, 24
Puy. 36. Ann. 29, 33· • Brit. Mns. u64, 8.
6 Ti 78. 79· See BOREUX, Etudu de nautique 435, n. 8. a L. D. ii. 96.
' Already Dyn. VI, Gebr. ii. 7.
I 7* ~1 girdle as worn by Ideo. in name of the goddess ::~:Gt?l 3 Ssmtt (Szmtt)

various gods (Pyr.) 2 'Shesmetet '. Ph on. ssm in 'W _::o 4 ssmt 'malachite'; also
in ::il1iiJ~ 5 TJ-Ssmt 'To-Shesmet', a region E. of Egypt.
1 Pyr. u36. In M.E. the form varies greatly (two varr. in above text), sometimes
approximating to H S u or even to ~ S 12. 2 Griff. Stud. 316. s Op. cit.
318; Rec. trav. 24, 198. • Vrk. iv. 875· 6 BIRCH, Alnwick Castle, Pl. 4•
23 ~ knotted strips of cloth 1 Ideo. or det. in~~ dmd, var. ~ var. Pyr. =~ ~~ 2 dmti,
' unite ' and derivatives. Different from M Aa 6.
1 This conventionalized form, Rekll. 3; earlier forms, A·z. 39, 84. 2 Pyr. 1036.
24 ~ girdle knot 1 Ideo. in '::-: 2 tst (r) 'knot', (2) 'vertebra'. Hence semi-
1'deo. m
. -- \ - l~ l ts, var. Pyr. : : - 3 tz, 'tie', 'bind' and
derivatives.
1 A·z. 49, uo. 2
M.u. K. 8, 3· 1 Pyr. r8os.
25 rLJ\ 1 a garment C£ O.K. Q-.JI~ irJ, var. Q~-.JI iJr, 'skirt (?)'. 2 Hence(?) i6f
varr. lt7\'}, ID\}~, ID\ rw 'dragoman'.
1 2
PSBA. 37, II7• 246. The sign varies considerably in form. Wb. i. 27.
so6
S 26 tJ3. apron Ideo. or det. in .!=QQoa! var. tno 1 s1tdyt, var. Pyr. ::,.,~a\ 2
snriwt, 'apron '.
1 Reltk • .of· t
' 369.
Pyr.
(N 1 8) = 1
a garment Ideo. or det. in ~ T 2 var. = ~ Q~= s dnw ' loin-cloth '.
1 A."Z. -49, ro6. A form o:::D also occurs, Dend. 3· ' Peas. Butler ~9; West&.
Io, 2. 8 P. Berl. 10003, ~4, in MoLL. Pal. i. PI. 5·
27 ll 1
horizontal strip of cloth Ideo. or det. in :=!ll s var. ll' mn!;t 'clothing'.
1 Sometimes with three (Urlt. iv. 175, 3) or more strands.
with two strands of I }EQ. 38. That
the vertical signs are strands, not single threads, is shown by Metlum 16.
a fringe 2 8 Turin 1447. 4 Seep. 17~.
stripofcloth with fringe, Det. in lJ~T {zbs (~os) 'clothe', 'clothing'. Det. cloth,
combined with the ex. Q~~"T insy ' red cloth ' ; l.~JT nms 'head-cloth ' ;
folded cloth ~ S 29 1 notions connected with clothing, exx. f~QQT ~.ry 'naked';
f~T ~p 'conceal'; ~T kfi 'uncover'.
1 O.K. forms supporting this interpretation are: DAV. Plan. i. 14, no. ~88; Saqq.
Mast. i. u; L D. ii. 103, a. For variant forms appearing to combine~ V 33 and
pS 29 see Ti I 11; PETRIE, Giuk anti Riftk 13 G.
29 ~ folded cloth 1 Phon. s (S) ; the originating word is unknown. Abbrev. for
rr S1tb in the formula .!(- H rn!J wqJ S1lb 'may he live, be
prosperous, be healthy' (§§ 55· 3 I 3).

1 AZ. 44, 76. This cloth is seen in the hands of many statues and was probably
used as a handkerchief, Re&. u, ~6. See too AZ. 58, 151.
30 + combination of ~ S 29
and-.. I 9
Phon. sf in --j+-0 sf' yesterday'.
3 I ~ combination of ~ S 29 Phon. sm1, ex. ~'9riJ 1 sm1 'fighting bull'.

1 Urlt. iv. :a, I 3·
and> U I
32 =::~ 1 piece of cloth with Ideo. or det. in ~ 3 si1t, var. Pyr. ~ Q~_:,' si1t, 'piece of
fringe 2 cloth'. Hence phon. si1 (sll) in -=~~ sil, var. O.K.
~Q-=~6 slJ, 'recognize'.
1 Thebes, tomb 55· I }EQ. 33- a LAC. Sar&. i. II1.
D Urlt. i. uS, 5·
33 W sandal Ideo. or det. in W7 1 var. Pyr. a:::=JaW 11 tbt, var. Dyn. XVIII
oJoi 8 tbt, 'sandal'. Hence semi-phon. or phon. det. tb,
later tb, in a:::=JW •tb ·be shod·; w~Jt 5 tbw ·sandal-maker'.
1 Cairo 20318, b 7· 1 Pyr. 578. 8Urlt. iv. 390, 16. •,LAC. TR.
23, 19; Dyn. XVIII, tb, Leyd. V 38. I MOLL. RL. i. 18, qu. P• 354, n. +
tie or strap, especially Ideo. in S(-1 2rn!J 'sandal-strap'; semi-ideo. (from resemblance)
sandal- strap 1 (as in Sf- h 3 rn!J ' mirror', etc. Hence phon. rn!J, ex. Sf-"; rn!J
symbol of life known ' live' ; for the initial r cf. Ptolemaic var. ~~Sf- 4 rn!Jy and
as ' the ankh ') demotic.
1 HASTINGs, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, art. Life (Egyptian); Revue
archlologique, 1915, 101; against this view, SCHAFER, Griff. Stud. .p6. 2 LAc.
Sarc. ii. 158. 3 Adm. 8, 5· 4 DUMICHEN, Tempelinschriflen i. 37, 2.
(V 39) 1 1
tie or straps with a Ideo. in 1~ 2 late var. ~~~ 3 tit' the ryet-amulet '. 4
1
different arrange- Griff. Stud, 426; Mitt. Kairo iv. 2. From Dyn. Ill found as decorative symbol
in company with Sf- S 34 and !
R ut to signify 'life', 'welfare', or like.
ment of the same 1
BUDGE, p. 403, 3· 7· 3 B. of D. ed. LEPSIUS, Pl. 75; also as enigmatic sign
for ·I(I) in writing of the name of Sethos I, Ann. 40, 310. ' Of red jasper or glass,
elements as SI- S 34 in B. of D. eh. 156 connected with Isis, see A"Z. 15, 33; 62, 108.
35 er sunshade
feathers
of ostrich Ideo. in lf7 1 var. Pyr. =}""f 2 swt 'shadow', 'shade'.
Ideo. or det. in :;:Q Qolf 3 var.lf 4 sryt '(military) standard'.
1 Ut·k. iv. I 165, 16. Whether this writing has ever to be read /Jiybt, another word
for' shadow' found in Dyn. XX and perhaps earlier, is very doubtful; see ,.f"z. 39, no.
The actual word for ' sunshade' bht is not attested before Dyn. XIX ; the older nfl
( Wb. ii. 250, 10) means' fan'. 2 Pyr. .1487. 3 Th. T. S. iii. 21. ' Th. T. S.
iii. 23.
36 f 1
O.K. form of last (com- Use as last. In the rare divine name I 0 f.lfp(wy) 'Hepui ',
mon also in M. E. 2) doubtless a personification of the two sunshades accom-
panying the king; 3 the reading is ascertained from varr. of
a very late word showing the signs ~ before that of the fan. 4
1 Leyd. Denkm. i. 7· 1 Dyn. XII, A."z. 39, 117, 8; Dyn. XVIII, Th. T. S. i. 23.
s JEA. 30, 29, with n. 4; AZ. 77, 24. ' Wb. iii. 69, u.
37 f short-handled fan 1 Ideo. or det. in ~}l 2

var. l 3 /Jw 'fan'.
1 See the pictures Th. T. S. iii. 12. 28. 1 Th. T. S. iv. 38,· G. 3 Commonly
so in the title ll)' !Jw 'fan-bearer', ex. Amarn. i. 34-
crook 0 Ideo. ordet. in T~ varr.l~V T7 !t*(')/2 '~ceptre '. Hencephon.

T
**'· exx. TLl}:..~ var. TLl **''rule'; T~.--m **'' '!te*at-
measure' (§ 266, 1 ). Also usually replaces the awet-sceptre
1S 39 3 in hieroglyphic writing, exx. T}"',¥, 4 rwt 'flock(s) ';
Pyr.·-...~~T}o 6 rwtawet-sceptre'. From the stem iJ* found
in two Pyr. words 6 comes the rare divine name T~ Y var.
}:..Ll~~~ 7 J*s 'A~es ', personification of some pc,.rt of the
royal apparel, later reading f:I*s. 8
o See NEWBERRY,JEA. 15, 84. 1 Cairo 28087, no. 73· 1 On the radical
J to be understood here see Rec. 25, I.oJ2. s Even in the pictures ofthe awet-sceptre,
see Cairo 28083, no. 59; 28o87,"no. 74, both in LAC. Sarc. i. PI. 45· ' Exx. O.K.,
Getnn. i. 15; Dyn. XII, Bersll. i. 7; Dyn. XVlli, Th. T. S. i. 9· a P7r. 201.
1 .. Wb. i. 33 14. 15. T DE BucK, i. 184 f. 'JEA. 30, 29, n. 3: 31, II6;
1
AZ. 77, 24.
so8
peasant's crook (N.B. Cf. ......o}a rwt, name of the sceptre of the shape V Usually
not curved backward replaced in hieroglyphic writing by TS 38, but occasionally
like T S 38) phon. rwt, ex. 1}a~ \ rwt 'flocks '. 2
1 Cairo 28034, ho. 69-LAC. Sarc. i. PI. 45· I Bersk. i. 27. Sim. O.K., Berl
.tU. i. p. 76, I; DAV. Ptak. ii. IS.
40 1 sceptre with straight

shaft and head of
Ideo. or det. in 1• wJs, var. Pyr. .f'\r1 2 w1s, 'uas-sceptre';
hence phon. or phon. det. w1s (w1s), ex. tt.:~J1~ varr.
Seth (?)-animal 1 (cf. 1~. 1~~ 3 w1si 'decay'. In hieroglyphic writing 1
too 1 R 19) usually represents also the djam-sceptre 1S 41, exx. ~~ 1
t;/rm 't(jam-sceptre',• whence phon. tjrm in 1~R varr.1R,
r4n t;/rm 5 ' fine gold'. Phon. wJb (?) in 1J 11 W1b(wy) (?)
'the Oxyrhynchite nome ',on the evidence of a twice found
name of a locality .f\J}t"' 6 W1bwt. Phon. iJtt in 1:5 7
varr. 8
1:5 t:5
,
9
iJtt 'milk', 'cream '. 10
.. 1 ]EQ. 176.2 Pyr. I 156. s Urk. iv. 765, I3 For .~his curious var. see
4 Pyr. r4:;6; Lttc. T.R.r9,5o. 5
AZ. 4r, 75· Readillg,AZ.4r, 73; 44• rp;
see too under S fi. 8 Hamm. 1 If, 1I; 192, 13; see KEES, Giitt. Nachr. 1932, 107.
7 Munich 3, 3· s BH. i. I7. 9 Turin 1513. to Wb. i. 27; reading from
the name of a goddess 'IJt, see Pyr. 13I.
For r seeR 19; for~ seeS 14*.
Cf. ~~ t;frm, name of a sceptre of the form Va Hence

41
1 sceptrewithspiral shaft
and head of Seth (?)- phon. tjrm, occasionally in inscriptions of Dyn. XVIII in
animal1 1~}ff! 3 tjrmw 'fine gold'.
1 ]EQ. 176; the spiral is well seen in DE M ORGAN, Dahckour r894, p. 96, Fig. 224.
1 Ex. Cairo 28034, no. 6s=LAC. Sarc. i, PI. 45· 5 Urk. iV.fai, I 1. SeeAZ. 44,132.
sceptre of authority 1 Ideo. or det. in ......oJSrt var. t• 2 rbJ 'aba-sceptre'; hence

(it is impossible to phon. or phon. det. rb1, exx . ......oJSr~ ta var. t ~ 4 rb1 'stela';
distinguish separate ......oj tg rb(1) 'shine'. From a sceptre named ~e~--- 5 s!Jm
forms for the various (S!Jm), 'sekhem-sceptre', phon. s!Jm (s!Jm), exx. t~ ~ var. ts
uses) s!Jm 'have power'; t• very late var. -;TY s!Jm 'sistrum '. 7
t
Ideo. or det. in +t~ var. !Jrp 'be at head', 'control'
and related words, cf. \.....JI D 44· In titles t is possibly
always to be read !Jrp; at all events this reading is
verifiable in some cases, exx. !,.~S~ffi var. tffi !Jrp
1tsty 'controller of the two seats', a priestly title; 8 tfd~
!Jrp k1t 'controller of works', cf. -{-tfd~ !Jrp kJt 'to
undertake works', 'constructions '. 9
1 J.EQ. 181; as hieroglyph, Hier. p. 57· ll Pyr. 866. 8 Leb. 63. 4 Cairo
20061. Sim. Brit. Mus. 101. 8 LAC. Sarc. ii. p. 168. 8 Rekk. 2, 9·
7 GARD. Sin. 102-3. 8 AZ. 47, 91. Sim. !Jrp srlft' controller of tl:je scorpion',
PSBA. 39, 34; !Jtp lntfwt nbt 'controller of all aprons', PETRIE, Gizek and Rifek
27 o, recto 2, compared with Rekk. 4· 9 See Louvre C 172, qu. Exerc. XIII, (a).
S 43 ! walking-stick 1 Ideo. in ~~ 2 -var. Pyr. ~==J 3 md(w) 'walking-stick',' staff'.
Hence phon. md in!==}~ var. Pyr. ~!==} 4 m(w)dw 5
'speak' and derivatives.
1 JEQ. I 59· Important for the use as a walking-stick is the title mdw llfiJ ' staff of
old age', GRIFFITH, Kallun Papyri, p. 30. 1 LAC. TR. :.13, :n. 3 Pyr. II44·
• Pyr. 1014. e Reading, Verbum i. § 481.
44 ~ 1 walking-stick with fla- Ideo. or det. in ~ffi~~ var. ~ 1ms (1ms) 'ames-sceptre '.
1
gellum ;\ S 45 2 Ex. Medum, frontispiece. I ]EQ. 163; Wb. i. 11.
45 ; \ flagellum ; perhaps Ideo. or det. in ;';};\ 2 tt!Jl;w, varr. -1~1~, 3 ~ 4 nfpfp,

originally an instru- 'flagellum '.
ment used by goat- 1 NEWBERRY,JEA. 15, 86; see too ]EQ. 187; the conventional name'llagellum'
is here retained. 1 NAv. eh. 18z, 14. 8 LAC. Sarc. ii, 164. Cf. n!JI!JI
herds for collecting 'shake', Pyr. :.1:.104. ' Leyd. Denkm. iv. z8.
ladanum 1
Sect. T. Warfare, Hunting, Butchery

T I t>--- 1 prehistoric mace with Cf. :;::o m1tw 'mace', name of this type of mace on M.K.
cup- or dish-shaped coffins. 8 Hence phon. mn.w, exx. - ; ; var. Pyr. ~~ aa
head 1 m n·k 'take to thyself' (§ 336); 0 }® var. }:;::o} +} +
Swmnw, var. ~:;::o}®Sm1zw, 'Sumenu',atownwhereSobk
wasworshipped,possibly Er-Rizei~at, 14km. N .ofGebel~n."
1 Puy. 57· 1 WoLF, Bewaffnullg 4; ScHARFF :.15. a LAc. Sarc. ii. 16:.1;
JtQ. :.101. aa Pyr. gu. ' AEO. ii. :.175*.
mace with pear-shaped Det. in ~~ s~r (#r),3 var. t!Q..d' s~(r)i, 'smite '.
headllinactofsmiting 1 Ex. O.K., Sail. I. 1 WoLF, Bewaffnung4· s Urk. iv. 78o, II
3 I mace with pear-shaped Ideo. in Y• 11

var. l'\ 3
!ui 'mace'.
Hence phon. !zif. exx.
head 1 (vertical) Y'\~ var. f;t 4
(uii 'damage'; Y~ M'be bright', 'white'.
1 WOLF, Bewaffnung 6. I LAC. Sarc. ii. 18, no. 99· a Mitt. viii. PI. 3·
' Sitll I, :.1:.14·
4 ~ the same with a strap Use 1as last.

to pass round hand 1 WoLF, Rewaffnuttg6, Exx. LAC, Sore. i. 94. no. 66 (IJr! 'mace'); Bier. 7, no.
85 = Bersll. i. 30 (in name Slt-lftj/Jtp); D. e/ B. 110 (l}r!w 'onions').
5 i1 combination of Y T 3 Use as last.

and'{ I 10
6 ~ combination of Y T 3 Phon. !ztiif. ex. ~~~~, 1 !ztltlwt 'brightness'.

and two ,_, I 10 1 Brit. Mns. ssz, qu. Exerc. XXV, (a),
For cp see 0 2; for~ seeS 14.
510
WARFARE, HUNTING, BUTCHERY Sign-list
T 7~ axe 1 Det. in O.K. gj.;._s mibt' axe', which is undoubtedly related
to M.K. ::.JD 3 var. ::'O'.JD' minb 'axe'. Det. in
~~loo. . . 5 md(t, var. q l~ 8 mti(t, ' hew ', and ideo. in the
related word -o-. 7 var. qj 8 mti!t(w) 'carpenter', 'shipwright'.
1 Ex. O.K., DAv. Ptak. i. 13, no. :z8o. This type was used alike for battle and
for hewmg wood, WoLF, Bewajfnung 8. I Ti 119. s Sin. R 16o. f LAc.

Sarc. ii. 13, no. 20 (collated), beside picture of an axe. See GARD. Sin. 51. 159·
1 1 See under S 10.
Urk. iv. 778, 14. ' Cairo 20268, a; 20528, k.
s See under S 1o.
7* 1 2
axeofmorerecenttype 1 Det. in ~Lll}-1 J/f(tw 'axe'.
1 From Dyn. XII onward, WOLF, Bewaifnung, Pl. 3· 1 Urk. iv. 39• I;
also without handle, ib. 39, 3·
8 dagger of archaic type 1 Det. of ~~7 mtptzt 'dagger '. 2 Phon. in ~ var. 0~, tpy
'chief',' first',' being upon'(§ 8o), value probably derived
from an obsolete word tp 'dagger' found only once (written
~I) 3 and obviously related to mtpnt mentioned above.
1 }EQ. I95; WOLF, Bewaifnung, PI. 13 ("' Pl. 4 I); worn, Sinai, PI. r. As
1
hieroglyph, PETR. Eg. Bier. nos. 757-6I; outstanding features the o·shaped knob
and rib-less blade. 1 Legend to picture on M.K. coffins, exx. LAC. Sarc. i, PI. 43r
nos. :z64, 265, 2~; Wb. ii. 170, 6 renders 'dagger-sheath' probably on account of the
formative m-. 3 Mitt. viii. PI. 5·
8* dagger of M. K. and Det. in .Jm:t.}V b(1)gsw 'dagger'.s

later type 1 1 JEQ. 197; WoLF, Bewaifnung, PI. 4, nos.
2
6 ff.; often with crescent-shaped. or
pierced circular top and ribbed blade. Urk. iv. 38, 15; also as picture with
legend mJgsw=b(J)gsw on M.K. coffins, LAC. Sarc. i. PI. 43,nos. 255, 257, 259, :z6I,
there often contrasted with the dagger mtpnt, see above T 8.
9 o.= bow consisting of oryx Ideo. or det. in o~= 2 var. ;:=;-- 3 pt]t 'bow'. Hence phon.
horns joined by a (semi-ideo.) or phon. det. pt], later pd, in Pyr. "1=' var.
wooden centre-piece 1
Dyn. XVIII :1' 5 pti, later var. .!.":Jl 6 pd, 'stretch' and
the related words.
1 WOLF, Bewaifnung 15, 27; actual specimens in Dyn. I tombs, PETR. RT. ii.
PI. 7 A (p. 26); PI. 36, 35-6 (p. 38). 1 LAc. Sarc. ii. 161. Sim. Pyr. 673.
s Sin. H I27. This bow regularly in hieratic. • Pyr. 650. 6 Urk. iv. 977, :z.
1 BUDGE, p. 38 7•
1
9* ~ better 0. K. form of Use as last.

1 DAV. Ptak. i. IJ;, no. 338=ii. 23. Also among dets. of r;JJW 'wea.pons', Sak. 17.
The curved ends suggest the horns of a gazelle rather than those of an oryx, bnt see T 9o
n. 1.
10 """"""" composite bow with Det. in Pyr. go~ 2 iwnt ' bow '. From Dyn. X I I on preferred
middle tied to bow- to = T 9 in the hieroglyphic writing of~ 3 var. "'"""' pt]t
string when out of ' bow ', ' foreign people', ' troop' ; ~ ~ 5 ptity ' bowman ',
use 1 while = is preferred for ph on. pt], pd. 6
1 WoLF, Be'Uiajfnung, 14, 26. Of Asiatic origin and at first reserved for the king
and high personages. So depicted already BISSING, Ri-Heiligtum ii. 13. 1 Pyr.
3 A mat/a 3· 6 A mat/a 3· 1
1644. • BH. i. 7 (pdl9 'Nine Bows'}. See
particularly Urk. iv. 977, 2.
51 I
archaic type of bow 1 Ideo. or det. in ~[~ 3 T1-St(i), varr. Pyr. -];,.' =("'~ 6
(sometimes written T1-Zt(i), 'Nubia'; [~, ~ 16 var. ]~· .. 7 sty, a Nubian minera1. 8
J, from Dyn. XVIII Also as var. of-T I I with value ssr and obscure sense
also - 2) in offering-list. 9
1 MONTET Kimi 6, 43; SCHARFF, 38, I39; depicted QUI BELL, Hierakonpo/i:r, 1,
1
PI. I9; II, PI. 58; CAt' ART, Dlbuts de /'Art, PI. I. Later appa!·.ently surviving
only in Nubia. 2 Urk. iv. j, 3, qu. Exerc. XXXII, (a). s AZ. -45, PI. 6, I·
• Pyr. 99-4· 6 Pyr. 1867; see too A.'Z. -45, 128. 8 BUDGE, p. 28-4, I3.
7 Urk. iv. 1099, I I. 8 See Rec. 39, u. 9 K!mi 6, 57·
T II -arrow Det. in ~- 1 r(u 'arrow'; (5 ~= 2 ssr (ssr) 3 'arrow'; from

the latter, phon. det. in ~=:: s!Jr 'overlay'. Doubtless
from an obsolete zin, zwn 'arrow', phon. or phon. det.
sin, swn (zin, zwn), exx. ~~i: 4 swn, var. Pyr. oO 6 zin,
'perish'; ~~o~ 6 var. 7~ swnt 'sale'; ;-";it' physician'
swnw, var. O.K. 0 zinw(?), the M.E. reading swnw on
the evidence of a var. ~~7} 7 wr swnw 'chief of
physicians·, but Coptic has saein.
1 Urk. iv. I90, I2. t P. Kak. I, -4· 5 Pyr. I866. • Adm. 5, 2.
1 Pyr. 617. 72f>; 0 may here read ln, see Sitz. Berl. Ak. I912, 962.
6 GRIFFITH, Kakun Papyri, p. 35• 7 Wb. iii. 427, 13.
12 ()\ bow-string 1 Ideo. or det. in -=-}~ 2 rwd, varr. Pyr. -=-f~\ 3 , ~ 4 rwt!,
'string', 'bow-string'. Hence phon. or phon. det. rwt!,
rwd, exx. -=-}~~ rwd, var. Pyr. -=-~~ 6 rwt!, 'be hard',
' firm ' ; <=>}~ ~ rwdt, var. ~ ~ 6 rw4t, ' sandstone '.
I deographic det. in ~-; Jr ' restrain ' ; hence ph on. det.
Jr, 1i, exx. >
~ Q-;~ m;i(r) 'wretched' ; = ~ q-;~
d1i(r), abbrev. ~~ 7 dJr, 'subdue'.
1 WoLF, B(!'Wa./Jnttng -48. See ib. 56-7 against the theory, supported PSBA. 22,
65, that the sign as represented depicts a sling. 2 P. Kak. I, 5 certainly meaning
'bow-string'. 1 Pyr.2o8o. 'Pyr.68-4. 6 Pyr.I97· • Urk.iv.8-45,I-4.
7 Sin. B so, cf. ib. R U; Sk. S. I32.
I 3 ) 1 pieces of wood joined Semi-ideo.(?) in <=>~}-=- var. )=s- rs (rs) 3 'be wakeful',
and lashed at the 'vigilant' and derivatives; phon. rs in )o1 ~ 1 4 var. f(oJ,! 6
joint 1 rst ' foreign hordes '.
1 .Rekn. 22, O.K. form Ti So. For a later degraded form due to hieratic see
U -40. 2 Associated with the bow in Pyr. 92 I. I 245 and evidently part of the how-
man's equipment. On the other hand, from writings like Pyr. 502. 597· I502
several appear to form a shelter. A set of four, with names pg-r~r, nw-n-n[r,
lr(y)-n[r, dbl-n[r, is depicted on M.K. coffins. One may perhaps compare the
mantlet or shelter used by the Babylonian archers. Discussed ]tQ. 223. s For I
see Pyr. 126. • Amada 5· Sim. Ann. 39, PI. 25, 2; Urk. iv. 200, I7.
6 Louvre C 1-4, Io.
512
(t) throw-stick, (2) club (I) Det. in -.~~~-.~~~a) 2 rmr1t 'throw-stick' with the related
as a foreign weapon verb rmr1 'throw' ; also in Ll>)\-11 3 /fmJ 'throw' and the
of warfare 1 kindred Ll> ~~ varr. Ll>~ Y''t~.) 4 /fmJ 'create', 'form' and
derivatives. The combination ~~ in /fmJ above-quoted
and in ::1~ tnl 'distinguish' (from a il.1ra~ >..ey6p.£vov
: : Q~) u ?) indicates that ) is here the throw-stick, not
the club; see on ~ G 41. (2) As club, ) is found in
1::: 6 var. Pyr. c=)l::: 6 T!m:w 'Libya'; =~ )j, varr.
)~. O.K. ~)~\ft 7 r1m 'Asiatic'. Extended gradually as
det. to all foreign peoples and countries, exx. !~1 Q) ~~~~ 8
Tm!zl 'Tem#-land'; t'H"Ilt 9 var. ~~" 10 N!zsy 'Nubian'.
(3} ) takes the place of various other signs, partly due to
identity or close similarity in hieratic ; thus it takes the
place (a} of~ Aa 26 in UQ)j, 11 sbl 'rebel'; (b) of f M 3
in ~ ~ .Jl 12 (/rr ' search for' ; (c) of ~ P 11 in :;:q) -..;ak 13
m(l)nl 'moor'; (d) of) T I 3, see under that sign; (e) prob-
ably also of ~ D 50 in ~~~~lt 14 mtr 'witness' and the
like, though examples of such confusions in modern publi-
cations may sometimes be due to inexact copying.
1 WOLF,BewajJmmg7. :07· 2 LAC. TR. ~2,69; Wb. i.186. s LAC. TR. 2~, 71.
4 Urk. iv. IO.f+, 5· 4 • Urk. i. 127, 2. I D.elB. 114. An ex. without the vases on a
palette of Dyn. I, JlZ. 52, 57. 1 Pyr. 4SS· 7 Urk. i. IOI, 9• For the various
spellings oflhis word see W. MAX MULLER, Asien und Europa 121. • Sin. R u;
det. of this word already in O.K., Urk. i. us, 16. • Urk. iv. 84, I. Sim. M.K.
as m. personal name, Cairo :to68o. In O.K. IUld as a rule in M.K. the club is absent
from N]Jsy. to Before Dyn. XIX only in the personal name P1-N~.ry, ex. Sinai 221.
11 Exx. Ham"'· II4, 12; Kopt. 8, 7· u Cairo :to2s4, a; 2076:;. 15 Paneri 3·
14
Hi"ratic consistently shows the finger D so, exx. Sin. B 33; P • .Kak. 13, 30.
i5 ) 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 San. 1 (_nnw).
I 6 \::::F'I 1 scimetar Det. in ==:;'-!JP§ 'scimetar '.

1 Exx. DAV./fen. i.1o; Urk. iv. 7~6, 17. See WoLF, Bewaffnung66.
17 ~ chariot Ideo. or det. in ~~..._~

OOC>O....
1
var. ~~~ wrrt 'chariot'.
1 Ex. Urk. iv. 704 1 IS. I Urk. iv. 7u, 10.
crook 1 S 39 with a Ideo. in ~~.Jl rare var. =~~~..ll 2 §ms, Pyr. var. =~~ 3 §ms,
package containing 'follow', 'accompany' and derivatives.
a knife, etc. lashed 1
The sign probably depicts the equipment of an early chieftain's attendant, Bull. 3,
12, n. 2; so too ScHARFF 45; however, SETHE, Commentary on Pyr. 230 c, adheres
to it 1 to CAPART's explanation as an instrument for the execution of criminals Az. 36, 125.
2 Cairo 20001, qu. § 217. 3 Pyr. 953·
513
T I9 ~ harpoon-head of bone Det. in LJ~~ *s (#)'bone', 'harpoon'. 0 Hence phon. or phon.
det. *s (#), in LJ~~§: var. Dyn. XVIII ~§: *sn 'be
irksome'; *rs (*rs), in ~~ ~ 1=:1 *rs 'bury' and derivatives.
For reason unknown, ph on. or ph on. det. gn in !:.. c .1\ ~ ;(,
var. ~ ~ ;(', gnwt ' annals ' ; possibly also in ~ ~ var. ~ ~ \.....11
/{nwly (?) 'sculptor' (in relief), reading not fully established. 1
Det. bone, ex. ~ .J ~ 1b 'ivory'; tubular, exx. >~~ 2 ,___
m1wt 'shaft'; o~~ 3 twr 'reed(?)', whence phon. det. in
o~QH 4 tw(r)i ·be pure'.
o In sense • harpoon·, Pyr. 1212. 1 See MoNTET 391. I Urk. iv. 666, 15.
3 Eb. 55, 16. • Urk. iv. 752, 11.
20 1 1
1 Ex. DAV. Ptak. i. 15, no. 339· Of bone or metal, PETRIE, Tools and Weaptms,
Pis. 43, 44·
2 I ...6- one- barbed harpoon Ideo. in ~ var. Pyr. }--'~7 2 wr 'one' and derivatives.
(rarely vertically i 1) 1 Ex. Urk. iv. 194, 2.
22 ~ two-barbed arrow-head1 Ideo. in ~B snw, O.K. var. ~~;j ,2 'two' and in related words
like ri
sn (Sn) 'brother'. Hence phon. sn (sn),~~a exx. f:;' 3
Sit (sn), var. Pyr. ~Q':;' 4 si11, 'smell', 'kiss'; j[~, 71 sntr
'incense'.
1 Not a spear-head, but an arrow-head, SCHARFF 33; among earliest exx. (PETR.
Eg. Hier. 753-6) is one with quite short shaft; for later lengthening cf. the sign
for' foot' (D 58); the two barbs yield the notion of duality, contrast the sign for
'one' (T 31), Az. 47, 36. 1 Urk. i. 147, 3· 2• For I see lni' loose', Pyr. 1100.
s So already Pyr. 1333. • Pyr. 1027, unless a different word.
23 ~1 alternative form oflast Use as last.

(Dyn. XVIII) 1 Ex. Tk. T.S. iii. 2r.
24 (C 1 fishing-net 2 Det. in -nl CC\......11 3 r{t, var. Ql CC 4 l{t, 'net' animals. Hence
phon. r{t or l{t, exx. cc::
r{tt 'field', 'holding'; CC}~
r{twty, l{twly 'field-labourer', 'tenant-farmer '. 5
1 1 PSBA. 22, 152; in historic times, however,
.Rekk. 3, 18; reversed, ib. 5·
only used of netting desert animals; see too MONTET 89. s Urk. iv. 348, 2.
• Bersk. i. 7; see Spkinz 12, 107. 6 For the two senses see }EA. 27, 21.
reed-floats used in fish- Cf. A.J}~ tib1w 'floats'.2 Phon. tib1, exx. A.J~ var. Pyr.
ing and hunting the Jl A~ 3 tib1 'clothe', 'adorn'; A.J ~ tib1, var. =.J)r ~A~ 4
hippopotamus 1 db1, ' replace '.
1 DAv. Ptak. i. p. 37·
T 26 ~ 1 bird-trap 2 Ideo. or det. in ~!~ var. ~!~ stft (stft) 'trap,' 'snare
(birds)' and derivatives.
1 Exx. Dyn. XVIII, Bier. 5, no. 52; Rekh. 21. 1 See MoNTET 53·
27 ..cS 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 DAv. Plah, i. 15, no. 335, adapted to suit reduction in size.
28 fill butcher's block 1 (to be Semi-ideo.(?) in !,. var. m1 /!r 2 'under' (§ 166). Phon. /!r,
distinguished from m exx. :k!,.LJ m/!r 'storehouse'; ~~ /!rt 'portion', 'due'.
W I I and ZOl W I 2) 1 Deduced from T 29. 1 Reading due mainly to the consideration that this
preposition never interchanges with !Jr (§ 167). The hieroglyphic evidence is con-
flicting, m1 being substituted for ® in !lrp = !Jrp 'control', Pyr. 1143, and in sflr = s!Jr
'counsel', Cairo 20026, but for e-= in !lrd • child', BR. Thes. I 527; Vienna 64.
29 ]j§: combination of""""' T 30 Ideo. in lir~ 1 var. ~ c:. 1:ir 2 nmt 'place of slaughter'.
and m1 T 28 1 Urk. iv. 163, S; see Pyr. 214 1 where the knife is over the block, whereas elsewhere
1
(exx. Pyr. Su. S65) the two signs are written as a monogram. Urk. v. So, I4·
For l see R Io; for & see W 5; for~ see N 7·

30 ~ knife (used early 1 also Det. knife, ex. =~~ ds 'knife' (semi-ideo. in~~ ds 'flint');
as substitute for the sharp, in = ~"""'- dm 'be sharp', 'pronounce (name)'; cut,
saw~) exx. ~~~ srd 'cut down';~~"""'- rtfs 'slaughter';
;:"""'- !Jti 'carve'. Note the abbrev. ~ dmt 2 'knife'.
1 Ti I 33, as det. of wit and If. 1 In !lry-dmt 'sufferer (1) ', Eb. 40, I);
reading from Metternich stein S2 1 see Hier. p. 50. fVb. v. 450 takes as referring to
the surgeon's knife, but this seems doubtful.
For~ seeD 57
3 I ~ knife-sharpener(?) 1 Phon. ssm (ssm) in ~~~.ll varr. ~=)r-, 2 ~)r.~.ll sJm (Ssm) 3
'guide', 'lead' and derivatives.

1 This description rests on the supposition that the sign was originally identical
with T 33, as would appear from Pyr. 70; see below on that hieroglyph. 2 Siut I,
247. s Reading, Rec. I4, IS. For I see Pyr. 70.
32 ')r combination of~ T 3 I Phon. ssm in ~Jr. ~.ll ssm (Ssm) 'guide', 'lead'.
and .ll D 54
33 "=1l 1 knife - sharpener as Ideo. in """=1! ssm (?} 3 'butcher'.
carried by butcher 1 frledum.r4. Sim. L. D. ii. 4 (tomb of Metjen). 2 MoNTET 15S.
s The reading flm rests on the assumption that """- T 31 was originally of this
(O.K.) 2 form. In the tomb of Metjen (Dyn. Ill) the sign for flm (L. D. ii. 6) is almost
identical with the butcher sign (see above n. 1). P.ossibly we have here to do
with a single sign which is becoming differentiated for distinct uses.
34 1 1
butcher's knife Ideo. in [i;.i1 2nm 'knife(?)'. Hence phon. nm, exx. t~d~:j
nm!z ' orphan' ; !J~ ~ t3} :j !J1zms ' friend '.
1 BH. iii. 5, nos. 63. 65. Sim. Dyn. XVIII, D. el B. 74· 1 _Karnak, chamber
of Annals, Tuthmosis III, in offering list immediately before !Jpl 'foreleg of ox', Si m.
GAYET, Temple de Lo,xor 26.
35 ~ 1
1 Exx. O.K., Gemn. i. II; Dyn. XVIII, Th. T. S. i. 7·
Sect. U. Agriculture, Crafts, and Professions

U 1 > sickle 1 Ideo. in -fP 2 m1 'sickle-shaped end' of the wil-boat ~ P 3·
Hence phon. m1, 3 exx. ~~~ m11 'see'; ....J,~ fT 11111
'mat'. In group-writing (§6o) >~is used for m. 4 A
sign similar, but not quite identical, in shape is used as
det. in ~-;d 5 JSI; ·'reap'; also perhaps in l~J..Jj: 6
l;1bb, var. 'Jr..Jjj: 7 !11bo, 'crookedness'.
1 Medt~m, frontispiece, no. 8; DAV. Ptak. i. I3, no. 282. 2 LAC. TR. 27, I. 2;
BUDGE, p. 212, 7. 1 For the initial 111 cf. Coptic ml' truth ', mui ' lion ', mull
'burn'. • BURCHARDT §56. I Urk. v. 161, 16. s Peas. B I, I07•
7 Adm. p. I07; possibly both here and in Peas. the lower part of the sickle only.
l!lb is a name of the sickle, see Wb. iii. 36 r, 14.
2 ~ alternative form of last Use as last.
3
~ combination of >U In ;, ~~ m11 'see'.
and ..cz... D 4
4
~ combination of> U I In ~::-n~~ nurt 'truth' and the related words.
and= Aa 11
5 ~ alternative form of last Use as last.
For ~ see G 3 ; for ~ see G 46 ; for ~ see S 31.
6 \ hoe Det. cultivate, hack up, exx. :;:::5 rd 'hack up'; ®j~:S l;bs
'cultivate', 'hoe'. For unknown reason,! phon. mr,2 exx.
~1o mri 'love'; ~Xo mr!zt 'unguent'. Sometimes in
place of -.:::::.. u 8, phon. !zn, ex. x:::rr
.A !zn 'go', 'depart'.
1 Wb. ii. 98, 11 quotes as gloss in the Sign Pap. PI. 4 the otherwise unknown word
mrlw 'hoe', but only a very uncertain trace of"'- is there. 1 For the initial m,
cf. Coptic ml' love', mour ' bind ', emro ' harbour'.
7 ""C. alternative form of last Use as last.
8 -.;;;:::::_ 1 hoe, without the rope Det. in Pyr. X=-.:::::..1 11 'hoe'. Hence phon. !zn, ex.l~o}~ 3
connecting the two f.znw ' f.znw-bark '.
1
pteces Already Dyn. IV, Medum IS• I PJ'r• 1394• s NAV. eh. 1 1 21.
9 ~-·rn corn-measurewithgrain Det. grain, exx. f":.-<n bdt 'emmer'; o'f~Ssr (old S!r)'l 'corn';
pouring out measure, exx. ®1~~-m 1 l;1! 'measure'; 1~tcn abbrev. f.zlpt
' !ze*at-measure ' (§ 266, 1 ).
1 Cairo 20500. Sim. Urk. iv. 64, I. z Rending, see Bull. 30, 179·
AGRICULTURE, CRAFTS, AND PROFESSIONS Sign-list
U IO )::D the same beneath ''' Ideo. in ,..ffi var. Pyr. Q~ 1 it 'barley', 'corn'. Sometimes
M 33 in Dyn. XVIII instead of fiD U 9 as det. grain, ex. f~t~ 1
bty (from bdt) 'emmer '.
1 P}'r. 188o. • Pakeri 3·
I I •. J 1
combination of T S 38 In J {zlpt 'l.ze*at-measure' (§ 266, I).
· and ,..m U 9 1 Ptly. 35·
I 2 ••~
1
combination of ~ D so In .J !t*'' '!te*at-measure' (§ 266, I).
· and ,-m U 9 1 Ptly. 36.
(0 30) A pitchfork Det. in -.J).Jol rbt 'fork '. 1 Possibly not a pitchfork as phon.
or phon. det. srjb (srib), later sdb, in 1~ srjb, var. Pyr. ~Jll 11
sribr later ~'Jl~ sdb, 'hindrance·, 'obstacle·.
1
MoNTET :u7. Sometimes with three prongs, fVb. i. 176. I Pyr. 315·
I 3 'J:!I plough Det. plough, in ro.J~ hb 'plough' (n.); ~U~ ~~ sk1 'plough'
(vb.); also in~~. 71 var. ':T(1prt 'seed'. From hb 'plough',
ph on. hb, exx. ~~ var. 0. K. ro.JSj 1 hbny 'ebony' ;
~ 7e var. ro.J:6 11 hbnt, a liquid measure (§ 266, I). From
Dyn. V onwards replaces .....: U I 4 as ph on. or ph on. det.
snr in l. ~~ snr 'repel'; 1.. }~.ll 3 snrw 'policing'; ~ n
var. ~n snr• 'magazine'' ergastulum ·.
1 Ti 66. 1 Urk. iv. 748, 17. a Leyd. V 88, qu. Exerc. XXVI, (a).
' Reading, Rec. 24, 93·
I 4 ~ 1 two branches of wood Old sign for snr later replaced by ~ U I 3·

joined at one end 2 1Medum 15 in a place-name St~rt; slightly different, ib. 12. Elsewhere in O.K.
replaced by the plough, exx. Ti 86; Pyr. 1209. • This possibly represents a
(O.K.) contrivance for straightening or bending wooden staves, Ti 132 = MoNTE1' 3H.
IS P sledge Cf. ;.~~ 1 'sledge'. Hence phon. lm, exx. ;,.~ tm 'be
complete' (§ 342); x;,.~ ~~ fttm 'perish'.
1 BUDGE, p. 38, 14. Sim. ib. p. no, U.
16 "b 1 sledge with head of a Det. in ~=i.e. wni 'sledge '. 11a Ideo.(?) in Pyr. .Joi.eo~Q 3
jack.a.l (Copt. wonesh) bl1l 'of copper' (adj.). Hence perhaps phon. or phon. det.
bearing a load of blJ in J ~ ~ ~· var. i.e.~ by (orig. bl1) 'wonder' and related
metal(?) 2 words; for the reading cf. .J ~ ~~ 6 blJt 'wonder' (n.).
2 A'z. 53, 51, n. 2. 2
I Puy. 30; a rather different form Pyr. Boo. • Ann.
39, 189; see too JEA. 31, 38. 3 Pyr. Boo. However, this sign is seldom written
in this worcl, and never in the noun MP copper', rendering the explanation doubtful.
• Urk. iv. 612, 6. s Hamm. 110 1 2.
I 7 ~ pick excavating a pool Ideo. in ~~ 1 varr. ~m~~. ~ grg 'found', 'establish',

E3l N 38 'snare'. Hence phon. det.grg in ~~~ 1 varr. ~m~~.
~ 2 grg 'falsehood',' lie'.
1 Spellings, V trbtlm i. § 338. • Urk. iv. 1031 1 10.
U I8 ~ 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 L. D. ii. 7 (tomb of Metjen, Dyn. Ill).
I9 ~ adze Ideo. in Pyr. '7"'7" 1 var. ;:;:: 1 1zwty 'the two adzes'. Hence
ph on. ttw in the group"; or "i5' }, exx. "; ttw 'this' (§ I 10);
"i5' }{': 1zw!t 'rope'. In group-writing (§ 6o) "; is used
for n. 2
1 Pyr. 311. A ceremonial adze called nw, Tk. T. S. i. 17. 2 BURCHARDT § 69.
20 r-- 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 Gemn. i. 11. A somewhat similar sign in O.K. as det. of rnt 'nail', 'claw', Wb.
i. 188; K!mi iv. 179·
2 I J'--.. adze at work on a block Det. in O.K. ~;.r-.. stp 1 'cut up' ox. Hence semi-ideo. or
of wood phon. stp (stp), in ~;~ var. "'o~ stp 'choose' and deriva-
tives; inaccurately also s{p, in ~=:~ 2 s{p, var.-Pyr. V: ...1 3
s{/J, 'leap up'.
Ex. Ti 127. 1 Urk. v. 147, 4•
1 • Pyr. 947·
22 9 chisel Det. in O.K. ~®'( 1 mn!J 'fashion',' carve' and :;::e'( 2 mtt!J
'chisel'. Hence semi-ideo. in~~~ mn!J 'b~ efficient' and
the related words.
t Ex. Ti 120. • Leyd. Denkm. iv. '4·
2 3 ~ chisel (?) 0 For unknown reason, phon. mr,I exx. ~A~ mr' be ill'; ~f
smr' friend', 'courtier '. Also for unknown reason, phon.
Jb, 2 exx. Y.J ~ Jbl 'desire'; Y.J ~ ;b!J 'be united in'.
0 A similar object is seen used as hair-pin on a Dyn. XI coffin, Griff. Stud. 134;
Reisner, however, preferred the explanation as a chisel, since no such hair-pins are
found early; so too SCHARFF 43; oldest forms, PETR. Eg. Hier. 8o1--S. 1 Reaning
from varr. of mr' pyramid', I'yr. 1649. 1671. 2 Reading from varr. of Jbtjw
'Abydus ', Pyr. 794· 798. The view that the original form of the sign, when it has
the value 10, was a leopard's hide (see Rec. 9, 158) is very doubtful, in spite of the
word 1oy 'leopard', since from the earliest times the phonetic value of the leopard's
(really cow's) hide was ho, not 10; see on F 28.
For!· -to see Aa 21, 22.
24 f 1
stone- worker's drill Ideo. in f7~ var. 0. K. ~fi 3 ftmt 4 ' craft', ' art ' and the
weighted at the top related words.
with stones (Dyn. 1
1
Thebes, tomb 93· Sim. Rekk. 16. 2 See the pictures Gebr. i. 13·; Rekk. 17.
Urk. i. 53, 13, in collective sense for' body of craftsmen'. 4 Rending, Rec.
XVIII) 2 9, 164. For this see too Coptic 2~ll!!ft: = ~m·!Jt 'worker in wood'; 2~1toy.l'! =
~m-How 'gold· worker'.
U 25 f 1
1
Saqq. Mast. i. 39, no. 65.
drill being used to bore Ideo. in i.J S,..~ var. i.J ~ var. Pyr. }.JSJ..~ 3 wb1 'open up'
a hole in a bead 1 and derivatives.
(Dyn. XVIII) 1 Exx. Rec. ::n, 107, Plate; Tk. T. S. iii. 5• I See the picture Gebr. i. I 3·
1 Pyr. 1205.
27 ~ 1
0. K. form of last {also Use as last.
used later 2) 1 Ex. Gebr. i. 13. I Dyn. XII, Btrsk. i. 27; Dyn. XVIII, Puy. 54·
28 ~ 1
nre-drill 2 (Dyn.XVIII) Cf. r~~s (/J 'fire-drill'. Hence phon. (/1, 4 exx. A~~ (/Ji
"" 'ferry across'; l-.JJA~~ !zr<f, 'pillage'; A,~, (/11 6 're-
mainder'. A bbrev. for w(/1 in the formula fA ~ rllfJ wd1
sttb 'may he live, be prosperous, be healthy' (§§55· 313).
In group-writing(§ 6o) A~ or Ais phon. (/. 6
1 Exx. Puy. 9i Tk. T. S. iii. 26, 6. 1 Hier. p. 50. 3 Sk. S. 54; see AZ.
43, r6r; 45, Ss. 4

Reading partly from varr. of t/ltfll 'council' (Pyr. 309· 1713),
partly from Coptic equivalences, ex. O'r.~'A-1- wtjJ 'be hale', 'sound'. G Wb. i.
404, 2 accepts wtj;t as the N.K. reading on the evidence of L.E. variants, see
SPIIIGELBERG, Recknungm aus tier Ztit Setis I, p. 40; but the relation of L.E. wt/11
to older tj;t may be like that of L.E. ws!J 'breadth' to O.E. 11Jw, and Wb. v. 517 is
probably right in taking t/11115 the M.E. reading. 6 BURCHARDT § rso.
29 A 1
O.K. form of last (also Use as last.
common later 2) 1 DAv. Ptak. i. 13, no. 287. ' Exx. Dyn. XII, BH. i. 8, ro; Dyn. XVIII,
Tk. T. s. i. I.
30 fj potter's kiln Ideo. in O.K. B1 !1 'kiln'. Hence phon. 11, exx. B~ll. !1
'be hot'; ~fl~~ st1 'mysterious', 'difficult'. In the
geographical name •tr~~ 2 .(ft 'Hittite land' B~ should
be read simply t, not !1, cf. Hebrew no{§ 6o}. 3
1 Ti 84; see too the pictures ib.; BR. i. 1 I. t Urk. iv. 7or, II.
s BURCHARDT § 131.
31 ~ 1
instrument employed in Ideo. or det. in~~ var. -:-l~~i 2 rt!zty 3 'baker'. Hence
baking(?) det. in the related words -:-l~~ rt!z 'restrain'; Qolb'
it!z 'prison'. Probably for some reason connected with
its use ideo. or det. in ~q t; !Jn(r)i 'restrain' ; ~ 4 fJnrt,
var. r!J7 ~C"J fJnt, 'harim'. Through similarity in hieratic,
sometimes substituted for~ D 19 or~ D 20, ex. ~r7~ 5
ssnt 'breathe'.
1 In Dyn. III-IV the ends are curved, not angular, SafJIJ· Mast. i. I ; sim. Mtil"
ii. 7· Later the shaft is sometimes shown as double. 1 Unpublished P. Ram.
4 See Adm. p. 47 and above, p. 20I, n. I. 0
a Reading, Rec. 39, 20. Urk.
iv. 76, 8.
U 32 } pestle and mortar 1 Det. of ~o~ 1-JJ 1a sf:tm, O.K. -U tb zf:tm, 'pound'; also of
O.K. ~El1 2 smn, ~ zmn 28 'press down' bread with a
stick ; from this latter 2b phon. or phon. det. smn (zmn)
in l§} 1 ~ 1 abbrev. } 1 71 f:tsmn 'natron'; ls:;:}, 71 abbrev.
l ..l?. f:tsmtt 'bronze ' ; 3 ~=}~ • sm1t (old smn) 'establish '.
Det. pound, also in l>
~ o }, 71 l;m1t ' salt' ; heavy, in
:=n~ dns 'heavy'; }:=1 = wdn 'heavy'.
See the hietoglyphs M~dum I~; Pyr. 249; and the picture, Leyd. Denkm. i. Io.
1
1• Eb. 86, 10; cf. BH ii. 6. 11; Ti 83. However, Wb. iii. 464, I interprets this
as z~ and rea<ls the preceding word as llpn with/. 2 Ti 85. 2
• Leyd.
Denkm. i. IO; see MoNTET 240; A"Z. 6I, I 3· 2 b Not, as Wb. iii. 453, 3. from
the homonym ztm' 'tarry' Pyr. 533· 14I8. s AZ. 30, 31. • Vrk. iv. 1187,
10, an early instance of a writing that is usual in L.E.
33 ~ pestle Ideo. in ~ol = 0 tlt 'pestle(?)' of red granite (m1t); hence(?)

phon. tl, exx. ~~~Q hr·tl 'thou art content' (§ 309); .If~
rnfptl 'may she live!'(§ 3 13); more rarely phon. t, especially
beside l 1;, eXX• u:-ml I
7 tf:tnt Sfayence'; n~~ f:tts 'inaugU• 1
rate (a feast)'. In group-writing (§ 6o) ~ or )Q or ~QQ IS
ph on. t, 2 ex. ~ QQQ~ ~ 3 Tl, name of a Syrian locality.
o MOLL. Pal. i. PI. 5, left, I6; meaning doubtful. 1 Siut I, 244.
2 BURCHARDT § 134· s Vrk, iv. 784·, 74·
34 y spindle Ideo. in eH !Jsf 'spin'.

1
Hence semi-ideo. or phon. !Jif
(!Jif) in the related verb e~t-~ var. 4~ !Jif (!Jif) 2
'repel 1, 'oppose' and its derivatives.
1 BH. ii. 4, in scene of spinning. s For I see Pyr. 253·
35 4 combination of t U 34 Use as last.

and- I 9
(Aa 23) f=¥ warpstretchedbetween Det. in ~~~v=Y~ 2 varr. !!.3 v=v• var. Pyr. ~::Ju-u 5 m4d
1
two uprights Ia 'hit (a mark)', 'adhere to (a path)' and derivatives.

1 Thebes, tomb 85. Very various in form; exx. M.K., Brit. Mus. 6I4, 8; Siut I,
22I; Dyn. XVIII,,Puy. 68; Th. T. S. i. I7. 1• DAVIES, Seven Prival~ Tombs,
PI. 35 (p. :;o). Perhaps this suggests as the original sense of the stem 'make straight'.
2 Vrk. iv. 484, 5· Sim. Peas. B I, 2Il. 3 .Hrit. Mus. 581. 4 Louvre C I74·
a Pyr. 2048.
(Aa 24) I:Ft] 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 Sinai 7· See AZ. 30, 52; 62, I,
club used by fullers m Ideo. in i}.} var. i: f:tmww 'fuller(?)'. Hence(?) phon.
2 3
washing 1 /:tm,• in 1~ j f:tm 'slave' and the related words; also in ~~.
isolated late var. l~, 6 f:tm 'Majesty' (p. 74).
1 AZ. 57, 81. 1 BH. i. 29. 1 lb. • Reading from proper names
ending in m and from 'the name Pa/}a11mala = PJ-l!m-n{r in the El-Amarna letters
(see above p. 418), besides late writings in which the sign interchanges with 0 N 4I ;
see .liZ. 46, 109; Sphinx 14, 143. a Bull. 28, Io3.
For <p seeD 31
37 'e razor 1
Det. in ::Ll~ 2 !Jr!f 'shave'.
1 Razors, see PETRIE, T()Q/s and Weapons 61, 1 Ex. BH. ii. 4·
520
U 38 !p 1 balance Ideo. or det. in ~......1!11\~~rp 2 var. rp 8
mfpt 'balance'.
Thebes, tomb 76. 1 Exx. Paheri 9, 30; D. el B. Sr. 1
I AZ. 59,«*·
39 1 post of balance Det. in ~71 1 w{st 'post (of balance) ' and in the related
verb } 2
::1
wts 'lift", 'carry', 'wear'. Secondarily also
det. in 3
::1
{si (tzi) 'raise', 'lift'.
2 D. e! B. Sr. 1 In Pyr. the det. of tzl is a sack-
PIEHL, /H. iii. Sl.
1
like receptacle, ex. Pyr. g6o, but our sign already appears exceptionally, ex. ib. l94·
semi-hieratic alterna- Use as last, ex. }::}.11~ 2 wtsw 'those who have worn'.
tive to last (Dyn. Also, owing to similarity in hieratic, used for ) 8 T 13, ex.
XVIII) 1 .11 :";' rs-tp 'vigilant'.
1 For the hieratic see MoLL. Pal. i. no. 405; ii. no. 405. t Urk. iv. Ss, u.
3 MOLL. Pal.. i. no. sSS. 4 Leyd. Denk111. iv. lS, 4 c, 3· Stm. srs, Urk. iv.
Sg7, 6.
41 i} 1
plummet used in con· Det. in ;.a
t!J 'plummet'.
nection with the 1 Dyn. Xll, Leyd. V 103 = Denkm. ii. 13. I J EA. 9· Io, n. 4·
balance 11
Sect. V. Rope, Fibre, Baskets, Bags, etc.

V 1 ~ coil of rope Det. rope, exx. "a-} l ~ nwft 'rope' ; ~ ~ f!,1tt 'front-rope' of
ship; actions with rope or cord, exx. Qal~ itft 'drag';
~ ts ' tie' . E5e ~ 1 mnl. 'string' beads. ~ ~ sni • en-
-- \...-4 - ' ,__., t.-JJ u ' ,__.,
circle',' surround'. Probably from 1,. o}~ snw 'network',
phon. or phon. det. sn in 1..~ var. ! 11 snt 'dispute', the
relations of which with 1,.~ Jnl 'exorcise', 'litigate' and
with ~ =~ 8 snt' contend ' require further study. Another
possibly related word is ~ Jt (snt ?) ' 'hundred' (§§ 259.
260}. A similar, but doubtless different, sign is det. in
~ ~ 6 l11b 'bent appendage' (of metal ?) belonging to the
crown 'r;f.
1 M. u. K. r, 3· 2 Cairo l0.393· l056l, d, in the title lmy-r 'fnt; cf. too a title
Jnt discussed JEA. g, 15, n. '· 8 AZ. 36, 13S. 4

AZ. 36, 135·
• Urk. iv. lOO, 15.
For~ as substitute for} G 43, see Z 7·

2 -+ bolt- 0 34 combined Ideo. in ~~~ s{J
{St1), later ~f)~-.::;;- s!J, 'drag', 'draw';
with the cord ~ V 1 hence phon. s{J in ~ s{lf 'aroura' (§ 266, 3). For an un-
used for drawing it 1 known reason det. in ~~A Js 'hasten'.
1 Az. 35, 105, confirmed by DAY. Rekh~ ii. l6, n. The sense of the verb agrees
so well with the Dyn. XVIII form just quoted that the suggestion (Hitr. 44) that
this is secondary seems unlikely. An alternative explanation, MoNTET 304.
521
V 3 ~ the same sign with Phon. stJw in 7~ 1 R-s{Jw 'necropolis', 2 particularly that of
three cords (Dyn. the Memphitic god Sokar.
XVIII) 1 Ex. Tk. T.S. iv. 38, G, ~ ,4"2, 59, 159; W!J. ii. 398, 9· TO.
4 -f1 lasso Cf. -f\~}! 1 WJW 'lassoes'. Hence phon. w1, 2 exx. -f\~£;;3:
WJ 'far'; -f\~lf~wJ~ 'place', 'endure'.
1 BUDGE, p. 454, :z, Cf. too Wit 'cord' ( W!J. i. 244) and WlfliJt' cord' ( Urk. iv.
166, 12). 1 For the initial w see a var. of Wlr 'tie up', MONTET 207.
5 ~ looped rope Det. in ~=~ 1 snt (snt) 'plan', 'plot out', 'found'.
1 .!'yr. 644; Meiri. u; D.eiB. 37·
6 o cord (in early exx. Ideo. or semi-ideo. or det. in 1._~ var. 15 2 ss, var. O.K. =~15 8
double and looped U, 'cord', 'rope'. Hence phon. ss (ss), exx. 1._ = var. 15
at top on left) 1 (p. I 72) ss 'alabaster' ; Ql._o~ if~t-' what?' (§ 500). There
has been much confusion with 'h V 33: 'a (1) in the words
~T 'linen',' cloth', i,! 'thing', 'concern', and ?f~ 'corn',
all originally reading Sir; however, the fact of the confu-
sion, together with certain writings with metathesis ssr
(see V 33, nn. 4· 9), make the usually accepted reading ss
(so in the 1st edition) still just defensible, for final r
usually falls; (2) as det. in ~15~ rrf'tie up', 'pack';
(3) as phon. g in hieratic, where the two signs are not
distinguished in early times;' (4) as det. clothes, ex.
Q~~QQ~'\.15! 6 isywt 'rags'; however, this employment to
replace T S 28 does not appear before Dyn. X I X.
1 Early forms, Medum 13; Satjq. Mast. i. I. 2. 1 Urk. iv. 88;;, 7· s DAv.
Ptak. i. 25. 4 MOLL. Pal. i. nos. 515. 510. 4• Full discussion, Bull. 30, 161.
1 Adm. 3, 4; the MS. is probably of Dyn. XIX.
7 ~ loop of cord with the Cf. ,l= var. Pyr. = ,11 sni 'encircle'. Hence phon. sn,
ends downward exx. .10 sn 'tree'; .l~~ snr 'repel'.
1 .!'yr. 313-
8 ~ 1
(Dyn. XVIII) 1 Puy. 57; Rekk. 3, 28, So too already .!'yr. 5·
9 Q cartouche in original Det. in .l.o}o snw 'cartouche' (p. 74).

round form 1 1
Seep. 74 for explanation as a double rope encircling (ml) the entire region ruled
over by the sun or by the king as later embodiment of the sun.
1o 0 cartouche in secondary Det. in ,lo}a 1 snw 'circuit'; ::as rn 'name'; also in

oval form (p. 74) names of kings and other royal personages, in which case
the component signs are written inside it, ex. (0E!l~)
Mn-!Jpr-Rr 'Menkheperrec', i.e. Tuthmosis Ill.
1
GAYET, Temple tk LtnUor, p. 14. I BRUGSCH, Tkes. 10771 19.
522
ROPE, FIBRE, BASKETS, BAGS, ETC. Sign-list
Vu C sign probably later Det. in :=q c 2 dtzi 'dam off', 'restrain'. The hieratic
taken to be a car- equivalent of the same sign 8 serves also as det. in ~l ~.!;.•
touche cut in half p/JI 'split'. It seems doubtful whether the hieratic word
and reversed 1 usually transcribed as cq qa~ 1 : 1 dyt (dwyt ?) ' shriek ' was
originally written with this sign. 6
1 So at least it appears to be in Dyn. XVIII. Early hieroglyphic exx. are lacking,
for the det. of tjnl in Pyr. 27S. 716, namely a kind of hoe, cannot easily be the
prototype of our sign. !}nl, later dnl, may originally have meant • cut off'; cf. the
later word dnlt ' portion', ' fraction ', see SETHE, ZaMworte S9. I llrk. iv. 3 I 2,
4
11; 44S. •7· I M6LI.. Pal. i. no. sS•; ii. no. ss.. Pt. 2S3; Eb. 36, 16.
• In hieroglyphic of Dyn. XIX it has the same det. with which rlnl is written, For
the reading see VoG. Bauer 69-70; GARD. Sin. 99·
I2 ~ band of string or linen Det. bind, exx. ~~""' s!d 'head-band' ; Sf~ rn!J 'garland' ;
·~'1 f!J, 'loose', whence ""} 1 f!J ' depart' ; from the last,
Phon. det. in=~~""'\
..,... e .Jt1 I 1f1:it~ IJW Fnr.w' Phoenician lands' .
(f
I
Det. papyrus-books, exx. ~}""' ifdw 'papyrus';

I
'deed'. Ph on. or phon. det. rr~ (from rr~ 'bind on') in

snn =""'
~""'~ rr~ 'swear'; ~qq'@' var. ?qqe rr~y 'last day' of
the month (§ 264).
1 Sinai go, 16; see GARD. Sin. 20.
I 3 ~ rope for tethering ani- Cf. Pyr. =~Ut' fetterer (?} '.1 Phon.[. 8 Sometimes also, by
mals1 a false archaism, for "" t (§ I 9, Ons. 2 ).
1 PSBA. n, 65. 1 E)r. 672, epithet of a cat-goddess. 1 SETHE, Alplzabet is6.
14 ==s the last, with an added Phon. {, both in hieroglyphic and hieratic, but apparently
diacritical tick only in a few words, doubtless words in which the value l
had not changed into t, exx. :::1 1 [si 'lift' ; ~q 1 Tti
'Tjetji ', a man's name.
1 Sitt. B 23; P. Kalz. 2, 7· Sim. w[s 'raise', Westc. n, 23; s[sw 'supports',
ERM. Hymn. I, 2. 1 Brit. Mus. 614, 3; ib. vert. 2; [si, ib. 13- In other words
in this inscription l is written without the tick, exx. s['lo', 4; ltl' seize', Io.
I 5 5.f combination of c= V I 3 In :Jr~ var. Pyr. q5r 1 i[i, in M.E. often 1[~ iti, 2 'seize'.
2 Reading, seep. 214, bottom.
and ..ll D 54 1 See Verbum i. § 397, 5·
16 e looped cord serving as Ideo. in O.K. • 1 SI (z1) 'hobble'. Hence phon. SI (z1) 2 in
hobble for cattle ._, SI 'protection'.
1 L. D. Ergiinzungsband 40, with the picture. I Reading from varr. of ZIW
• guard', Pyr. 1203. I7S2.
17 ~1 rolled up herdsman's Ideo. in ~~ var. • s1, var. Pyr. -~ 3 z1, 'protection'.

shelter of papyrus 1 1 D. el.B. 13. 3 Pyr. 1470.
(Dyn. XVIII)
I8 O.K. form of last Use as last.
1 DAV, Plan. i. 161 no. 3S3·
V 19 ft hobble for cattle 1 Ideo. or det. in ft 2 varr. ~~, 3 ~ ~ft 4 m4t 'stable',
'(cattle-)stall '. For unknown reasons, det. in~~ ft 6 varr.
c;>M, 8 ~~~ f.T 7 tm1 (from {nu?)' mat', whence phon.
or phon. det. {m1 (tm1) in c=>ft 7 8 varr. c=>M, 9 ft ~ 10
{m1, 'cadaster (?)' or kind of land (?) ; in ~ft var. ft !J1r
'sack' as measure of capacity(§ 266, I); and in other names
of woven or wickerwork objects. By confusion with an
older sign for a palanquin or portable shrine/ 1 det. in
_!Qft 12 ~nl 'palanquin', whence also in .!Qft 18 ~nl
' sheaf' ; so too in ~ft 14 k1r ' shrine ' ; possibly also
in ::'Q Q.ft 16 s{yt, name of the sanctuary of Sokar in
Memphis.18 To be distinguished carefully from Aa I9. n
1Made of cord, with a wooden cross-bar to be hidden below the earth, MONTKT 95·
1 Berslz. i. 18. 8 Cairo 20104, m I; Rkind 84. ' Meir iii. 4· Sim./7r.
2~02. 6 Rec. 39, 120. 8 BH. ii. 13. ' Westc. 7, 15. 8 Rekh. 3, 18,
8
qu. Exerc. XXX (iii); sJw nw [1111, i/J. p. 25 = tm1, ib. 3, 26. Brit. Mus. 828,
qu. § 450. 10 SJ n [ml, Cairo 20056; Leyd. V 3· 11 Pyr. 300 (k1r);
cf. the picture Sah. 65. 1' Westc. 1 I, 7; differently determined, i/J. 7, 14.
IS Palzeri 3· u LAc. TR. 21, 3· 1e D.e/B. u . 18 STOLK, Ptalz
(Berlin, 1911), 27.
20 n the same without the Cf. Dyn. X I X n~ 1C(1 1 mdwt 'stables'. Hence phon. m4 2
cross-bar (cf. V 21) in n m4w ' 10' (§§ 2 59· 260).
1 MAR. Abyd. i. 53· 11
AZ. 34, go.
2I "A\ combination of n V 20 Ideo. in ~~ 1 m4t 'stable',.' cattle-stall'. Hence phon. m4

and '( I IO (Dyn. in ~~ 2 m4 'be deep' and derivatives.
XII onward) 1
See V 19, n. 3· 1 BUDGE, p. 458, 9· Sim. m# 'depth', Kuban 32.
For 1* see M 28.

22 \ 1
whip 2 (Dyn. XVII I) For unknown reason, 8 phon. mf:t, exx. ~ var. Pyr. ~~\ •
mf:t 'fill'; :JQQa~ ml:znyt 'the coiled one', name of a snake.
1 Ex. Hier. 6, no. 77· 1 Az. 35, 106. 8 A derivation from l}wl • strike'
has been suggested, Hier. p. 63. ' Pyr. 1682.
2 3 \ 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 Exx. DAV. Ptah. i. 17, nos. 371.372.377; Salz. 30; Ti II2.
cord wound on stick For unknown reason, phon. w4 (later wd), exx. t.}~ var.
(O.K. and M.K. ~.}~ w4 'command'; t}l.. 2 w4l:z (for wdf:t) 'table of
form) 1 offerings'; l J~ var. Pyr. .} Jl= 3 w4b 'turn'.
1Exx. O.K., DAV. Plan. i. 14, no. 296; M.K., BH. iii. 4, no. 51. 1 BH. i. 17.
8 Pyr. 1723.

(Dyn. XVI I I) 1 .Ex. Reklz. 21 17.
V 26 = 1 netting needle filled Ideo. in 7--- 3 var. t1=. • r<f, also :;::~ • rd, 'spool', 'reel'.
with twine 1 Hence ph on. or ph on. det. r<f, later rd, ex. t1:: 6 r<f, var.
=~ 6 rd, 'be in good condition'; also rntj or rnd, 7 proved
only in the case of :;: o ~ mrndt, var. Pyr. ~~~~ ~ 8
mrndt, 'the morning-bark' of the sun-god.
1 Rekk. ~. 6; Puy. ~o, 6. I See the picture BH. ii. 4=B1,1/, 9, 5·
s BUDGE, p. 39I, ~. 4 NAV. eh. I53 If,.
1 B BH. i. 8, If,.
• Sh. S. 7· 7 See Sitz. Berl. Ak. I9I 2, 958. 8 Pyr. 335· 336; sim. ib. 66r.
27 - 1
1 Medum I3. Sim. Saqq. Mast. i. I.
28 ~ 1 wick of twisted flax Cf. with a similar sign, l~ ftrt ' wick ' ; 2 hence 3 phon. ft.
As late det. once in
1
ul tkJ 'candle'.'
Detailed ex., Saqq. Mast. i. 40, no. 68. See too the picture CAPART, Rue 37·
1 Dyn. XIX, Wb. iii. 39; a hieroglyphic ex. in the Hypostyle Hall, Karnak (Nelson).
s AZ. 73, 8, n. 2; Ann. 43, 309. 4 MoGENSEN, Muste nat. Copenhague, PI. 24;
see SKTHE, Zur Geschichle der Ein/Jalsamierung, u*.
29 r1 swab made from a hank

of fibre (down to
Det. in O.K. ~"="' t 3 sk 'wipe'; hence phon. sk (sk), ex. ~ !~
ski' perish'. For unknown reason, phon. or phon. det.
Dyn. XVIII identi- WJft,, ex. f\~lt~· var. ru
WJft 'place', 'endure'. Also
cal for all uses 2) 5
t
det. in ~ ~ !Jsr, var. Pyr. e~\j 6 !Jsr, 'ward off'. As
corruption of a sign resembling OM I, det. in ~~! 7 mrr
' fortunate '.
1Detailed ex. Ti I3~ (w1~). I W1~ and lk in proximity, see O.K. Gemn. i.
~2;Dyn. XVIII, Rekh. ~. s Rec. ~8, 178; cf. Sah. 39· The interpretation as
a swab depends on the meaning of lk and on its other determinatives in Pyr.
4
Peas. B r, ~09. 1 Urk. iv. 26g, 7· • Pyr. 908. 7 Amada 8.
30 "C7 wickerwork basket Ideo. in ~ 1 var. Pyr. ;;..Jo ~ 2 nbt 'basket'. Hence phon.
in a few words reading nb, exx. e7:_it var. O.K. ~~ 3 nb
'lord'; e7 nb 'every', 'all'.
1 1
Urk. iv. 896, 10. Pyr. 557· s Urk. i. I26, 9·
For rn see 0 9·
3 I ~ wickerwork basket with For unknown reason, ph on. k.

handle
31* te7 the last, butwithhandle Regularly in hieratic except in rare O.K. examples. 1
1 MOLL. Pal. i. nos. su, 511 B.
on opposite side Hieroglyphic exx, have not been sought, but
must be extremely rare; in Dyn. 1-11 the few exx. have handle as in V '31, PETR.
Eg. Hier. nos. 975-9·
V 32 ~ 1 wickerwork frail 2 (pos- Det. in ffi~-:i 4
msnw, var. Dyn. I .~J.! 5 msn, 'har-
sibly also used as a pooner'; hence(?) phon. ntSn (ntS1t} in @ late Var. m~=;T 6
float by hippopota- Msn, a Lower Egyptian town near I~an~arah. 8 Possibly, but
mus-hunters)3 not certainly, the same sign 9 in m~~:!: 10 gJWt 'bundles',
'tribute'; hence phon. det. g1w in m~}~ g1w 'be
narrow ', and related words.
1 Exx.O.K., QUIB.S<Jfq.I911-a, 32 (MJn); Ti 115 (msn?). t Seethe pictures
Ti 38. 39; Gemn. ii. I. 8 Guess bnsed pnrtly on the use of the sign to deter-
mine msnw ' hippopotamus-hunter •, partly on the occurrence of a very late word b!J,
with this det., mentioned among the equipment (spears, ropes, etc.) of the msnw; see
A.'Z. 54, 53 and compare the fisherman's reed-floats T 25. But possibly the sign is
really the det. of mln ' weave',' plait', though not so actually found, in which case
it would only be phon. det. in msnw 'hippopotamus-hunter'. ' LAC. T.R. ao, 34·
6 A'Z 57,138. 8 Liskt p. 36. 7 See .A."z. 54, 52. 1 JEA. S• :142.
9 Before Dyn. XVIII it lacks the tie and so resembles = W 8, see WEILL, Dtcrets,
Pis. a. 3 ; Dtnd. 8 ; Cairo 20539, i. b 8. 10 D. el B. 77.
33 'b 1 bag of linen 2 Ideo. or det. in~ ssr, var. O.K. ~~~ 3 ssr, var. Dyn. XVIII
1.,~ 4 ssr, 'linen', 'cloth', cf. especially the compound
t~ 5 ssr-nsw, var. O.K. W~+.: 6 ssr-nzw, 'royal linen',
'byssus', Coptic menc; the var. t~T 7 with lS V 6 makes
the hitherto accepted reading ss-nsw possible for Dyn.
XVIII, as final r frequently fell away. Hence phon.
ssr (read as ss in the 1st edition) in il var. Dyn. XII
~1.,~ 8 ssr, var. O.K. ~~~ 9 ssr, 'thing', 'concern'; also
in l:)1f~ 10 varr. ~~\m, 11 ~1-.f~ 111 ssr 'corn'. Perhaps
through connection with the stem found in m~~~ g1wt
'bundles' (see on V 32) or else with mm~ggt' kidney(?)',12a
phon. g in a few words, exx. }~~~ var. }ffi~ 13 wgg
'misery •; 'h.J~ Gbtyw 'Coptus ', a town in Upper Egypt.
Det. tie up, in ~'h~ rrj' tie up', 'pack', 'envelop •; also
perfume, because kept in bags of linen,14 ex. ~~ var. ~~a
sty 'perfume', cf. i R 9· As det. clothes not before Dyn.
XIX, 15 and then mainly in the form lS V 6 (see on that
sign). Note that in M. K. hieratic ~ is indistinguishable
from lS V 6; 18 in hieroglyphic the two are very often con-
fused.
1 In O.K. and sometimes later the shape varies greatly. Sometimes like our type,
but thinner and inclined at an angle, exx. L. D. ii. 22.23; sometimes almost triangular,
see below, V 3S· Full discussion, Bun. 30, 161. 1 Described as Jsrw rifw
'tied-up cloths', Ur.k.iv. II43, 13. 8 Ti us. ' Ur.k. iv. II43, 13, Jsrw,plur.
1 Ur.k. iv. 195, 16. Sim. O.K., Sak~ 61. 1 L.D. ii. Loo, c. ' Ur.k. iv. 7of::J, IS·
8 Cairo 20S38, ii. c 9· • Ur.k. i. 149, 9· For writings of possibly the same
word with the metathesis 1sr see Adm. p. 101. 10 Ur.k. iv. 743, I. 11 Urk.
iv. 3i2, 14. n R.III. 178, 3· . 120 Suggested by Dawson; see W!J. v. 2o8, 7;
also Sign Pap. I I, 4· 13 PSBA. 18, 202, 9· 14 See the picture D. el B. 78.
15
See, however, O.K. l..mkwt, Gebr. i. 8; also the alternative form of S 28 seen in
PE;TRIE, Giuk and Rifek 23 G. 16 MOI.L. Pal. i. no. 520, without recoguizing
that V 6 and V 33 are different signs.
V 34 'e 1
(Dyn. XVIII} 1
D. el B. 9• (sty 'perfume').
35 h 1
(rarely also Dyn. 1 DAv. Ptall. i. 14, no. 318- (E.R.A.) 37, in lmy-r flr 'overseer of linen'. This
form of the bag is carried by an attendant, Ti 115; c{, too L. D. ii. u, 6. Other
XVIII} 2 O.K. exx. of the same form of the sign, in flr • thing', 'concern', Urk. i. I 36, 5 ;
WKILL, Dkrets, PI. ,, 1 In sir' corn', Urk. iv. 373 1 1•1 qu. under V 33, n. u.
36 rr receptacle of some kind Det. in l.:::.tf'l (m. ((tnt?), name of a receptacle given to a
temple. Hence(?) phon. or phon. det. (zn, exx. l.~tl' 0 ~ 2
var. t)', 7, 3 (tnt 'occupations' ; l~~tl'~ • var. t)' t)' 6 (tnty
'period', 'end' (§ 77, I).
1 MAR. AIJ. i. IO, 6. 1 Rekn. 16. a Palltri3. 4 Urk. iv. 36.,. u.
1 Urk. iv. 369, 15,
37 c:J 1 bandage (?) Det. in Q:= 0 1 idr ' bandage', ' bind'. Ph on. or ph on. det.
ldr in Q:=o~ 8 var. ?~ •ldr 'herd'; note that ~~ 4
appears to read ~J-() 8 k1 n la'r 'bull of the herd'. For
the confusion of 0 and oN 41 see AEO. ii. 2'58*.
1 Karnak, Tuthmosis Ill unpublished. Rather different, Dyn. XII, Bersn. i. 18.
1 Sm. 9, 8. ro. ~~. • Bersll. i. 18. ' Cairo 20001. 1 Urk. iv. 699,13.
• Ur,t. iv. 195, Io; 196, I,
38 Q1 bandage (O.K.) Det. in }oO wt 'bandage', 'mummy-cloth'. Later re-

placed by o Aa 2.
l Pyr. uo2 (N 1197).
Sect. W. Vessels of Stone and Earthenware

W 1 YJ sealed oil-jar Det. oil, unguent, exx. ~l o if var. If 1 mr(tt 'unguent';
~~If mgt 'ointment'.
1 Vrk. iv. 914, 9; {or the reading cf. Cairo 207201 a 3·
sealed oil-jar, like W 1, Det. in J~Pif 1 o1s (o1s) 'jar'. Phon. oJS (o1s) in IT.: 2 B1stt,
but not showing tied var. O.K. ~ ~~ 3 BJJtt, '(the cat-goddess) Bastet ' ..
ends 1 LAc. Sarc. ii. 13, no. 23. ' Ex. Urk. iv. •32, 9•
3 '&7 1 basin of alabaster as Det. in O.K. =~4,. var. ~ss' alabaster' (p. 172).. Perhaps
used in purificationss on account of the purifications characteristic of feasts, det.
in lJW var. Dyn. X VIII lJ~ (to 'feast'; hence semi-
ideo. 0!' phon. [eo in l~J~ 8 (tO 'mourn'. Abbrev. of
lJ~~ [ebt 'ritual book' in "' W 5· Det. feast, exx.
e~~· pst/ntyw 'New-moon festival'; f\.:;• W~g' Wag-
festival'.
1 Showing the markings of alabaster, Bier. 2, no. 9; 9, no. 178; Kopt. 9·
Rec. 39. 54·
I • Sin. B I•·2. ' BH. i. 24. I Sit1l i. 299- Sim. B 1/.
i. 25, 9G-S.
W4 CIJ combinationofm 0 22 Ideo. or det. in l..J!IJ var. !lJ f.tb 'feast'. Det. feast (much
and <;J!7 W 3 rarer in M. E. than <;J!7 alone), ex. fl)f!IJ 1 tp-rttpt 'feast of
the first of the year '.
1 BI:l. i. 24. Sim, W1g, Brit. Mus. 162.
5 ~ combination of I& T 28 In .@. )t 1 !Jry-/.tbt 1 'lector-priest', lit. • he who is under (i.e.

and <;J!7 W 3 carries) the ritual book'.
1 Already M.K., JIZ. 39, 117, 6. 1 Reading, seep. 51, n. 4·
6 0 1
O.K. sign for a parti- In l}~ wf.tt 'cauldron'. Later replaced by C) Aa 2.
1
cular vessel Saqq. Mast. i. 2. Rather different, ib. I ; Medum 13 (here of copper).
7 0 1
granite bowl (Dyn. Det. in ~0 1 m1t, var. O.K. ~0 2 m1{, 'red granite'; hence
XVIII) phon. det. m1{ in ~0 3 m1{ 'proclaim'. Det. in f}&'
var. @ 5 Jbw ' Elephantine·, as source of the red granite;
hence phon. det.Jb in f..J~~~o var. ~..J~ 7 1bt 'family'.
1
D.el B. 156. 1 Vrk. i. 107, 2. s Vrk. iv. 261, 3· 4 Rekh. 5· Sim. Vrk. iv.
843, 4• a Brit. Mus. 614, 4· e LAc. TR. 2, I. 7 Brit. Mus. 159, 11.
8 t:0:2 1 deformation of the last In Jbw 'Elephantine' and 1bt 'family', see on W 7· The
(Dyn. XI) same sign may serve as the earlier form of-.. g1w V 32. 2
1 Brit. Mus. 614,4(/btu' Elephantine'). Sim. Cairo 20512, cc. 1 See V 32, n. 9·
9 1(}0 stone jug with handle Det. in -6~P n!Jnm, var. Pyr. - '::~ 6 ttsnm, ' the n(inm- 2
vase' with its specific oil. Hence(?) phon. !inm, exx. 6"f:»
Unmw '(the ram-headed god) Chnum'; 6~~ (inm 'join'.
0 ScHA.RFF 49· 1 BH. i. 17; Pp. 51 (N 311 a). 1 Pyr. 51 (W 5911).
a,
In O.K. =/interchanges with later- see V ~~'bum i. § 26o.
10 'Cl cup (probably some- Det. in Q--.D..J o lrb, var. :::!..Jo rrb, ' cup' ; hence ph on. or
1 2
times also a basket, phon. det.lrb, ex. Q~..J lrb 'unite'; rb, ex. ~--.D..Jo m...rb 'in
cf.~ A 9) the company of' (§I 78). Det. in } ~~ 3 ws!J (ws!J) 'cup';
hence phon. or phon. det. ws!J (ws!J}, exx. } ~~ ws!J 'be
wide'; ~' var. ~ (0 15) ws!Jt 'hall'; s(Jw, in ~e}.!_
s!Jw 'width '. Det. in f:' o 11 f.tnt 'cup' ; hence ph on. /.tnt
in ~ 8 var. l~~ f.tnwt ' mistress '. Det. in 7/ 7 r ' cup'. In
words reading oil o sometimes replaces older o N 41, ex .
..J';'"} 1.'s bilw 'rare treasures'.
1 W6. i. 40; ]:4Q. 115; LAC. Sarc. ii. 156. 1 Urk. iv. 770, 15. 1 JiQ. 115;
evidently very rare, not in W6. i. nor in LAC. Sarf. 4 Ur!l. iv. 1uo, 16.
I BH. i. 17. e Urk. iv. 391,13. ' W!J. i. 158. 8 BH. i. 8, 11. Sim.
D.e/B. 81; 84, 6. .
1 o* t7 1 pot perhaps used Phon. 0/ 1 in conjunction with);.. G 29, ex. )ru~ 8 01 'soul',
also as lamp (O.K.) or with 1fi E 10, ex. 'O'fi.:;_BI-pj(l) 'Bapfi', agod. 1 Later
superseded in these uses by~ R 7·
1
A-. 43, 309· 1
Cf. a vessel called olfll named E6. •· 9· 1
~· 854
(M a86); 1a78 (N x ~.,.).
(Aa 4) "D 1 alternative form of last Use as last.

(Pyr.) 1 Pyr. 854 (N 657); 1098 (N 125a); 1378 (P 616).
VESSELS OF STONE AND EARTHENWARE Sign-list
W I I ffi 1 (I) ring-stand for jars, (I) Ideo. or det. in s mvar. ms nst ' seat '.
2
For unknown
(2) red earthenware reason,sa phon.g. (2) Ideo. or det. in ~m var. ~ 5 dJrt •
pot (Dyn. XVIII 'red pot'. (3) Occasionally substituted for t.a 0 45 in
form, round at bot- Dyn. X V I II, ex. :t~ 8 ipt nsw 'king's hart m'.
tom) 1 Ex. Rekk. 3, 3 (g); D. el B. 36 (nst). In Dyn. XII still sometimes with bottom
straight as g (Bersll. i. 31), while curved as nst (ib. I9)• • .iiZ. 47, 91.
a D. riB. 36, in Nswt-IJwy. ... According to Grdaeloff (Ann. 43, 310) from
an O.K. word gw (Ann. 16, 196); but this is described as an altar.
' Rekk. 11. a D. et B. u. s JEA. u, 4·
I2 !Al 1 ring-stand (0. K. form, Use as last, in O.K. S~ 2 nst 'seat' and as phon.g.s
straight at bottom) 1 DAV. Ptak. i. 13, nos. 3SS· 358 (nit, g). I Ptall. (E.R.A.) 33. a Ti uS (g9/t).
I 3 [1 red earthenware pot Use as W II, in O.K. ~D 1 dJrt 'red pot'. In M.K. a sign
(O.K. form, round at of this appearance is used for D N 34.2
bottom and plain) I JEA. 4> Pl. 9•
I 4 2 tall water-pot Ideo. or det. in 27 1 [zst, var. O.K. H7P l;zt, 'water-pot';
hence phon. l;s (l;z}, ex. !J~ var. 2~~ !;si' praise'. Det.
also in ~'JP stz.b(t), var. Pyr. =Jo~• znbt, 'jar'.
1 Az. 37, 9S; LAc. Sarc. ii. I66. 0
MONTET 393• a Urk. iv. 874, 3·
' Pyr. II79•
water-pot with water Det. in LJjj~ 1 ~bb 'be cool' and derivatives; 2 also in LJjl~=:s
pouring from it #I; 'libate '.
1 Urk. iv. 970, IS ({lb). s Ex. s{l!Jb, Urk. iv. 6s, 6. a ANiarn. iv, 3, 8.
I 6 {f[ the same in a ring-stand Ideo. or det. in LJjl}fr 1 varr. fr}, 1 tr=: 2 #l;w 'libation'
Ul w I2 and the related words. Much more rarely det. in LJjjfr 8
}fbb ' be cool '.
1 Meir iii. I 7• I BH. i. I7. a Ex. P. Kall. 7, 41 ({lb).
I 7 ~ 1 water-pots in a rack Ideo. in IB!! 2 lJntw 'racks for water-pots'. Hence phon.!Jnt,
(Dyn. XII-XVIII) ex. 1!17 var. ~ !Jnt 'in front of' (§ I 74) and derivatives.
1 liier. 2, no. 6. With three pots, not infrequent in M.K., e:u:. BH. i. 8. IS;
Leyd. V 2; usual in Dyn. XVIII, exx. Rekk. 4; Pakeri 4· 1 Urk. iv. 874, 3•
18~ O.K. form of last

1
Use as last.
1 With fonr pots, usual in O.K., exx. San. 1 ; Saqq. Mast. i. 20; more often than
not in M.K., exx. Leyd. V 3· 4· 6. 7; only ra~ely in Dyn. XVIII, ex. Urk. iv. 874. 7·
I 9 g milk-jug as carried in Det. in ~~i 2 mhr 'milk-jug'. From a probably obsolete

a net 1 word ~0• 3 mr 'milk-jug', phon. mi (old mr), exx. gq mi,
var. Pyr. ~i<> • mr, 'like' (§ I 70); ~iQ7 dmi 'town';
i0 var. iQ0 5 min 'to-day'(§ 205).6
1 See the picture Meir i. II == ii. 18, no. u. 1 Meir ii. 6. a Pyr. 32 ; cf.
the place-name Mrt determined by a sign like W 20, Metium 2!. • Pyr. 166s.
• CHASS. Ass. 77· 1 The use in Pyr. tsmn (W6. iii. 4S3) is un-explained.
W2o ~ milk-jug with a leaf Det. in Q;:~ 2 irtt, var. O.K. Q~~ a irtt, 'milk'.
covering the milk 1 1 See the pictures Ti II4; DAY. Plan. i. 16. 1 D. el B. 94· 3 L. D. ii. 66.
21 U!J twin wine-jars 1 Det. in Q"': ~ 2 irp 'wine'.
1 For the O.K. form see the picture Ti 114; also Saqq. lrlasl. i. 39, no, 55·
I D. el B. 105.
22 0 beer-jug Ideo. or det. in l ~ 5 var. 5 {m# ' beer'. Det. pot, measure,
e
exx. J;J 1 /fr{zt 'vessel' ; ~ 5 ds ( O.K. ds) 'des-measure'
(§ 266, 1, end); offerings generally, in j 1 ~ 1 2 i1zw 'tribute';
notions connected with fluids, ex. t!Ji 'be drunken'. e5
As det. in the group G5 'food and drink', see on G X 2.
Ideo. in 5} a var. Pyr. } ~}5 4 wdpw 'butler'.
1 Urk. iv. 417, 8. 1 Urk. iv. 419, 7· 3 See SCHAFER-LANGE, Crab- und
Denksleitze, iii. 58; PSBA. 13, 451. 4 Pyr. 120. 124. See too Sebek11. 7, 9·
23 0 jar with handles Use as last, but not specially in connection with beer. Exx.
J;_J0 1 /fr{zt 'vessel' ; ~l~ 2 wr{z 'anoint'. Also in o} a
wdpw 'butler', see on W 22.
1 Th. T. S. iii. u. I Th. T. S. iii. 4· s Meir iii. 15.
24 0 bowl Phon. nw, exx. 7 1tw (1ryw) 'of', m. plur. (§ 86}; ~ Nwt
'(the goddess) Nut', probably so to be read in spite of
the obscure Pyr.var. 0~=; 1 l,~o}5 {znw'vessel'. Initial
nw is preferably written ~o} or~}, see on U 19; final
nw is sometimes written ooo, exx. ~ mnw ' monument' ;
):= T{znw 'Libya'. Great difficulty is caused by==
'primeval waters', which may have existed in two distinct
forms (I) niw or nww or 1zw, ( 2) nnw or nw1zw; Ja for ( 1) see
Pyr. var. -Q} 1b and a Dyn. XVI I I enigmatic equivalent
- } } ; c for (2) see Pyr. var. =0 0_}, d also the female
1 1
0
counterpart-++~ 2 1znt 'the lower heaven', further the
personal name 00°flt presumably to be read Nnw on account
of=f!J 3 nn(i) 'child', and lastly Copt. no-yn 'abyss', Ph on.
also in (cf. j W 2 5) in .g. var. Pyr. Q~ 4 ink 'I ' (§ 64 ). Ph on.
det. in H~.~. varr. Pyr.. H~, 5 A~ 5 dJ(/Jt 'council';
whether the former writing has anything to do with
A~ A~ ~5 8 dJtiJw 'pot' is doubtful. So too from M.K.
1~ replaces O.K. ~~ in such words as 1~lfi var. Pyr.
~ il~ 7 ftd 'build'; 1:!: var. O.K. ~~ 8 ftd 'form'; the old
phon. det. o here is due to the stem-meaning of /fdi 'go
round', while the later o may be connected with /fd
'fashion' pots. From M.K. onwards o inexplicably ac-
t
companies Aa 2 7, exx. to~ nti 'protect' ; to~ nti 'ask' ;
and is found also in t.J~ 9 N!Jbt '(the goddess) Nekhbet'.
530
VESSELS OF STONE AND EARTHENWARE Sign-list
W 24 0 (continued) The writing S: for m-/pzw 'in', lit. 'in the interior (of)'
(§ 178) has been explained as a re bus m(w) ~(r) nw 'water
under pot '.10 Lastly, o occurs as occasional alternative
to 5 or o as det. pot ; hieratic often fails to distinguish
these signs.U
1 Pyr. 1184. 1454• Ia Fuller collection of relevant writings, SKTHB, AmNn
una die acllt Ut'goller §t 61, U7. lb Pyr. 307· .oj.i6. le .Rev. d'E'g. i. 5·
14 JYr. 1078.1778.1780. 1 £7r. 1691. 8 GRIFFITH Catalog~ oft/le DemoJk
1
Papyri in the .Rylands Librmy iii. 3301 n. 14· 4 Pyr. I.oj.l. 1098. See.Sits. d.
Berl. Ak. 1gu, 963. 4 Pyr. 1713. 8 Eb. 66, 17. ' Pyr. 1597·
• Urk. i. 101, 10. • D. el B. 35· Also in the related place-name NQb 'El-Kab',
Paheri 1. 1' A'Z. 59, 61. 11 M()u.. Pal. i. nos. 495· 497·
combination of o W 24 In l. var. Pyr. !1 1

ini 2 'bring', 'fetch'.
and .ll D 54 1Pyr. 913. 1 Reading, cf. 0 W 24 with the value In and see Sits. d. Berl. Ak.
19u, 962; also Coptic £Ute.
Sect. X. Loaves and Cakes

X I c bread 1 Ideo. (or semi-phon. t) in Gvarr. G;=:=;, o 1 rare var. Pyr. ~ 8
t 'bread'; the accepted reading t1 (so in the 1st edition)
has no justification. Hence phon. t. Note the spellings
ci.~ j ... ~ for jQ~ it-n{r 'god's father', name of a class of
elder priests. In group--writing (§ 6o) ~};=:=; or ~ is used
for t. 5
1 SETHE, Alphabet 156. Cf. the Pyr. var. ofn. 3· arid the later writing of 11-nt.r with
the loaf X 2. 1 Common in compounds like 1-rtl) 'baked bread', 1-wr 'large
bread', t-n!Js • bread ofthe neb/1-tr.ee', exx. BH. i. 17; cf. the varr. ofi-W1',Pyr. 1946.
2194• a Pyr. 1723. 4 See ..-i'Z. 47, 94; 48, 21-2. 8 BURCHARDT § 130.
For£ see M 5·
2 G loaf Det. bread, exx. Gvar. ~};=:=; t 'bread'; j.JG Ins' Ins-loaf'.
For G;=:=; or ~ as t in group-writing (§ 6o) see on X I.
The groups G5 or~. representing bread and beer with
or without another sign for bread, occur as generic det.
food, exx. m
prt-IJrw 'invocation offerings' (p. 172);
l!!S ~ J~ I1b ' meal' ; expanded still further in j lf6~ 1
1
~~(w)-ntr'divineofferings'. On M.K. coffins G~ is some-

times substituted for~~ .[)~wty ' Thoth' for superstitious
reasons, 3 and a similar or identical group serves also rarely
for ~J~ Gb '(the earth-god) Geb'' or for ~ 'Inpw
'Anubis '}5 From the end of Dyn. XVIII Gi 6 is found
as var. of jQ~, jo it-1t{r 'god's father',~ priestly title,
see above under X I.
1 Munich 3, 17. Possibly the cursive hieratic ligature seen in wnmt 'food', Sin.
B 104, is to be res.olved similarly. 2 D. el B. If· Sim. lli. T. S. i. 8., a LAC.
TR. n, 8; see AZ. 51 1 59· ' LAc. TR. 291 I. z6. 28. 8 LA.c. TR. 5, I.
1 L. D., Text, iii. 15; see A'Z. 48, u.
531
X 3 0 alternative form of last Use as last. For o as the earliest form of D N 34 see on
that sign.
4 c::JD roll of bread
vocation offerings' ;
rJ;:;=•
=
Det. bread, food, exx. 0~ 1 t ' bread ' ; cp 2! 2 prt-!Jrw ' in-
o} ~ 3 (Dyn. XV Ill}, var. M.K.
snw" 'food-offerings'. From this last, phon. det.
sn (zn), exx. ---=
_ Jl 6 var. -_t : :Jl= sm• ' pass b y , ; -- =
"' 7 un
C" t
' Senet ', a fem. personal name; cf. also Pyr. Q~Q Q8 iznii
' are opened '. In sni ' pass by ' and snt ' likeness ' =
is subsequently replaced by t::= X 5, while Pyr. =in zn
'open' later takes the form = N 37, see on that sign.
Also from ~~ flp 'cake', phon. det. flp in ~~=
CIC
/*1 'reward'. As det. sometimes takes the place of Qi7 W 3

(Dyns. XI. XII), ex. m:7; fzbw 'festivals'. 9
1 llfeir ii. 8. Si m. Jbt 'food', ib. 1 BH. i. 33· 8 BuDGK, p. 159, 7.
' D. el B. (XI) i. l4· 5 This word chances not to have been found before M.K.,
in which period its spellings are influenced by In • smell'. Neverthcle,s, the original
value was probably snw and this must be regarded as the origin of the phon~tic value
sn; see Rec. 35, 61. 8 BH. i. 8, 8. 7 T4. T. S. ii. 7· 8 P)'r. 1408.
' Brit. Mus. 58o· Sim. ib. 337 (Wig 'Wag-festival'); CL.-VAND.• 33. 10 (Jbd
'month-fatival ').
(N 18) =alternative form of last Use as last.

5 t=:;:, semi-hieratic form of Det. bread, food (in hieratic only), exx. l) 1t:;=; 1 t 'bread';
X 4
CIC ~~~~~ r~w 'provisions'. From Dyn. XII usually takes
the place of = as phon. det. stt 3 in hieroglyphic =~ 4
sni 'surpass'; ~ ~=<=> 5 m-snt-r 'in the likeness of'(§ I 8o).
1 Pr. I + 2 Pr. I7, 7· • See the intermediate forms in the name Snt, Brit.
1
Mus. 46I; Th. T. S. ii. 38. ' Urll. iv. Iol, + Sim. 'pass by', Sh. S. 9· G Urll.
iv. I68, 10.
6 G a round loaf bearing Det. in ~~ 2 p1t 'loaf'. Hence phon. det. in ~~ 3 p1t
mark of the baker's ' antiquity', ' primeval times' and the related words. Apt
fingers 1 to be confused with e N 9.'
1 DAv. Ptah. i. 18, no. 403 and p. 34 ; Ann. 9, I 11 ; also depicted D. el B. 135·
1 Th. T. S. i. 18. 1 Urll. iv. 165, 14. ' Ex. jJJI)', Urk. iv. 1168, 6.
7 L1 1
half-loaf of bread r
In O.K. offering-lists described as m }::::..LJf gsw 'half-loaves'
or .!!..}'2? Pdw '(pieces) spread out '.18 In Pyr. ~'l or ~is
ideo. or det. food, exx. }=.J~'l 2 wsb 'eat'; +~ 3 var. ~'la
wn.m 'eat'. After O.K. Ll becomes indistinguishable from
LJ N 29 and is practically confined to the word +~~· var.
~~ 5 wnm 6 'eat'. Exceptionally, however, as det. in
~ffi 7 snw 'food-offerings'.
P)'r. 807 (M 113). Often, but not always, taller and narrower than Ll; N 29.
1
la GuNN, Ttti, ~o7,n.I. 1 P)'r.so·s. Sim.6C"fl'haveabundance',i6. 3 .Pyr.
8o7. 4 Dend. u. Sim. Munich 31 7· 1 Brit. Mus. 574, 17; Paheri 3· °

For the
reading see on M 42 and Z u. ' Urll. iv. 48I 1 u.
532
LOAVES AND CAKES Sign-list
X8 & conical loaf? (in M. E.
more often replaced
Ideo. give, in "'f rdl, & dl 'give' (§ 289, I) and also in
Pyr. &rare varr. &~ L.JJ, 1 Q&2 for the more usual imperative
by L.lJ D 37) QL.JJ var. M. E. Q~~ lml 'give' (§ 336). The use in
both stems seems conclusive for the ideographic character
of the sign. 3 Possibly the earliest reading of the later
stem 1'dt was nil, cf. the personal name -:::::..& var. -:::::.. and n.
the Pyr. var. '"f,.. . 5 for ~}..- niw ' efflux'; but verb-
forms with repetition of the sign (ex. &&"=') doubtless
indicate the reading dd ; so in Pyr. already 5a and see
above§ 289, 1. From the same stem, phon. d (very rare),
ex. &LJ~ 1 ', 11 d*(r) 'fruit'. The word &'t'f.. 7 'provisions'
probably reads dl ; in hieratic the inner markings are not
shown, so that the sign there resembles A, see before Z 9,
and the word has, therefore, often been read spd. 8
1 Pyr. 381. !I Pyr. 392. 3 Verbum i. § 454· ' A·z. 39• 135·
5 Pyr. 788. 5 • Pyr. 6oS. 716. 824. 6 Cairo 20350 a. 7 Sebekn. 7, 13;
1
Urk. iv. 64, r; ijareml}ab, right side 9; see GARDINER, .E"gyjtian Hieratic Texts, i.
16*, n. 7· 8 So still Wb. iv. 112.
Sect. Y. Writings, Games, Music
YI ~ papyrus rolled up, tied, Ideo. in ~(' 1 var. Pyr. ~A.:, 2 mtiJt 'papyrus-roll', 'book'.
and sealed (from Hence phon. m(/Jt 3 in ~ 4 varr. ~1::::.9, 5 ~D 6 mti1t
Dyn. X I I on also '(sculptor's) chisel'. Det. 7 writing and things written, exx.
vertically ~) lfikf ~ss 'write'; ~~~ m(w)dt 'word'; lU~~ fzkJ 'magic';
also abstract notions, exx. ~~~~ mJrt ' truth ' ; ~}~ >
mJW(y) ' be new' ; :I r!J 'know' ; :::::::~~ 'great'. In r,
mathematical books and accounts ~ is often abbrev. for
~= dmd 'total '. 8
1 Eb. 30, 7· t Pyr. 491. s PSBA. 21, 269. ' Two Sculptors 8.
5
Leyd. Denkm. iv. 14. e Common in Dyn. XIX. XX. 7 Old uses,
A'Z. 57, 75· 8 Compare P. Kah. 8, 13. 14. with ib. 8, 62. Sim. P. Louvre p:z6,
ro, 8. This nse arises from the habit of separating~ from the phonetic signs for
dmt;!in M.K. papyri, see Exerc. XX, (a), end.
2 ~ 1
O.K. form of last (also Use as last.
vertically ~from Pyr. 1 DAV. Ptah. i. 15, no. 341. Sim. in Dyn. XI, exx. Brit. Mus. 6r4; Louvre C 14.
In Dyn. XII, one thread is apt to be shown, not none as here, nor yet on eacp side as
on in specific cases) 1 in ..a.= Y r, exx. Brit. Mus. 581; Louvre Cr. 1 Pyr. iv. § 131 ; Dyn. XI, PoL.§ 29.
533
y 3 dikll scribe's outfit, consist- Ideo. or det. in ==~~ 1• mnhd 'scribe's outfit'; also in
ing of palette, bag ~~ var. =~· ssw 'writings' and the related words, cf.
for the powdered O.K. =~ 3 zs 'write'. Perhaps because pigments were
pigments, and reed- ground fine and smooth, det. in ~~~' 1zrr 'smooth'; in
holder the Ebers medical papyrus ~~ 6 is abbrev. for =:::::::~ 6
snrr 'made smooth', ' ground fine '. Also det. of the Pyr.
word== ~~~ 7 tms 'red' with its later derivative ~ffi}~~ 8
tmsw 'injury',' harm'.
1 This form is commonest at all periods, exx. O.K., Saqq. Mast. i. 4· 8. zo; M.K.,
Bersk. i. I5. IS. 20; Dyn. XVIII, Tk. T. S. i. I; Rekk. 5; Puy. 20, 7· So too in
hieratic, MOLL. Pal. i. no. 537· For the leather bag see SCHARFF 54; QuiB. Saqq.
I911-ll, PI. 29; later apparently interpreted as a water-bowl. ta Wb. ii. 83, 3·
2 Rekk. 2, 16, cf. p. 25. 3 Sak. I; Pyr. 906. • Herdsm. 5; Eb. 108, 20.
Sim. nr, Urk. iv. 717, 12. 6 Exx. Eb. 4, 1~. 19; 6, I. 6 P. Kak. 5, so;
Hears/ I, 1 i. In O.K. scenes lnrr means' polish '• MoNT ET 290. 306; snrr lb 'make
calm', lit.' smooth the heart', PI. 276; llUDGE, p. 262, I4. 7 Wb. v. 369.
8 BUDGE, p. 1 Io, 2; 262, 5; cf. A·z. 6o, 74·
4 ~ 1 rarer alternative form Use as last.

1 Exx. O.K., Ti 23. 46; M.K., BH. i. 29. 30. 35; Dyn. XVIII, Cairo 340I 7 =
of last LACAU, PI. n. GUNN, Teli, I47, n. 1 points out that this alternative form occurs
especially often in texts written from left to right, the scribe having omitted to make
the customary reversal. So too with certain other signs.
5 ~ draught-board (znt) 1 For unknown reason, phon. mn, 2 exx. ==~ m1t 'remain';
q::;~ 'lmn '(the god} Amun '; 71 mn{z 'wax'. :=t
1 For this word, see L. D. ii. 6r, a; when it has the draught-board as det., this is
much more elaborately made than the sign for mn, ex. Urk. v. 4, 12. 2 Reading
from a large number of Coptic equivalents, exx. moun 'remain'; Amoun 'Amiin ',
6 [) 1 draughtsman Ideo. or det. in Qj~O 2 var.. [l 2 ib(1) 'draughtsman'. Hence

phon. ibJ in Qj~O 3 varr. QjOOt:V 000 4 ib1(w), 'dances'.
1 CAPART, Rue 69. 1 Rec. 16, 129, Dyn. XX. 8 BH. ii. 7· 4 BH. ii, 17.
7 ~ 1
harp Det. in J";:"P bnt (bint}
2 3
'harp'.
1 Thebes, tomb 50. 1 Urk. iv. 174, 13. s ~addic boine.
8 V sistrum
1
Ideo. or det. in~""~ var. ~ ssSt 'sistrum '. Between Dyn.
XIII-XVIII occasionally phon. s!Jm (because of f1 s!Jm, a
kind of sistrum 2), ex. ~ ~ 111:::~ 3 s!Jm-ir(y)f 'potentate'.
1 Thebes, tomb 93· 2 GARD. Sin. p. 102. a Kopt. S, 8. Cf. Cairo 20539, i. b 11.
Sect. Z. Strokes, Signs derived from Hieratic, Geometrical Figures

Z I stroke (perhaps pro- Ideo. or d et. one, umty, . exx. _. ~ var. I wr ' one,
1
. 1111 7 ' seven,'
111
perly a wooden lit. 'seven units'(§ 259). Following an ideogram I denotes
dowel) 1 that this means the actual thing that it depicts (§ 25), exx.
7 r ' mouth' ; ¥ 4w 'mountain'; so too in duals and
Plurals ' exx" --'~~"
I ....ll'
2
rw11
-'
*
'the two arms'·' I 1I I s sbJw 'stars' '·
~~·I 1 4 fpswt 'countries' ; in fern. nouns the fern. ending
534
STROKES, SIGNS DERIVED FROM HIERATIC, ETC. Sign-list
Z I (continued) t often intervenes, ex. 2~ !;st 'water-jar'.
Such writings
were often preceded in O.K. by phonetic signs; 11 M.E.
survivals of this practice are i: s 'man'; ~}'7 6 hrw
'day'. Ideo. with 1 is occasionally followed by a det., ex.
~.e) Rr ' Rec '. Misunderstanding of the function of 1 often
leads to its displacement, exx. :i" 7 fori': s 'man'; 8
:=:
for ~ s 'pool'. It is strange that ;: 9 is a later writing
of 11 'earth', while ::-; 10 (also found in Dyn. XVIII) 11
is the usual writing in Dyn. XII; =gQ7 12 dmi 'town' is
likewise difficult to explain, as also are many later exx.
of the stroke. Already in Pyr. cases occur of ideo. with 1
being together transferred to a phonetic use ; 13 so often
r
in M.E., exx. l;r 'upon'(§ r6s); ~ var. ~ltr SI 'son';
so particularly in group-writii1g (§ 6o), exx. 7 r; 'k,' t.
Along similar lines ""®' occurs as det. towns in place of ®,
ex. +..:~=""®'a Nn-1tsw 'Heracleopolis '. Occasionally
in Dyn. XII 1 serves merely to fill an empty space, exx.
- 15 n 'for'· ft ~ ~7 16 drn·i 'I ferried across' In
I ' i...!)\ I R! - •
Pyr.l was sometimes used (like' and o) to replace human
figures, these being regarded as magically dangerous 17 ;
so in M.K. coffins, exx. Q' 18 for Q"j i '0'; ~ 19
for r'J.::'
~ WT.::.A Ssnb·n-f, a man's name; extensions of this use
appear to be the rare employment of 1 as suffix rst pers.
sing. ·i ' I ' ; 20 perhaps also the fairly common writing
--- 21 r
1 10r -:t , -:t" or -1:t s ' man ' .
1 Hier. p. 37· 2
Cairo 20538, ii. c 7· 8 Sin. B 271. • Sin. B 45·
G AZ. 45, 46. • Urk. iv. 8r, 4· 7 BH. i. 8, 8. 8 Urk. iv. u65, 10,
9 Urk. iv. 102, 15; 615, II. 10 Sin. B43. 11 Urk. iv. g6, 3; cf. ib. I49, 14.
12 Sin. B 306. 13 JiZ. 45, 50. 14 Peas. Bt. I7. Sim. BH. i. 25, 79·
JG Louvre C I, 11. ta Brit, M us. 562, 7· 17 Az. 51, 22. ta LAc. TR. I, 6;
7, t; 8, I. 19
Az. 51, 51· 20 Cairo 2,0057. q,qu. § 505, I; ib. 20538, ii.C4·
Already in O.K., Urk. i. I 26, :r. 21 Cairo :10538, i. c 4; Urk. iv. I 148, 12.
2 1 1 1 stroke 1 Z r thrice re- Det. plurality (§ 73, 3), common from Dyn. IX onwards,
peated (also written following an ideo. or det. to show that it should be
11 , I Z 3; for the ver-
1
understood three times, exx. f! 1 rnpwt 'years' for O.K.
tical writing : see fff; 'S'~ }~.~. 2 11{/sw 'poor men' for O.K. 'S'~~:iltrit·
below end of text Examples occur already in Pyr., but very rarely, ex.
and in Z 3) .::::;:~ 3 mrw ' canals ' ; these suggest as origin of the use
a contraction of plurals like C(JC(JC( 4 into ,C(l,, but since
•••,: are found as plur. det. from Dyn. VI onward (exx.
f\~ 5 WJWI 'roads', .,~ltr: 6 ndsw 'poor men') the use of
535
Z 2 1 1 1 (continued) • • • as plur. det. cannot be dissociated entirely from the
employment of I, ' or o in Pyr. as substitutes for signs
representing human figures which were regarded as
magically dangerous; 7 see on 1 Z I ; '\. Z 5; o N 33· In
M. E. • • • is found also with purely phonetic signs, exx.
~··•s wrw 'great ones'; ~}i, 9 nfrw 'beautiful', m. plur.;
~;f; 10 nfrt 'beautiful', f. plur. Sometimes it marks plural
meaning in words that are not themselves plural, exx.
r~. 11 sn ' their' ; ~ QQo it! 1!1 l!nyt 'sailors'' a fern. collective
(§ 77, 3); ~~· • •13 rs1 'many'; such plural meaning was
probably felt by the Egyptians in words denoting foodstuffs,
materials, etc., though singular in form, exx. G~ 14 t
fl~ ~ 16 lwl''
'bread'·' 'i.Jt', I :I
I
flesh'·, j~ I oI I 16 hd
• -
'silver'·' so too
in fern. participles with neuter. meaning, ex. ~~ dddt
'what was said', '(things) said' (§ 354). Lastly, • • • is
found with abstracts ending in w (§ 77, I), whether these
are really plurals or not, exx. ~~ 1 f 1 17 smsw 'following';
"S~}~ 18 ndsw 'poverty'; so too with fern. infinitives, if
such they be(§ 298, end), ex. ffi~~~~· mswt 'birth'. 19 For
the same sign vertically written : in hieratic, see under
=
Z 3; for ~. : and in numbering the days in dates, see
§ 259; :occurs also as phon. det. in ~=t !Jmt 'think'.
1 Siut 4· ~'· 2 Siut 3. I2. 3 Pyr. so8; sim. ib. 396. See A'z. SI, IS, n. I.
' Pyr. ~92. 5 Urk. i. 1 '7• 9· 6 Urk. i. I5I, 11. 7 Az. 51, 18. s Leyd.
V 4, 12. Sim. rfd1(1v), llleir iii. 4; n!Jtw, Urk. iv. 654, 14. 9 Cairo 2oo86,
b 12. Sim. Leb. 61. °

1 Cairo ~oo86, b 14. 11 Dots already in Pyr. 287, cf. Rec.
14
35,67. 11 Urk.iv.I,I6. 13 Sin.B147,aspredicate. Cairo200~.j,b8.
15 Leyd. V 4, 3. te Urk. iv. 423, 10. IT BUDGE, p. So, 14. I& Pt. 428.
It Verbum ii, § 6o3. •
3 stroke 1 Z r, thrice re- Use as last, common in hieroglyphic from Dyn. XII/ rarer
peated vertically in hieratic, where the original form was :. 2
1 Exx. Leyd. V 4· V 88; Brit. Mus. 572. 2 MOLL. Pal. i. nos. 562. 563.
Foro o o see on N 33·
4 \\ two diagonal strokes In Pyr. only as det. duality, exx. 7 1 tn(i)' you two' (cf. for
(less often written ••) the ending ~ -Q 2 sni 'they two '); -: 3 varr. ~}, 4 - : } 5
rw(i), also -:q Q6 rw(y), 'the two arms'; and in O.K., ex.
~} 7 p!zw(l) 'end' (§ 77, 1). In some cases "replaced
human figures, these being deemed to be magically
dangerous, exx. ~~ 8 11Jt(l) ' the two glorious ones' for
~oJjJj; ~~~~ 9 s1t(i) 'son and daughter'; :}Q•• to
t(w)twi 'the two images'. The last use survives in M. E.
~\\ 11 Sdty 'Crocodilopolite', where, however, the hieratic
\\ replaces, not dangerous signs, but signs difficult to
536
Z 4 \\ {continued) draw; 12 see below '\. Z 5· Elsewhere in M. E. " is always
phon. y, through its constant association earlier with
words of dual form, i.e. ending in i (y) ; exx. are ~ {y,
var. Pyr. -Q 18 :fl, 'his two'{§ 75, 2); J~~lmnty 'western';
.t1 ~ ~~ simtyfy ' who will hear' {§ 364). Except in
compounds like the last "y is always final consonant; it
has its distinct uses, and QQ is seldom interchangeable
with it. 14
1 Pyr. HOO. Sim. but with dots, m(l), Pyr. 631. I Pyr. I.oj-24; see Ree. 35· 68.
1 Pyr. 1588. ' Pyr. 1533· & Pyr. 1!)65.
1 Pyr. 1235· ' Urk. i. u6, 14.
1 Pyr. 1425. t Pyr. 1248. Sim.lnt(l), Pyr. 6z8. 10 Pyr. 1329. 11 ERM.
Hymn. I, 4, qu. Exerc. XXXI, (a). 11 Ree. 38, 183; most similar exx. belong to
Dyn. XIX or later. IS Pyr. 2048; see Ree. 35, 69. u Verbum i. §us.
1
5 '\. diagonal stroke as made Identical in origin with the stroke ' used in Pyr. as substitute
in hieratic (some- for human figures, these being considered magically
times also ') dangerOUS, ex. ~~t}'B SmSW 'elder' for ~~:t}Jj}.
In M.E. hieratic used only to replace dets. that were
difficult to draw, 8 exx. ~~0' Jt 'moment' for ~~0;
- o '\. 6 sntt 'base' for -""t'OlJI. In hieratic texts of Dyn.
~.o~ ,__.oXK"ll
XVIII sometimes in personal names without preceding
phon. signs for ~ B 3, ex. ,.....'\.it 8 'Jrft-ms(w) '<Al;tmose'
for -ffi~e,jft. 7 Only very rarely to replace complicated
or unusual signs in Dyn. XVI I I hieroglyphic, ex. ~'\.. 8
ldt (?) 'cow', possibly for ~T· Hieratic \\ as substitute
for two dets. (see on \\ Z 4) is merely a doubling of'\...
I See below n. 8. 2 Pyr. 6oS. See AZ. 51, 20. 1 MOLl.. Pal. i. no. 559·
4 Pr. 1, 4; Leo, 32. 116. & Rkind 6o, I. 1 NORTHAMPT. 18, 7·
7 NORTHAMPT. a, 33· 8 Urk. iv. 1020, 10. Sim. in ;pt 'glory', ib. 385, 4· As
det. in smdt 'stnff' (of temple), Pakeri 9, 39d>erhaps by confusion for-D 13.
6 ~ 1
hieratic substitute for Det. death, enemy, exx. ~ ~ 3 m(w)t 'die'; o•o......., 4 !Jpt
2f, A I 3 or ~ A 14· 2 'decease '; .!.~......., 6 !Jft(y) ' enemy '. In hieroglyphic
barely distinguishable from \ F 20.
1 MoLL. Pal. i. no. 49, B. For the hieroglyphic form here adopted, see the ex.
qn. below n. 4· 1 It is doubtful whether this is abbrev. of A 13 or A I+
Mntilation for superstitious reasona has clearly played a part, see .~lz. 51, 51.
8 LAc. TR.p. g,L 4· ' Cairo 20003, 2-Musle lgyptien i. t8. a Eb. xog, 17.
7 hieroglyphicadaptation The hieratic abbreviation of } G 43, best transcribed by ~,

of the hieratic abbre- occurs with increasing frequency from Dyn. IX onwards.1
viatedformof}G43 In hieroglyphic ~ w does not become really common until
the reign of Akhenaten. 2 Not to be confused with~ V 1.
1 MoLL. Pal. i. no. 200, B. Early exx. at Hat-Nub and in the Bershah coffins.
1 Early exx., llrk. iv. 2, 12; q8, 8, beginning of Dyu. XVIII.
For ~ as hieroglyphic adaptation of the more cursive hieratic form of ~ G 39, see on H 8.
For _J
as hierogiyphic equivalent of the hieratic forms of) T I 3 and U 39, see U 40. 1
537
Z 8 ~ oval Det. round, in ~ ':§: 1 snw ' circuit' and the related words.
A different sign from = N 18.
1 D.eiB. 156.
( N 33) o circle Det. round, from O.K. 1 onwards common in words from the
stem /fd(l) 'go round', exx. Q1~}Ui}i! 2 ilfdw 'builders';
1:t 3 lfd 'character'. From Dyn. XI increasingly often
replaced by o W 24.
1 Exx. lfd' form', Urk. i. tot, 10. ll; {ld' mould', Pyr. 1597·
2 Cairo 2o609, a 6. 1 Brit. M us. 6.14, 8.
(M 44) ~ triangle ? Ideo. or det. in ~.!.A var. M spd (Spd) 'sharp', unless 1t 1s
there a thorn, as in ~:-A srt 'thorn', see on M 44· In
Gl A1 t-~<l'white bread' it signifies a loaf of triangular shape.
1 Urk. iv. 770, 9·
two sticks crossed Det. break, exx. l0 1 ~<li 'damage' ; ~ ~ ~ ~ x 2 gmgm
'break'; divide, exx. X wpi 'divide'; ~~ pss 'divide';
ejx obi' lessen',' subtract'; actions involving something
crossed or encountered, exx. !~~ 3 4'1i 'cross'; }=jx~•
wsb 'answer' ; i J ~ ~ 6 1bQ 'be united'; also in many words
where the reason is not apparent, 8 exx. :;;:~ 7 nkt 'matter',
'trifle'; ~~~ tJs 'boundary'; }~~ 8 wdi 'emit
(sound)'. In lU~ ~sb, var. O.K. HJx ~sb, 'reckon', lit.
'break up (numbers)' 9 x (Z 10), the prototype of x, has
become o Aa 2; but in x ~sb 'l' (§ 265) the sign has
survived as an ideo. Owing to its use as det. in certain
stems, x has acquired special phon. or semi-phon. values
as follows: (1) swJ, in ~f\~~ 10 varr. b,11 ~ 12 sw1i {SzVJl)
' pass by ', from f\~ x 13 var. .!. 14 sw1 (zw1) ' cut off' ;
(2) sd, in ~U, 15 var. Pyr. r~U- 16 sit 'flame', from ~0 17
sdi ~ x 19 Lbsw 'plough-
'break' ·' (3) "Lbs' in ...xIll 18 var• e:.J•nI' ...l%'1
- I I "
lands' '' (4) Sbn ' in ,_.,..
X
20
Var• = ~X · - 21 sbn 'mixed' ' 'VariOUS' •'
(5) up, in ~~0 22 var. Dyn. XX 't .,:~ 1 7 123 wp st 'specify
it', a phrase secving to introduce details of accounts;
(6) wr (reason unknown), exx. ~__:q:~ 2' sw(r)i 'drink';
~ X o 25 ~
var. w<=>~ ~ 0 26 1,,/, d'
w<=> <>I 1 1 1 1 1 urr-wr, a me 1cament.
1 Siut 1, ~24. 11 LAc. TJ?. 10, 9· 1 Sin. B 13. ' Leo. + 1 Sin. R 8.
8 See .iiz. 49, 119. 'l?ekk. 2, u. 8 Sin.'B140. 9 .iiZ. 49, u6;
SETHE, Zaklworle 77· 10 Peas. B1, 8. 11 Sin. B 14. 11 Sin. R 39-
18 LAc. TJ?. 7, 4· Sim. in O.K., Ti no. u l?ekk. 2, 13. 11 Sk.S. 56; for
the reading see DAV. Ptalt. i, p. 29 and Akhm. clliicen: 'holocaust', .iiz. 48, 36.
11 Pyr. 124. Sim. Dend. 37F. 11 LAc. TJ?. to, 7· 18 Tk. T.S. i. 30.
tt Tk. T. S. i. 7• 10 P. Kak. 15, 68; Urk. iv. 76g, 9· So usually written in

phrases like t Jbn 'various loave5 '. 21 Hat-Nub 11, 14. n P. Gurob A
(unpublished), vs. 2, 18, end of Dyn. XVIII; so often later. 23 P. Kak. 40, 3; cf.
wpt 'specification', GRIFFJTH, Kaltun Papyri, p. 20. u Eb. n, 13-14· 115 Eo.
g6, 3- Sim. s1-wr, io. 9, 13. u Eo. 96, xo.
Z 10 X 1
O.K. form oflast Use as last.
1
Exx. Medum 15 ((J1o); Ti no (zw1). See .4"z. 49, u6.
I I f two planks crossed and Ideo.{?) in Q+~' varr. +~. +
imy 'who is in' {§ 79) and
joined 0 derivatives. Hence{?) phon. imi, ex. +~-A. va'r. q~-A..
imi 'not be' {§ 342). Since in hieratic+ is often identical
with + M 42, Dyn. XVIII hieroglyphic writes +~~ 1
var. O.K. +~ 2 for old+~ var. ~~~ wnm 'eat'; so too
i!a}o}t,~ 8 for ,±M}""~~· wtuiwt 'subjects'.
0 Hier. p. 37· 1 Urk. iv. 497, I7; BUDGE, p. 100, I4· s A·z. 4 a, 1o, if
not a careless form of +• s BUDGE, p. IS, 15; 19, 2. • MAR. Aoyd. ii.
30, 2S, where U is wrongly written for M.
Sect. Aa. Unclassified

Aa 1 ® human placenta ?
1 2
Cf. oft/ 3 !J '·placenta(?)'. Hence(?) phon. !J.
1 1 a JEA. iii. 243·
Ex. Five Tn. T. 3· Sak. Text, 77; JEA. iii. 235·
2 ~ pustule or gland ?1 Det. bodily growths or conditions, especially of a morbid
kind, exx. ~J;;o 2 wbnw 'wound'; l~QQ~~s /JI)'t
o o 4 wLd
'disease'·• ~ ~=- a 'suffer'·• ....,.'\-?~
o J))ll~ o h-~>1
6
-r 'navel'
(whence ph on. 1Jp(1) in 7} 1?1 var. 1? 1 !Jpw 'sculp-
6 7
tured reliefs') ; fat, distended, exx. ~~ o 8 dd1 ' fat' ;

::o~ ifw 'swell'. Replaces a number of O.K. signs that
have become obsolete:-( 1) o = Pyr. 0V 38, as ideo. or det.
in ~T~ 10 wt 'bandage'; }~ 11 wt 'embalmer'; ~~·~ 12
sdw!J 'treat',' embalm'. {2) o = O.K. >< Z 10, as det. in
i "J o 13 abbrevv o 14 o 15 hsb ' reckon' · everywhere else
xr ~ ·~· . •
>< has survived as x Z 9· (3) o = Pyr. ~ F 52 or O.K.
(] N 32, as det. excrement, in H1? 116 {ts 'excrement';
smell, in ~~o 17 sty 'odour'; clay, in ~ Q0 :n: 18 sin 'clay'.
(4) O= O.K. o W 6, as ideo. or det. in }f~D 19 var. ~D 20
wlpt 'cauldron'; hence phon. w(u in ~lit var. O.K.
}l~~ 22 W[ut 'Oasis'. (5) O= o W 7, as det. in>~ 23
m1t 'granite'; ioJ~ 24 Jbw 'Elephantine'. (6) o
V 32, det. in m}- 1?1 26 gw, prob. for m~~;i: 26 gJWt
=-
'bundles'; hence phon. det. g1 in m ~~27 gJW 'be
narrow'. (7) o=- M 41, det. in ~0 28 r§ 'cedar'.
1 Conjectured from the very frequent use in the medical papyri and from it:) Aa 3·
1 Eo. 7o, 2. • Eo. 36, x4• ' Adm. p. 104. • .Eo. xoo, 19. Cf. JEA.
iii. 203. • Urk. iv. 422, II. 7 Urk. iv. 425, 2. 1 Peas. B I, 62.
s Eo. xoS, 3• 10 Eo. 39 , xS. 11 BH. i. IS. 11 Eo. 6, 17. For the
18 D. e/ B. 79· 14
reading sdw!J, not stw!J, see Urk. iv. 913, 17. Tk. T. S. i. 27.
15 Cairo 20296, i. 1• BuDGE, p. 123, 7· 17 Eo. 71, 17. 18 LAc. ~R. 72, 42.
1t NAV. eh. I7, 6S. 10 Eo. 65, IS. 11 Puy. 3I; reading, see AZ. 56, 44·
H Urk. i. 125, 14. 11 Urk. iv. 623, 5· 24 D. el B. I 54· 111 Urk. iv. 13S, 6.
" D.eiB. 77· IT Eo. I02, xo. 28 Urk. iv. 23, 12; 423, 2.
539
Aa3 ~ pustule or' gland (?} o Rarer alternative of o in its medical or anatomical use, as
Aa 2 with liquid det. when soft matter or a liquid is meant, exx. lt,.~ 1
issuing from it wdt 'urine'; ~~-~- 2 JS 'soft inner parts(?)'. Also det.
in ~~ 3 st 'odour'.
1 D.tlB. no. Sim . .tny'bulging',P. Kak. 7, 6o. 2 Urk. iv. 84, 8; cf. Is,
Eb. 97, 8; see now ] EA 33, 48. 5 Bersk. ii. 17.
For "U Aa 4 (Pyr.) see after t7 W 10*
5 A 1
part of the steering Ideo. or det. in Pyr. 1:; 2 var. l ~ ~ 3 {tpt in the phrase 5?!';
gear of ships? i[i [tpt 'take the !zpt ', i.e. 'proceed by boat', r to a place;
cf. M.K. "nv~! t.isr [tpw.t 'direct the [tpwt' (plur.), i.e.
'sail ' 4 • From M.K. there is a word ~! 5 [tpt 'oar', but
the writing ~ in Pyr. makes it i'mpossible to interpret
that word as meaning 'oar' from the start. 6 Hence phon.
{tp, exx. l ~ ~ ~If} 7 .lfpy ' I:I epy ', one of the four sons of
Horus; lA 8 [tp 'A pis-bull'. The full stem may have
been {tip, cf. Pyr. l ~ oQ"'-..ll 9 {tip 'hasten'.
1 Apparently made of rnshes bound together. See for various forms, KEES,
Opfertanz des iig. Koni'gs (Leipzig, 19u), PI. 5; PETRIE, Royal Tombs ii. 241 no.
210; L. D. ii. 6; Sak. 31; Meir ii. 17, no. 66. • E)r. 873. 8 Pyr. 1346.
• AZ. 62, 4, n. 3· · 8 Brit. Mns. 66;;5, qu. KEES, op. cit. u1. • See KEEs,
op. cit. 74 foil. 7 PETRIE, Gizen and Rifen 13 G. 8 Meir i. II, 9 E)r, 1081.
6M Det. in JM 2 tm1 (from {ml ?) 'mat'. Hence(?) phon. det.

1
doubtful (different from
~ s 23) tmJ in =>M3
var. =>ft~ 4 tmJ 'cadaster(?)' or kind of
land(?).
1 Brit. Mus. 828. 2 BH. ii. 13. 8 Brit. Mus. 8281 qu. § 450. • Rekk. 3,
18, qu. Exerc. XXX (iii).
7 ==::!? 1 doubtful (in Dyn. Det. or phon. det. s*r (#r) in ~~ 'b, 8 varr. ~<.' c=~~, 5 ~~~ 6
XVIII often re- s*r (#r) 1 'smite '.
versed 'b, 2 ) 1 Exx. O.K., Ti 6o; San. 1. The sign has been supposed to represent a mat of
papyrus, Rec. 26, 48. From Dyn. XIX onwards interpreted as a claw or hoof, so
already perhaps D. el B. 100; in Gebr. i. 14 (Dyn. VI) it looks like an arm. The
sign is not found in hieratic. s Exx. Urk. iv. g, 14; 659, 15. 8 Urk. iv. 895, 5·
• D. el B. 100; Urk. iv. 780, II. 1 Urk. iv. 36, 7 in s~-ft~!Jw 'prisoners of war'.
8 Sin. R 14. If.. 7 In O.K. regularly written without r, exx. Ti 6o; CAPART,
Rue 33; Pyr. II38. 1431.
8 ~-+-~ irrigation runnels as in Ideo. or det. in !:,_...... 1 var. :;: 2 t.i1tt 'estate' in the title
!1!111 N 24? ~ C(-!:: ' steward of the estate ' ; the meaning of t.i1tt
and the interpretation of ,_...... here depend on the not
improbable identification of this title with ~<:>C(-~ 3
(var. ~) 4 in another tomb of Dyn. XII; the word :; 6
var. !: 6 'estate' would in this case read t.i1tt. Hence
phon.det. in Dyn. XVIII H~.~, 1 var. O.K. A~:it:it:it 8
t.iJt.ilt 'magistrates',
I
'assessors'. For an unknown reason,
540
UNCLASSIFIED Sign-list
Aa 8 t-+-1 (continued) Ph on. kn 9 exx.........11JJ 10 kn
• ) • ' complete' ' 'be complete' ·, ........
#llllllfiiiW\ ,_,. ft
11
~n 'mat'. In hieratic ........ stands not only for itself but

also for certain other signs, whence confusions have re-
sulted both in modern transcriptions and in actual hiero-
glyphic texts. Thus ........ is found ( 1) for 111111 1'2 N 24 in
hierogl. :-; 18 sp1t 'district'; (2) for """" V 26 in hieratic
'S'7 14 var. --;u rtj 'desert edge' which hierogl. varr.
show should be equated with ~7 16 and :" 17 respectively.
Possibly through some confusion with - 0 34 :;& ts is
found in Dyn. XVIII hieroglyphic for-:-~ smt'desert',
'necropolis', as a mediating var. tJ~.::~ 19 proves; for
this reason the name of king ~ 20 var. c::~) 21 var.
Dyn. I ~ 22 is possibly to be read Zmty rather than
.(;flsty,23 the writing ( 111111111111) on the Table of Abydus and
the Ovua~cw; of Manetho being probably due to mistaken
interpretation of the hieratic.
1 BH. i. 30. 35- 1 BH. i. 29. a Bersll. i. 18. See GRIFFITH, Kallun
Papyri, p. 31. 4 Bersll. i. 27. 1 Peas. B r, 24; P. Kall. 11, H; IS, 63.
e Peas. R66. T Rekll. 3, 18. 8 Ti Ill. ' Reading from Bob. kin' finish',
'cease'= Eg. ~n 'complete', see next note; also from varr. of a very late word
/pi' throne', compare CHASSINAT, Mammisi 76 with ROCHEMONTEIX, Eti.fuu i. 375•
1° Pt. 26g. Common in L.E., see BRUGSCH, Wiirlerbucll, Suppl. 1251. 11 Adm.
Io, 5· Sim. Rekll. 21 1. 11 Not in M6LL. Pal. i. ii; perhaps only found Peas.
R 66, see above n. 6. 18 Urk. iv, 4841 2. The reading of ........ Sebekkllu I is more
0
doubtful. 14 Sin. B 9· 11 Sin. R 34· te Cf. Louvre C I 1 vert. 7• 17 Cf.
Hamm. 48, 9· 18 Especially in the title of Hathor, l;,rt-tp smt 'chief over the
desert', ex. Cairo 588 compared with ib. 593; see too Urk. iv. Ioo3, 5· tt Rec.
28, I6g. 20 Eb. 103, 2. tt BUDGE p. 145; cf. the dual smty 'the two de5erts ',
Urk. iv. 383, IS• 11 Unt. iii. 24; GAlTTHIER, Livre ties Rtlis, i. 6. u Sethe
and Gunn, however, preferred lfJJty, see Ann. 28, 155'·
9= 1
doubtful Det. in o}:: 1 owd 'rich'.
1 Exx. D. el B I 10; Riftll 7, u. Cemy conjectures that this may be an abbreviated
form of the O.K. sign for bwdl, 'portable chair', Wb. iii. 250, 3·
10 - . . 1 doubtful Det. in ~:: 1 drf' writing'.

1 Exx. BH. i. 7· Rather different forms, Siut I, 263; Urk. iv. 776, 10.
1I -== doubtfu1 1 (sometimes For an unknown reason, phon. m1r in ~::n~ var. ]: m1rt
vertically ij or ~) 'truth' and the related words. Note specially often the
writing= m1r-orw 'true of voice'(§ 55). As a pedestal
det. in::::: 1 tntt 'raised platform', a unique writing(?).
1 Neither the form nor the value snits the identification with the flnte (m1t) some-
times upheld. According to Kristensen (Het/men uit den t/qqd 7I) and othen (Griff.
SI~. -.s; K!mi i. 127) a platform or pedestal. 1 Urk. iv. 200, 9·
12 = 1
1 Leyd. Dmkm. i. 5· Aho in Dyn. XII, Leyd. V6-Dedm. ii, 3· Often tapers
from right to left, ex. DAV. Ptall. i. 17, no. 393·
For~·~ see U 4· S·
541
Aa 13 .c:= 1 hardly the two ribs of Ideo. or det. in O.K. Q~= im, plur. ~ imw, a part of the
an oryx as has been body. 2 Hence(?) phon. im, exx. Q~~ imi 'give', imper.
suggested 2 (§ 336}; Q-=~}~ imw 'boat'; also, from Dyn. XVIII
on, ph on. m. 3 Ideo. also in -= var. c. gs, varr. Pyr. m~ =, 4
~ 5 gs, 'side', 'half'. Hence phon. gs, exx. ::o~ 6 var.
~ ~ 7 gs 'anoint'; ~~Q--- 8 var. ~JQ 9 gsti 'palette'.
1 Exx. Dyn. XII, Meir iii. 23 (lm); Dyn. XVII, Kopt. 8, 5 (lm); Dyn. XVIII,
Rekk. 3, 29 (gs); D. el B. u6 (lm); there is no difference between lm and gs. 2 AZ.
64, 10. 3 A·z. 35,170. • Pyr. 925. 6 Pyr. 1092. 8 Hearst 10 ,16. 7 Sin. B 293·
8 Peas. B 1, 305. 8 MASPERO, Trois Anntes de Fouilles, PI. 2; seeSphitzx 12, II7•
I4 -=:: 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

1 Exx. DAV. Ptali. i. 17, nos. 38o-2 (/m).
15 = 1
alternative form of .c::: Use as last.
Aa 13 (Dyn. XVIII) 1 Exx. Paheri 3; Amam. i. 26 (prep. m). This straight form is usual from late
Dyn. XVIII on.
I 6 c. short form of -= Aa I 3 Used only in c. 1 var. c.' 2 gs 'side', 'half' and as ph on. gs.
1 Exx. Urk. iv. 429, 12; 630, 17.
17 d. 1
back of something 2
Ideo. in "f s; (S;) 'back', Coptic soi. Hence phon. s1 (s;), 3
(O.K. and M.K. exx. ~6~}oililil' s;wt 'walls'; ~6~~ sJi 'be satiated';
form) =~6~~~ ssJ 'be skilled'.
1 O.K. forms, Saqq.lllast. i. 2; Sali. 1 ; MONTET H5; Dyn. XI-XII, Brit. Mus.
614, 9; Leyd. V 4, s; Sebekkku 4· See also on Aa rS; there i• great variety in detail.
1 Inferred from the use of 1 in IJ' back', JiZ. 45, 45; full discussion, MoNTET 225-6;
Grdseloff adheres to Borchardt's explanation as a razor, A1zn. 43, 310. 3 .For I
see Pyr. 959 (hi;). • Siut 1, 235.
r8 q:j 1 Dyn.XII-XVIllform Use as last. In group-writing (§ 6o) 6 or ~ is used for s.1

of last 1 Exx. Dyn. XII, Bersh. i. 18; Berl. AI. i. p. 251i, 12; Dyn. XVIIf, Rekk. 2, 2;
Paheri 9· 48. This exnct form as cover of a quiver, Medinet Habu (Chicago) I, 25, B,
but this explanation is hard to apply to the earlier counterpart. t BURCHARDT § 105.
I 9 n 1
doubtful (different from For unknown reason, ph on. det. !zr, exx. !_~ 1 !zr 'prepare';
fT V 19) !,. QQ~~ !z,ryt ' dread '. Also det. in h:, ~ <>~ t1r ' pre-
serve (?) ' and derivatives. 2
1 D.el B. 69. 2 Wb. v. 355; Adm. p. 89; A'Z. 68, 21.
20 B 1
doubtful 2 For unknown reason, phon. rpr in~:: var. ~~ 3 rpr 'equip'
and derivatives.
1
O.K. forms, Sak. 52 (elaborate as in Dyn. Ill, see \VEn.L, lie. et file. Dynasti'es,
PI. 4); Ti 25; Dyn. XVIII, D. el B. 91; Puy. 12, • Clearly not identical with
the counterpoise mrn!Jt, for which see ]E:Q. 65-6. 3 Pyr. 1465; Louvre C 14, 7·
21 ! 1
a carpenter's tool? Ideo.(?) or det. in !~ varr. -;tn, }~! 2 , O.K. } ,_,! s
wir 'sever', 'judge'. In M.K. coffins ! or !~ is some-
times used as a substitute for the god 1J St!J 'Seth '.4
1
Exx. O.K., DAv. Ptak. i. 17, no. 387; Ti 132; Dyn. XVIII, Rekk. 101 14.
The Io:wer part looks like a mitre square; see DAv. Rekk. ii. 55 for an object of this
shape m a scene of carpentering. 2 Urk. iv. 1079, 2. 3 Ti r 32. • Exx.
Ann. 5, 231, 232. 245·
542
UNCLASSIFIED Sign-list
Aa.2 2 -;tn combination of 1 Aa 2 t Use as last.
and ......aD 36
For v=f Aa 23 and \1'""U Aa 24 see after {- U 35·
25 + 1
doubtfuP• Ideo.(?) in f)t, 2 var. [~~~a sm1, var. O.K. ~f 3 s(m1 ?), 4 title
of a priest whose function consisted in clothing the god
(Min, Horus, etc.), cf. Gk. u-roAtCT'T'rj~.
1 Ex. Sah. 32. 1 • According to Grdseloff (Ann. 43, 357) a phallus sheath
conventionalized; but the connexion with the word sml (Urk. iv. 2, 16) is very far
from certain. 2 Ikhern. 16. Sim. Siut 1, 268. ta Cairo 20538, ii. c 6, con·
firmed by the writing sm1-t1 of the later form of the word sm!ly, GARDINER 1 Late-
Eg. Miscellanies 112, 16. 3 Annals of Archaeology (Liverpool), iv. 103. • On
account of I apparently not derived from the stem :mu 'unite'.
doubtful Ph on. det. sbi (sbi) in UQ~ J, 2

sbi (Sbi) ' rebel '. Often
replaced by ) T 14.
1 D.e!B. u5. Sim. Pyr.81.17H. 2 D.e!B.us. Sim. MA&.Abyd. ii. 291 18.
doubtful 2 For an unknown reason, phon. nti, exx. t 0 ~ varr. ;::;t o1V
f'ol' nti 'ask', ' inquire' ; f 0 f 0 ~ var. 0 1fo tttinti
6
;::;;:;t
'take counsel'. Except in Qt~r in(/ l.zr 'hail to'(§ 272)
f is usually accompanied in M.E. by o W 24.
1
Exx. O.K., Medum u; DAV. Ptah. i. 17, no. 376; Dyn. XII, Th. T.S. ii. 14;
Dyn. XVIII, Rekh. 2, 5· 1 The view that the iign depicts a winder for thread
(Bier. p. 61) is not supported by the earlier forms. It has also been thought to
represent a porridge·stirrer, Man 1909, no. 96. 1 Sin. B 166. • Rekh. :a, 5·
0 Sin. B u3.
Ideo.(?) in 1o!H var. ~i!Ji 2 ftd 'build', 'fashion (pots)' and

28
~ an instrument used by
bricklayers? 1 (dif- related words.
ferent from ~ M 40 1 This view is favoured by the fact that the sign sometimes stands alone in the
sense of' builder', ex. Sail. 54· Other suggestions are a plasterer's lloat (Hier. p. 49)
and~ P 11) and a striker used in measuring corn (QUIB. Saqq. 19II-12, Pl. 17 and p. 26).
2 Siut i. 236. Sim. Dend. n.
29
r O.K. form of last Use as last.
1 Sail. 54· Sim. DAV. Ptall. i. 13, no. 271.
ornamental chevaux de Ideo. or det. in g ~ 'l!kr 'be adorned'; D} ~ 5 {!krw 'orna-

30
f frise on tops of walls, ment', 'adornment' and the related words.
cf.~ 01 1 2 (sometimes 1 Ex. Tll. T. S. iii. u. 2 See the picture BISSING, Re-Heiligtr~m ii. 9; in
Dyn. I, PETR. RT. ii. 3, 4; 7, 8. Later shown as frieze in tombs. Discussions,
written horizontally Ancient Egypt 1920, ll I ; JJeutsclte Literatur Zeitung 1926, 1879; SCHARFF :u.
8 E"-
However, the O.K. form of the hieroglyph (see Aa 31) is quite different.
<:DI) a JJ. el B. 6o, 6. • Be1·sk. i. 141 9· Sim. JJ. et B. 6o, 6. 6 Urk. iv. 657, 6.

1 DAV. Ptak. i. 17, no. 392. See A·z. 34, I6l.
For ( Aa 32 see after"""-=" T 10.
543
EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR
INDEX TO THE FOREGOING SIGN-LIST
Sect. A. MAN AND ms OccuPATIONs ~ in l

~ ~
3 4
\ /i Al.IJ JD
5 6 8 9
fin ~ ~ j,
10 11 Ill 13
~~~~fo~~~~~~~~~fi~!l~!f~~~
14 14* 15 16 17 17* 1R 19 21 22 23 24 25 59 36 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 20 li 29
J.At!J~~~~~~~~~~\ZJ~.A~1i~~M
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 H 45 46 47 4S 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Sect. B. WoMAN AND HER OccuPATioNs ~ ~ 4} ~

3 4
If 5
~ f}J
6 7
Sect. C. ANTHROPOMORPHIC DEITIES ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

I 2 3 4 5 6 7
f J ~ w~ it} j: ~ ~
8 9 10 11 12 17 18 19 20
Sect. D. PARTs oF THE HUMAN BoDY ~ 9 ~ ..<:0:>- 2:Q::<.. ~ ~ ~ 1ft- ~ <1 o

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I I Il
---D-"-s~~a>GS~<=><n>iff- <=> ~ QvuJf=4<pO~[f:}D:l

13 14 15 16 17 18 '9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 27* 28 29 30 3' 32 33 34 34*
~~~~~~~~~wv~=~~~~=~~
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 46* 48 49 so 5' 52 53
./),[\_j~J~0~~4
54 55 56 57 58 59 6o 61 62 63
Sect. E. MAMMALs ~ '9rlJ ~ ~ ~

I 2 3 4 5
Rt 6
~ ~ ~ ~ 'i"1t ~ ~
7 8 8* 9 10 II Il
Yn13
~
14
Sect. F. PARTs oF MAMMALs e1

I
'tJ
2
~
3
J)
4
~ ~ ~
5 6 7
1J '() 1 1 i
8 9 10 li 12
V
13
W~
14 15
544
2 3 4 5 6 7 7* 7** 8 9 10 11 I2 13 I4
~~~~~~~~~}~~~~~~~~~~~
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 so 51 52 53 54
Sect. H. PARTs oF BIRDs 1l ! f1J ~ liiiiif!IP' ~ ~ J._ \)

2 3 4 5 6 6* 7 8
Sect. I. AMPHIBious ANIMALs, REPTILEs, ETc. ~ <>t) ~ ~ ~ ~ LJ ~ ~ ~

1 2 3 s• 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sect. K. FisHEs AND PARTs oF FisHEs ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ {)

3 4 5 7 6
Sect. L. INvERTEBRATA AND LEssER ANIMALs ~ ~ \f)~~~

3 4 5 6
'iJ 7
Sect. M. TREES AND PLANTS 0 '\_

I 2
v--
3
f i .(
4 5 6
~~ ~ ~ ~
7 8 9 10 u
1 ! ill t
12 I3 14 IS I6
Q~
I7 I8
~ nllil ~
19 20 2I
+:t ±~ ++ 1* ~ [ 0 ~ ~~~ ' ~ ~ ~
u 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Q
36
•
37 38
\j
39 40' 4I
"<:>. +~~
42 43 44
Sect. N. SKY, EARTH, WATER TT 1'i'Tr0 0. hR Q ee F=:J

6 8 10
~
II
;:e...
12
-K'*®
13 14 IS
-
3 4 5 7 9
=m=>
16 17
=~=<:::::::J
18 20 21 19
c:::> :IT
22 23
mm
24
~MQ:Je Ll .L:::,. £::;r3:
25 26 27 28 29 JO 31
tJ
32 33
0 D
34 - --
35 (3s)
:c=
36
c:=J llllliJillllll 7r t:J t1

37 39 40 41 42
Sect. 0. BuiLDINGS, PARTS OF BuiLDINGS, ETC. + m~ ~ n cp mflJ Ul Q~
+ rn r
12 I3 14
~~
15 I6
f"j
17
n b mllli m w~ nn ~ g--= n nmn
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
3
27
4 5
28 29
6
'=
30
7
31
8
32
9
33
IO
34
I I
7lO~u=c::J~6Jttt:nm. 'ftacaGD® ® oJI1

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 so 51
545
EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR
SectP. SmPs AND PARTs oF SmPs ~ ~ ~~ ~

(I) Z 3 4
Y 5
~ ~ ~
6 7 8
+~ ~9 IO II
Sect. Q. DoMESTic AND FuNERARY FuRNITURE ~ 4

2
o
3
.x. t;:::::;~ ~
4 5 6
f.l7
Sect. R. TEMPLE FURNITURE AND SACRED EMBLEMS

~
6
oI i
7 8 9
ro 11 12 13 q 15 16 17 rS I9 20 2I 22 23 24 25
Sect. S. CRowNs, DREss, STAVEs, ETC. d 4 ?;/ Ji ?fJ Jfl 6

(J 4J 8
I!J
9
q ® A
10 II I2
3 4 5 i
Sect. T. WARFARE, HuNTING, BuTcHERY (>---- ~ I ~ 41 ~ ~ l

3 4 5 6 'i 7*
~ ~
8 8*
-==
9
~
9*
'=""="
10
Sect. U. AGRICULTURE, CRAFTs, AND PRoFEssiONs >y ~ ~

3 4
::::Jp \
5 6
'C.. ' - ...·m
7 8 9
Sect. V. RoPE, FmRE, BAsKETs, BAGS, ETC. ~ ~ ~ -f\ Cf2 o~ ~ 0 0 C ~~

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 !I I2 I3
~
I4
7f'cmt
I5 !6
~ ~ ft n"fl1\\~~
23
17
=26 r8 '9 20 21 22 24 25 2i
~
28
r
29
"=7
30
~
31
QC/
31*
c2ft:x,
32
(J ~~
33 34 35
~36 0 0
38
37
546
Sect. W. VESSELS OF STONE AND EARTHENWARE '{) D tJ

9 ro ro*
Sect. X. LOAVES AND CAKES Q G 0 ~ =

(N r8)
t= Gi) Ll
6
&
8
3 4 5 7
Sect. Y. wRITINGS, GAMES, Music ~ c:::=:. ~~ E::::j o~V

6 8
3 4 5 7
I
Sect. Z. STROKEs, SrGNs DERIVED FROM HIERATic, GEoMETRICAL FIGUREs I I
I
I o o o
2 3 (N 33)
\\
4
Sect. Aa. UNCLASSIFIED ® CJ ~

3
A5
,fv\ cdl
6 7
1-+-1
8
=--
10
= If 12
9
66n~~~+~t~~Q~
17 r8 19 20 21 22 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
For reasons explained p. 442, top, the following signs have been removed from the place
to which they were originally assigned and now stand at some distance from the positions
indicated by the attached letter and number: A 59 f, see after A 25; S 17* ~.see afterS 22;
V 39 1. see after S 34; Aa 4 'D, see after W 10*; Aa 23 'f=Y, Aa 24 u-u, see after U 35;
Aa 32 [, see after T 10. A few hieroglyphs are treated in more than one place: M 44 ~also
before Z 9 ; N 1 8 = also after S 26 and X 4 ; N 33 o (smaller than o D I 2) also after Z 8;
0 30 Y also reversed l after U I2. Minor divergences of position like A 46* after A 47,
instead of after A 46, need no further notice than is given to them in the Index above.
A SELECTION OF SIGNS GROUPED ACCORDING TO SHAPE

This list aims at facilitating the finding of particular signs in the Sign-list or the Index
thereto. Hieroglyphs the subject of which is immediately recognizable, e.g. animals, boats,
most buildings and some pots, have been excluded.
TALL NARROW SIGNS

M 40 Aa 28 Aa 29 PI I D 16 T 34 T 35 U 28 T8* M 13
f ! 1 i
1 1
S38 S39 T14 T15
)
T13 Aa26 03o Aa21
1 i
U39 F45 044 Aa27
t 1 R8 R9 T7* T3 T4 V24 V2f
547
EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR
1 f y Y8
~
PS
~
T22
+
ZII
Low BROAD SIGNS = = ~ .c==

N 18 N 20 Aa 10 Aa II
c:== = 1-t---l = [::C)::] ~

y,
~ ~
Aa l2 Aa 13 Aars Aa8 V 26 W8 Yz NII
~ \ ~ ~ \ ~
N 12 F2o Z6 T2 V 22 R6
~
Vz -
Tu
...6--
T 21
~ tE= ~
T 1o M 11 F 18
\f=tJ
Aa24 Dn
'3DA~i!!!t.:ttmcW>
W3 S12 N3o 042 043 Vr6
Low NARROW SIGNS 0 ~ c:::) ~

Q3 039 Z8 N22
r:1,
Aa17
LJ
16
D u -u
W1oW1o* Aa4
b o
R7 M39
i:f
M36
w ~ D fJ m
F43 F41 N34 U3o WII W12
gi o
W13 Tz8
~ o
N41
t:J
N42
o 0
V37 M31
0 & ~ 0
W7 Wz1 W2o V6 V33 V34
(j ~ ~ ~ g n
V7 VS S2o V2o V19 Aa19 Aaz
ft n 10 1'10
Aa3
tJ () ~ \) ~
N32 F52 V35 H8 M41
<I {) ~ dJ ~ 0 0 0 0 e N1o
e ® ® ® ® G o S1o
q 0.. >;{ @
Drr K6 L6 F21 D 26 N 33 D 12 S 21 N5 N9 Aa1 Oso 049 048 X6 V9 N6 N8 S rr
~ .c X X
Z7 Aa16 Z9 Z1o

List of Hieroglyphs From Gardiner Egyptian Grammar

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

List of Hieroglyphs From Gardiner Egyptian Grammar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LIST OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS Sign-list

Sect. A. Man and his Occupations

3 ~ 1 man sitting on heel Det. in ~i !.zmsi 'sit'. Replaced in hieratic by '}I A I 7 or

man hiding behind Det. hide, ex. Q:;:\~ imn 'hide'.

~ man holding oar

12 ~ soldier with bow and Ideo. or det. in ti! var. ~::ti 1

as A 14 but blood in- Use as A 14.

r 5 ~ man falling Ideo. or det. in ~~ var. ~ 1 !Jr 'fall' and derivatives.

Lower Egypt '?;/ S 3 Uf. 2 wtift 'weaned princeling'.

in hieratic. s Pyr. 6o8. • JIZ. 6o, 64-

23 fi 1 king with stick and Det. in Q~QQ!f ity 'sovereign'.

man hasteningwithone Cf. Pyr. Q,A./\../\.1\ 2 inw 'messengers'. Hence phon. in in 1!

Ideo. or det. in 1~Ifi var. Ifi 1 /fd 'build'.

the same, but with Use as last (common Dyn. XVIII).

44 ~1 the same, but with Use as last.

49 \tl Syrian seated holding

55 M mummy lying on bed Det. lie, ex. ~ ~n abbrev. 11

Sect. B. Woman and her Occupations

Det. pregnant, exx. ~~ 1 iwr 'conceive'; jU~~ 2 bk1 'be

Ideo. or det. in mr4) 1 var. 4) msi (msi) 'bear', 'give birth'

5 il woman suckling child Det. 'suckle' in

6 ~1 woman seated on chair Det. 'nurse' in=~ rnn 'nurse', 'rear'.

Sect. C. Anthropomorphic Deities

7 god with head of Seth- Ideo. in ~ St!J I (StS) 'Seth ',

8 f ithyphallic god with Ideo. or det. in ~f I var. f Mnw 2 'Min '.

Sect. D. Parts of the Human Body

3 ~ hair Det hair, exx. ,l "-,. sny 'hair' ; ~ LJ ~ ,_ skm 'grey-haired' ;

'make'; Q~~ irtt 'milk'. Det. see, in ~ varr. ~~~.

).=... 7 rs 'be wakeful'; later, especially in Dyn. XVIII,

14 .!>- the other (see D II) Sign for 1

D 16 ~ anotherofthemarkings Sign for 1

25 <::> two lips with teeth Ideo. or det. in ~ ~' e> 1

LJlt. ~ *Jt', var. ~~ ¥. 'spew out'; blood, in E~. 3 srif

27* Q breast (rather corn- Use as last.

combination of U D 28 In ¥ k1 'soul', regarded as of divine nature.

takes the form of 'I I ro. s ]EA. 21, 41.

34* [!:1 1 O.K. form of last Use as last.

36 ..-...ll forearm Ideo. in ~ r 'arm', 'hand'. Hence phon. r. A ]so in hieratic,

forearm with hand

In Pyr. almost exclusively ideo. in QLJJ var. 4-B imi 'give',

holding /}. X 8 imperative (§ 336),1 whereas /}. is there common both as

For~ see G 19.

46* re:::. 1 hand letting fall drops Ideo. in

reasons in !~:::&si 'measure'; ~~::: t1i 'take', 'gird

For tJ as substitute for the female organ, see on tJ N 4 I.

56 J leg Ideo. or det. in ;:,1 var. 1 rd 'foot'. Det. leg, foot,

57 ~ combination of 1 D 56 Det. mutilate, in Q~==~ 1 ili 'be mutilated' and deriva-

D 59 ::1[-n combination of J D s8 Phon. rb, ex. :fn"= rb 'horn'.

6o QI combination of j D 58 Ideo. in (1 var. Pyr. }--n(.j 1 wrb 'pure', 'clean'.

which water flows (re-

For~ seeS 13.

62 ~ 1 less correct form of last Use as last.

7 1tl ass Det. in::;~ r1 'ass'. In hieratic I sometimes replaced by

1I "'i1J 1 ram (O.K. form of last) Use as last.

I 9 ~ 1 O.K. form of last with Use as last.

also Az. 47, SS.

24 ~ 1 panther Ideo. or det. in .J

27 b giraffe (mmy) 1 For unknown reason, det. sr in

oryx Det. in >Y~ m1(t4'oryx'.

gazelle Det. in mH~ g~ (g{zS) 1 'gazelle'.

ibex Det. in ~~ nJW, var. ::A~~ 1 nrJW, var. O.K. ~ 3 nil,

34 & desert hare (s~rt) 1 Phon. wn,ll exx. &_

Sect. F. Parts of Mammals

10 head and neck of long- Det. neck, throat, exx. :t

Det. pregnant, exx. 1 iwr 'conceive'; jU 2 bk1 'be

ibex Det. in nJW, var. ::A 1 nrJW, var. O.K. ~ 3 nil,