Atl.

asof HumanAnatomy

Editedby R. PutzandR. Pabst

In co[[aboration
with RenatePutz
T r a n s l a t i obny S . B e d o u i

Volume1
Head,Neck,UpperLimb

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Addresses of the editors: T h i sa t t a sw a s f o u n d e db y J o h a n n e sS o b o t t a t ,f o r m e rP r o f e s s oor f A n a t o m y

a n d D i r e c t o ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIIn s t i t u t eo f t h e U n i v e r s i toy f B o n n ,G e r m a n y
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G r e e kE d i t i o nl w i t hn o m e n c l a t u rien G r e e k l
a n y o t h e r f o r m o r b y a n y m e a n s ,e l e c t r o n i cm, e c h a n i c a [ , p h o t o c o p y i n g ,
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E d i t o r i a st t a f f a t E l s e v i e r :D r m e d D o r o t h e aH e n n e s s e n S h i n g H e u nM g e d S c i e n cS e ,e o u I
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; i j d i g eH
P o r t u g u e sE e d i t i o n( w i t hn o m e n c l a t u rien E n g t i s h J
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C u r r e n ti n f o r m a t i o nb y w w w e L s e v i e r . c oamn d w w w e t s e v i e r . d e
 Contents
Preface VI C r a n i abl a s eB
, a s i sc r a n i i. .. 264-265
C r a n i anI e r v e sN , e r v ic r a n i a t e s. . . . . 266-273
P a r a s y m p a t h e tai ca n g t i ao f t h e h e a d 274-275
GeneraI
anatomy 1- 3 1 C r a n i a In e r v e st,o p o g r a p h y 2 76 - 2 7 7
C r a n i a Ib a s e ,v e s s e t sa n d n e r y e s 278-279
P a r t sa n d r e g i o n so f t h e b o d y
C r a n i a Id u r a m a t e r ,D u r am a t e rc r a n i a L i sa,n d c r a n i a l
Passivelocomotorsystem 6 - 10 a r a c h n o i dm a t e r ,A r a c h n o i d e m a a t e r c r a n i a [ i s. . . . . 280-283
Active[ocomotorsystem 11 - 1 3 S t r u c t u r eo f t h e b r a i na n d b r a i nd e v e t o o m e n t 284
Digestiveand respiratorysystem 1 4 T e L e n c e p h a t o n , T e t e n c e p h. .a. .t .o n 285-294
U r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a Is y s t e m 1 5 D i e n c e p h a l o nD,i e n c e p h a [ o n 295-296
S u r f a c ep r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r n a lo r g a n s. 16-17 M e s e n c e p h a l o M n ,e s e n c e p h a t o .n. 297
Cardiovascutar system 18-23 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a t i 298-299
Centraland peripheralnervoussystem 24-29 N u c t e io f t h e c r a n i a In e r v e s . 3 0 0 - 310
E n d o c r i n eo r g a n s. 30 C e r e b e l t u mC, e r e b e L t u m 302-305
S k i na n d a p p e n d a g e s 31 A s s o c i a t i oann d c o m m i s s u r atIr a c t s 306
I n t e r n a Ic a p s u t eC, a p s u [ ai n t e r n a ,p y r a m i d atIr a c t
a n d b a s a lg a n g t i a 307-309
32-117 V e n t r i c u L asry s t e ma n d s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e 310-317
R e g i o nosf h e a da n dn e c k R , e g i o n ecsa p i t i s V e s s e t so f t h e b r a i n 318-322
etcotli. 3 2 M a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c et o m o g r a p h i ci m a g e so f
B o n e so f t h es k u l t O
, s s ac r a n i i the brain . 323-325
33-61
T e m p o r o m a n d i b u Lj oairn t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o - Frontalsectionsthroughthe brain ... 326-329
m a n d i b u [ a r i sa,n d m a s t i c a t o r m y usc[es 62-69 H o r i z o n t asl e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e b r a i n 330-336
Faciam I usc[es 70-73 S a g i t t a sLe c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e b r a i n .. 337-339
V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f h e a da n d n e c k S p i n a cl o r d ,M e d u l l as p i n a l i s . . .. 340-351
74-85
N o s e ,N a s u se x t e r n u sa, n d n a s a Ic a v i t y ,
C a v i t a s n a .s. i. 86-88
P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s. . 8 9 - 91 Eye,Organumvisus. 352-378
0 r a I c a v i t yC
, a v i t a so r i s ,a n d t e e t h ,D e n t e s 92-101E y e t i d sP,a l p e b r aaen, do r b i t , O r b i t a . 352-355
P a t a t eP, alatum 102
L a c r i m aaIp p a r a t uA s ,p p a r a t u[ sa c r i m a [ i s . . . 356-357
T o n g u eL, i n g u a . 103-104E x t r a - o c u tm a ru s c [ e sM, u s c u Iei x t e r nbi u I boi c u I i. . . . 3 5 8 - 3 6 1
H y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u ma, n d h y o i d a m l . u s c L e s. . . . . . 105
E y e b a LBtu, l b u so c u l i 362
Suprahyoim d u s c [ e sM , u s c u l .siu p r a h y o i d eai ,n d
Vessels of theeye 363
e x t e r n aml u s c l eos f t h et o n g u e . . . 10 6 - 10 8 lris,lris,andpupil., Pupil.l.a . 364-365
M a j o rs a t i v a rgyt a n d sG, t a n d u Lsaael i v a r i amea j o r e s. . j 0 g - 1 1 2
L e n s L, e n sa, n do c u [ afru n d u s ,
A r t e r i eas n dn e r v e o s f t h eo r a lc a v i t y. . 11 3 F u n d uosc u l i. . .. 366-367
V e s s e tasn dn e r v e o s f t h et o n g u e . . . . j 1 4 - 1 j s O p t i cn e r v eN , e r v u so p t i c u s . 368-369
F r o n t asl e c t i o ntsh r o u g h t h eh e a d . . . 1 1 6 - j 1 7 Optictract,Tractusopticus . . 370-371
Muscles, vesselsandnervesof the orbit . . . . . 372-376
S e c t i o ntsh r o u g h t h eo r b i t . . . 377-378
1 1 81 5 6
M u s c l eosf t h en e c k . jj}-12j
L a r y n xL,a r y n x. .... jL2-j3j Ear,Auris .379-400
T h y r o igdL a n dG, l . a n d utlh. a yroidea . . . 1 3 2 - 1 3 5 0vervrew 379
P h a r y n xP,h a r y n x . . . j 3 6 - 1 4 j A u r i c [ eA, uricu[a 380
Vessetsandnervesoftheneck . . . . . . i L Z - 1 5 3 A u r i c u [ a rm u s c t e s M , u s c u [ ai u r i c u t a r e s 381
S e c t i o ntsh r o u g h e a da n dn e c k . . . . 15 4 - 15 5 E x t e r n a aI c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,M e a t u sa c u s t i c u se x t e r n u s ,
a n d t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e M , e m b r a n at y m p a n i c a. . . 382
A u d i t o r yo s s i c [ e s0, s s i c u t aa u d i t o r i a 383-384
Uppertimb.. . . . . . 1 5 7 - Z S 7Tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani 385-387
S u r f a c ea n a t o m y jS7 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a 388-389
Bones,joints,tigaments .... jig-j77
I n t e r n a Ie a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a 390-393
Muscteo s f t h e u p p e rL i m b. . . j7g-2j3 A u d i t o r ya n d e q u i l . i b r i u m
organ 394-396
V e s s e l s a nnde r v e s otfh e u p p e r l . i m b. . A u d i t o r ya n d e q u i [ i b r i u mp a t h w a y 397
..... 2j4-ZS1
S e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e a r m . . . ZS2-ZS7
Nervesand vessetsof the ear 398-399
C o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e e a r . . . . 400

B r a i nE, n c e p h a t .o n ...... 2Sg-3S1

Vessetsof the head . 258-261
C r a n i acIa v i t yC, a v i t acsr a n i ic, r a n i adI u r am a t e r , l n d e x. ..... 401-419
Duramatercraniatis .....262-263
 Preface
I t w a s j u s t o v e r a h u n d r e dy e a r sa g o t h a t J o h a n n e sS o b o t t as e t
o u t t o p u b L i s ht h e f i r s t e d i t i o no f h i s A t t a s o f H u m a nA n a t o m y .
S i n c et h e n ,t h i s p i e c eo f w o r k h a s e v o L v esdt e p b y s t e p a s a r e -
s u t t o f t h e c o n s t a n ti n t e r a c t i o nb e t w e e ns t u d e n t s L
, e c t u r e ras n d
e d i t o r s .l t h a s n o t o n L yb e e nt h e m o s t m o d e r nb a s i sf o r t h e c o m -
p l e xs u b j e c to f m a c r o s c o p iac n a t o m yt h r o u g h o u m t a n yg e n e r a -
t i o n s o f d o c t o r s ,b u t h a s a L s od e v e t o p e di n t o a L a s t i n gw o r k o f
reference f o r b o t hc t i n i c atIr a i n i n ga n d a d v a n c e dm e d i c a Ie d u c a -
t i o n .A L ti n a l . Li.t h a s b e c o m ea b o o kf o r a m e d i c a Id o c t o r ' s[ i f e
0 n c e a g a i n ,i n t h i s n e w e d i t i o nt h e a d d i t i o n afti g u r e sh a v eb e e n
d r a w ns t r i c t l yo n t h e b a s i so f o r i g i n a ls p e c i m e n s .
T h e 1 4 t he d i t i o nh a s b e e np a r t i c u [ a r t dy e s i g n e dt o m e e t t h e d e -
m a n d so f a r e f o r m e dm e d i c a cl u r r i c u t u m e, m p h a s i z i ntgh e i n t e -
g r a t i o no f c I i n i c a Im e d i c i n ei n t o t h e p r e c L i n i c ac Iu r r i c u l u m .F o r
t h i s p u r p o s e t, h e n e w e d i t i o nh a s b e e ne x t e n d e dt o i n c t u d et h e
f o L t o w i nfge a t u r e s :
- S u r f a c e a n a t o m y i n c t u d i n g p r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r n a I o r g a n s
{ 4 5c o t o u rp h o t o s )
- A n a t o m i c adl i a g r a m sn e x tt o i m a g i n gf i g u r e s
- I n t e g r a t i o no f i m a g i n gt e c h n i q u e st o a g r e a t e re x t e n tI u [ t r a -
s o u n dX , - r a yC, T ,M R I ;1 1 9f i g u r e s )
- E n d o s c o p i ci n , t r a o p e r a t i vceo L o u ri m a g e sa n d f i g u r e se x e m -
p t i f y i n gt e c h n i q u e so f p u n c t u r ea n d e x a m i n a t i o [n5 4f i g u r e s l
- l m a g e so f p a t i e n t sp r e s e n t i n g w i t h t y p i c a tp a [ s i e s
- D i a g r a m so f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n a t r t e r i a Iv a r i a t i o n s[ 9 3f i g u r e s l
- F r e q u e n vt a r i a t i o n si n t h e L o c a t i o o n f i n t e r n a Io r g a n s[ 2 4 f i g -
uresi
- I n t e g r a t i o no f h i s t o t o g ya t l o w m a g n r f i c a t i oonf i m p o r t a n ti n -
t e r n a Io r g a n sI i n t e s t i n el ,i v e r ,k i d n e y e , tc.)
I n o r d e r t o i m p r o v et h e p r e s e n t a t i o o n f t h e k n o w t e d g et,h e f o t -
l o w i n gf e a t u r e sh a v eb e e ni n t r o d u c e d :
- C t e a r - c uat r r a n g e m e not f t h e c h a p t e r sa c c o r d i n g to the differ-
e n t r e g i o n so f t h e b o d y
- T h e m a t i c a [ [cyo r r e s p o n d i nf g o n d o u b t ep a g e s
i g u r e sp r e s e n t e d
- A c o n c i s e ,s e p a r a t eb o o k t e tI i n c [ u d e di n V o t u m e1 J c o n t a i n s
t a b t e so f m u s c t e s j, o i n t s a n d n e r v e s ,e n a b t i n gt h e r e a d e rt o
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t h e e x t r a o r d i n a rcya p a b i t i toy f t h e f o t l o w i n gm e d i c a L i t t u s t r a t o r s :
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t h e i r c r e d i tt h a t t h e c l a s s i c" S 0 B 0 T T As t y t e "h a s b e e nr e t a i n e d .
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c a I c o t t e a g u e fso r m a k i n g c t i n i c a Ii L t u s t r a t i o nasv a i t a b t et o u s
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l o u s e f f o r t si n t o g e n e r a t i n gt h e s p e c i m e np r e p a r a t i o n sS . F r y k
a n d G . H o p p m a n nh a v es u p p o r t e du s i n t e x t p r o c e s s i n g .
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f r u i t f u Id i s c u s s i o n sW. e w o u t da l s o t i k et o t h a n k R . H a u s d o r f o r
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s i m p [ i f i c a t i oonf p a g ed e s i g na n d L e g e n d s . 0 usr p e c i a tLh a n k s
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t h e y e a r s b y s t u d e n t sa n d c o L [ e a g u e as n , d w o u [ d t h e r e f o r ea s k
a l [ r e a d e r so f t h i s e d i t i o nt o p a s so n t o u s a n y c r i t i c i s mo r s u g -
g e s t i o n so n t h e n e w f o r m a t o f t h i s a t t a s .
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19 6 8 R e c e i v ea d doctorate
1 9 6 8 - 1 9 8 2 U n i v e r s i t ay s s i s t a nat t t h e I n s t i t u t eo f A n a t o m ya t t h e U n i v e r s i t o
yf Innsbruck
1978 L e c t u r e ri n a n a t o m y
1979 C o n s u L t a nf ot r a n a t o m y
1 9 8 2 - 1 9 8 9 C h a i ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIIn s t i t u t ea t t h e A t b e r t - L u d w i g s - U n i v e r soi tf yF r e i b u r g
s i n c e1 9 8 9 C h a i ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIIn s t i t u t ea t t h e L u d w i g - M a x i m i I i a n s - U n i v e ros fi tM
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1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 4 P r e s i d e not f t h e E u r o p e a nA s s o c i a t i o on f C l . i n i c aAl n. a t o m i s t s
1993 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e
1 9 9 8 - 1 9 9 9 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m i c aSL o c i e t v
1999 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t e{ L e o p o t d i n a )
2002 D r .h . c .o f t h e U n i v e r s i t o
y f C o n s t a n t aR, o m a n i a
2003 P r o r e c t o rI o f t h e L u d w i g - M a x i m i L i a n s - U n i v e rosf iM
t yu n i c h

Researchand fietds of interest

- F u n c t i o n aaI n a t o m yo f t h e p a s s i v eL o c o m o t osry s t e m
- E v o l u t i oann df u n c t i o n a L a n a t o omf yt h e v e r t e b r a L c o t u m n
- F o r m - f u n c t i o n - r e l a t i oonfsi o i n t s
- AppLiea d n a t o m y{ a n a t o m i c abLa s i c so f o r t h o p a e d i c s ,u r g e r y r, a d i o t o g y l
- Q u e s t i o nas b o u tt h e c o n t e n t sa n d o r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e m e d i c a tc u r r i c u t u m
- D e v e l o p m e notf d i d a c t i ct r a i n i n gp r o g r a m m e sa t u n i v e r s i t i e s

U n i v . - P r oDf .r .m e d .R e i n h a r d
Pabst
B o r ni n P o s e ng,r o w nu p I n L u n e D u r g
1965-1970 S t u d i e dm e d i c i n ea t t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I c h o o ta, n d i n G l a s q o w / S c o t t a n d
1970 U n i v e r s i tdy e g r e ea n d d o c t o r a t e
1 9 71 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e
1971-76 Scientifia c s s o c i a t ei n t h e D e p a r t m e not f C t i n i c a P I h y s i o l . o gUy n, i v e r s i t o
yf Utm
1 9 76 L e c t u r e rf o r C L i n i c aPLh y s i o t o g yU,n i v e r s i t oy f U t m ,a n d n e w [ e c t u r e s h i a pt t h e
H a n n o v eM r e d i c aS L chool
1976-80 S e n i o ra s s i s t a nrt n t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t r o n aaIn d A p p L i e A
d natomy,
H a n n o v eM r e d i c aSI c h o o L
1978 Extension o f t h e V e n i al e g e n d ti o i n c L u d a
en a t o m y
1980-1992 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f T o p o g r a p h iAcn a t o m ya n d B i o m e c h a n i c s
s i n c e19 9 2 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t i o n aal .n d A p p l . i eAd n a t o m yH , a n n o v eM
r e d i c aS
I chool.
1986-1990 P r o r e c t o fr o r s t u d i e sa n d e d u c a t i o nH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aSI chooI
1993-1997 D e a no f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aSI choo[
1997-1998 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m i c aSI o c i e t y
1999-2003 P r o r e c t o or f R e s e a r c ho f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aSI chooL
2 0 01 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t eI L e o p o L d i n a ]

Researchand fietds of interest

- FunctionaLanatom o fyL y m p h a t iocr g a n s
- P r o l i f e r a t i oann d m i g r a t i o no f L y m p h o c y t e s
- D e v e L o p m e on ft t h e i n t e s t i n aiLm m u n es y s t e m
- F u n c t i o no f t h e p u t m o n a r yi m m u n es y s t e m
- Q u e s t i o no sf a cLinicatL o yr i e n t a t e da n a t o m yi n t h e m e d i c a L c u r r i c u t u m
- E v a [ u a t i oonf t e a c h i n q
 P i c t u r ec r e d i t s
T h e e d i t o r ss i n c e r e t yt h a n k a t t c l i n i c a lc o l l e a g u e tsh a t m a d e u L - Prof.Ravetlit, formerlyInstituteof Anaiomy, University of
t r a s o u n d c, o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i ca n d m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c ei m a - t n n s D r u icl K - r 0/.o / J
g e s a s w e t l a s e n d o s c o p iac n d i n t r a o p e r a t i vpei c t u r e sa v a i [ a b t e : P DD r .R i e g e rR, a d i o t o gIyn,s t i t u tfeo r D i a g n o s tR i ca d i o t o g y ,
U n i v e r s iot yf M u n i c ht F i g .1 3 9 5 )
P r o f .A t t a r a s C
, e n t r ef o r R a d i o L o gU y ,n i v e r s i t oy f G i e B e n P r o fR. e i c hO, r o f a c i sauLr g e r yU, n i v e r s iot yf B o n nI F i g .1 1 3a , b l
IFi9.1009,1031,1032] P r o fR. e i s e& r D r .W a g n e rI ,n s t i t u tfeo r D i a g n o s tR i ca d i o t o g y ,
D r .B a u m e i s t e rD, e p a r t m e not f R a d i o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t oy f F r e i b u r g U n i v e r s iot yf Mu n i c hI F i g 4. 3 6 ,4 4 9 4 , 5 14 , 5 35, 71 ,5 72 , 5 7 3 ,
t F i s1.1 5 7 1 576, 577, 7921
P D D r . B u r g k a r d t , 0 r t h o p a e dC i cL i n i cT, e c h n i c aUL n i v e r s i t o yf P r o fR. u d z k i - J a n s oDne,p a r t m e o n ft 0 r t h o d o n t i cUs n , i v e r s iot yf
M u n i c hI F i 9 . 1 4 3 1 ) M u n i clhF i g . 7 2 , 7 3 l
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7 2 7a , b l P r o fS. c h e u m a nC n [, i n i cf o rA b d o m i n a tn dT r a n s p [ a n t a t i o n
P r o f .D a n i e t D, e p a r t m e not f C a r d i o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t o yf Ertangen S u r g e r yH, a n n o v eMr e d i c aSt c h o o(tF i g 2. 4 3 , 2 4 4 , 2 4 5 1
t F i 9 .8 9 9 ,9 0 0 ,9 0 1 ,9 7 3 1 P r o fS. c h i l . t i n gD e re,p a r t m e n o tf G y n a e c o [ oU g yn,i v e r s iot yf
P r o f .D e g e n h a r d tB, i e L e f e L( F d i g .11 3 3 ,11 3 5 ) F r e i b u r{gF i 9 1 . 1341
P r o f .G a [ a n s k&i D r .K i r c h h o f, fD e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t iR c a d i o L - P r o fS . c h t i e p h a k0er o , f a c i aSI u r g e r yG, d t t i n g e n
o g y ,H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS t c h o o t( F i g .9 6 2 , 9 6 4 , 1 2 1 2 , 1 2 1 3 ) l F i g .15 2 ,1 9 6 1 , 97)
P r o f .G a [ a n s k&i D r .S c h i i f e r D , e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t i R c adioL- P r o fS . c h t d s s eCr ,e n t r ef o r G y n a e c o [ o H g ya,n n o v eMr e d i c a t
o g y ,H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS l chooL l F i g .8 71a , b , 9 2 7 ,9 71 , 9 9 1 , S c h o oItF i g .11 3 2a , b , 114 0 ,111 r 11,1 7 8 ]
1194, 1204,1207, 12091 P r o fS . c h u m a c h eNr e , u r o r a d i o t oD gey ,p a r t m e n o tf R a d i o t o g y ,
P r o f .G e b e [ D , e p a r t m e not f G a s t r o e n t e r o [ o gHye, p a t o t o gayn d U n i v e r s iot yf F r e i b u rIgF i 9 . 4 6 a1 , b l
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1026,1027, 1038, 1039, 1074, 10921 I F i g6 . 62.1290-12921
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l w i t h p e r m i s s i o nf r o m R a d i o L o g1y7 3 ;1 3 7 - 1 4 1 1 : 9891 P DD r .V o g tR , a d i o L o gUyn,i v e r s iot yf M u n i c hI F i g 4. 3 6 4 , 53,
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P r o f .H o h t f e l dC , [ i n i cf o r P n e u m o t o g yH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chool S c h o o{tF i g 9. 5 2 , 1 0 6 4 , 1 0 6150,6 91, 0 7 2 , 1 1 5 2 1
tFis.929,930) Prof.Wenz,formertyDepartment of RadioLogy, University of
P r o f .J o n a s ,U r o t o g yH , a n n o v eM r e d i c aS t c h o o LI F i g .110 2 a , b , F r e i b u rt gF i g . 7 6 8 l
11 0 3 ) P r o fW . i t t ,D e p a r t m e n o tf N e u r o s u r g e U r yn, i v e r s iot yf M u n i c h
P r o f .K a m p i k& P r o f .M i j L L e 0r ,p h t h a t m o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t o yf t F i ga. 0 5 l
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D r .K i r c h h o f & f D r .W e i d e m a n nD, e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t i c SurgerH y ,a n n o v e Mre d i c aSLc h o oI tF i g 1. 0 5 1 )
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1196, 1198,1200,1202,120s1 F r e i b u rt gF i g . 7 9 9 l
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[ , e u r o L o g yH,a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chooL W e l s c hU, . :L e h r b u cH h i s t o t o g iU e r, b a n& F i s c h e rM, i i n c h e n
t F i g .1 2 8a , b ) 2 0 0 3( F i g9. 2 2 ,1 0 2 01, 0 9 71,1 2 2 ,1 1 2 3 1
P r o f .P f e i f e r R, a d i o l . o gIyn,s t i t u t ef o r D i a g n o s t i Rc adioLogy, W e t s c hU, .I H r s g . )S: o b o t t aA,t [ a sH i s t o l . o g6i e.A, u f L . ,
U n i v e r s i to y f M u n i c hI F i g .2 9 3 ,2 94 , 3 1 0 ,3 1 2 ,4 4 9 ,4 5 1 , Urban& Fischer,Mijnchen2002lFig.1037,1085,1125a, b)
7 69-772,807-810,1255,1286,1287,1317,1318) W i c k eL, . :A t t a sd e rR i 5 n t g e n a n a t o 3 m.Ai eu, f t . ,
P D D r .R a u ,D e p a r t m e not f R a d i o L o gU y ,n i v e r s i t o
yf Freiburg U r b a n& S c h w a r z e n b eM r qi i,n c h e n - W i e n - B a L t i m 19o8r5e
lFis.912,925,9261 l F i q . 9 4a3)
Surface I Locomotorsystem... > Generat
anatomy

1 Sagitlal plane 5 Sagittalaxis

2 Median sagittal plane 6 I ransverseaxls
3 Frontal plane 7 Longitudinal axis
Transverse plane

F i g . I a - c P [ a n e sa n d a x e s .
a S a g i t t apt t a n e ,P [ a n u ms a g i t t a [ es, a g i t t a I a n d[ o n g i t u d i n aaIx e s
b Transverseptane[= horizontaIptane),Ptanumtransversate,transverseand sagittalaxes
c F r o n t a lp L a n e[ = c o r o n a Ip t a n e ] P
, t a n u mf r o n t a l e L, o n g i t u d i n a n t d t r a n s v e r s ea x e s

Linea mediana anterior Lineamedianaoosterior

Linea oaravertebralis
cranialis
Lineasternalis (= superior)
Lineascapularis
Lineaparasternalis
lateralis
Lineaaxillaris
anterior Lineaaxillarisposteriot

Lineamedioclavicularis
radialis

ulnaris

palmaris
dorsalis
msdialis
proximalis
caudalis
(= inferior)

fibularis

tibialis

plantaris

F i g .2 a , b O r i e n t a t i o [ni n e so f t h e h u m a nb o d ya n d
t e r m s o f d i r e c t i o na n d o o s i t i o n .
a VentraIview [ventralis,anterior]
b D o r s a Iv i e w I d o r s a [ i sp, o s t e r i o r )
> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y Surface I Locomotor
system

Partsof the humanbody

F i g .3 S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e m a [ e . F i g ,t , S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e f e m a [ e .
Met ab o t iscy s t e m s

Partsof the humanbodv

Membrum
supenus
brachium

F i g .5 S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e m a t e . F i g .6 S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e f e m a t e .
> Generalanatomy Surface I Locomotor
system

Regions
of thehumanbody

Regio cervicalisanterior
Begiosternocleidomastoidea
Regiocervicalislateralis

Regio deltoidea Trigonumclavipectorale

Regiopresternalis

Regioaxillaris Regiopectoralis
Regiomammaria
Regioinframammaria
Regiobrachiianterior
Regioepigastrica

Regiohypochondriaca
Regiocubitalisanterior,
Fossacubitalis
Begioumbilicalis

Regioantebrachiiposterior Regioabdominalis
lateralis

Regioantebrachiianterior Regioinguinalis

Regiopubica[Hypogastrium]

Regiourogenitalis

Dorsummanus

Trigonum
femoris

Regiotemorisanterior

Regiogenusanterior

Dorsumpedis

Fig.7 R e g i o n so f t h e h u m a nb o d y ,R e g i o n e cs o r p o r i s .
M e t a b o t iscy s t e m s

Regionsof thehumanbody

Regio parietalis

Regio occipitalis

Regiocervicalisposterior

Reglo deltoidea
Regiovertebralis
Regioscapularis

Begio axillaris
Regioinfrascapularis
Regiobrachiiposterior

Regiocubitalisposterior

Regioantebrachii
anterior

Regioantebrachiiposterior

Palma[Volal

Regio glutealis

Begiofemorisposterior

Calx
IRegiocalcanea]

Fig.8 R e g i o n so f t h e h u m a nb o d y ,R e g i o n e cs o r p o r i s .
> GeneraIanatomy Locomotorsystem

Skeleton

Mandibula

Columnavertebralis Columnavertebralis
(Parscervicalis) (Parsthoracica)
Clavicula

Scapula

Humerus

Columnavertebralis
(Parslumbalis)
Radius Os sacrum
Ulna
Os coxae
Os
coccygrs
Ossa carpi

Ossa
meracarpl
Ossa
digitorum
lPhalangesl

Ossatarsi

Ossametatarsi
Ossatarsi

F i g ,9 O v e r v i e w
of the skeleton, F i g .1 0 O v e r v i e w
of the skeLeton,
Systemasketeta[e. Svstemaske[etate.

P a rtso f the humanbody

H e a d ,C a p u t
Neck,Co[[um
Trunk,Truncus
T h o r a xT, h o r a x
A b d o m e nA,b d o m e n
P e t v i sP, e L v i s
U p p e r[ i m b ,M e m b r u ms u p e r i u s
S h o u t d egri r d L eC,i n g u t u m pectoraL [ Ce i n g u l u m e m b r i
s u p e r i o r i sAl ;r m ,P a r s[ i b e r am e m b r si u p e r i o r i s
Lower[imb, Membruminferius
P e L vg i ci r d L eC,i n g u L upme L v i c u[mCingutumembri
i n f e r i o r i sLl ;e g ,P a r sL i b e rm
a e m b ri n f e r i o r i s
 M e t a b o l i cs y s t e m s
Activelocomotorsystem

ti
ii

Parts of the skeleton that can

be felt through the skin
Distributionof haematopoietic
bone marrow

F i g . 1 1 a ,b S k e l e t o nS, y s t e m as k e L e t a [ e
(Cartilago
articularis)
Substantiaspongiosa;
lvledulla
ossiumrubra proximalis
Epiphysis
(Extremitas
proximalis) Linea
epiphysialis

lvletaphysis
(proximalis)

Substantia compacta

A nutricia

Canalisnutricius Vasanutritia

Corpus
Periosleum

Cavitas medullaris;
l\4edullaossium flava
Epiphysis
distalis

Metaphysis
(distalis) Fossa olecrani
F i g . 1 2 a , b S t r u c t u r eo f t u b u t a rb o n e s ,O s s aL o n g a ;
L o n g i t u d i n sa eI c t i o n s
(Extremitas
a H u m e r u sH , u m e r u so, f a n a d u [ t
dislalis) 0 s s i f i e de p i p h y s e s( e p i p h y s e a[ itn e s ]a r e o n [ yp o o r t yv i s i b t e .
b H u m e r u sH , u m e r u so, f a c h i t d
Cartilago
articularis T h e e p i p h y s e cs o n s i s to f h y a t i n ec a r t i t a g e .
* E p i p h y se i sp, i p h y s epatta t e
 >> I Surface I Locomotor
system
Passivelocomotorsystem
Bonedevelopment

7. EW
1 8 . - 1 9Y
. 1 3 . - 1 5Y
.
1 5 . - 1 8Y.
1 5 . - 1 6Y. 3.-4. EM
18.-20.Y
1 3 . - 1 5Y.
1 8 . - 2 1Y
. 4.-5. EM
1 0 . - 1 2Y
. 1 3 . - 1 5Y. 7.-8.Y
5.Y 1 8 .Y 5.-8.M
6.-7.EM
2.-3. Y 1 8 . - 1 9Y
. 3.-5.Y
2.-4.Y 1 6 . - 1 8Y.
20.-25.Y 17.-20.Y
13.-15
1 0 . - 1 3Y
. 4.-6.Y
1 5 . - 1 8Y.
1 9 , - 2 0 .Y

7.-8. EW
1 6 . - 2 0 .Y

E W = Embrvonicw6ek
E M = Embrlonicmonth
M = Monthof life
Yearof life

1 3 . - 1 6Y. 5.Y 16.-24.Y

8 . - 1 3 .Y 1 2 .Y
1.Y 8 . - 1 2 .Y
9.EM
1 3 . - 1 7Y.
5.-7.Y
1 4 . - 1 8Y.
1 0 . - 1 2Y. 1 0 .E M
5 . - 6 .Y 1 7 . - 1 8Y.
1 7 . - 1 9Y
.
12.-14.Y
7. EW

7. EW 8. EW

7.-8. EW

21.-25.Y
1 . - 2 .Y 6.M
17.-1A.Y
1 0 . - 1 2Y.
1 7 . - 1 8Y.
2.4.Y
2.-4.Y
9. EW
9. EW
2.-3. Y

3.-4.Y
9. EW
1 5 . -2 1. Y
3 . - 4 .Y
1 . - 2 .Y
3.-5.Y 5. EM

8. EM
9. EW

Os scaohoideum3.-6. M Os Disiforme8.-12.Y Talus7. EM Os cuneiformemediale2.-3. Y

Os lunatum3.-6.Y Os triouetrum1.-4.Y Calcaneus5.-6. EM Os cuneiformeintermedium3.-4. Y
Os trapezium3.-€. Y Os hamatum2.-5. M Os naviculare4. Y Os cuneiformelaterale12. M
Os traDezoideum 3.-7. Y Os caoitalum2.-4. M Os cuboideum 10.EM

F i g .1 3 A p p e a r a n c o e f o s s i f i c a t i ocne n t r e sa n d Fig.14 Appearanceof ossificationcentresand

s y n o s s i fc a t i o na t t h e e p i p h y s e o s f t h e u p p e rL i m b synossification at the epiphysesof the lower [imb
I m e a n sa c c o r d i n gt o v . L A N Z1, 9 5 5 ;E X N E R1,9 9 0 ; l m e a n sa c c o r d i n gt o v . L A N Z1, 9 5 5 ;E X N E R1,9 9 0 ;
HEUCa Kn d B A S T1, 9 9 4 J . HEUCK and BAST,1994).
 Met ab o I iscy s t e m s
Activelocomotorsystem

F i g . 1 5 F i b r o u sj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i o F i g . 1 6 C a r t i [ a g i n o uj o s int, Fig.17 0sseousjoint,

fibrosa,exemplifiedby the sutures A r t i c u l a t i oc a r t i t a g i n e ae,x e m p t i fe d Articu[ato i os s e ae, x e m p I i f i e d
of the skutt. b y t h e p u b i cb o n es y m p h y s i s . b vt h es a c r u m .

1 Synovialmembrane
Synovialintima,Intima
1 b Subintimallayer,Subintima
Fibrousmembrane
3 A-cells(macroohaqes)
4 B-cells(fibroblasts)
5 Fatcells
6 Capillaryvesselswith fenestration Membranafibrosa
7 Venules lstratumfibrosuml Capsula
8 Lymphatics
9 Nerves Membranasvnovialis articularis
l 0 Collagenfibres lstratumsynbviale]

Linea epiphysialis

Labrumarticulare

Recessusarticularis
Membranasynovialis
Vaginasynovialis
lstratumsynoviale] Capsula
Membranafibrosa articularis
lstratumfibrosum]

Fig.18a, b Synovial. joint,Articutatio exemplif

synoviatis, ied
b yt h es h o u t d ej or i n t .
a S e c t i o inn t h es c a p u [ aprt a n e
b S t r u c t u roef t h ej o i n tc a p s u [ e
* T h e j o i n t c a v i t y ,C a v i t a sa r t i c u t a r i s i, s i t [ u s t r a t e db r o a d e rt o
e n h a n c ev i s i b i t i t y .
 > G e n e r aaI n a t o m y tt
"t

Joints

F i g . 1 9 a - g J o i n t s ,J u n c t u r a es y n o v i a L e s . d C o n d y l ajro i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ioov o i d e a
a H i n g ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ci oy I i n d r i c a e S a d d Ljeo i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i os e L t a r i s
b C o n o i dj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc o n o i d e a f S p h e r o i d aj oI i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i os p h e r o i d e a
c P i v o ti o i n t .A r t i c u L a t itor o c h o i d e a g P t a n ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ipoL a n a

Planum sagittale,
Axis transversalis

Flexio,
Anteversio

Rotatiointerna
F i g . 2 0 S p h e r o i d aj o t i n t I h i pj o i n t l , Rotatio externa
A r t i c u t a t i os p h e r o i d e a[ A r t i c u [ a t i co o x a e l .
 Met ab o l iscy s t e m s I C o n trosyste
l rn s | Sltin
Activelocomotorsystem
Muscles

'1
Line of force
of the muscle
2 Virtual lever arm
of the muscle
3 Axis of rotation
of the,oint

(Cavitassynovialis)

Mesotendineum

Epitendineum

Phalanx media

Fig.21 0rganisation p r i n c i p l eo f s k e l e t a L
muscLes, F i g . 2 2 S t r u c t u r eo f a t e n d o ns h e a t h V
, a g i n at e n d i n i s ,
exemptifieb
dyt h e b r a c h i a m
I u s c l e ,M . b r a c h i a t i s . e x e m p t i fe d b y a f i n g e r .

a M u s c u t u sf u s i f o r m i s b M u s c u L ubsi c e p s c M u s c u l u sb i v e n t e r d M u s c u [ upst a n u s

Fig. 23 a-g Typesof musctes

e M u s c u l uisn t e r s e c t u s
f Musculussemipennatus
g M u s c u t upse n n a t u s
a S i n g L he e a d ,
p a r a L t emI u s c L ef i b r e s
b D o u b t eh e a d ,
p a r a l l e Im u s c L ef i b r e s
c Doubl.ebetty,
p a r a L [ em I u s c L ef i b r e s
d M u L t i - h e a df t,a t m u s c l e
e M u l . t i - b e Lmt yu s c t ew i t h
t e n d i n o u si n t e r s e c t i o n s
f U n i p e n n a tm euscte
g B i p e n n a t em u s c t e
> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y Surface I Locomotorsystem

Skeletalmuscles

Mm capitis et colli

) U p p 6. t f t , 7 0 t l , 1 0 51f ,1 8 f f

lvlm thoraciset
Mm abdominis

Fig.21 Overview
o f t h e s k e t e t am
l usctes
 M e t a b o l iscy s t e m s I C o n trosyste
t ms I St< in
Activelocomotorsystem
Skeletalmuscles

Mm nuchaeet
Mm.dorsi

Fig, 25 Overviewof the sketetaImusc[es.

> GeneraIanatomy system
Surface I Locomotor
Digestivesystem Respiratorysystem
Digestiveand respiratorysystem

Oesophagus

Hepar-

Pancreas

Vesica biliaris[fellea]

Intestinum
crassum

Canalis analis

Anus

Fig.26 0verviewof the digestivesystem,

Sinusparanasales

Lobussuperior

L,,'o
sinister
Lobusinferior J

Fig.27 Overviewof the respiratorysystem.

Urinarytract Genitatsystem 0rganprojections

Organa
unnana

Ductusdeferens

Vesicaurinaria
Glandulavesiculosa
Ductusdeferens
Urethramasculina Prostata
Organa genitalia
Glandula masculinainterna
bulbourethralis
Penis
Epididymis
Organa genitalia
masculinaexterna Urethramasculina Ductusdelerens
Testis
Scrotum

F i g .2 8 O v e r v i e w
o f t h e u r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a Is y s t e m
of the mate.

Organa
unnafla

Organa genitalia
feminina interna

Clitoris
Organa genitalia Labiumminus
temtntnaexterna pudendi
Labiummajus
pudendi

o f t h e u r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a ls y s t e m
Fig.29 Overview
of thefemate.
 > Generat
anatomy Locomotorsystem
Digestive
system Respiratory
system
lnternalorgans,projection

Oesophagus

Cor

Diaphragma
Hepar

Gaster
SplenILien]
Pancreas
Duodenum
Jejunum

Ren

Colon

Appendix
vermiformis

Fig.30 Projection o f t h e i n t e r n a lo r g a n so n i o Fig.31 Projection o f t h e i n t e r n a Io r g a n so n t o

t h e s u r f a c eo f t h e b o d y the surfaceof the body.
 Metabolicsystems I Controlsystems I Skin
Urinarytract GenitaIsystem Organprojections
InternaI organs,p rojection

Hepar
Gaster
Vesica biliaris

Splen [Lien]
Colon
Ren

Intestinum
tenue

Fig.32 Projection of the internaL

o r g a n so n t o Fig.33 Projection o f t h e i n t e r n a lo r g a n so n t o
t h e s u r f a c eo f t h e b o d v . the surfaceof the bodv.
 G e n e r aaI n a t o m y Surface I Locomotor
systern
Cardiovascutarsystem Nervoussystern
Arteries

A. carotiscommunis

A subclavia
Arcusaortae
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
Parsascendensaortae
[Aortaascendens]
Cor
Parsdescendensaortae[Aortadescendens],
Parsthoracicaaortae[Aortathoracica]
Truncuscoeliacus
A mesenterica
suoerior
A renalis

Pars descendens aortae [Aorta descendens],

Pars abdominalisaortae [Aorta abdominalis]

A. testicularis*
Bifurcatioaortae
A mesenterica
inferior
A iliacacommunis
A iliaca externa

A iliaca interna

A, tibialisposterior

A tibialisanterior

A fibularis

A dorsalispedis

F i g .3 4 O v e r v i e w o f t h e a r t e r i e so f t h e
s y s t e m i cc i r c u L a t i o n .
x In thefemate: ovarian artery,A ovarica
 M e t a b o t i cs y s t e m s
E n d o c r i noer o a n s

'1 A carotiscommunis 7 A facialis

1 A subclavia
2 interna
A thoracica 2 A carotisexterna 8 A occipitalis
3 Truncusthyrocervicalis 3 A. carotisinterna posterior
9 A auricularis
4 Truncuscostocervicalis 4 A. thyroidea superior 10 A. temporalis
5 A vertebralis 5 A. pharyngea superficialis
ascendens 11 A. maxillaris
6 A lingualis

1 Parsascendens aortae
2 Bulbusaortae
3 Aa coronariae
4 Arcusaortae
5 lsthmusaortae
6 Truncusbrachiocephalicus
7 A carotiscommunis sinistra
I A subclaviasinistra
9 A carotiscommunis dextra
10 A subclaviadextra
11 A. carotisinterna
12
'13 A carotisexterna
1 Truncuscoeliacus 1 A mesenterica 6 A colica dextra
'14 Parsthoracicaaortae
Parsabdominalis aortae 2 A gastricasinistra supenor 7 A colica media
15 A. sacralismediana 3 A hepaticacommunis 2 A pancreatico- 8 A. mesentericainferior
16 Bifurcatioaortae 4 A splenica duodenalisinlerior 9 A colica sinistra
17 A iliacacommunis 3 Aa jejunales 10 Aa sigmoideae
18 A iliacainterna 4 Aa ileales 11 A rectalissuperior
19 A iliacaexterna 5 A. ileocolica

F i g . 3 5 a - g A o r t a ,A o r t a ,a n d g r e a t e r
ar t e n e s ;
s c h e m ao f t h e b r a n c h i n gp a t t e r n .
a Aorta,Aorta
b S u b c t a v i aanr t e r y ,A s u b c t a v i a
c ExternaIcarotidartery,A. carotisexterna
d C o e t i a ct r u n k ,T r u n c u sc o e t i a c u s 1 A. iliaca communis 1 A iliacacommunis 8 Aa sacrales laterales
e S u p e r i o ra n d i n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y , 2 A iliaca interna 2 A iliacaexterna I A. gluteasuperior
3 A iliaca externa 3 A. iliacainterna 10 A umbilicalis,
A a . m e s e n t e r i c aseu o e r i o re t i n f e r i o r 4 A epigastricainferior 4 A obturatoria Parspatens
f E x t e r n a L i L i a cr t e r y ,A . i L i a c ae x t e r n a 5 A circumflexailium profunda 5 A. pudendainterna 11 A. vesicalisinferior
6 R pubicus 6 A. gluteainferior 12 A. rectalismedia
g I n t e r n a Ii L i a ca r t e r y ,A i t i a c ai n t e r n a 7 A, iliolumbalis
 > G e n e r aaI n a t o m y [.-ocomotor
system
Cardiovascularsystem Nervoussystem
Veins

V jugularisexterna
V jugularis
anterior
V jugularis
interna V brachioceDhalicasinistra
V brachioceohalicadextra
V subclavia

V cavasuperior

V axillaris V thoracicainterna

V cephalica
W hepaticae

V basilica

Vv brachiales

V testicularis
sinistra'

V portaehepatis
V medianacubiti
V splenica
V testicularis
dextra*
V mesenterlca
inferior
V iliacacommunis
V mesenterica
superior
V iliaca interna
V cavainlerior
V iliaca externa

V saphenamagna
V saphenaparva

V tibialisanterior

V tibialisposterior

F i g .3 6 O v e r v i e w o f t h e v e i n so f t h e s y s t e m i c
c i rcuLation
S u p e r f i c i avIe i n sa r e i t I u s t r a t e d
on
t h e r i g h t [ e ga n d d e e pv e i n so n t h e l e f t .
* In thefema[e: ovarian vein.V.ovarica
 Me t a b o t iscy s t e m s
E n d o c r i noer g a n s

1 V cavainferior 8 V renalis
1 V cavasuperior 6 V azygos 2 V.sacralismediana 9 V testicularis/ovarica
2 V brachiocephalicadextra 7 posteriores
Vv. intercostales 3 V iliacacommunis 10 V suprarenalis
3 V brachiocephalica sinistra 8 V hemiazygos accessoria 4 V iliacainterna 11 posteriores
4 V jugularisinterna 9 V hemiazygos V iliacaexterna .12W intercostales
V lumbalisascendens
5
5 V subclavia 6 V phrenicainferior 13 W lumbales
7 W hepaticae 14 V iliolumbalis

F i g . 3 7 S u p e r i o rv e n ac a v a V, . c a v as u p e r i o r ; Fig, 38 Inferiorvena cava,V. cavainferior;

s c h e m ao f t h e t r i b u t a r i e s s c h e m ao f t h e t r i b u t a r i e s .

(Sinus valvulae) (Sinus valvulae)

Valvulae venosae

1 R sinister 9 V rectalissuperior
2 B. dexter 10 Vv sigmoideae
3 V portaehepatis 11 V colicasinistra
4 V gastricadextra 12 V colicamedia
F i g . 3 9 F u n c t i o n apI r i n c i p l .oef v e n o u sv a t v e s . 5 V gastroomentalis dextra 13 V gastroomentalissinistra
T h ea r r o w sp o i n t i n gu p w a r d si n d i c a t et h e f l o w 6 V colicadextra 14 V mesenterica inferior
7 V mesenterica superior 15 V splenica
of blood.The vatvesctoseuoon backftowof the 8 Vv.jeiunaleset ilei 16 V gastricasinistra
b [ o o dI a r r o w sp o i n t i n gd o w n w a r d s )
F i g . 4 0 H e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i n ,V . p o r t a eh e p a t i s .
 > G e n e r aaI n a t o m y mtmn $y,$ts$T\
l"-*cwm"r

Foetalcirculation

Aa pulmonales
Arcus aortae

Truncusbrachiocephalicus

V cavasuperior

Foramen ovale *

Atriumcordisdextrum
cordissinister
Ventriculus

V cava inferior Septuminterventriculare

cordisdexter
Ventriculus

Vv hepaticae
Pars thoracica aortae [Aorta thoracica]

.'/ Truncuscoeliacus
I
I
I A mesenterica
superior
Vesica biliaris
Aa renales

V umbilicalis

Aa lumbales
V cava inlerior

V i l i a c ac o m m u n i s Pars abdominalisaortae [Aorta abdominalis]

A mesentericainferior

V umbilicalis

Aa umbrlrcales
Bifurcatioaodae

A i l i a c ac o m m u n i s

A iliaca externa

A iliaca interna

Aa umbrlrcales
Placenta Vesicaurinaria

F i g .1 1 S c h e m ao f f o e t a Ic i r c u L a t i o n C o n v e r s i o nf r o m f o e t a Lt o o o s t n a t a I c i r c u L a t i o n :
T h e d i f f e r e n ct o L o u r si n d i c a t et h e o x v q e nc o n t e n ti n t h e b L o o d : + T h ev a L v e - [ i kceo n n e c t i o bn e t w e e nt h e r i g h ta n d t h e l e f t a t r i u mv i a
red= richin oxygen, t h e f o r a m e no v a t ei s p a s s i v e Lc y[ o s e da t t h e o n s e to f r e s p i r a t o r y
b L u e= p o o r i n o x y g e n , a c t i v i t yi n t h e I u n g s
* * T h e d u c t u sa r t e r i o s u sI a o T A r r o ]o, n t h e o t h e rh a n d ,c t o s e so n t y
o u r o L e= m i x e db L o o d .
d u r i n gt h e f i r s t m o n t h so f L i f ea s i t s [ u m e ng r a d u a L toyb [ i t e r a t ebs y
A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c t i o no f t h e b t o o df L o w
* Short-circu e o i t h e t i aoLr o t i f e r a t i oann d i n c r e a s e tde n s i o no f t h e w a I L
b iet t w e etnh er i g h ta n dt h el e f ta t r i u m * * * T h e d u c t u sv e n o s u s{ A R A N T I UoS b JL i t e r a t easf t e rb i r t ha n d b e c o m e s
** Short-circu b iet t w e etnh ep u t m o n a tr ryu n ka n dt h ea r c ho f a o r t a
* * * S h o r t - c i r c bu ei tt w e etnh eu m b i [ i c a theIigamentum v e n o s u mi n t h e p o r t a Ia r e ao f t h e I i v e r .
veI i na n dt h ei n f e r i ovre n ac a v a
 Met ab o t iscy s t e ms I C o n trosyste
l ms I Skin
E n d o c r i noer g a n s
Lymphatic

Truncusjugularis
V jugularis
interna
Ductuslymphaticus
dexter

(Angulus
venosus)

V subclavia Nodi lymphoideicervicales

Truncusbronchomediastinalis

Truncussubclavius
Ductusthoracicus
Nodi lymphoideiaxillares

Parsabdominalis
chyli
Cisterna

Trunciintestinales

Truncilumbales

Nodi lymphoideipelvis
parietales et viscerales

Nodi lymphoideiinguinales

Vasa lymphatica

Fig. 1,2 Overviewof the

L y m p h a t iscy s t e m .

Nodi lymphoidei
cervicales laterales
Nodi lymphoidei Nodi lymphoidei
axillares axillares

F i g . 4 3a , b D r a i n a g ea r e a so f
r e g i o n a l[y m p hn o d e s
T h e d r a i n a g eo f r e g i o n a l y m p hn o d e s
v a r i e sc o n s i d e r a b [bye t w e e ni n d i v i d u a [ s .
T h e yo v e r l a pi n d r a i n i n gt o l y m p hn o d e s
o f t h e i p s i t a t e r aaI s w e t La s o f t h e
c o n t r a [ a t e r asLi d eo f t h e b o d v .
 > Generat
anatomy Surface I Locomotorsystem

Systemanervosum Systemanervosum
centrale periphericum

c1
2 Plexus
cervicalis
Truncuscerebri J

4
5
6
Plexus
7 brachialis
8
T1
Medulla spinalis
3
4
5
o
Nn inter-
7 costales

I
9
10
11
12
LI
Plexus
lumbalis

4
5
S1
Plexus
2 sacralis
3

5
Cc1

Fig, lrl Overviewof the centraIand

peripheraInervoussystem.
E n d o c r i noer g a n s

Cerebrum

Nn, craniales

I Nn. olfactorii
ll N. opticus
lll N. oculomotorius
Pons lV N trochlearis
V N. trigeminus
Cerebellum
Vl N. abducens
VI Vll N. tacialis
vil, vill Vlll N. vestibulocochlearis
lX N. glossopharyngeus
X N. vagus
XI Xl N. accessorius
Medulla oblongata Xll N. hypoglossus

lvledullaspinalis
F i g . 4 5 O v e r v i e wo f t h e b r a i n a n d
the craniaI nerves.

N hypoglossus
[Xlll

N occipitalisminor
Plexuscervicalis
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
N auricularis
magnus

N transversuscolli
Ansacervicalis,
Radixsuperior
Ansacervicalis,
Radixinferior
(R trapezius)

N dorsalisscapulae
N phrenicus
Nn supraclaviculares

N. suprascapularis Plexusbrachialis
N subscapularis Truncus
N subclavius supenor
Fasciculusposterior
N. axillaris Truncus
N thoracodorsalis meorus
Fasciculuslateralis
N thoracicus
longus
N radialis
Fasciculus Truncus
medialis inferior
N. musculocutaneus

N medianus

N .u l n a r i s

N. cutaneus antebrachiimedialis
N. cutaneus brachii medialis
Fig.46 Overviewof the cervical
N. intercostobrachialis
andbrachiap I lexusP
, t e x u sc e r v i c a t i s
N thoracicus[T2],
N intercostalis et brachia[is.
 system
Locomotor
CardiovascutarsystemNervoussystem
PeripheraI nervous system

N. subcostalis

R. cutaneuslateralis

N iliohypogastricus Plexuslumbalis
N ilioinguinalis

Plexus
N. femoralis lumbosacralis
L5
N obturatorius
Truncuslumbosacralis
N gluteussuperior S1
Plexussacralis

N. gluteusinferior

N cutaneus
lemorisoosterior

N. pudendus
inferiores
Nn.analesIrectales]
N coccygeus
N anococcygeus
Fig,17 Overview of the [umbosacral plexus,
. i s[ e x u[su m b a Lei st s a c r a t i s ] ,
P L e x u[ su m b o s a c r aIl P
a n dt h ec o c c y g e pa lLe x u sP, L e x ucso c c y g e u s .

Ganglionsensorium
nervispinalis
Truncusnervi
spinalis

trunci
Ganglion
sympathici

N splanchnicus
maJor

Nn. spinales R. cutaneus

anterior
Nn. ceruicales
Nn thoracici
Nn. lumbales
Nn. sacrales
N coccygeus

F i g . 4 8 S c h e m ao f s p i n a ln e r v e s
e x e m o t i fe d b v t w o t h o r a c i cn e r v e s .
 Metabotic
systems I Controtsystems I St<in
Endocrine
organs

N. oculomotorius
ull

N facialis [Vll]
Ganglion ceruicale Medulla oblongata
supenus
N glossopharyngeus
lxl
N vagus[X]

N cardiacus
ceruicalis
superior
A. carotiscommunis
Ganglion cervicale
medium
N. cardiacus
cervicalis
medius
Ganglion A subclavia
ceruicothoracicum
lstellatuml
Ansa subclavia N laryngeusrecurrensdexter
N cardiacus
ceruicalis
inferior Arcusaortae;Plexuscardiacus

Parsascendensaortae
Truncussympathicus;
Gangliathoracica

N splanchnicus
major

Parsthoracicaaortae Truncusvagalisanterior
Rr.communicantes
Truncusvagalisposterior

Plexusoesophageus
N splanchnicus
minor
Truncuscoeliacus;
Plexuscoeliacus
Gangliacoeliaca
A. renalis;Plexusrenalis
Truncussvmpathicus: A mesenterica
superior;
Gan6tialumbalia Plexusmesentericus
suoerior

Nn splanchnicilumbales
Parsabdominalisaortae;
Plexusaorticusabdominalis
A. mesentericainferior;
Plexusmesentericus
inferior
Plexushypogastricus
superior
Parscranialis
Pars pelvica
A iliaca communis

N hypogastricus

Radix parasympathica
INn splanchnicipelvicil
Nn splanchnici
Plexushypogastricus
inferior
sacrates
Ganglia pelvica

Ganglionimpar

F i g .1 9 S y m p a t h e t i pc a r t o f t h e a u t o n o m o u s
n e r v o u ss y s t e m ,P a r ss y m p a t h i c a
T h e e n t i r es y s t e mo f s y m p a t h e t i A
c a n g L iaan d t h e i r
c o n n e c t i o nlso c a t e da t o n gt h e v e r t e b r a cl o t u m na r e r e f e r r e d
t o a s s y m p a t h e t i tcr u n k ,T r u n c u ss y m p a t h i c u Isg r e e n l .
F i g .5 0 P a r a s y m p a t h e tpi ca r t o f t h e a u t o n o m o u s
nervoussystem,Pars parasympathica
P a r a s y m p a t h e tfiicb r e sl v i o L e tul s u a l . ttyr a v e Ia [ o n gw i t h o t h e r
n e r v ef i b r e s .
 > Generalanatomy system
Surface I Locomotor
systern Nervoussystem
Cardiovascutar
Autonomous nervous svstem

Parssympathica Parsparasympathica

N. oculomotorius
illll
N. facialis[Vll]
N. glossopharyngeus
flXl
N vagus[X]

Truncussympathicus

Ganglion coeliacum

mesentericum
Ganglion
superlus

mesentericum
Ganglion
inferius

Nn. splanchnicipelvici

F i g , 5 1 P e r i p h e r apl a r t so f t h e a u t o n o m o u s
nervoussystem
S y m p a t h e t ifci b r e so f t h e [ i m b st r a v e L
a l o n gw i t h a r t e r i e s .
 Metabolic
systems I Control.
systems I St<in
E n d o c r i noer g a n s

Autonomous nervous svstem

Parssympathica Parsparasympathica

N oculomotorius
illll
N tacialis[Vll]
N. glossopharyngeus
ilXl
N vagus[X]

Truncus
sympathicus

Nn splanchnici
pelvici

Fig. 52 Overviewof the functionsof the

a u t o n o m o u sn e r v o u ss y s t e m .
 system
Surface I Locomotor
Cardiovascutarsystem Nervoussystem

Hypothalamus

pinealis
Glandula
loorpuspinealel
- Hypophysis-
lGlandulapituitarial

Glandulae
parathyroideae
superioret inferior

thyroidea
Glandula

Thymus

Glandula
suprarenalis

Insulaepancreaticae

Ren

Ovarium

lntestinum

F i g .5 3 E n d o c r i n eo r g a n so f t h e m a t e . F i g .5 4 E n d o c r i n eo r g a n so f t h e f e m a t e .
 Metabolic
systems I Controlsystems I SKn
Endocrineorgans

Skinand fingernails

Stratumcorneum
(strictusensu)
Stratum
corneum Stratumlucidum
Stratumgranulosum
(Plexusvasalisdermalis)
Stratumspinosum
Stratumbasale
Stratumpapillare
Corium
lDermisl Stratumreticulare
(Plexus vasalis
Vasalymphatica subdermalis)
superficialia

Subcutis

Nn cutanei (Plexusvasalis
subcutaneus)
Fascia
(Plexusvasalis
Musculus epifascialis)

Vaslymphaticum
profundum

(A ; V subfascialis)

(A.;V. intraseptalis)

F i g . 5 5 S e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s k i n ;
a p p r o x i m a t e L1y1 - f o t dm a g n i ifc a t i o n

Margoliber
Hyponychium

Corpusunguis

Matrixunguis

*
Eponychium Vallumunguis

F i g .5 6 D i s t a Ip h a t a n xo f a d i g i t F i g .5 7 D i s t a Ip h a t a n xo f a d i g i t ;
withfingernait. t h e n a i I h a s b e e np a r t t yr e m o v e d .
* T h ee p i d e r m o
i sf t h en a i Ii s a l s o
knownas cuticte.

Corpusunguis Eponychium

Aponeurosis
dorsalis

Articulatiointerphalangea
distalis

Capsulaarticularis

Fig. 58 DistaIpha[anxof a digit,

P h a [ a n xd i s t a l . i s ;
^^^;++^l -^^+;^^
JOgrrtoL >trLUUt t.
 >Head Surface lSketetonl Musctes

Regio orbitalis
Regio inlraorbitalis
Regio zygomatica

Regio oralis

Regio buccalis

iigonumsubmentale
Trigonum
)
?igonumsubmandibulare
Trigonum I l-"-9i9-,,-
rrisonum
caroticum ffii:',"#"
I
/Trigonummusculare
lomotracheale],
Regio sternocleidomastoidea
minor
Fossasuoraclavicularis

Trigonum
omoclavrculare

F i g .5 9 R e g i o n so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k ,
R e g i o n e cs a p i t i se t c o t l i .

Regioparietalis

Regio temporalis
Regio frontalis

Regio orbitalis
Regionasalis
Regio

Regioinfraorbitalis
Regiooralis

Regiobuccalis
Regio mentalis

f Trigonum /
submandibulare
...1 Regio sternocleidomastoidea
t"#i!i';?
""n'" ] rrisonum
caroticum
Regiocervicalisposterior
I rr'nonrr musculare
lomotracheale]
) Regio ..
Trigonum I cervrcails
omoctavrcutare J lateralis

minor
Fossasuoraclavicularis
Regio deltoidea

F i g . 5 0 R e g i o n so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k ,
R e g i o n e cs a p i t i se t c o [ [ i .
Topography

Arcuszygomaticus

Aperturapiriformis

F i g .6 1 S k u L [C
, ranium.
 Surface lSketetonl Muscles

of theskull

Os trontale,
Suturainternasalis Squamalrontalis
Os nasale
Maxilla, Proc frontalis Suturafrontonasalis
Suturaf rontolacrimalis
Suturafrontomaxillaris
Suturasphenofrontalis

Margosupraorbitalis Foramensupraorbitale

Suturacoronalis
Os parietale
Os parietale,
Angulussphenoidalis

Os sphenoidale, Sutura
Ala major sphenoparietalis

Os frontale, Os sphenoidale,
Parsorbitalis Ala major,
Faciesorbitalis
Os frontale,
Proc zygomaticus Os temporale
Fissura
orbitalissuperior Suturafrontozygomatica

Os sphenoidale,
Ala minor Os lacrlmale
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Sutura
sphenozygomatica
Os zygomaticum

Fissuraorbitalisinferior Suturanasomaxillaris

Margo infraorbitalis Foramen infraorbitale

Suturazygomaticomaxillaris
Concha nasalis media
. f Os ethmoidale
seprumnasr]
osseumI
\ vomer
Concha nasalis inferior

Maxilla, Proc alveolaris

Ramus mandibulae

Spina nasalis anterior

Sutura intermaxillaris

Foramenmentale

Corpusmandibulae

Os frontale
f,, ii Os temporale Vomer

Os nasale Concha nasalis inferior Os ethmoidale

Maxilla Mandibula Os parietale

os zygomaticum Os lacrimale Os sphenoidale

X

F i g . 6 2 B o n e so f t h e s k u [ t ,0 s s a c r a n i i .
 Bonesof theskull

Os parietale
Suturasquamosa
Suturacoronalis
Lineatemporalis
superior

inferior
Lineatemooralis

Linea temporalis Tuberparietale

Sutura
sphenozygomatica
Sutura
Sutura squamosa
frontozygomatica
US
Sutura
parieto-
Sutura mastoidea
frontolacrimalis
Os lacrimale
Sutura
Sutura lambdoidea
lacflmo-
maxillaris

Os nasale
Sutura
naso-
maxillaris

Spina Suturaoccioitomastoidea
nasalrs
anterior

Sutura Porusacusticusexternus
zygomatico-
maxillaris Condylus
occipitalis
Proc styloideus
Sutura
temporo-
zygomatica

Protuberantia
mentalis
Foramenmentale

Os frontale
I Os lacrimale Os temporale

Os parietale
I ,,
Os zygomaticum Maxilla

Os occipitale Os sphenoidale Mandibula

|:
Os nasale
X Os ethmoidale

F i g . 5 3 B o n e so f t h e s k u L tO
, s s ac r a n i i .
 > Head M us c tes

Bonesof theskull

Tuberfrontale

Sutura coronalis

Llnea
temporalis
supenor

Lrnea
temporalis
interior

Tuber
parietale

Suturasagittalis

Foramen parietale

Sutura lambdoidea

Os nasale Os parietale

Os frontale Os occipitale

F i g . 6 1 B o n e so f t h e s k u L LO, s s ac r a n i i ;
s u p e n o rv r e w .
To pogr a p h y

Bonesof theskull

Suturasagittalis

Foramenparietale (Osinterparietale;
Os Incae)

Sutura lambdoidea

(Suturaoccipitalis
transversa,Var.) Ossasuturalia

Sutura
squamosa

Sutura
parietomastoidea

Sutura
occipitomastoidea

Foramen
mastoideum

Incisuramastoidea

Proc,styloideus
Linea nuchalisinferior Protuberantia
externa
occipitalis
Linea nuchalissuDerior

osparietate Os temporale Os occipitale

I

F i g .6 5 B o n e so f t h e s k u I t ,0 s s a c r a n i i ;
o o s t e r i o vr i e w .
 > Head t t uatu,

Bonesof theskull

Foramenparietale
Sulciarteriosi
Suturacoronalis

Os temporale,
Dorsumsellae Pars squamosa

Sella turcica

Lamina et
Foraminacribrosa

Sinuslrontalis
Eminentia
arcuata
Foramen
caecum

Crista galli

Osnasale---1p.............

Os
ethmoidale,
Lamtna
perpen-
dicularis

Sinus
sphenoidalis Squama
occipitalis

Protuberantia
occipitalis
Canalis externa
Inctstvus Sulcussinustransversi
Proc Sulcussinussigmoidei
palatinus,
Foramen mastoideum
Crista
nasalrs Poruset Meatusacusticus
internus
Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Os palatinum Proc styloideus

Hamuluspterygoideus Proc pterygoideus,Lamina medialis
Proc pterygoideus,Lamina lateralis
Proc pterygoideus,
Fossapterygoidea

Os frontale Os sphenoidale

Os parietale Os temporale

Os occipitale l\ilaxilla

Os nasale Vomer

Os ethmoidale Os palatinum

F i g . 6 5 B o n e so f t h e s k u l t ,0 s s ac r a n i i ;
mediatview.
Topogr a p h y

Bonesof theskull

cristafrontalis

Sulcussinussagittalis
superioris

Foveolaegranulares

Suturacoronalis

Sulcussinussagittalis
supenons

Suturalambdoidea Os occipitale

Os frontale osparietate Os occipitale

I

Fig. 67 Calvaria,CaLvaria;
i^+^-^^l ^-^^^+
il ttct I tdt d>PcL(.
 Head Musc[es

Bonesof theskull

Cristafrontalis
Sulcussinussagittalis
superioris Foramen caecum
Ala cristae galli
Tuberculum
sellae Crista galli
Lamina et Foraminacribrosa
gyrorum
rmpressrones Os sphenoidale,
Corpus
Dorsum sellae

Proc clinoideusposterior
Canalis opticus
Fissuraorbitalissuperior

Suturasphenof
rontalis
I
Os sphenoidale,Ala minor

Fossa hypophysialis
Foramenrotundum Proc clinoideusanterior

Lingulasphenoidalis Sulcuscaroticus
Sutura
Foramenlacerum spnenosquamosa

Sulcus
Foramen ovale arteriosus
Fissura
petrooccipitalis
Foramen
sprnosum
Spinaossis
sphenoidalis
Sulcusinus
Os temporale, petrosi
Pars inferioris
squamosa

Fissura
Sulcusnervi perro-
petrosiminoris squamosa

Porus
Sulcusnervi acusticus
petrosimajoris Internus
Margosuperior
Margosuperior partis
partispetrosae pelrosae

Foramen
Os temporale, lugurare
Pars petrosa

Sulcussinus
Sulcusinus sigmoidei
petrosisuperioris
Canalis condylaris
Foramen mastoideum
Sutura
occipitomastoidea
Fossasubarcuata
Canalis nervi hypoglossi
Foramen jugulare
Clivus

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Sulcussinustransversi

Foramenmagnum
Protuberantia interna
occioitalis
(Cristaoccipitalisinterna)
Sulcussinussagittalis
superioris

Os frontale Os ethmoidale Os temporale

Os parietale Os sphenoidale Os occipitale

F i g . 5 8 I n t e r n a sL u r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u L t ,
B a s i sc r a n i i n t e r n a .
To p o g r a p h y

Bonesof theskull

Laminacribrosa

,)..-'.
Canalisopticus

Fissuraorbitalis
Fossa cranii supenor
anterior

Foramenrotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramenlacerum;
Fissura
spnenoperrosa

Fossacranii
media
Foramen
sprnosum

Canaliscaroticus,
Aperturainterna

Porusacusticus
internus

jugulare
Foramen

Canalisnervi
Fossa cranii hypoglossi
posterior

Foramen magnum

F i g . 6 9 I n t e r n a sI u r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ t ,
B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a
, n df o r a m i n a F
, oramina
 > Head M us c l es

3w Bonesof theskull

Foramenincisivum
Spinanasalisposterior
Sutura palatinamediana
Vomer,Alaevomeris
Maxilla, Proc palatinus

Os palatinum,
Proc pyramidalis transversa
Suturaoalatina
Maxilla, Proc zygomaticus
Os oalatinum.Lamina horizontalis
Proc pterygoideus,
Lamina medialis Foramenpalatinum
majus
Hamuluspterygoideus
Fissuraorbitalisinferior
Proc pterygoideus,
Laminalateralis Arcuszygomalicus

Os sphenoidale,
Ala major Crista
infratemporalis

Proc pterygoideus,
Os temporale, Laminamedialis
Proc
zygomaticus Foramen
ovale
Foramen
lacerum Tuberculum
pnaryngeum
Foramen
sprnosum Tuberculum
articulare
Fossa
mandibularis Canalis
caroticus
Spina ossis Canaliculus
sphenoidalis mastoideus

Proc
slyloideus
Foramen
stylo-
lvleatus mastoideum
acusticus
exlernus
Fossa
jugularis
Proc
mastoideus
Inctsura
mastoidea
Foramen
lugurare Canalis nervi
hypoglossi
Os parietale

Foramen
mastoideum

Fossula
petrosa

Condylus
occipitalis
Foramenmagnum
Canalis condylaris

Linea nuchalissuperior

Protuberantiaoccioitalisexterna Linea nuchalis inferior

Maxilla Os palatinum Os sphenoidale

Os frontale
I Vomer Os temporale

Os parietale
ffi Os zygomaticum Os occipitale

F i g .7 0 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ 1 ,
B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n a
T o p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns

Bonesof theskull

Foramina incisiva

Foramen palatinummajus Palatumdurum

Foramina palatina
mtnora

Fissura orbitalis
inferior Arcuszygomaticus

Fossa
infratemporalis
Foramen
ovate

Choana
Foramen
sptnosum

Foramen lacerum;
Fissura
sphenopetrosa

Porusacusticus
externus

Canalis caroticus,
Apertura externa

Foramen
stylomastoideum

Foramen jugulare

Canalis nerui hypoglossi

Foramen magnum

F i g . 7 1 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ 1 ,
B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n aa, n d f o r a m i n a F
, oramina.
 > Head Surface lSkel.etonl Muscles

SkulL,radiography

Sutura lambdoidea

Suturasagittalis

Cellulaeethmoidales

Sinus frontales

Crista galli

lvlargo supraorbitalis
Meatusnasimedius
Fissuraorbitalissuperior

Parspetrosa
Os temporale,
Meatus nasi superior

Septum nasi
l\4eatusacusticusexternus
Concha nasalis media

Sinus maxillaris Cellulaemastoideae

Concha nasalis inferior

Proc mastoideus
Spina nasalis anterior

Palatum durum Ramusmandibulae

Axis, Dens

l\4eatus
nasiinferior
Densincisivus

Cavitas nasi

Corpusmandibulae

F i g . 7 2 S k u L tC , ranium;
A P - t e t e r aido gr ap h .
* I n n o m i n aItien e L, i n e ai n n o m i n a taap, r o j e c t i oLni n e
withoutanatomicaI corre[ate
't'r:nr:qr*p:hy
| ilr13arrili'ejl", | .*rtinns

Skull,radiography

Lamrna
externa

Diplod

Lamina
interna
Proc
c lin o i d e u s
Sutura anterior
coronalis
Proc
clinoideus
posterior

Fossa
hypophysialis
Os frontale,
Pars orbitalis
Sutura
lambdoidea

Fossa
Sinus mandibularis
frontalis

Cellulae
ethmoidales
Os nasale Cellulae
mastoideae
Sinus
sphenoidalis
lvleatus
acusticus
externus
Sinus
maxillaris

Caput
mandibulae

Palatum Atlas, Arcus

durum anterior

Atlas,
Tuberculum
posterius
Axis, Dens

Proc
mandibulae sprnosus
vertebrae
ceruicalisll
Cartilagoepiglottica
\
\ os hyotderm, Ramus mandibulae
Corpus

F i g . 7 3 S k u [ 1C, r a n i u m ;
[ a t e r aLt e L e r a d i or g
ap h
* Posterio wra [ [o f t h em a x i L t asriyn u s
 > Head Surface lSkeletonl Muscles

Skull,development

Fonticulus
anterior
Os parietale

(Suturafrontalis) Suturacoronalis

Os frontale,Tuberfrontale

Maxilla, Proc frontalis

Foramensupraorbitale

Os nasale

Ala major Os temporale

Os sphenoidale,

Septumnasiosseum

Forameninfraorbitale Os zygomaticum
Densdeciduus

Mandibula
Foramen mentale

(Symphysis mandibulae)

F i g . 7 t , S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o
, f a neonate.

Os lacrimale Os occipitale Os ethmoidale

Os frontale Maxilla,Os incisivum Os sphenoidale

Os parietale Os zygomaticum Mandibula

Os nasale,Os temporale,

Fonticulus
anterior

Suturacoronalis

Os frontale, Tuber frontale Tuberparietale

Os parietale,

Fonticulus
sphenoidalis

Os sphenoidale,Ala major

posterior
Fonticulus
Os zygomaticum

Squamaoccipitalis
Apedurapiriformis

Sutura
lambdoidea
Mandibula
Fonticulus
mastoideus

Parspetrosa
Os temporale,
Anulustympanicus
Os occioitale.Parslateralis

, f a neonate.
F i g .7 5 S k u t t ,C r a n i u m o
 Suturafrontalis
Os frontale.Squamafrontalis

Suturacoronalis
Fonticulus
anterior

Os parietale,Tuberparietale

posterior
Fonticulus
Suturasagittalis

Suturalambdoidea
Os occipitale,Squamaoccipitalis

F i g . 7 6 S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o
, f a neonate.

I Vomer Os occipitale,Os palatinum Maxilla,

Os incisivum

Os frontale Os temporale Os zygomaticum

I Os parietale Mandibula
W
Ossphenoidale

Fonticulusposterior

Os occipitale,Squama occipitalis
Os parietale

(Suturaoccipitalis
transversa,Var.)

Fonticulus
mastoideus

Os temporale,Parspetrosa

Os occioitale. Pars lateralis

Os temporale,
Parssquamosa
Foramenmagnum
Parstympanica,
Anulustympanicus

Os temporale,Parspetrosa

Proc.pterygoideus
Os sphenoidale,

Vomer Maxilla.Proc. Dalatinus

Os oalatinum.
Laminahorizontalis (Osincisivum)
Mandibula

F i g . 7 7 S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o
, f a neonate.
 M us c tes

Frontaland ethmoidalbone

Souamafrontalis.
Faciesexterna

Tuberfrontale

Margo parietalis

Arcussuperciliaris

lncisurafrontalis

Parsnasalis Spinanasalis

Fig.78 FrontaLbone,Os fronta[e.

Os frontale.
Souamafrontalis

lncisurasuoraorbitalis
Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa
Margosupraorbitalis

Fossaglandulae
lacrimalis
Labvrinthus
ethmoidalis

Margosupraorbitalis Proc zygomaticus

Laminaperpendicularis
Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa

Os lrontale osethmoidate
X

F i g . 7 9 F r o n t a lb o n e ,0 s f r o n t a [ ee; t h m o i d a bI o n e ,
0 s e t h m o i d a t ea, n d n a s a lb o n e s ,O s s an a s a t i a .
T o p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns

Maxillaandpalatinebone

Cristalacrimalis
Proc frontalis, anterior
Margo lacrimalis

Incisura
lacrimalis

lvlargoinfraorbitalis
Forameninfraorbitale
Facies orbitalis

(Cristazygomatico-
Sulcus infraorbitalis
alveolaris)

Facies infratemporalis Fossacanina

lncisuranasalis

Foramina alveolaria Soinanasalisanterior

Proc zygomaticus

Juga alveolaria

Tuber maxillae

Proc alveolaris

F i g .8 0 MaxiLLM
a ,a x i l . t a .

Margo lacrimalis
Cristaethmoidalis

Maxilla,Proc frontalis

Sulcuslacrimalis

Cristaconchalis

Maxilla, Facies nasalis

Spina nasalis anletiot -.1

Crista conchalis
Maxilla.Proc. oalatinus Spinanasalisposterior

Suturapalatinatransversa
Maxilla

Os palatinum

, a x i l . t aa,n d p a t a t i n eb o n e ,
F i g .8 1 M a x i t [ aM
0s patatinum.
 Surface lSketetonl Musctes

Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa
Squamafrontalis,
Faciesinterna

Cristasphenoidalis

Sinus sphenoidalis
Sinus
frontalis
Fossahypophysialis

Dorsumsellae
Sutura
frontonasalis

Os
nasale
Os sphenoidale,
Corpus

Os ethmoidale, Alavomeris
Laminaperpendicularis
Septum
nastosseum

Proc.pterygoideus,
Maxilla, Laminamedialis
Proc frontalis

Proc.pterygoideus,
Laminalateralis
Os lacrimale

Spinanasalisposterior

Hamuluspterygoideus

Os palatinum,
Maxilla, Laminahorizontalis
Proc. palatinus

Maxilla Os palatinum
Os frontale Os ethmoidale
Os nasale
I Vomer
Os sphenoidale Os lacrimale

F i g . 8 2 B o n yn a s asI e p t u m ,
S e o t u mn a s o
i sseum.
 Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa

Crista galli Conchanasalissuperior

Sinussphenoidalis

Foramen
sohenoDalatinum
Os nasale

Os sphenoidale,
Corpus

Concha nasalis media

Hiatusmaxillaris

Clivus

Conchanasalisinferior Os occipitale

Os palatinum,
Laminaperpendicularis
Proc.pterygoideus,
Spina nasalis anterior Laminamedialis

Canalis incisivus
Hamuluspterygoideus

Maxilla, Laminahorizontalis
Os Dalatinum.
Proc palatinus

Fig. 83 Lateralwat[ of the nasaIcavity,

C a v i t a sn a s i .

Os parietale Concha nasalis inferior

Maxilla Os sphenoidale

Os frontale Os occipitale X Os ethmoidale

Os nasale Os palatinum Os lacrimale

Sinusfrontalis

Apertura
*
sinuslrontalis
Aperturasinussphenoidalis
Concha nasalis
supenor
Sinussphenoidalis
Os nasale

Os Foramen
lacrimale sphenopalatinum

Proc.uncinatus Os palatinum,
Cristaethmoidalis
Hiatus
maxillaris Conchanasalisinferior,
Proc ethmoidalis

Spina
nasalis
anterior
Fig. 84 Lateralwa[[ of the nasalcavity,
Canalis C a v i t a sn a s i ;
tnctstvus
t h e m i d d t en a s a Ic o n c h ah a s b e e n
removed.
Spinanasalisposterior
' Probelocated in thepassage fromthefrontal
n a s am
s i n u st o t h em i d d [ e L eatus
> Head M us c tes

Hardpalate

Sinusmaxillaris

F i g .8 5 H a r dp a [ a t e P , a t a t u md u r u m ; m a x i l t a r ys i n u s ,
S i n u sm a x i [ L a r i sa,n d i n f e r i o rn a s a Ic o n c h a C
, oncha
n a s a L i isn f e r i o r .

lvlaxilla Os sphenoidale

Os palatinum Concha nasalis lnlerior

Laminahorizontalis
Os oalatinum.

Maxilla,Proc zygomaticus

(Suturaincisiva)

(Osincisivum)

Foramenincisivum Suturaoalatinamediana

F i g .8 6 H a r dp a [ a t e P
, a t a t u md u r u m .
To p o g r a p h y

0rbit andpterygopalatine
fossa

Os palatinum,
Proc orbitalis

Fissuraorbitalisinlerior

Os sphenoidale,Ala major

1.-

Os zygomaticum

Fossa
saccilacrimalis

F i 9 .8 7 B a s eo f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a

oszygomaticum Maxilla
I
Os temporale
I Os lacrimale

Os palatinum Os ethmoidale

Os sphenoidale Os frontale

Arcuszygomaticus

infratemporalis
Foramen Foramenovale
zygomaticofaciale
Foramen
spinosum

Ala major,
Spinaossissphenoidalis
Proc pterygoideus
(Crista
zygomaticoalveolaris)
Os palatinum,
Laminaperpendicularis,
Fossapterygopalatina

Proc.pyramidalis
Os palatinum,

Os sphenoidale,
Proc pterygoideus,
Foraminaalveolaria Hamuluspterygoideus

Fig. 88 fossa,Fossapterygopalatina.
Pterygopatatine
 > Head M us c l es

0rbit

Foraminaethmoidalia
anterius et poslerius

Incisura
lrontalis Canalisopticus

Fissura
orbitalis
superior
Os ethmoidale,
Lamina orbitalis (Sutura
zygomaticofrontalis)
Suturalrontomaxillaris Alaminor
)
I
l Os sphenoidale
Os nasale - Ala major, I
Faciesorbitalis./

Cristalacrimalis
anterior Os zygomaticum,
Faciesorbitalis

posterior
Cristalacrimalis Foramen
zygomaticolaciale

Os palatinum, Fissura orbitalisinlerior

Proc orbitalis
Sulcusinlraorbitalis

Foramen infraorbitale: Canalis inlraorbitalis Suturazygomaticomaxillaris

Fig.89 0rbit,0rbita;
orobelocatedin the infra-orbitaI
c a n a tC
. a n a L i sn fr a o r b i t a [ r s

Os nasale
I Vomer Os temporale

Os frontale

Os palatinum
m Os zygomaticum

Maxilla
Concha nasalis inferior

Os sphenoidale

Os ethmoidale Os lacrimale

Cellulaeethmoidales
Crista galli
Sinusfrontalis
Os ethmoidale,Lamina perpendicularis

Os frontale,Parsorbitalis

Fissuraorbitalis
supenor

Ala minor Os temporale,

Parssquamosa

Ala malor,
Faciesorbitalis
Fissuraorbitalis
inferior

Os zygomaticum

Os palatinum

Sinus maxillaris

Vomer Concha nasalis media

Maxilla.Proc alveolaris Concha nasalis inferior

Dens molaris
Cavitasnasi,Meatusnasiinferior
Maxilla,Proc palatinus

Fig.90 Faciatsketeton,Viscerocranium;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
T o p o g r a p h y| 0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s

Squama Os parietale
lrontalis,
Facies Suturasphenofrontalis
interna

Parssquamosa
Os temporale,

Alaminor

Ala major, )
FaciesorbitalisI
Os sPhenoidale
- Corpus I
)
Foramina
zygomaticoorbitalia
Sinussphenoidalis
Foramenrotundum
Canalisinfraorbitalis
Canalispterygoideus

Fossapterygopalatina
Sinusmaxillaris
Proc pterygoideus

Hamuluspterygoideus

Canalispalatinus
major

Alveoli dentales

F i g . 9 1 0 r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
[ateraIwaIt.

Os frontale Os nasale Maxilla

I Os lacrimale Os palatinum Os temporale

Os sphenoidale Os ethmoidale
I Os zygomaticum

Os frontale

Suturaethmoidolacrimalis

Foramen
ethmoidale
anterius

Laminaorbitalis
Os ethmoidale,

Foramenethmoidaleoosterius

Os nasale Canalisopticus

Proc.orbitalis
Os oalatinum.

Foramen
sphenopalatinum
Maxilla,
Crista lacrimalisanterior
Fossapterygopalatina

Os sphenoidale,
Corpus
Os lacrimale,
Crista lacrimalis posterior

Sulcusinfraorbitalis
Proc.pterygoideus,
Laminalateralis

Maxilla,Proc.zygomaticus
Hamuluspterygoideus

l\4axilla.Proc alveolaris

F i g . 9 2 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
mediaIwatl.
 Surface lSkeletonl Muscles

Sphenoidalbone

Cristasphenoidalis

Apertura
sinus Fissuraorbitalis
sphenoidalis supenor

Ala major,
Faciesorbitalis

Ala major,
Faciestemporalis

Cristainfratemporalis

Concha sphenoidalis
Foramenrotundum
Spina ossis sphenoidalis

Facies maxillaris Proc pterygoideus,

Laminalateralis

Proc pterygoideus,Lamina medialis Incisurapterygoidea

Hamuluspterygoideus

F i g . 9 3 S p h e n o i d abto n e 0
, s sphenoida[e;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Sulcuscaroticus Dorsumsellae

Proc clinoideusposterior
Foramen
rotundum

Proc clinoideusanterior
Fissura lvlargo
orbitalis
superior parietalis

Ala major,
Facies
cerebralis

Sulcusarteriosus

Lingulasphenoidalis

Sulcustubaeauditivae

Soina ossis sDhenoidalis

Canalispterygoideus

Corpus Fossascaphoidea

Proc vaginalis Proc pterygoideus,

Laminalateralis

Roskum sphenoidale

Proc pterygoideus,
Laminamedialis

F i g . 9 4 S p h e n o i d abt o n e ,0 s s p h e n o i d a [ e ;
oosteriorview.
Topogr a p h y

Sphenoidal
and occipitalbone

(Proc clinoideusmedius)

Ala major,Margofrontalis Proc.clinoideusposterior Sulcusorechiasmaticus

Jugumsphenoidale
Proc clinoideus
anterior Tuberculumsellae
Canalis
opticus
Ala major,
Margoparietalis Os sphenoidale,
Ala major

Foramen
rotundum
Fissura
orbitalis
superior

Sella turcica,
Ala major, Fossa hypophysialis
Margosquamosus
Foramen ovale

Foramenspinosum

Sulcuscaroticus

Proc intrajugularis Lingulasphenoidalis

jugularis
lncisura
jugulare
Tuberculum

Proc.jugularis Os occipitale,Parslateralis

Foramenmagnum
Margomastoideus

Sulcussinussigmoidei

Fossa cerebellaris

Sulcussinustransversi

(Cristaoccipitalis
interna) Margo lambdoideus

Eminentia
cruciformis

Protuberantia
occioitalisinterna

F i g .9 5 0 c c i p i t a b
t o n e ,0 s o c c i p i t a l e ,
a n d s p h e n o i d abI o n e ,0 s s p h e n o i d a [ e .
 Temporalbone

Margoparietalis
Parssquamosa,
Faclestemporalis

SulcusarteriaetemDoralis
mediae

Foveola suDrameatica

Cristasupramastoidea
Margo sphenoidalis

parietalis
Incisura

(Spinasuprameatica)

Parspetrosa

Foramenmastoideum Proc zygomaticus

Margo occipitalis

Fissuratympanomastoidea

lncisura mastoidea

Proc mastoideus

Parstympanica

F i g .9 6 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a L e .

F i g . 9 7 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t eo, f a n e o n a t e .
To p o g r a p h y| 0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o ns

Margoparietalis

Parssouamosa.
Faciescerebralis

Eminentia
arcuata

parietalis
Incisura

Margosuperior
Sulcusarteriosus partispetrosae

Foramenmastoideum

Margo occipitalis

Sulcussinussigmoidei

Aperturacanaliculi
vestibuli
Apexpartispetrosae
Proc intrajugularis

Porusacusticus
internus Proc styloideus

F i g .9 8 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t e .

Canaliscaroticus

Apexpartis
petrosae

Proc.zygomaticus
Canaliscaroticus

Tuberculum
articulare Fossulapetrosa

Aoertura canaliculicochleae
Fossamandibularis
Proc intrajugularis
Fissurapetrotympanica
Fossajugularis
Meatusacusticus
externus
Vaginaprocessusstyloidei

Proc styloideus

Foramenstylomastoideum
Proc mastoideus

Incisura
mastoidea Margo occipitalis

Foramen mastoideum

F i g .9 9 T e m p o r a bl o n e ,O s t e m p o r a [ e
> Head M us c tes

Mandible

Proc condylaris Proc coronoideus

Ramus mandibulae

Linea obliqua

Ramus mandibulae

Basis mandibulae
Corpusmandibulae
Tuberculum
mentale
mentalis
Protuberantia

F i g .1 0 0 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u t a

Proc coronoideus

Incisuramandibulae

Ramusmandibulae

(Tuberositas
masseterica)

Angulusmandibulae
Corpusmandibulae

F i g .1 0 1 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u [ a .

lncisuramandibulae
Proc.----l
coronoideus !'

Fovea sublingualis Ramusmandibulae

Foramenmandibulae

Sulcusmylohyoideus

(Tuberositas
pterygoidea)

Angulusmandibulae

Linea mylohyoidea Foveasubmandibularis

F i g . 1 0 2 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u [ a .
T o p o g r a p h y| 0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s

Collummandibulae

Foramenmandibulae

(Tuberositas
pterygoidea)

Angulusmandibulae
Arcusalveolaris,:,

Linea mylohyoidea

Foveasubmandibularis

Foveasublingualis

Spinamentalis Fossadigastrica

F i g . 1 0 3 M a n d i b l . eM, a n d i b u [ a .

Corpusmandibulae

F i g . 1 0 4 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u l . o
a f, a n e t d e r t yi n d i v i d u a l . .

Proc.coronoideus
Ramusmandibulae Corpus
mandibulae Densdeciduus
Proc.condylaris

(Symphysis
mandibulae)

Foramenmentale

F i g . 1 0 5 M a n d i b t eM
, andibuLa
o ,f a n e o n a t e .
 > Head Surface lSketetonl Musctes

Temporomandibular joint

Proc.zygomaticus
Os temporale,

Capsulaarticularis

Porusacusticus
externus

Articulatio Proc pterygoideus,

temporomandibularis, Laminalateralis
Lig laterale

Proc styloideus
Proc. coronoideus

Proc condylaris

Lig stylomandibulare

Angulusmandibulae;
(Tuberositas
masseterica)

F i g . 1 0 6 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i ot e m o o r o m a n dbiu L a r i s .

Sinussphenoidalis

Cavitas nasi, Choana SDinaossis sohenoidalis

Lig pterygospinale

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

f Laminalateralis
Proc.pterygoideus
1.
\ Laminamedialis
Proc styloideus

Hamuluspterygoideus Lig sphenomandibulare

Lig stylomandibulare

Ramus mandibulae

L i n g u l am a n d i b u l a e

Sulcusmylohyoideus

A n g u l um
s andibulae;
(Tuberositas pterygoidea)
Linea mylohyoidea

F i g . 1 0 7 P t e r y g o s p i n o uasn d s p h e n o m a n d i b u LLairg a m e n t s ,
L i g g .p t e r y g o s p i n a [eet s p h e n o m a n d i b u [ a r e .
 Discusarticularis

Caputmandibulae

Porusacusticusexternus
Os zygomaticum
Collummandibulae

Proc.coronoideus

Capsulaarticularis

F i g . 1 0 8 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u [ a r i s ;
s a g i t t a sl .e c t i o n ;
m o u t ha [ m o s tc l o s e d .

Fossamandibularis,
Faciesarticularis

Discusarticularis

Caputmandibulae

Porusacusticusexternus
Os zygomaticum
Collummandibulae

Proc mastoideus
Proc coronoideus
Proc.styloideus

Ramusmandibulae
Capsulaarticularis

F i g . 1 0 9 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u Lj oairn t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r i s ;
crniiirl <ontinn.

m o u t ho D e n e d .
 Surface lSketetonl Musctes

joint and masticatory

Temporomandibular muscles

F i g .1 1 0a , b A r t i c u [ adr i s c D, iscua s r t i c u t a r ios f,t h e

t e m p o r o m a n d i b uj ol .ianrt A
, r t i c u t a t ti o
emporomandibutaris.
a S u o e r i ovri e w
b LateraIview

Arcuszygomaticus

A b b .1 1 1 M a s t i c a t om r yu s c t e sM, m .m a s t i c a t o r i i
A r r o w si n d i c a tteh ed i r e c t i oonf m u s c [ e
traction
w h e nc t o s i ntgh e m o u t h .
T o p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o n s

Caputmandibulae

F i g . 1 1 2 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u L a r i s .

1 Meatusacusticus
externus 5 Os temporale,
Tuberculum
articulare
2 Proc.condylaris 6 Incisura
mandibulae
3 Discusarticularis 7 Proc coronoideus
4 Ostemporale,Fossa mandibularis

F i g . 1 1 3a , b T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,A r t i c u t a t i o T h e a r t i c u l a rd i s cs h i f t sf o r w a r dd u r i n go p e n i n go f t h e m o u t h .
temporomandibu[aris;
t o m o g r a p h yl;a t e r a Ip r o j e c t i o n
a f t e r i n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s t
m e d i u mi n t ot h e j o i n t c a v i t y[ a r t h r o g r a p h y ) .
a M o u t hc l o s e d
b M o u t ho p e n e d
Head $unface lSkeletonl Muscles

Masticatory
muscles

Arcus
zygomaticus

F i g .1 1 t , M a s s e t e a
r n d t e m p o r a lm u s c [ e ,
M m . m a s s e t e re t t e m D o r a t r s .

Os zygomaticum,
Proc temporalis

major,Cristainfratemporalis

M pterygoideus
lateralis
Tuberculum
articulare
Os temporale,
Proc zygomaticus

Fossamandibularis,
Faciesadicularis

Discusarticularis

Caputmandibulae

Capsulaarticularis

l\4 pterygoideus
medialis

F i g .115 T e m p o r o m a n d i b ujLoai nr t ,A r t i c u t a t rt oe m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r i s ;
m e d i a La n d L a t e r apI t e r y g o i dm u s c L e s ,
M m . p t e r y g o i d emi e d i a t i se t I a t e r a L r s .
Topogr a p h y| 0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s

Masticatory
muscles

N opticus0ll
N trochlearis
lvl
N oculomotorius
illll

N trigeminus
[Vl

N abducens [Vl]

A temporalis,
R frontalls

A. carotisinterna
M temporalis

Fossamandibularis

Capsulaarticularis
Discusarticularis

M pterygoideus
lateralis, Caputmandibulae
Caputsuperius
l\4 pterygoideus
lateralis
Caputinferius
Lig. sphenomandibulare
Palatummolle
N lingualis

N alveolarisinferior
pterygoideus
medialis

M masseter
pterygoideus
Hamulus

Angulus mandibulae

M mylohyoideus

Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus

M genioglossus

M omohyoideus
M geniohyoideus
Platysma
M thyrohyoideus
l\4 sternohyoideus

F i g , 1 1 6 M a s t i c a t o rm y u s c t e sM, m. masticatorii;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e m p o r o m a n d i b u t jaori n t
a n d h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nt h r o u q ht h e c a t v a r i a :
oosteriorview.
 Surface lSketetonl Muscles

Masticatory
muscles

Cellulaeethmoidales Septumnasi

N. opticusilll *

V ; 4 , t e m p o r a lai s a a M temporalis
superficialis,
R frontalis

R temporalis*
(vil)

N infraorbitalis
*
Conchanasalis
media

R. zygomaticus*
(vil)
Conchanasalis
inferior
Sinusmaxillaris
a M. masseter,
Parsprofunda

a M. masseter,
parotidea
Glandula Parssuperficialis
accessona

Ductusparotideus Maxilla

a M. buccinator

A facialisa
Densmolarisll

Lingua

Mandibula

Platysma
Glandula
submandularis a M. mylohyoideus

Noduslymphoideus a M digastricus,Venteranterior
submandibularis

F i g . 1 1 7 M a s t i c a t om
r yu s c l e sM, m .m a s t i c a t o r i i ;
f r o n t asI e c t i o n ;
a n t e r i ovr i e w .
To p o g r a p h y| O r g a na re a s I S e cti o ns

Masticatorymuscles

Cartilagoalarismajor

a M orbicularis
oculi

a M. zygomaticusmajor

O M. temporalis

a M masseter,
Parsprofunda

Ramus mandibulae a M. masseter,

Parssuperficialis

N massetericus
e a M pterygoideus
lateralis,
Caputinlerius
N alveolaris&
inlerior a M pterygoideus
lateralis,
N lingualis
, Caputsuperius
A alveolaris O
inferior
a M pterygoldeus
medialis

A. maxillaris
a
Glandula
parotidea
N facialis[Vll] {}

Proc styloideus
V maxillaris
a

V jugularis
internaa

A. vertebralis
a

F i g . 1 1 8 M a s t i c a t o rmy u s c l e sM
, m.masticatorii;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n .
 > Head ' ke[*'tmnl Muscles
S u r " i . m u *l S

Facialandmasticatory
muscles

Galea aponeurotica

M procerus

supercilii
M corrugator
M epicranius,
M occipitofrontalis,
Venterfrontalis Lig palpebralemediale

l\il levatorlabii
superioris alaeque
M depressor
supercilii nasl

M, nasalis

M temporoparietalis

M levator
labii superioris
M orbicularis
o c u l iP
, ars
palpebralis

M orbicularis
oculi, Pars M zygomaticus
orbitalis : mtnor

M levator
labii M zygomaticus
supeflons malor
araequenasr
l\il depressor
l\4 zygomaticus
mrnor septi nasi

lvl levator M levator

labiisuperioris angulioris
Glandulaparotidea
M zygomaticus Corpusadiposum
malor buccae

M levator anguli oris Ductusparotideus

M orbicularis
oris,
Parsmarginalis

M risorius

Platysma
Platysma
Foramenmentale

M depressoranguli oris l\4 depressor

angulioris

l\il depressor
labiiinferioris

lvl sternocleidomastoideus
M depressor labii inferioris
Platysma
M mentalis
Fascia ceruicalis.Lamina suDerficialis

l\4 orbicularis
oris,
Parslabialis

, m faciei,
F i g . 1 1 9 F a c i a Im u s c t e s M
and masticatorm v u s c t e sM , m.masticaiorii
T opog r a p h y| Org a na re a s I S e cti o ns

Facialmuscles

M. auricularis
anterior M epicranius,
M.temporoparietalis

Galeaaponeurotica

M epicranius,M occipitolrontalis,
Venterfrontalis
M. auricularis
supeflor

oculi,Parspalpebralis
M orbicularis

M. depressor
supercilii
M. epicranius,
M procerus M occipito-
frontalis,
Venter
M orbicularis
oculi, occipitalis
Parsorbitalis
M levator labii
supeflofls
alaeque nasi

M nasalis
M, levator M. auricularis
labii posterior
supenons

M semispinalis
capitis
M. zygomaticus
mtnor
M. orbicularis M. sternocleido-
ons mastoideus
M. zygomaticus
maJor M splenius
capitis
Panniculus
adiposus
M orbicularis
oris
M. trapezius
M depressor
labiiinferioris
M. mentalis

M depressor
angulioris
Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superf icialis

Fasciaparotidea

Fig. 120 Facialmusctes,Mm. faciei

 Surface lSketetonl Musctes

muscles
Facialandmasticatorv

Fasciatemporalis,
Laminaprolunda
Arcus
zygomaticus
Galeaaooneurotica
M. epicranius, rontalis,
lV.occipitof
Venterfrontalis
Pericranium
M corrugator
supercilii

f Parspalpebralis;
M. orbicularis Fasciatemporalis,
oculil Parsorbitalis Laminasuperficialis

M. procerus
M depressor M. epicranius,
supercilii M. temporo-
parietalis
Lig. palpebrale
mediale

M epicranius,
M. levator labii M occipito-
superiorisalaeque nasi frontalis,
M levator Venter
labii superioris occipitalis

Articulatio
M nasalis temporo-
mandibularis,
Capsula
articularis,
Lig. laterale

M. zygomaticus Glandula parotidea

mlnor
M levator parotidea
Glandula
angulioris accessona
M. orbicularis Ductusparotideus
ons
M zygomaticus M buccinator
maJor

M. depressor M sternocleidomastoideus
labiiinferioris
M masseter

Corpusadiposum
M mentalis ouccae

M. orbicularis
oris
M. risorius

M depressor submandibularis
Glandula
angulioris
Laminasuoerlicialis
Fasciacervicalis,

M digastricus,Venteranterior

Fig. 121 Facialmusctes,Mm. faciei,and

v u s c l e s ,M m . m a s t i c a t o r i i .
masticatorm
 Facialandmasticatorv
muscles

Pericranium
M, temporalis

Galeaaponeurotica
M. epicranius,
M. occipitofrontalis,
Venterfrontalis
Arcuszygomaticus
M corrugatorsupercilii

M. orbicularis
oculi Articulatio
temporomandibularis,
Capsulaarticularis,
M. depressor
supercilii Lig laterale

M. levatorlabiisuperioris
alaequenasi

M. levatorlabiisuDerioris
N. infraorbitalis
M nasalis
M. levator M. epicranius,
angulioris M. occipito-
fronialis,
Venteroccipitalis

Meatus
M. orbicularis
oris acusticusexternus
cartilagineus
Ductusparotideus

M. buccinator Ramus
mandibulae
M. masseter, Proc.styloideus
Parsprofunda
M. orbicularis
oris A. temporalissuperticialis

M mentalis M sternocleidomastoideus

M. depressor
labiiinferioris
M. digastricus,Venterposterior
M depressor
angulioris
M digastricus,Venteranterior
M. masseter,Parssuoerficialis
M. stylohyoideus V jugularisinterna
Os hyoideum

N. hypoglossus
[Xlll N vagus[X]

M. constrictorpharyngisinferior

A. carotiscommunis

Fig. 122 FaciaImusctes,Mm. faciei,and

masticatorm
y u s c t e sM
, m. masticatorii.
121
256
 M us c l es

Arteriesof the head

A temporalis
media A temporalis R parietalis
superficialis,

A temporalis
superficialis,
R frontalis

A. temporalis
superlicialis
A. zygomaticoorbitalis

A. stylomastoidea
Aa temporalesprofundae
anterioret Dosterior

A transversa faciei A occipitalis,

Rr.occipitales

A meningea media
A auricularis
posterior,
R occipitalis
A sphenopalatina

A auricularis
A angularis posleflor

A occipitalis
A, infraorbitalis

A. alveolaris R mastoideus
superiorposterior

R. sternocleidomastoideus
A labialissuperior
A maxillaris

A. palatina A occipitalis
descendens
A palatinaascendens

A buccalis A. facialis

A labialisinterior A carotisexterna

A. carotisinterna
R mentalis

A facialis
Bifurcatio
carotidis
A submentalis
A alveolaris
inferior
A thyroidea
superior A carotiscommunis

Fig.123 ExternaIcarotidartery,
A . c a r o t i se x t e r n a .
 Veinsof the head

V. emissariaoarietalis

V temporalis
superficialis

V.diploica
temporalis
posterior

V labialissuperior
Plexuspterygoideus

V maxillaris

V cervicalisprofunda

V pharyngea
V labialisinferior
V retromandibularis

V jugularis
externa
V submentalis V comitansnervi
hypoglossi
V facialis V.jugularis
interna
V thyroideasuperior

F i g . 1 2 4 I n t e r n ajlu g u l a rv e i n ,
V .j u g u L a r i si n t e r n a .
 > Head M us c tes

Lymphatics
of the headand the neck

Nodi lymphoideiparotidei
superficiales

Nodi lymphoidei
occipitales

Nodi lymphoidei
mastoidei

Nodilymphoidei
faciales
Nodi lymphoidei
cervicalesprolundi

Nodi lymphoidei
submandibulares

Nodi lvmDhoideicervicales
me0rates

Nodi lymphoidei
cervicales laterales

Fig.125 Lymphnodesand lymphatics

o f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k ,N o d iL y m p h o i d e i
c a p i t i se t c e r v i c i s ;
a r r o w si n d i c a t ed r a i n a o ea r e a s .
 M sternocleidomastoideus

Glandula parotidea i.e

Nodi lymphoideiparotideiprofundi

1"*t*
Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales,
Nodi profundisuperiores

M splenius
capitis

M levator scapulae

Nodilymphoideiretropharyngeales
Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales,
Nodi profundi inferiores
A. carotiscommunis

M scalenusmedius V jugularis
interna

Glandula thyroidea
M scalenusanterior
Nodi lymphoideithyroidei

M trapezius Nodilymphoideicervicales
anteriores,
Nodiorofundiinferiores

V brachioceDhalica dextra

A subclavia
dextra
V subclavia
dextra

F i g . 1 2 6 D e e pL y m p hn o d e so f t h e n e c k ,
N o d it y m p h o i d eci e r v i c a L epsr o f u n d i .
i::Yl

> Head Musctes

it Facialnerve

R temporalis

Rr zygomatici

posterior
N auricularis

Rr buccales

N facialis [Vll]

R m a r g i n a l i sm a n d i b u l a r i s

Fig. 127 FaciaInerve,N. faciatis[Vll]

F i g . 1 2 8a , b P a t s yo f t h e l e f t f a c i a Ln e r v e ,
N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] .
a T h e c o n c e r n e de y ec a n n o tb e c l o s e du p o n
r e qu e s t It ag o ph t h aL m us ) .
b T h e t e e t ho f t h e c o n c e r n e ds i d ec a n n o tb e
S n o w nu 0 0 nr e o u e s t
To p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns

Cutaneous
innervation

N frontalis

N ophthalmicus
N supraorbitalis
lv/11

Ganglion trigeminale N supratrochlearis

Ganglion ciliare
N maxillaris
lvt2l
N. infraorbitalis

N mandibularis
lv/31 Foramen
infraorbitale

N temporalis
profundus
N palatinusmajor

N auriculotemporalis
N buccalis

N alveolaris
interior
N lingualis

N mylohyoideus N mentalis

Ganglion
submandibulare

Fig. 129 Trigeminalnerve,

N . t r i g e m i n u s[ V J .

N ophthalmicus
[V/'1]

F i g . 1 3 0 C u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o o
nf t h e h e a d
a n dt h e n e c k
 > Head Surface lSketetonl Musctes

Vesselsandnervesof the headand the neck

M occipitofrontalis
& M epicranius,

& N supraorbitalis

oculi
s M, orbicularis
A temporalis
supedlcialis,
o
R parietalis

lvl temporalis*

auriculotemporalis O A angularis
(v/3)

Rr temporales
(vll)

parotidea
Glandula Ductus
parotideus

N occipitalisminor,
(Plexus cervicalis) !, R buccalis
(vil)

& M masseter
V jugularis
externaa

M levatorscapulae*
,; R marginalis
mandibularis
(vil)
magnus,,,
N auricularis
(Plexuscervicalis)

N accessorius',
txtl Platysma

M trapezius
s

't32
25r+
1.
F i g . 1 3 1 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k :
s u o e r f i c i al[a t e r a Ir e o i o n s
 andnervesof theheadandthe
Vessels

A temporalis
superficialis
a
(V/1)
& N supraorbitalis

a A supraorbitalis

auriculotemporalis
',
(v/3)
* N. supratrochlearis
Nn)

N occipitalismajor I {t N infra-
orbitalis
(v/2t

Plexusintraparotideus&
(vil)

minor ,
N occipitalis

* N mentalis
(v/3)
L4 spleniuscapitiss

a A facialis

magnus,.*
N auricularis a V facialis

? R , c o l l i( V l l )
[Xll ,,
N accessorius

V jugularis
externaa

6 N transversus
colli

Nn supraclaviculares

i M sternocleidomastoideus
M trapezius
o

o V transversa
colli

133
256

Fig.132 Vessetsand nerveso f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k ;

d e e pl a t e r a Ir e g i o n s .
131
 > Head M us c l es

iil Lateralregionof theface

V,temporalis
mediaa
a A temporalis R.frontalis
superficialis,

A temporalis
supedicialis,
a s N suoraorbitalis,R
lateralis
R parietalis
&,N zygomaticus,
R zygomaticotemporalis

{e N supraorbitalis,
B lateralis

a A supratrochlearis

{,}N supraorbitalis,
R medialis

& N zygomaticus,
R zygomatico-
facialis

I N supratrochlearis

* N infratrochlearis

{, N ethmoidalis
antenor,
R nasalis
EXTETNUS

a A angularis
A occipitalisa

s N infra-
N auricularis.t orbitalis
posterior
posterior
A auricularis a
* N massetericus

a A facialis
N occipitalisminor ,
s M buccinator
M trapezius0
a A buccalis
l\4 sternocleidomastoideus*
$ N buccalis
A occipitalisa
* M orbicularis
oris
(Vll)r,
R digastricus
V retromandibularis ,* N mentalis
o
(Vll),,
R stylohyoideus * N alveolarisinferior

A carotisinlernaa a A alveolarisinferior

A carotis externa O a A facialis

A lingualisO a V submentalis

V retromandibularis
o a V facialis

13Il

F i g , 1 3 3 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ;
d e e o[ a t e r a Lr e o i o n s
T o p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns

Maxillaryartery

t N massetericus profunda
a A temporalis Posterior;
A temporalismedia O a A masseterica , N temporalis
orofundus

A temporalis
superficialis,
a * l\4.pterygoideus
lateralis
R parietalis

R lateralis
s N suoraorbitalis,

A zygomatico-a
orbitalis B medialis
$ N supraorbitalis,

O A supratrochlearis

A transversaa 1' N supratrochlearis

taciei
a A angularis
Meatusacusticus
externus
& N. infratrochlearis
N meatusacusticii.
externi a A infraorbitalis

N vagus [X], ' s N ethmoidalis

R auricularis B nasalis
anterior,
N auriculotemporalis..
e)dernus

N facialis [Vll]
s N infraorbitalis
A stylomastoideaa

A auricularisposteriora
g Rr alveolares
A auricularisprofundaO supenores
posteriores
A tympanicaanteriora
A.alveolaris
a Rr.dentates; I
A occipitalis
a . Br.peridentares
lilliJlid,
A maxillaris
a & N buccalis

A meningea media a
a A buccalis
A carolisexlernaa
o A facialis

M masseter*
f N mentalis

N l i n g u a l i si a R mentalis

a ,, A ; N alveolarisinferior
N mylohyoideus.
*M pterygoideusmedialis

N mylohyoideus a A submentalis a A tacialis

F i g . 1 3 1 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ;
dccncr lateral rcni6lg.

A temporalis
superficialis A meningea media
Discus
articularis M pterygoideuslateralis
Proc
condylaris Proc
coronoideus
A auricularis
posterior N alveolarisinferior
A maxillaris
A occipitalis N lingualis

alveolaris
inferior
A carotis
externa a 60 % b 3% c 3o/o

F i g . 1 3 5a - c V a r i a t i o n o
sf the middLe
m e n i n g e aaI r t e r y ,A . m e n i n g e am e d i a
T h e m i d d l . em e n i n g e aaI r t e r y ,A m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f p r o x i m a L t o the
r r t e r y ,A a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r .
i n f e r i o ra l v e o t a a
T h e m i d d L em e n i n g e a L a r t e rA y ,. m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f a c r o s sf r o m t h e i n f e r i o r
a t v e o [ aar r t e r y ,A . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r .
T h e m i d d t em e n i n g e a L a r t e rA y ,. m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f d i s t a I t ot h e i n f e r i o r
atveotarartery,A. alveo[arisinferior.
 > Head Surface lSketetonl Muscles

"rilt Lateralregionof theface

.4.N. auriculotemporalis
A temporalis
superficialis,
O
R parietalis a A temporalis
media

profunda
a A temporalis posterior
meatus, 1 N temooralis
orofundus
acustici
externl : N mandibularis[V/3]

, o N ; M pterygoideus
lateralis
o A maxillaris
, N infraorbitalis
R auricularis
(X)

a A infraorbitalis
A;N auriculariso:
posterior
a A sphenopalatina
,,, N supratrochlearis
A temporalis
o
supedicialis , Rr.alveolares superiores
posteriores
N facialis[Vll],; -, N, infratrochlearis

N auriculo-,
temporalis a A angularis

R digastricusi

A occipitalisa
& N inlra-
orbitalis
meningea media a)

A maxillaris
a
i*, N massetericus
Chordatympani
,. N buccalis

A alveolaris
inferioro
a A buccalis

N hypoglossus
[Xll] .i N alveolarisinferior
A l i n g u a l i sO
A palatinaascendens a
, N lingualis

N vagus[X] , Mandibula
Ansa cervicalis ,
A carotiscommunis
a
Glandula sublingualis
A facialiso
a A sublingualis
N hypoglossus
[Xll] ;
G a n g l i osnu b m a n d i b u l a r e , , , N hypoglossus[Xll]

N mylohyoideus
i a A submentalis

I
l!
F i g . 1 3 6 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ,
ril
d e e p e s [t a t e r a Lr e g i o n s
131+ V
1 3 8 256

60k 3 o/o 4Yo 18%

a b
F i g . 1 3 7a - d V a r i a t i o n isn t h e c o u r s e
o f t h e m a x i t l a r ya r t e r y ,A . m a x i t t a r i s .
c d
T h e m a x i L [ a r y a r t e r ym , Aa x i L t a r i s , p a s s e s m e d i a t l y t o t h e l a t e r a t p t e r y g o i d m u s c [ e ,
M . p t e r y g o i d e uLsa t e r a I i st h, e I i n g u a In e r v e ,N L i n g u a L iasn, d t h e i n f e r i o ra t v e o L a r
n e r v e ,N . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r .
T h e m a x i t L a rayr t e r y ,A . m a x i t L a r i sp,a s s e sb e t w e e nt h e L i n g u anLe r v e ,N . l i n g u a t i s ,
a n d t h e i n f e r i o ra t v e o [ a nr e r v e ,N . a l v e o L a r i sn f e r i o r .
T h e m a x i [ L a rayr t e r y ,A . m a x i [ L a r i sp,a s s e st h r o u g ha L o o pf o r m e db y t h e i n f e r i o r
a t v e o t a nr e r v e ,N . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r .
T h e m i d d L em e n i n g e aaLr t e r y ,A . m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f d i s t a Lt o t h e
i n f e r i o ra t v e o [ aar r t e r y ,A a l v e o t a r i isn f e r i o r .
Topography | 0rganareas I Sections

Bamusmandibulae
N. massetericus;A.
masseterica
o a a Plexuspterygoideus
media
a V temporalis
A temporalis
superlicialis,
a
R parietalis
N. auriculo-
a
temporalis
R lateralis
a N. suDraorbitalis,
V temporalisa
media

A. temporalisa
meota a N. suDraorbitalis,
R. medialis

N auriculo-o
temporalis o N. suoratrochlearis

V temporalisa O A. angularis
superficialis
a N. infratrochlearis
Meatus
acusticus o A. dorsalisnasi
exlernus

R auricularis
o a A facialis
(x)
N auricularis
a
posterior a N. infraorbilalis

N.facialisa
tvill
A temporalis a o N. buccalis
supedicialis
A auricularis
a
posterior O V orofundafaciei
A. maxillaris
O

V maxillaris
a

A carotisexternaa
a A. buccalis
V retromandi-O
bularis

spnenomanaioutLalrge a V tacialis

N :A alveolaris
inferiora a
a N. mentalis
N.linguala
is
A carotisinternaa
o Plexusdentalisinferior
A carotis€xternaa
A. lingualis
a
o A. tacialis
V retromandibularis
a
a N. mylohyoideus
V facialiso
o V submentalis

136
F i g . 1 3 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ;
d e e p e rt a t e r a Ir e g i o n s .
 Surface lSkeletonl Musctes
Mouth/0ratcavity
Skeletonof thenose

Os nasale

(Cartilago
nasi lateralis)
Cartilago
alarismajor,
Cruslaterale
Cartilagines
nasl
accessonae

Cartilago
septi nasi

Cartilago
alarismajor,
Crusmediale

Cartilagoseptinasi Ala nasi

F i g . 1 3 9 S k e t e t o no f t h e n o s e . , rtitag ines
F i g . 1 1 0 N a s a I c a r t i [ a g e sCa
nast.

Suturafrontonasalis

Suturafrontomaxillaris

Maxilla,Proc frontalis

Cartilago
Cartilagines alarismajor,
ataresmtnores Cruslaterale

Cartilago
Cartilagoseptinasi alarismajor,
Crusmediale

Fig.1t1 S k e t e t o no f t h e n o s e .
 To p o g r a p h y
S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
Nasalseptum

Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa

Sinussphenoidalis

Laminaperpendicularis
Os ethmoidale,

Cartilagoseptinasi

septinasi,
Cartilago
Proc.posterior

Cartilagoalaris major,
Crus mediale

Spinanasalisanterior
Fossa pterygoidea

Hamuluspterygoideus

Suturapalatina
transversa

(Suturavomeromaxillaris)

F i g . 1 1 2 N a s a Is e p t u m ,S e p t u mn a s i

Os ethmoidale,
Lamina perpendicularis

Plexuscavernosus

Cartilagoseptinasi Meatus nasi inferior

Concha nasalis inlerior

Glandulae nasales

Maxilla, Proc palatinus,

Crista nasalis

, o n c h an a s a L i isn f e r t o r .
F i g . 1 1 3 I n f e r i o rn a s a Ic o n c h a C
 Musctes
Mouth/0raIcavity

Sinusfrontalis
Nn.olfactoriiill
Bulbusolfactorius

Conchanasalismedia

SinussDhenoidalis
Conchanasalisinferior

Limennasi

Tonsillapharyngea

Vestibulumnasi

Fig. 144 LateralwaLtof the nasaIcavity,Cavitasnasi.

Sinustrontalis

Os frontale

Conchanasalissuoerior

Conchanasalismedia
Cellulae
ethmoidales
posteriores
Os nasale
Sinus
sphenoidalis

Tonsilla
pharyngea

Palatummolle
Conchanasalisinferior

Palatumdurumr N. nasooalatinus

Openings of: F i g . 1 4 5 N a s a Ic a v i t yC , a v i t a sn a s i ,a n d o p e n i n g s
1 Sinustrontalis
2 Ductusnasolacrimalis o f t h e p a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S
, i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s .
3 Cellulaeethmoidalesanteriores
4 Sinusmaxillaris
5 CellulaeethmoidalesDosteriores
6 Sinussohenoidalis
Topography
Sativarygtands Topography
Paranasal
sinuses

Fig.116 Projectionof the paranasaIsinuses,Sinus paranasates.

Sinusfrontalis

Sinusmaxillaris

Fig,1t7 o f t h e p a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S
Projection , i n u sp a r a n a s a t e s .
 ,']

M us c tes
Mouth/0ratcavity
Paranasalsinuses

nasisuperior
lvleatus

Sinusfrontalis

lvleatus
nasimedius

Cellulaeethmoidales
Hiatussemilunaris

Sinusmaxillaris Conchanasalismedia

Meatusnasiinferior
Septumnasi

Conchanasalisinferior

, i n u sp a r a n a s a t e s .
F i g , 1 4 8 P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S

20Y

12Y

Sinusfrontalis 8. Y

Os ethmoidale

Septum nasi

Orbita,Pariesinferior

Conchanasalismedia
I
lvleatusnasiinferior G

Conchanasalisinferior
\
Sinusmaxillaris
20Y
Maxilla,Proc palatinus
>60 Y
l\4axilla

F i g . 1 1 9 D e v e t o p m e notf t h e m a x i L t a rayn d f r o n t a Is i n u s e s .
Y - vear of Life
S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y

ParanasaI si nuses,radiography

Sinusfrontales

Cellulaeethmoidales
anteriores

Orbita

Os zygomaticum,
Proc trontalis Suturaf rontozygomatica

Forameninfraorbitale
Cavitasnasi

Sinusmaxillaris Cellulae
ethmoidales
oosteriores

Arcuszygomaticus Sinusmaxillaris

Proc. condylaris
Margosuperiorpartispetrosae

Proc.coronoideus

Sinussphenoidalis
Lrngua

, i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s ;
F i g .1 5 0 P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S
PA-radiograph.
 > Head M us c tes
Mouth/0ratcavitl
0ral cavity

Proc pterygoideus,
Laminamedialis
M tensor veli palatini
Hamuluspterygoideus
Raphepterygomandibularis M levatorveli Tonsillapharyngea
palatini
M pterygoideuslateralis

Lig spheno-
mandibulare

Palatumdurum
M pterygoideus
medialis
M orbicularis
oris

Glandulae
labiales Ramusmandibulae

Proc styloideus

M buccinator M styloglossus
M stylopharyngeus

Lig stylohyoideum
Lig stylomandibulare

M stylohyoideus

l\ilandibula
M longuscapitis

M genioglossus M digastricus

Os hyoideum,
M mylohyoideus Cornumajus

Membrana
thyrohyoidea
M geniohyoideus
( corpu. / M, hyoglossus
I
Os hvoideum
_ l 1 N4thyrohyoideus
u o r n um r n u s
I
M sternocleidomastoideus

F i g . 1 5 1 0 r a L c a v i t yC, a v i t a so r i s

Palatum durum

Palatum molle

Arcuspalatoglossus

Tonsillapalatina Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Uvula palatina

Dorsumlinguae

Labium inferius

Fig. 152 0raI cavity,Cavitasoris.

 Topography
S a t i v a r y g [ a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
Dentalarcade

Dentesincisivi

Maxilla, Proc palatinus Denscaninus

Sutura palatina mediana Dentespremolares

Sutura palatomaxillaris

Maxilla,Proc alveolaris Dentesmolares

Foramenpalatinum
malus
Sulcus palatinus
malor

Ospalatinum,
Proc pyramidalis Foramina palatina minora

Choana Laminahorizontalis
Os oalatinum.

F i g . 1 5 3 U p p e rd e n t a La r c a d e A
, r c u sd e n t a t i ss u p e r i o r ,
a n d b o n yp a t a t e P
, a t a t u mo s s e u m .

Foramen mandibulae

oral * vestibular

Dens molaris lll [serotinus]

Tunicamucosaoris,Gingiva

DensmolarisI

Denspremolaris
ll
Foramen mentale
Denspremolaris
I

Denscaninus

Densincisivus
lateralis Dens incisivusmedialis

F i g , 1 5 4 L o w e rd e n t a Ia r c a d e A , r c u sd e n t a l i si n f e r i o r
+ I n t h em a n d i b loer a Ii s s y n o n y m ow u si t hL i n g u aatn, di n t h e
m a x i t l iat i s s y n o n y m owu ist hp a t a t i n a t
 M us c tes
Mouth/0raIcavitl

vestlbular

Enamelum

Corona Corona
dentis clinica
Dentinum

Cervix
dentis
Margo gingivalis

Radix
clinica
Radix Cementum
dentis

Periodontium
IDesmodontium]

Canalisradicis
dentis:
Pulparadicularis

Foramen
apicis
dentis Apex radicisdentis

F i g . 1 5 5 I n c i s o rt o o t h ,D e n si n c i s i v u s .

+mesial +mesial
dlstal

Cuspisdentis

Apexcuspidis

\
1Fu.i".
(Facies "ont".tr"1;
Faciesdistalis
contactus); Cuspisdentis
Faciesmesialis
Cuspisdentis
Tuberculum
dentis

II
' Facies lingualis

F i g .1 5 6 P e r m a n e n L t o w e cr a n i n et o o t h , F i g ,1 5 8 P e r m a n e n u t p p e rf i r s t m o l a r t o o t h ,
D e n sc a n i n u sp e r m a n e n s . D e n sm o L a r i sp r i m u s .

F i g . 1 5 7 D e c i d u o u s e c o n dm o [ a rt o o t h ,
D e n sm o t a r i sd e c i d u u s
To p o g r a p h y
Sativarygtands Topography

Dens Dens Dens

Dentesincisivi cantnus molarisI molarisll

Dentesincisivi Dens Dens Dens

cantnus molarisI molarisll

F i g . 1 5 9 D e c i d u o u tse e t h ,D e n t e sd e c i d u io, f a 3 - y e a r - o l .cdh i L d ;

v e s t i b u [ avr i e w .

Maxitta

r i gh t
55 54 53 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 , . .LEI L
72 73 74 75

MandibLe

Dens Dens Dens Dens

incisivuslateralis
caninus molarisI molarisll

Dens Dens Dens Dens

incisivus
lateralis caninus molarisI molarisll

F i g . 1 6 0 D e c i d u o u tse e t h ,D e n t e sd e c i d u i o, f a 2 - y e a r - o l dc h i t d ;
top row viewedfrom vestiburar;
bottom row viewedobLiquel,y from inferior.
8 7 6 54321

F i g .1 6 1 P e r m a n e n , e n t ep
t et e t h D sermanentes;
oratview.
I S e eo .9 7f o r i d e n t i cf a t i o on f t h en u m b e r s . l

Adutd
t entition

8 7 5 4 321

F i g . 1 6 2 P e r m a n e n t e e t h ,D e n t e sp e r m a n e n tes;
distaIview.
l S e ep . 9 7 f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i oonf t h e n u m b e r s . )
Sativarygl.ands Topography

123 45 6 7 8

, e n t ep
F i g . 1 6 3P e r m a n e nt et e t hD sermanentes;
vestibular vtew.

1 D e n si n c i s i v u sI
2 D e n si n c i s i v u sl l
3 D e n sc a n i n u s
4 D e n sp r e m o t a r i sI
5 D e n sp r e m o t a r li ls
6 D e n sm o t a r i sI
7 D e n sm o l a r i sl l
I D e n sm o [ a r i sl l l
Iseroti nus]

123 4 5 o 7 8

F i g . 1 6 1 P e r m a n e ntte e t h ,D e n t e sp e r m a n e n t e s ;
mesiaIview.
 Surface lSketetonl Musctes

F i g . 1 6 5 M a x i l . t aM, a x i t L aw, i t h d e c i d u o u st e e t h ,
D e n t e sd e c i d u ia, n d t h e f i r s t p e r m a n e n t o o t h ;
L e f t : m e d i a nt i m e o f e r u p t i o ni n m o n t h sI M l ;
r i g h t :o r d e ro f e r u p t i o n .

9 -13

9-12 Y

1 0 . - 1 3Y.

18-40 Y

Fig.165 MaxiLta, Maxitl.a, with permanentteeth,Dentes

p e r m an e n t e s ;
l e f t : m e d i a nt i m e o f e r u p t i o ni n y e a r s[ Y l ;
r i g h t :o r d e ro f e r u p t i o n .
T o p o g r a p h y| Org a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Sativarygtands Topography

Denscaninus(deciduus) Canalismandibulae

Dentesmolares(decidui)

Dentesmolares(decidui) Densmolaris(permanens)
ll
Densmolaris(permanens)
|

Dentespremolares
(permanentes)
Denscaninus(permanens)
Foramenmentale

F i g . 1 6 7 M a x i L t aM, a x i t t aa, n d m a n d i b t eM
, andibuta,
o f a 5 - y e a r - o [ dc h i t d ;
d e c i d u o u tse e t ha n d a n t a g eo f p e r m a n e n t e e t h .

tl

Densmolarislll lserotinus]

Dentespremolares

Denscaninus

Densmolarislll [serotinus]

Densmolarisll

DentesDremolares.
Radices

DensmolarisI
Foramenmentale

F i g . 1 6 8 M a x i [ [ aM
, a x i L l aa,n d m a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u [ a ,
of a 20-year-otd ma[e.
 > Head Sunface lSketetmnl Musel*s
Mouth/0ratcavity
Teeth,radiography

Arcuszygomaticus Canalis infraorbitalis Palatum

durum Septumnasi Tuberculum
articulare

lvleatus
acusticus
exlernus

Sinus maxillaris

Proc condylaris

Palatum molle
[Velum palatinum] Densmolarisll

Canalis mandibulae
Os hyoideum

Dens caninus

Foramen mentale Dens Dens Dens Dens Dens

i n c i s i v ul ls incisivus
i premolaris
I premolaris
ll molarisI

F i g .1 6 9 M a x i t L aM, a x i I L a ,n d m a n d i b L e
M, a n d i b u L a ;
p a n o r a m i rca d i o g r a p h ;
w i t h o u tw i s d o mt e e t h .
 T opog r a p h y| Org a na re a s I S e cti o ns
S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
lnnervation teeth

N ophthalmicus[V/1] Nn alveolares
superiores

N trigeminus
[V]
Ganglion
trigeminale

N mandibularis
[V/31
N infraorbitalis

N lingualis

N alveolarisinferior

N mentalis

Plexus dentalis inferior

F i g . 1 7 0 M a x i t l a r ya n d m a n d i b u t a nr e r v e ,
N n . m a x i t t a r i s[ V / 2 ]e t m a n d i b u t a r i [sV / 3 ]

Ganglion trigeminale N trigeminus

[V]
N petrosus
prolundus Radix motoria
[Radixsympathica]
N mandibularis
[V/3]
M tensortympani
N .o p h
N petrosusminor
z N.m Rr.ganglionares
N petrosus
majorlRadixparasympathica] IBadixsensorial
/N.
Ganglion geniculi
N intermedius N, infraorbitalis
Tubaauditiva
R alveolaris
superior anterior
Sinusmaxillaris
N facialis
lvill

Cellulae mastoideae
N. infraorbitalis
Cavitastympani

N, tympanicus
Foramen
stylomastoideum
N vagus[X]
N glossopharyngeuslXl
N caroticus
internus

A carotisinterna Rr alveolares
superioresanteriores,
N canalis pterygoidei Plexusdentalissuperior
pterygopalatinum
Ganglion Rr alveolares
suoeriores
medii
Fl alveolaris
suoeriormedius
Br alveoleressuDeriores
oosteriores

F i g .1 7 1 P t e r y g o p a l a tgi naen g L i oG
na, n g t i opnt e r y g o p a L a t i n u m
 Surface lSketetonl Muscles
Mouth/Oratcavity

F i g . 1 7 2 H a r da n ds o f tp a L a t e , (medialis)
Densincisivus
Patatum d u r u me t m o t t e ; Densincisivus
(lateralis)
i n f e r i ovr i e w . Papilla incisiva
Denscaninus

Denspremolaris
I Plicae palatinae
Iransversae
Denspremolaris
ll

DensmolarisI
Palatumdurum
Densmolarisll

Densmolarislll Raphe palati

[serotinus]

Palatummolle
lvelum
palatinuml

Arcus
palatoglossus
N nasopalatinus Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Uvulapalatina

Palatum Rr alveolares
durum posteriores
superiores

nf the patate,
F i g . 1 7 3 S e n s i b l ei n n e r v a t i o o
P a L a t u ma,n d m a x i l t a M , axitta.
n r e i n d i c a t e doy
O v e r l a p p i nagr e a so f i n n e r v a t i o a
t r a n s i t i o no f c o l o u r s .
Nn palatini

Palatum
moile

Raphe palati

Glandulae palatinae
a A. palatinamajor

a N. palatinus
maior

Hamuluspterygoideus Foramenpalatinum
majus

Hamuluspterygoideus
M uvulaea
a M. constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea
Arcuspalatopharyngeus
a M buccinator

Arcuspalatoglossus
Raphepterygomandibularis

palatina
Tonsilla a M. palatoglossus

e N lingualis
lsthmusfaucium
pharyngis
a M. constrictor superior,
Parsglossopharyngea
Dorsumlinguae

a M. palatopharyngeus
Fig. 171 Ora[ cavity,Cavitasoris, and
sf the patateM
m u s c L eo , m. palati.
Topography
Sativarygtands Topography

Plica glossoepiglottica mediana

Plica glossoepiglottica Iateralis
Tonsilla
lingualis;
Cryptaetonsillares
Radix linguae
Foramen
caecumlinguae
M. palatopharyngeus
Sulcusterminalis
linguae
Tonsillapalatina

Fossulae
tonsillares, M palatoglossus
Cryptaetonsillares

Dorsumlinguae, (Plicatriangularis)
Parsposterior
Arcuspalatoglossus
Papillae vallatae

Papillaefoliatae (Papillaeconicae)

Dorsumlinguae,
Papillae
fungiformes Parsanterior

Margolinguae

Papillaefiliformes
Corpuslinguae

Sulcusmedianus
linguae
Apexlinguae

F i g . 1 7 5 T o n g u eL, i n g u a .

N. glossopharyngeus
lXl

Bitter

Sour

I Salty

I Sweel

F i g . 1 7 6 I n n e r v a t i oann dt a s t ec a t e g o r i east t h e
d o r s u mo f t h et o n o u e .

Labiumsuperius Palatummolle
lvelumpalatinuml
Vestibulum
ofls Fossasupratonsillaris
Maxilla

Dorsum
linguae

Labiuminferius Tonsillapalatina

Vestibulum Arcus
ons palatopharyngeus
Papillafoliata Arcuspalaloglossus
Cavitasoris propria Foramen
caecumlinguae
Papillae vallatae Tonsillalingualis

Fig.177 0raI cavity,Cavitas

oris.
 Mouth/Oralcavity
of the

M. longitudinalis
superior linguae
M transversus

Aponeurosis
linguae

Septumlinguae
Tunicamucosalinguae

caecumlinguae
Foramen

Radix linguae

Os hyoideum

Mandibula
Cartilago epiglotlica

Aditus laryngis

M. genioglossus laryngis
Venviculus

M. mylohyoideus
M geniohyoideus
Cartilagothyroidea

F i g . 1 7 8 T o n g u eL i,n g u a a, n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e ;
median section.

linguae
Aponeurosis
linguae
M. vansversus
Septum
ilnguae

Glandulalingualis Plica fimbriata

Faciesinferiorlinguae
Frenulum
linguae

F i g . 1 7 9 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a , n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e ;
c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e t i p o f t h e t o n g u e .

M verticalislinguae M longitudinalissuperior

M transversus
linguae

M longitudinalisinferior

Mm.genioglossus

F i g . 1 8 0 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a , n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . [ i n g u a e ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m i d d t eo f t h e t o n o u e .
 To pogr a p h y
S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
Hyoidboneand infra- and suprahyoidmuscles

Cornuminus

F i g . 1 8 1 H y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m . Fig.182 Hyoidbone,0s hyoideum.

Proc.styloideus

M mylohyoideus

M. digastricus,Venterposterior
M geniohyoideus

M digastricus,Venteranterior
M thyrohyoideus
Os hyoideum

M. omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
M. sternohyoideus

M sternothyroideus
M omohyoideus,
Venterinterior

F i g . 1 8 3 M u s c u t a rs u s p e n s i o n
o f t h e h y o i db o n e
 > Head
Mouth/0ratcavitl
Suprahyoid
muscles

Protuberantia
mentalis

Alveolusdentalis
m o l a r ilsl l
(Densextractus)
Foramen mentale
(Raphe mylohyoidea)
Tuberculum
mentale
venteranterior;
M dioastricus
- {
lventerposterior
Lig stylohyoideum

M stylohyoideus
(Ansatendinis)
l\4 digastricus,
Tendointermedius
l\4 digastricus,
Os hyoideum,
Corpus

Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus

F i g .1 8 4 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u t aa ,n d s u p r a h y o im
duscles,
Mm.suorahvoidei

Spinamentalis
superior

M genioglossus

l\4 mylohyoideus

N4geniohyoideus

Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus
Foramen
mandibulae

Ramus
Os hyoideum, mandibulae
Cornumajus Os hyoideum,
Corpus

musctes,
F i g . 1 8 5 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u L as ;u p r a h y o i d
M m . s u p r a h y o i d ea in, d h y o i db o n e , 0 sh y o i d e u m
Topography
Sativarygl.ands Topography

Dorsumlinguae Papillae foliatae

Corpuslinguae Papillavallata

Radix linguae

M palatoglossus

M. styloglossus

M stylopharyngeus
Mandibula

M longitudinalis
inferior
M. constrictorpharyngismedius

M genioglossus
M geniohyoideus

M. hyoglossus Cornumajus
Os hyoideum,
Os hyoideum,
Corpus

Membrana thyrohyoidea
M thyrohyoideus

F i g . 1 8 6 T o n g u eL ,i n g u aa,n dmusclesof the

t o n g u eM, m .l i n g u a e .

Tunicamucosaoris M. hyoglossus
M. palatoglossus
M. styloglossus

M. stylopharyngeus

M. constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea
Mandibula

M constrictorpharyngismedius,
M longitudinalisinferior Parsceratopharyngea

M geniohyoideus
M. genioglossus
M. geniohyoideus
M chondroglossus

Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus M. hyoglossus

, n d m u s c t e so f t h e
F i g . 1 8 7 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a
t o n g u eM , m .[ i n g u a e .
> Head M us c tes
Mouth/0ratcavit'
Musclesof thetongueand thepharynx

Apexlinguae linguae
Frenulum

Facies inferiorlinguae, Plica fimbriata

M genioglossus Tunicamucosaoris

M. longitudinalis
interior
Septumlinguae

M. genioglossus

M. palatoglossus

M. hyoglossus

M. styloglossus

M. constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea M. hyoglossus

M chondroglossus
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus

pharyngis
M. constrictor medius,
Parschondropharyngea

M hyoglossus M sternohyoideus
M. geniohyoideus

F i g . 1 8 8 M u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e .

M styloglossus Proc.styloideus
M. palatoglossus
palatina
Tonsilla

M longitudinalisinlerior
Lig.stylohyoideum

M. stylopharyngeus

M. constrictor suoerior.
oharvnqis
Parsglossopharynaei

pharyngis
M. constrictor medius,
Parschondropharyngea

M. constrictorpharyngismedius,
Parsceratopharyngea
M. geniohyoideus
Os hyoideum, Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Cornuminus
Membranathyrohyoidea A.; V. laryngea
superior;
N. laryngeus superior
M. thyrohyoideus

M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,
Parsthyropharyngea
Cartilagothyroidea

F i g . 1 8 9 M u s c t e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . [ i n g u a ea, n d
musctesof the pharynx,Tunicamuscutarispharyngis.
Topogr a p h y
Salivarygtands Topography

Fascia masseterica
Ductusparotideus

M buccinator

parotidea
Glandula
accessofla
buccae
Corpusadiposum

M masseter
M risorius

Fascia parotidea M depressor

angulioris

Platysma
l\4.sternocleidomastoideus: Os hyoideum Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suDerficialis
Fasciacervicaiis.
Laminasuoerf
icialis
v;A lacialis F i g . 1 9 0 P a r o t i dg t a n d ,G t a n d u [ ap a r o t i d e a .

Cavitas nasi

Plexuscavernosus
a
Cartilagonasilateralis
Concha nasalis media

M orbicularis
oculia

Sinusmaxillaris

l\/axilla

lV temporalis
a

Proc coronoideus

M pterygoideus
lateralisa
a A carotisinterna
N lingualis*

N alveolarisinferior&

Proc condylaris Proc.styloideus

temporalis
superficialis
a
A temporalis
superficialis
a

Cartilago
auriculae a A vertebralis

parotidea
Glandula
F i g . 1 9 1 P a r o t i dg L a n dG, t a n d u t ap a r o t i d e aa, n d
A. alveolaris
inleriorO m a s t i c a t o rm y usclesM , m. masticatorii;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n ;
Proc mastoideus a A occipitalis i n f e r i o rv i e w .
 > Head M us c l es
Mouth/0ratcavitr
jqt gland
Submandibular

A ; V f a c i a l ios a Nodilymphoidei
submandibulares

Glandula parotidea

* N facialis[Vll], R colli

o V jugularis
externa

c M digastricus,
Venterposterior

$ N hypoglossus
[Xll]

Platysma
* c l\/ stylohyoideus

M digastricus,
Venteranterior€ a V thyroidea
superior

o A. thyroidea
superior
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis

pharyngis
t M constrictor inferiol
M mylohyoideus
t
o lvl thyrohyoideus
A submentalis
a
s M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
Glandula
submandibularis
t M sternohyoideus

F i g . 1 9 2 S u b m a n d i b u t agrt a n d ,G [ a n d u t as u b m a n d i b u [ a r i s .

A:Vsubmentalisaa * M pterygoideusmedialis
A ; V f a c i a l ias a Ductusparotideus
Platysma
a N , l i n g u a l i s, Glandulaparotidea
accessoria
c M masseter;
M, mylohyoideus6 Fasciamasseterica

Glandula
sublingualis parotidea
Glandula

l\/ digastricus,*
Venteranterior Noduslymphoideus
submandibularis

Fasciacervicalis,
Laminasuperficialis
genioglossusO

a V retromandibularis
V s u b l i n g u a ol i s
o M digastricus,
A. lingualis
a Venterposterior

Ganglion *
submandibulare

l\/ geniohyoideus
a
M, mylohyoideus
o

Glandula
submandibularis Ductussubmandibularis

M styloglossus
O Glandula
submandibularis
N hypoglossus
[Xll] , Fasciaceruicalis,
Laminasuperficialis
M hyoglossusI
s M. stylohyoideus o M. digastricus,
Venteranterior

F i g . 1 9 3 M a j o rs a L i v a rgyt a n d s G
, l a n d u t a se a t i v a r i a e
majores;
inferolateratview.
To p o g r a p h y
Sativarygtands Topography
Submandibular andsublinaual

Ductussublinouales
minores

Caruncula
sublingualis

M pterygoideus
medialis
Ductussublingualis
major
N lingualis
M genioglossus

Glandula
submandibularis
M geniohyoideus
Ductussubmandibularis

M. digastricus,Venteranterior
Glandula
sublingualis Os hyoideum
M mylohyoideus

F i g . 1 9 4 S u b m a n d i b u t agrt a n d ,G [ a n d u t as u b m a n d i b u t a r i s ,
a n d s u b t i n g u agl .t a n d ,G t a n d u [ a
sub[inguatis.

Caruncula
sublingualis

Ductussublingualis
major
Ductussubmandibularis

Glandula
sublingualis

M genioglossus

M mylohyoideus
N. lingualis

A. alveolaris inferior

N alveolaris inferior

Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus

Radix linguae N. hypoglossus

[Xll]

F i g . 1 9 5 S u b L i n g u agL[ a n d ,G t a n d u t a
subtinguatis,
a n ds u b m a n d i b u t ag rt a n d G
, l a n d u t sau b m a n d i b u t a r i s ;
s u D e n o rv t e w .
 M us c tes
Mouth/0ral.cavity

Papillaductusparotidei

F i g .1 9 6 O p e n i nogf t h ee x c r e t o rdyu c t
o f t h ep a r o t i d
g t a n dP, a p i t l d
au c t u s
oarotidei.

Lingua,Faciesinferior

Oensmolarislll [serotinus]
Plicafimbriata

Densmolarisll
Frenulum
linguae
DensmolarisI
Plicasublingualis
Denspremolaris
ll
Caruncula
sublingualis
Denspremolaris
I
Denscaninus
Gingiva
Densincisivus
ll

Fig.197 0peningof the excretory duct

o f t h es u b m a n d i b u Lg a[ ar n dC
, aruncula
s ub t i n o
u a[ i s .
T o p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o n s
Sativaryglands Topography
Arteriesandnervesof the oral cavitv

Maxilla

a N lingualis
Uvulapalatina

M. palatoglossus
a
a M. genioglossus
l\,4styloglossusa

Mm pharyngis a A. profunda
linguae
a

N glossopharyngeus Mandibula
lxl s

a M. mylohyoideus
M. hyoglossusO

a M geniohyoideus
A lingualisO

I N hypoglossus
[Xll]
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
a A sublingualis
M hyoglossus
a

pharyngis
M. constrictor medius,O
Parschondropharyngea

F i g .1 9 8 A r t e r i e as n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e ,L i n g u a ;
mediaIview.

* N palatinus
major

o A. palatinamajor
Nn,palatiniminoresc
O (A nasopalatina)

Canalisincisivus
Uvulapalatina

Tonsillapalatina
Dorsumlinguae,
Parsanterior
R tonsillaris
*

vallatae
Papillae
N. glossopharyngeusflXl a

Mandibula
A palatinaascendens,O
R tonsillaris

N glossopharyngeus
ilXl, ,'
Br linguales Tonsillalinoualis.
(Folliculiliri'guales)

F i g . 1 9 9 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p a L a t eP, a L a t u m ,
a n d t h e r o o t o f t h e t o n g u e ,R a d i x[ i n g u a e ;
m e d i a Iv i e w .
 > Head M us c l es
MouthlOratcavity
Vessels
and nervesof the tongueand the larynx

G l a n d u l al i n g u a l i s

Ductussublingualis
major Plica fimbriata

C a r u n c u sl au b l i n g u a l i s
Ductussublinguales
minores
Ductussublingualis
major
Plicasublingualis
Ductussubmandibularis
a M genioglossus
Septumlinguae
a M geniohyoideus
N;A;Vsublingualis*Oa
G l a n d u lsau b l i n g u a l i s

A l i n g u a l ias ; a M styloglossus
V comitans
nervihypoglossi O
0 M hyoglossus
N lingualis
*
a M mylohyoideus
Ganglion
submandibulare
&
Glandula
submandibularis
N hypoglossus
[Xll]*
a M digastricus,
Venteranterior

a M stylohyoideus
M mylohyoideus
I

Os hyoideum
Glandula
submandibularis
a M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior

A : V laryngea
superior:
a o a M sternohyoideus
N. laryngeus
superior-

Membrana
thyrohyoidea
a M thyrohyoideus

Cartilagothyroidea pharyngis
a l/. constrictor inferior

(Lobuspyramidalis,
Var.)

C M, sternothyroideus
M cricothyroideus
a

Cartilagocricoidea

) 20!+,218,23r+,237 F i g . 2 0 0 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e ,L i n g u a ;
m a j o rs a I i v a r yg [ a n d s G , t a n d u [ a sea t i v a r i a e
majores,
a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x ;
a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w .
T o p o g r a p h y| 0 rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Sativarygtands Topography
and nervesof the
Vessels

o M genioglossus

sublingualis
Glandula
A s u b l i n g u aal i s

O O A.;V sublingualis

N. sublingualis
& O A. profunda
linguae

, N lingualis

N. lingualisa

a V profunda
linguae
M hyoglossus O

a M. styloglossus
A. profundalinguaea
a N hypoglossus
[Xll]
A sublingualis
a
O V lingualis

A lingualis
O a M hyoglossus

a A. carotisexterna

o N laryngeus superior,
A thyroideasuperiorO R. internus

a Bifurcatiocarotidis

a A laryngea
superior
M. geniohyoideus
a

o A. thyroidea
superior
Os hyoideum

o A carotiscommunis
Membrana
thyrohyoidea

Cartilago
thyroidea

A thyroideasuperior,
a Glandula thyroidea,
R. glandularis
anterior Lobus sinister

M cricothyroideus
O

lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae

F i g , 2 0 1 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e ,
Linguaa , n d t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d ,G [ a n d u [ a
thyroidea;
a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w .
 Surface lSketetonl Musctes

frontalsection

Falx cerebri
Spatiumsubarachnoideum
Sinussagittalis
superior 8 N. supraorbitalis,R medialis

Arachnoidea
matercranialis

Galea aponeurotica

o N. supraorbitalis,
R lateralis

Sinusfrontalis

a A supraorbitalis
Duramatercranialis
o N suoraorbitalis

o M obliquus
suoerior
M. temporalis
a
o M levatorpalpebraesuperioris,
M. rectussuperior

Cellulaeethmoidales
o A. lacrimalis
Glandula
lacrimalis
a N opticusilll;
O a V;A centralis retinae
Septumnasi (Vll)
a R. zygomaticus

a M. rectuslateralis

Concha nasalis a M rectusmedialis

inferior
Corpusadiposumorbitae

o M rectusinferior
A transversafacieia
a N infraorbitalis
R. buccalis(Vll)O
a M masseter
Densmolarisll
Sinusmaxillaris
A . ; V f a c i a l ios a
Ductusparotideus
Ductussubmandibularis

Glandula
sublingualis
a M buccinator
V;A.; N. alveolaris
inferjoro a a

Platysma
a

oaA;V. lingualis
M. mylohyoideus
o

a M. genioglossus
M. digastricus,
Venteranterioro
a M geniohyoideus

Fig.202 Fronta[sectionthroughthe head of a 48-year-otdmate

a t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s e c o n du p p e rm o t a rt o o t h ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Topography | 0rganareas I Sections

Sinussagittalis
superior
(Suturafrontalis)
Galeaaooneurotica

Duramatercranialis;
Arachnoideamatercranialis

Falxcerebri

M. levatorpalpebraeO
supenofls a M. rectusmedialis

Glandula
lacrimalis
Septumnasi
M. rectussuoerioro

Suturaf rontozygomatica
Conchanasalisinferior
M. obliquussuperiorO

M. rectuslateralisa molarisll

Retina
Lingua
M. rectusinferiora
Corpusadiposumbuccae
Suturazygomaticomaxillaris

M. massetera Ductussubmandibularis

N. infraorbitalis
o
Glandula
sublingualis

A. facialisa
a O O N.:A.:V.alveolaris
inferior
A. lingualis
O

O Platysma
M. genioglossus
a
o /
M. geniohyoideus
M. mylohyoideus a M. digastricus,Venteranterior
o

F i g . 2 0 3 F r o n t a sl e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e h e a do f a n e o n a t e
at the [eve[of the secondupper molar tooth;
a n t e r i o rv i e w
Note the absenceof the maxittarysinus and the ctoseproximity
o f t h e t o o t ha n t a g et o t h e o r b i t .
 > Neck Sur facep . 32 Vot.l l
| Sk eteton

Musclesof theneckandtracheotomv

M mylohyoideus

G l a n d u lsau b m a n d i b u l a r i s

M digastricus,
Venterposterior
M masseter

parotidea
Glandula Glandula
parotidea
l\4 digastricus
M. stylohyoideus
l\4 hyoglossus
l\4 levatorscapulae
M sternocleidomastoideus
M spleniuscervicis M sternohyoideus
M levatorscapulae M scalenusmedius
lvl longuscapitis
Lig thyrohyoideum
medianum
Cartilago
thyroidea
A carotiscommunis;V jugularisinterna
M thyrohyoideus M omohyoideus
lvl sternothyroideus Lig.cricothyroideum medianum
M . s c a l e n um
s edius lvl cricothyroideus
M omohyoideus, Tendo Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina oretrachealis M sternohyoideus
Plexusbrachialis.
Parssuoraclavicularis
Glandula
thyroidea
M. scalenusanterior
M omohyoideus,Venter inferior M scalenusmedius
M trapezius M sternocleidomastoideus
Clavicula

l\4 deltoideus

M. pectoralismajor,
Pars clavicularis
lvl subclavius
lvl pectoralismajor,
Parsclavicularis

F i g . 2 0 1 M u s c l e so f t h e n e c k ,M m . c o L [ i .
)T8,T9,T10,T11

Os hyoideum

Cartilago thyroidea

Cartilago cricoidea

Glandula thyroidea,
Lobus sinister

V,jugularis
anterior
Arcusvenosus
jugularis.
F i g .2 0 5 S u r g i c aaI c c e s st o t h e t r a c h e a
w i t h t h e n e c kh y p e r e x t e n d e d .
* Coniotomy
* * U p p etrr a c h e o t o m l ayb o vteh ei s t h m uos f t h et h y r o i g
dt a n d J
* * * L o w etrr a c h e o t o m
{ bye L otwh ei s t h m uos f t h et h y r o i g
dt a n d )
 Cervicalfascia

Ramusmandibulae
Proc styloideus

Fascia masseterica;
lvl masseter

Platysma M. styloglossus

lvl digastricus,Venterposterior
M stylohyoideus,
Tendo

Fascia cervicalis
Lig stylohyoideum
Mandibula M. sternocleidomastoideus

Fascia cervlcalis,Lamina superficialis

M mylohyoideus

M digastricus, M. stylohyoideus
Venteranterior
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis
lvl omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
M. omohyoideus

M, sternohyoideus
Fascia cervicalis,
Lamina supedicialis
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina Dretrachealis
M omohyoideus,
Venterinferior
Fascia cervicalis,
Lamina superficialis

Clavicula

Trigonum
omoclaviculare

Platysma Trigonum
omoclaviculare
Trachea
V jugularis
externa
Fossasuoraclavicularis
minor M sternocleidomastoideus

Fig. 206 C e r v i c a If a s c i a , F a s c i a c e r v i c a L i s .

F a s c i ac e r v i c a I i s

Yellow: Lamina superficialis

Red: Laminapretrachealis
Green: Lamina prevertebralis

F i g . 2 0 7a , b S c h e m ao f t h e c e r v i c afIa s c i a
a Transversesection
b M e d i a ns e c t i o n
 SkeletonVo[.

Musclesof the neck

M stylohyoideus

Glandula parotidea

Lig stylohyoideum;
M stylopharyngeus

l\/ digastricus,Venterposterior

M sternocleidomastoideus

M semispinalis
capitis

M digastricus,
Venteranterior
M. spleniuscapitis
M mylohyoideus

Os hyoideum lvl levatorscapulae

M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
M, scalenusanterior
M sternohyoideus

M scalenusmedius
M thyrohyoideus

M constrictorpharyngisinferior M scalenusposterior

Glandula
thyroidea,
Lobussinister
M trapezius

M sternocleidomastoideus

Clavicula

M deltoideus
M. omohyoideus,
Venterinferior

lvl.pectoralismajor,
Parssternocostalis

) T 8 ,T 9 ,T 1 0 T
, 11

F i g .2 0 8 M u s c l e so f t h e n e c k ,M m . c o t l . i
 Musclesof the neck

M longuscapitis
Os occipitale
M, rectuscapitisanterior

M rectuscapitislateralis Proc.mastoideus

M. sternocleidomastoideus
M longissimus
capitis
M spleniuscapitis
M longuscapitis
Articulatioatlantoaxiallslateralis,
Capsulaarticularis
M. levatorscapulae
M scalenusmedius
M longuscolli

M longuscapitis
M scalenusmedius M. scalenusmedius
M scalenus
anterior

M scalenusmedius
Tuberculum
anterius
M scalenusposterior

M scalenusmedius M. scalenusanterior

M longus colli
sinistra
subclavia
A subclaviadextra

M scalenusanterior M scalenusposterior

V subclavia
dextra sinistra
A. carotiscommunis

A carotis
communis
dextra
V brachiocephalica
sinistra

F i g .2 0 9 P r e v e r t e b r amLu s c t e sa n d s c a l e n u sm u s c l e s ,
Mm.scaLeni.
| - V l l = F i r s tt o s e v e n t hc e r v i c avI e r t e b r a
1 - 3 = F i r s tt o t h i r d t h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a
 SkeletonVot. ll

Skeletonof the Iarynx

Cornusuperius
Cornusuperius

Tuberculum
Incisurathyroidea thyroideum Tuberculum
supenor supeflus Lamtna thyroideum
dextra supenus
Prominentia
laryngea Lineaobliqua Prominentia Lamina
laryngea sinistra

Laminasinistra
Tuberculum
thyroideum
Cornuinferius Linea obliqua inferius
Tuberculum
thyroideum
inferius lnclsura
thyroidea Cornuinferius
inferior

F i g . 2 1 O T h y r o i dc a r t i t a g eC, a r t i t a g ot h y r o i d e a ; F i g . 2 1 1 T h y r o i dc a r t i L a g eC, a r t i t a g ot h y r o i d e a ;
viewedfrom the Left. v e n t r a Iv i e w .

Colliculus
Foveatriangularis
Cristaarcuata

Fovea
ooronga
Lig vocale
Proc vocalis;
Proc Lig vocale
musculans

vd, uragu
arytenoidea;
Articulatio
cricoaMenoidea

Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae Lamina cartilaginis

cricoideae

Fig.212 CartiLages of the [arynx, Fig.213 Cartilagesof the [arynx F i g . 2 1 1 C a r t i L a g eosf t h e [ a r y n x ,

C a r t i [ a g i n e[sa r y n g i s ; C a r t i t ag i n e sL a r y nigs ; C a r t i t a ign e s L a r y n g i s ;
v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w . dorsatview. viewedfrom the Left.

Cartilagoepiglottica Facies articulares arytenoideae

Lamina cartilaginis
cricoideae

Faciesarticularis
thyroidea Lamina cartilaginis
cricoideae

F i g . 2 1 5 E p i g L o t t icca r t i l a g e , F i g . 2 1 6 C r i c o i dc a r t i t a g e , F i g .2 1 7 C r i c o i dc a r t i t a g e ,
C a r t i t a g oe p i g t o t t i c;a C a r t i t a gcor i c o i d e a ; C a r t i t a g oc r i c o i d e a ;
dorsaIview. v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w . d o r s a Iv i e w .
Musc[es

Hyoidboneandskeleton

Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Os hyoideum.Cornu minus
Cartilagoepiglottica

Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale
var uragu u rueca

Membrana thyrohyoidea

thyroidea,
Cartilago Cornusuperius

Lig thyrohyoideummedianum

Cartilagothyroidea,Lamina dextra

Incisura
thyroidea
superior

thyroidea,
Cartilago Cornuinferius

Lig cricothyroideum
medianum
Capsulaarticularis
cricothyroidea

Arcuscartilaginis
cricoideae

Lig cricotracheale
Cartilaoines tracheales

Fig.218 Larynx,Larynx,
a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ;
ventraIview.

Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Cartilago epiglottica

Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale

Cartilago triticea

Membranathyrohyoidea
Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum

thyroidea,
Cartilago Cornusuperius
Petiolus
epiglottidis

Cartilagocorniculata
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Laminasinistra

Cartilagoarytenoidea cricoarytenoidea
Capsulaarticularis

Lig cricoarytenoideum thyroidea,

Cornuinferius
Cartilago

CaDSUlaarticulariscricothvroidea
Capsulaarticularis
cricothyroidea

Lig cricotracheale Lig cricopharyngeum

Ligg anularia
Cartilagines tracheales

Fig.219 Cartilageo s f the [arynxC , a r t i t a g i n elsa r y n g i s ,

a n d h y o i db o n e , 0 sh y o i d e u m ;
dorsaIview.
 Sk eteton
ThyroidgLand Pharyn
andskeletonof

Os hyoideum l\4embranathyrohyoidea

Cartilagoepiglottica

Lig thyrohyoideum
medianum

Petiolus
epiglottidis Lig cricopharyngeum

Lig thyroepiglotticum
Cartilagines
aMenoideae
Cartilagothyroidea

Lig, vocale Proc vocalis

Conuselasticus

Lig cricothyroideum
medianum Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae

Arcuscartilaginis
cricoideae
Faciesarticularis
thyroidea

Cartilaoinestracheales

Fig.220 Larynx,Larynx,
a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ;
viewedfrom the Left.

Os hyoideum Cartilago epiglottica

Lig hyoepiglotticum
Membrana thyrohyoidea
Bursa infrahyoidea

thyroidea,
Cartilago Cornusuperius

Lig thyrohyoideum
medianum Cartilagothyroidea, Lamina dextra

Corpusadiposumpreepiglotticum
Lig cricopharyngeum

Lig thyroepiglotticum
Cartilagoarytenoidea
Lig vestibulare
Lig cricoarytenoideum
Lig vocale
Lig cricopharyngeum
Lig cricothyroideum
medianum
Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae

Pharynx,
Tunicamucosa

Ligg anularia
Trachea, Paries membranaceus

Fig.221 Larynx,Larynx,
a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
mediaIview.
Musctes

Laryngealmuscles

Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Lig cricoarytenoideum
Cartilago
corniculata
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius

Proc.muscularis
]
Articulatio
cricothyroidea Ca'lilagoaMenoidea
I
Proc.vocalis )

Conuselasticus Conuselasticus

Arcuscartilaginis
cricoideae Lig. vocale

Cartilagothyroidea

Incisura
thyroidea
superior

F i g . 2 2 2 C a r t i t a g eo , a r t i L a g i n eLsa r y n g i s ,
s f the [arynxC
a n d v o c a lt i g a m e n t L, i g .voca|.e:
v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w .

a C r i c o t h y r o im
d u s c t e ,M . c r i c o t h y r o i d e u s 0 b t i q u ea n d t r a n s v e r s ea r y t e n o i dm u s c l e s ,
M m . a r y t e n o i d eoi b t i q u u se t t r a n s v e r s u s

L a t e r a Ic r i c o - a r y t e n o im
duscte, P o s t e r i ocrr i c o - a r y t e n omi du s c [ e ,
M . c r i c o a r y t e n o i d e u[ ast e r a t i s M .c r i c o a r y t e n o i d p eo us t e r i o r

F i g .2 2 3 a - d S c h e m as h o w i n gt h e f u n c t i o n s t h e m u s c t e so n t h e l e f t a r e r e [ a x e d ; t h o s o
en t h e r i g h t
o f t h e [ a r y n g e am I u s c l e s ,M m . [ a r y n g i s ; are contracted:
y e l t o wa r r o w s : t e n s i o no f t h e v o c a [[ i g a m e n t ; s u D e n o rv t e w .
r e da r r o w s : m u s c t ec o n t r a c t i o n :
b I u ea r r o w s : d i r e c t i o no f r o t a t i o n :
> Neck S k e l e t o nVot.l l
Thyroidgtand Pharyn
Laryngealmuscles

Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus

Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale
Os hyoideum,
Corpus Cartilago triticea

Membrana
thyrohyoidea
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius

Lig thyrohyoideum
medianum
Cartilagothyroidea.Lamina sinistra

Incisura
thyroidea
superior Linea obliqua

Lig cricothyroideum
medianum
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornuinferius
Capsulaarticularis
cricothyroidea
Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae

M. cricothvroideus.
Parsrecta Cartilaginestracheales

lM cricothyroideus,
Parsobliqua

Fig.221 Cricothyroid muscte,

M .c r i c o t h y r o i d e u s ;
ventraL viewfromthe Left.

Epiglottis
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus

Cartilagotriticea Os hyoideum

Lig hyoepiglotticum

Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius Membrana thyrohyoidea

preepiglotticum
Corpusadiposum
Tuberculum
cuneiforme
lvl.thyroarytenoideus,
Cartilago
corniculata Parsthyroepiglottica
Cartilagoarytenoidea lvl arytenoideus
obliquus,
Parsaryepiglottica
M arytenoideus
obliquus M, thyroaMenoideus
M aMenoideus
transversus
M cricoarytenoideus
lateralis
posterior
M. cricoarytenoideus Parsrecla
\
I
Faciesarticularis
thyroidea I M cricothyroideus
HarsoDilqua
J

Cartilagotrachealis

Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus

Fig.225 LaryngeaIm u s c t e s M , m.[aryngis;

d o r s a Iv i e wf r o m t h e r i gh t .
 Laryngealmuscles

Epiglottis
Cornumajus
Os hyoideum,

Cartilago
triticea

Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
cuneiformis
Cartilago
M thyroarytenoideus,
Parsthyroepiglottica M arytenoideusobliquus,
Parsaryepiglottica
M thyroarytenoideus
corniculata
Cartilago
Cartilagoarytenoidea
l/ arytenoideus
obliquus transversus
M, arvtenoideus

Cartilago Cornuinferius
thyroidea,

Capsulaarticularis
cricothyroidea
M cricoaMenoideusposterior
Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina

Cartilagotrachealis

Trachea.
Pariesmembranaceus

Fig.226 Laryngeal Mm laryngis;

musctes,
dorsaIview.

Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus
Cornumajus
Os hyoideum,
Epiglottis
Cartilagotriticea

Tuberculum
cuneiforme Cadilagothyroidea,
Cornusuperius
Tuberculum
epiglotticum Cartilago
cuneiformis

Canilago corniculata

M aMenoideustransversus Plicavestibularis

Ventriculus
laryngis Cartilagoarytenoidea

M arytenoideus
obliquus Plica vocalis
M vocalis
M. cricothyroideus
M cricoaMenoideusoosterior M cricoarvtenoideus
lateralis

Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina
Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina

Cartilagotrachealis

Fig.227 Larynx,Larynx;
s e c t i o n e df r o m d o r s a Li n t h e m e d i a np L a n e
a n d s e p a r a t e dw i t h h o o k s ;
d o r s a Iv i e w .
 Thyroidgtand Pharynx

Fig.228a, b Laryngoscopy.
a I n d i r e c[ ta r y n g o s c o p y
b D i r e c te, n d o s c o pLi ca r y n g o s c o p y

Rima glottidis
Plica vocalis
Plica vestibularis

Cartilago arytenoidea;
Cartilagocorniculata
tnctsura
Recessus piriformis interarytenoidea
Fig. 229 Direct[aryngoscopy;
r e s p i r a t o r yp o s i t i o n .

Epiglottis

Ventriculis
laryngis Rima glottidis
Plicavocalis Plica vestibularis

Plicaaryepiglottica
Cartilagoarytenoidea;
Cartilagocorniculata
Inctsura
interarytenoidea
F i g . 2 3 0 D i r e c[ta r y n g o s c o p y ;
p h o n a t i opno s i t i o n .

Rimaglottidis,
Parsintermembranacea

Plicavestibularis

Fig.231 DirectLaryngoscopy;
w h i s p e r i npgo s i t i o n .
Musctes 0rgans T o p o g ra p h y Sections

Lig.hyoepiglotticum Badix linguae

Canilago epiglottica
preepiglotticum
Corpusadiposum

Os hyoideum

Bursainfrahyoidea

Lig thyrohyoideummedianum
Vestibulum
laryngis
Lig.thyroepiglotticum
Cartilago
thyroidea

Ventriculus
laryngis Plicavestibularis

Ventriculus
laryngis Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae

Plica vocalis Conuselasticus

Cavitasinfraglottica
Lig cricothyroideum
medianum
Tunicamucosa
Arcuscartilaginis
cricoideae
Trachea,
Pariesmembranaceus
Cartilagines
tracheales
(Spatium
oesophagotracheale)
lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
Trachea

Fig.232 Larynx,Larynx.

Radix linguae
Lig hyoepiglotticum

preepiglotticum
Corpusadiposum

Os hyoideum

Lig.thyrohyoideum
medianum

Lig thyroepiglotticum

l\4 arytenoideus
transversus
Cartilago
thyroidea

Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae

Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae

Cartilagines tracheales

Fig.233 Larynx,Larynx;
p o s i t i oonf t h ee p i g t o t t d
i su r i n gs w a t t o w i n g .
 Sur facep . 32 Vot.l l
| Sk eteton
Pharynx
Arteriesand

Rr linguales
I Papillaevallatae

N glossopharyngeus
ilXl *
a N. glossopharyngeus
lxl

A palatinaascendens, R tonsillariso

a Rr tonsillares

palatina
Tonsilla
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus

Epiglottis
N. laryngeus
superior*

Valleculaepiglottica
A. laryngea
superior
a

Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
a N laryngeus
superior,
Rr interni

Adituslaryngis

Incisura
interarytenoidea

o M. aMenoideus
obliquus
Cartilagothyroidea,Lamina sinistra

Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornuinferius
posterior
a L4 cricoarytenoideus

thyroidea
Glandula
A laryngea
inferior
a

parathyroidea
Glandula superior

Rr tracheales
a
0
A thyroidea interiorO
parathyroidea
Glandula inferior
N laryngeus
recurrens,
Br oesophageales
{}
* N laryngeus
recurrens

Fig.231 Arteries and nervesof the [arynx,Larynx.

a n dt h e r o o to f t h e t o n g u e R
, a d i xI i n g u a e
Musctes 0 r g an s Topography Sections

Larynx,transversesections

Sacculus
laryngis Sacculuslaryngis

Glandulae laryngeales
Ventriculus
laryngis

Plica vocalis
M thyroarytenoideus
{t
Rima glottidis

l\4 vocalis & , N laryngeus

superior,
R internus
a A laryngea
superior
^^*ir^^^
varurd9u
a W laryngeae
superiores
thyroidea,
Laminasinistra
Plica vestibularis

CartilagoaMenoidea

'.-fi.'n+
Recessus *^^t'. j Cavitas pharyngis
piriformis

lvl constrictorpharyngis{r
medtus

pharyngis
M constrictor &
interior

Mm arytenoidei* Plexusvenosuspharyngeus
transversus
et obliqui

F i g . 2 3 5 L a r y n x ,L a r y n x .
T h ew h i t e a r r o w i n d i c a t e st h e c o n n e c t i o nbetween
t h e [ a r y n g e avI e n t r i c L ae n d t h e [ a r y n g e asI a c c u l e .

Lig vocale
a M vocalis

a l\4 thyroarytenoideus

N laryngeus
superior

A laryngea
superiora
Cartilagoarytenoidea

W laryngeae
superiores
o

Cartilagothyroidea, ArticulatiocricoaMenoidea
Lamina sinistra

Cavitaspharyngis

piriformis
Recessus

Tunicamucosa

M cricoaMenoideus i
posterior o l\4 constrictorpharyngisinferior

Fig.236 Larynx,Larynx.
 Sur facep . 32 Vot.l l
| Sk eteton
Thyroidgtand Pharynx

C o r n um i n u s Os hyoideum,
Corpus

Cornumajus
thyrohyoidea
Membrana

Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius

Prominentia
laryngea

Cartilagothyroidea, Lamina dextra

medianum
Lig.cricothyroideum

thyroidea,
Glandula Lobussinister

lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae

Fig.237 Thyroidgtand,Gtandutathyroidea,
and [arynx,Larynx.

Os hyoideum,
Corpus

Bursaeinfrahyoideae
Cartilagotriticea

Lig,thyrohyoideum
medianum Membrana
thyrohyoidea

Cartilago
thyroidea,
Laminadextra
Glandula (Lobuspyramidalis,
thyroidea; Var)

Lig cricothyroideummedianum M cricothyroideus

Glandula
thyroidea,
Lobusdexter Glandula Lobussinister
thyroidea,

lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae

F i g . 2 3 8 T h y r o i dg L a n dG
, [anduta
thyroidea,
a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x .
Mus c t e s 0 r g an s T o p o g ra p h y Sections

Thyroidgland,sections

Plexusthyroideus
impara lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis
Fascia cervicalis,Lamina pretrachealis
a Platysma
Cartilagotrachealis o V jugularis
anterior
a M. sternohyoideus
Glandula thyroidea,
Lobus sinister a lvl sternothyroideus
O M sternocleidomastoideus
Trachea
R cardiacus ceruicalis,:
supenor
Oesophagus

Glandula parathyroidea
& N, laryngeus
recurrens
inlerior
O V jugularis
interna
o A carotiscommunis
Ganglion ceruico- :t
thoracicum lstellatum]
& N vagus[X]
l\/ longus colli a
Truncusjugularis
M scalenus anterior a dexter

l\4 scalenus medius o aaA;Vvertebralis

Fascia cervicalis,Lamina prevertebralis Pariesmembranaceus a A thyroidea

inferior
Vertebra Vll
cervicalis

F i g . 2 3 9 T h y r o i dg L a n dG
, L a n d u |t.hay r o i d e a ;
h o r i z o n t asLe c t i o n .

Cartilago epiglottica

Vestibulum
laryngis
Os hyoideum M arytenoideusobliquus,
Parsaryepiglottica
lvlembrana thyrohyoidea
I
Sacculus
laryngis
quadrangularis
Membrana
l\/ thyrohyoideus
Fascla cervicalis,
Lamina pretrachealis
Plica vestibularis
Lig vestibulare

Rima vestibuli Plica vocalis

Ventriculuslaryngis lvl constrictorpharyngis

inferior,
Cartilagothyroidea Parsthyropharyngea

Lig vocale M sternothyroideus

A; V thyroidea
superior M cricoarytenoideus
lateralis
Bima glottidis
lvl vocalis
Cavitas infraglottica
l\4 cricothyroideus
Cartilagocricoidea
Conuselasticus

Lig cricotracheale Glandula thyroidea

Cartilagotrachealis
Trachea

parathyroidea
Glandula interior

F i g . 2 t 0 T h y r o i dg [ a n d ,G L a n d u It.hay r o i d e a ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n .
 Surfacep. 32 Vot.ll
| Skel.eton
Thyroidgtand Pharynx

* N. hypoglossus
[Xll]

s u b l i n g u aO
lis
o V lingualis

A lingualis
a a M hyoglossus

M hyoglossus a A carotisexlerna
a

& N laryngeussuperior,
A thyroidea
superiora R internus

a Bifurcatio
carotidis
A carotisexternaa)

a A laryngea
superior
l\il geniohyoideus
a

OA thyroidea supenor
Os hyoideum

lvlembrana
thyrohyoidea O A carotiscommunis

Glandula thyroidea,
Lobus dexter thyroidea
Cartilago

A. thyroidea
superior,
a Glandula thyroidea,
R glandularis
anterior Lobus sinister

Lig cricothyroideummedianum
M cricothyroideus
a

lsthmus glandulaethyroideae

F i g . 2 1 1 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t h y r o i dg L a n d ,
G t a n d u Ltah y r o i d e aa, n d t h e [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x .

Mm infrahyoidei Cutis

lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
Fascia ceruicalis, Cartilago
trachealis
Lamina pretrachealis

Glandulathyroidea,
Lobus dexter

A carotis
communts

l\4 longus colli

Vertebra
Vll
cervicalis

F i g . 2 1 2 T h y r o i dg t a n d ,G t a n d u t a thyroidea;
o b I i q u eu t t r a s o u n di m a g ei n v e n t r o d o r s adLi r e c t i o n ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w I r i g h t ,2 0 0 % )
* U l t r a s o u nsdh a d o w o f t h et r a c h e a
 Pathological of the thyroidgland
enlargement

F i g . 2 1 3 T h y r o i dg L a n dG , [anduta thyroidea;
e n [ a r g e m e not f t h e t h y r o i dg l a n dw i t h t h r e eo b v i o u sn o d e s ,S t r u m an o d o s a .

Mm intrahyoidei

V jugularis
externa

Trachea

Corpusvertebrae

Costa

[/ erectorspinae
Proc.spinosus

* N o d e o f t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d

Fig.21t+ Neck,Cottum;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c( C T ls e c t i o n ;
inferiorview.
T h et r a c h e ai s d i s p L a c etdo w a r d st h e r i g h t b y a p a t h o l o g i c a l et yn t a r g e d
n o d eo f t h e t h y r o i dg l . a n d .

Mandibula
Claviculadextra

V jugularis

CostaI
Manubrium
sterni
Clavicula
sinistra

* N o d e o f t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d

Fig.245 Neck,Cotlum;
3 - d i m e n s i o n ar Ie c o n s t r u c t i ofnr o m c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c( C T )s e c t i o n s
s h o w i n ga h e a v i Leyn t a r g e d[ e f t [ o b eo f t h e t h y r o i dg l a n d ;
s a m e p a t i e n ta s i n F i 1 . 2 4 4 .
 > Neck Sketeton

Nasalandpharyngealcavity,paramedian
section

Os nasale
Sinussphenoidalis
Septumnasi Alavomerissinistra
Ostiumpharyngeum
tubaeauditivae;
Plica salpingopalatina Torustubarius

Tonsillapharyngea
Toruslevatorius

Vestibulum
nasi Corpus
Os sphenoidale,

Plica salpingopharyngea

Atlas[C l]
Palatum molle
Arcuspalatopharyngeus

lvl genioglossusI Os occipitale

Lig,transversum
atlantis
Mandibula palatina
Tonsilla

M geniohyoideusa Pharynx

M mylohyoideus
o Spatiumretropharyngeum
Os hyoideum
Tuberculum
cuneiforme
Lig thyrohyoideummedianum
Lig hyoepiglotticum
Tuberculum
corniculatum
Cartilagoepiglottica
Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum
Lig longitudinaleposterius
Lig thyroepiglotticum
Cartilagothyroidea cricoideae
Laminacartilaginis
Plicavestibularis;
Plicavocalis
Spatiumepidurale
(A ; V thyroidea
cricothyroideus superior);
a o
Lig cricothyroideummedianum Duramaterspinalis

Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
Lig longitudinale
anterius
Fascia ceruicalis,Lamina superficialis
Fascia cervicalis,
Fascia ceruicalis,Lamina pretrachealis Lamina prevertebralis

lsthmusglandulae
thyroldeae
(Spatium
retrooesophageum)
V thyroidea
inferiora

Oesophagus
Arcusvenosusjugulariso
(Spatiumoesophagotracheale)
M sternothyroideus
I
Trachea
Manubrium
sterni
a Truncusbrachiocephalicus
V brachiocephalicasinistra a

Nodus lymphoideuscervicalisanterior

F i g , 2 t 6 N a s a Ic a v i t yC , a v i t a sn a s i ;
, a v i t a so r i s ; p h a r y n x P
o r a I c a v i t yC , harynx,
a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x ;
paramedian section.
 Proc.pterygoideus,
Laminalateralis
M zygomaticusmajor
Arcuszygomaticus
M. procerus
M. tensor veli Dalatini

M. levatorveli palatini

Fasciapharyngo-
M levator basilaris
labiisuperioris
alaequenasi
M. stylo-
hyoideus
M. levator
labiisuperioris Condylus
occipitalis
M. zygomaticus
minor
Proc
mastoideus
M levatorangulioris
M. digastricus,
Venterposterior
Ductusparotideus;
M. buccinator Proc.styloideus
Hamuluspterygoideus
Lig stylohyoideum
M. orbicularis
oris, Raphepterygomandibularis
Parslabialis
M. styloglossus
M. stylopharyngeus
M. depressor
angulioris
M. digastricus,Venterposteriot
Parschondropharyngea
I M. constrictor
M mentalis l pnaryngrs
Parsceratopharyngea., medius
Platysma
M. stylohyoideus

M. mylohyoideus Os hyoideum,Cornumajus
A.; V. laryngea
superior;
M. digastricus,Venteranterior N. laryngeus superior
M. hyoglossus Membranathyrohyoidea
M. sternohyoideus
M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,
M. omohyoideus Parsthyropharyngea
M. thyrohyoideus
M. constrictorpharyngisinterior,
Parscricopharyngea
Carlilagothyroidea,
Laminasinistra
Oesophagus
f Parsrecta
M. cricothyroideus .l pars obliqua Cartilagotrachealis
\

'I Parspterygopharyngea
I
2 Parsbuccopharyngea [ ^,
M' ,constrictorpharyngissuperior
J eari myiopharyig6a I
Parsglossopharyngea I

F i g , 2 4 7 P h a r y n g ema lu s c t e sM, m .p h a r y n g i s ,
a n df a c i am
[ u s c l e sM. m .f a c i e i .
 > Neck

Pharyngeal
muscles

Synchondrosis
petrooccipitalis

M levator
velipalatini
(Fasciculus
muscularis
accessorius)

Li9.sphenomandibulare

Proc.styloideus

M. constrictor
pharyngissuperior,
Parspterygopharyngea
M stylohyoideus
M digastricus,Venterposterior
Lig. stylohyoideum M constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsbuccopharyngea
M stylohyoideus
M. stylopharyngeus
M. pterygoideus
medialis M styloglossus
parotidea
Glandula Lig.stylomandibulare
M. digastricus,Venterposterior M constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsmylopharyngea

M pterygoideus
medialis M. pterygoideus
medialis
Mandibula M. stylohyoideus
Glandula
submandibularis
M. digastricus,Venterposterior
M. styloglossus
M stylohyoideus M constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus M constrictorpharyngismedius,
Parschondropharyngea

M constrictorpharyngismedius,Parsceratopharyngea

M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,Parsthyropharyngea
Raphepharyngis

M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,Parscricopharyngea

Glandula
thyroidea,
Lobussinister Tunicamuscularis
Oesophagus,

Glandulathvroidea.Lobusdexter
Glandulaeparathyroideae
superioret inlerior
Glandulaeparathyroideae
superioret inferior

Tunicamuscularis
Oesophagus,

a tu s c t e sM, m .p h a r y n g i s
F i g . 2 4 8 P h a r y n g em
Musctes

lnnercontourof thepharynx

Concha nasalis
media
Concha nasalis inlerior
petrooccipitalis
Synchondrosis pharyngea
Tonsilla

M levator
veli palatini

Becessus
pnaryngeus Proc.styloideus

lvl digastricus,' Torustubarius

Venterposterior
Ostiumpharyngeum
tubaeauditivae
Glandula parotidea
Plica salpingopalatina
Noduli lymphoideipharyngeales
Toruslevatorius
Palatum molle
[Velum palatinum] M pterygoideus
medialis
Lig. stylomandibulare
Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Plicasalpingopharyngea
Uvula palatina
pharyngeales
Glandulae
Glandula
submandibularis
Lingua, Papillaevallatae Septumnasi

Radix linguae; Papillaevallatae palatina

(Plica pharyngoepiglottica)
Os hyoideum,Cornumajus

Epiglottis thyroidea,
Cornusuperius

Plica aryepiglottica

Tuberculumcuneiforme; Plicaneruilaryngeisuperioris
Cartilago cuneiformis
interaMenoidea
Incisura
Tuberculumcorniculatum;
Cartilago corniculata

Glandulae parathyroideae inferiores A; V. thyroideainferior

Levels of the pharynx;

A N a s o p h a r y n xP, a r sn a s a t i sp h a r y n g i s
B 0 r o p h a r y n xP, a r so r a t i sp h a r y n g i s
C L a r y n g o p h a r y nhx y, p o p h a r y n x ,
P a r s[ a r y n g e ap h a r y n g i s Fig.219 Pharynx,
Pharynx.

N. maxillaris[V/2]

I N glossopharyngeus
[X]

N vagus[X]

n f t h e p h a r y n xP
F i g .2 5 0 S e n s i b l ei n n e r v a t i o o , harynx.
 Sk eteton

theparapharyngeal
space

N vagus[X] ,
,: N accessorius
[Xl],R internus
N, glossopharyngeus
lXl *r
N M constrictorpharyngis
superior
Bulbussuperioro
venaejugularis a W pharyngeae
S i n u sa jugulare
Foramen
Iransversus
S i n u so - i t
sigmoideus Os
temporale
Ganglion
supeflus a A meningea
posterior
carotisinternaa i, N caroticus
R auricularis internus
& Ganglioninferius
Proc mastordeus (tx)
[Xl],it
N accessorius
R externus a A carotisinterna
Proc styloideus
inferius(X)
a Ganglion
N hypoglossus[Xll] '
x N jugularis(Truncus
M stylopharyngeuso sympathicus)
N, glossopharyngeus
lXl * Bamusmandibulae

R pharyngealis
{} & Ganglion
cervicale
superius
(Truncus
sympathicus)

Venterposterior
M digastricus, t o A pharyngeaascendens

N laryngeus
superiort
A carotisexternaa) $ N glossopharyngeus
lxl

B pharyngealis
,r O A palatinaascendens
o A facialis
A lacialis a a A lingualis
A lingualis
a
O A carotisexterna
laryngeus
superior,
R, externus&
N laryngeus
superior,
R internus,,
a A thyroidea
superior
pharyngis
l\4 constrictor mediusA
* N cardiacus
cervicalis
superior
A thyroidea
superiora (Truncus
sympathicus)
o V jugularisinterna
Rr pharyngeales* O R, pharyngealis
*] N vagus[X]
M constrictorpharyngisinferior0 a A carotiscommunis
$ Plexuscaroticus
communis
& Truncussympathicus

Glandula thyroidea a Bulbusinferiorvenaejugularis

O B pharyngealis

r&Ganglion
cervicale
medium
A, thyroidea
inferiora

* Ganglion cervicothoracicum[stellatum]
R cardiacusceruicalissuDerior '
., N cardiacuscervicalismedius
Oesophagus
(Truncussympathicus)

252
Fig,251 VesseLs and nervesof the pharynx,Pharynx,
a n dt h e p a r a p h a r y n g e a
spI a c e ,S p a t i u ml a t e r o p h a r y n g e u m .
 n*

Musctes

Vessels
and ne

Tonsillapharyngea Cartilagotubae auditivae;

Truncusneruiaccessorii,
R internus Ostium pharyngeumtubae auditivae
Fascia s N vagus[X]
N vagus[X] , pharyngobasilaris , N hypoglossus
[XIl]
N glossopharyngeus t N accessorius[Xl]
Itxl
a Bulbussuperior
Sinustransversus
O venaejugularis
I a A carotisinterna
S i n u ss i g m o i d e uos
, N accessorius
[Xl],
R externus
Ganglion inferius(X) :

a A occipitalis
N hypoglossus[Xll]
Proc mastoideus
Torus tubarius
cervicale
*. Ganglion superius
M digastricus,S (Truncus
sympathicus)
Venter posterior
g M tensorvelipalatini
M uvulae&
pharyngis
6 M constrictor
supeflor
Plica salpingopharyngea t M salpingopharyngeus
Tonsillapaiatina 0 M palatopharyngeus

Arcuspalatopharyngeus Sulcusterminalis

Plica aryepiglottica Dorsumlinguae,

Parsposterior
Cartilagothyroidea, Epiglottis
Cornu superius

s N laryngeus superior;
Tuberculum
cuneiforme o o A ; V laryngeasuperior
Tuberculum
corniculatum

Recessus piriformis, & N vagus[X]

Plicaneruilaryngei
superioris
a M. aMenoideus
transversus;
M. aMenoideus
obliquus

posterior
o M cricoarytenoideus
N vagus[X] .
E Truncussympathicus,
Plexuscaroticus
communis
Oesophagus,
Tunicamuscularis
thyroidea
Glandula
Ganglion medium.
cervicale
parathyroidea
Glandula inlerior
A thyroidea
inferiora
a Truncusthyrocervicalis
Bulbusinferioro
venaejugularis s N vagus[Xl,
R cardiacuscervicalis
superior
Truncus
thyroceruicalis
a o Bulbusinferiorvenaejugularis
Ganglion cervicothoracicum a A subclavia
[stellatum]

A;Vsubclaviaaa a V subclavia

{r N vagus[X]
V brachiocephalicasinistra a
, N laryngeus
recurrens
A carotiscommunisa
a V brachiocephalicadextra
N laryngeus
recurrensi
Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus

N vagus[X] ,
a Truncusbrachiocephalicus

Parsdescendensaortaea o V cavasuperior

231+

Fig.252 Vesselsand nervesof the pharynx,Pharynx,

a n dt h e p a r a p h a r y n g e a
spI a c eS
, p a t i u ml a t e r o p h a r y n g e u m
251
937
 Sk eteton
Vo[.

/esse/sandnervesof the neck

a V auricularisoosterior
'J N auricularisposterior(Vll)

o A. auricularis
oosterior

a M epicranius,
M occipitofrontalis,
Venteroccipitalis

parotidea
Glandula

N auricularis
magnus,, .A occipitalis
Rr posteriores

V jugularis
externao

a V occipitalis

transversus
colli,,
Rr superiores
* N occipitalis
maJor

.' N occipitalisminor

s M sternocleidomastoideus

$ N auricularis
magnus

Platysma f
e M levatorscapulae

* N accessorius
[xl]
* lvl trapezius

t Nn supraclaviculares
laterales

F i g .2 5 3 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o ra n d t h e l a t e r a Ir e g i o n
o f t h e n e c k ,R e g i o n e sc e r v i c a t eas n t e r i o re t L a t e r a I i s ;
superficia[layer.
Muscles

Vessels
and

a V auricularisDosterior

& N occipitalisminor
Platysma
a
O A occipitalis

V tacialis O a V occipitalis

N lacialis [Vll], R colli €

a N occipitalis major

V retromandibularis
O magnus
I N auricularis
R communicans
s O M. spleniuscapitis
a M levatorscapulae
O M. trapezius
V jugularis
externaa
a N. accessorius[Xll
Nodi lymphoidei cervicales
N transversus
colli6 laterales. Nodi superficiales

V jugularis
anteriorO a Nn supraclaviculares
laterales

o M omohyoideus

M sternocleidomastoideus
o I Plexus brachialis

a V transversacolli
Arcusvenosusjugularisa

Nn supraclaviculares
r,
mediales I Nn supraclaviculares
intermedii

121
255

Fig.251 Vessetsand nervesof the lateraI regionof the neck,

R e g i oc e r v i c a t i lsa t e r a t i s ;
parts of the ptatysmahavebeen reftectedcraniattyand the 253
superficiallayer of the cervicaIfasciahas been [argetyremoved
 > Neck Skel.eton

/esselsand nervesof theneck

V jugularis
internaa
posterior
a V auricularis
V retromandibularis
o

N facialis [Vll], R c o l l i

V facialis o
.. N occipitalisminor

Glandula aaA:V occioitalis

submandibularis

,* N occipitalis
maJor

M digastricus,*
Venteranterior

R suprahyoideus a
(A lingualis)

R. infrahyoideus
a
(A thyroideasuperior) S M sternocleidomastoideus

A carotisexlernaO
* M splenius
capitis
A laryngea
superiorO
, Plexuscervicalis
A thyroidea superior O
*' N. accessorius
[Xl]
A carotiscommunis
a

N vagus[X] ,, *, Plexusbrachialis,
Truncussuoerior

M omohyoideus,c a A. transversa
colli,
Ventersuperior R superficialis
i M omohyoideus,
Venter inferior

l\4 sternohyoideus
6
Clavicula

Ansaceruicalis,;
Radixsuperior
(Plexuscervicalis) a A transversa
colli,
R profundus
lvl sternothyroideus
*

l\4 scalenusanterior*

V jugularis
externao
a M deltoideus

A suprascapularis
a a A thoracoacromialis,
R deltoideus
O V cephalica
A subclaviaa
., Plexus brachialis,
M pectoralismajor fl A transversacolli a Pars supraclavicularis

21
t{, F i g . 2 5 5 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o ra n d t h e L a t e r arIe g i o n
t o f t h e n e c k ,R e g i o n e sc e r v i c a L easn t e r i o re t [ a t e r a t i s ;
25t, t h e s u p e r f i c i aal n d t h e m i d d t e[ a y e ro f t h e c e r v i c a I f a s c r a
h a v eb e e nr e m o v e d .
Musctes 0rgans Topography S ections

lvl digastricus,
*
Venterposterior . V retromandibularis
N hypoglossus
[Xll] , N cervicalis [C2] R anterior

Glandula
submandibularis
posterior
a A auricularis
V.submentaliso. A
N mylohyoideus posterior
* N auricularis (N,facialis)

A submentalis
O 0 M sternocleidomastoideus

lvl stylohyoideus
*

M digastricus,
*
Venteranterior

minor
a N occipitalis

M mylohyoideusC

A lingualiso

V lacialis a
* N accessorius
[Xl]
A carotisexternaO

A laryngea
superiora
Badixsuperior.
Ansacervicalis,

A thyroidea superiora a N cervicalis [C3], R anterior

R sternocleidomastoideusa I N cervicalis [C4], R. anterior

V thyroidea
superiora & Ansa cervicalis,Radix inferior
* Plexus brachialis,Truncus suoerior
A cervicalis
ascendens
O a A transversa
colli,R superficialis

l\4 omohyoideus s M trapezius

e
a M omohyoideus,
Venterinferior
Glandula
thyroidea
oA transversacolli,
(A cervicalis R profundus
a
superticialis,
Var)
a A subclavia
N p h r e n i c u s.
o V jugularis
externa
M scalenusanteriore
o V,subclavia

Bulbusinleriora
venaejugularis C M pectoralis
mrnor

carotiscommunis
a)
a l\il deltoideus

vagus[X] , a a A ; V thoracoacromialis a V cephalica

M sternocleidomastoideus*

257

F i g . 2 5 6 V e s s e [ sa n d n e r v e so f t h e [ a t e r a Ir e g i o no f t h e n e c k ,
R e g i oc e r v i c a I i L
sateratis;
a f t e r a I m o s tc o m p L e t ree m o v a L otfh e s t e r n o c l e i d o m a s t o i d 255
muscLe.
 > Neck Ske[eton

/esselsandnervesof the neck

, N hypoglossus
[Xll]

o V retromandibularis

a V jugularis
interna
B sternocleidomastoideusa
(A occipitalis)

A facialisa

Platysma t s l\4 sternocleidomastoideus

lvl mylohyoideus*
O A occipitalis
N mylohyoideus

* M spleniuscapitis
A submentalis
a

M digastricus,
S occipitalis
Venteranterior

Glandula
submandibularis
A carotis externa O
N laryngeussuperior
ar N accessorius[Xl]

A carotis interna a
A laryngeasuperior a

A thyroidea superiora
& M levatorscapulae
N vagus [X] ,,
i N ceruicalis[C5], R anterior
M omohyoideus,* I N ceruicalis[C6], B anterior
Venter superior
a (A ceruicalissuperficialis,Var )
A carotiscommunis
O ;, N cervicalis[C7], R anterior

Ansacervicalis e l\il omohyoideus, Venter inferior

(Plexuscervicalis)
a A suprascapularis
A thyroidea
inleriora

A cervicalisO
ascendens
o M deltoideus
Glandula thyroidea

A vertebralis,
a
Parsprevertebralis

N phrenicus,

Truncus
thyrocervicalis
a

A subclavia
O

A thoracica
internaa
,; Plexus brachialis,
Pars infraclavicularis
V jugularisinternaa o A axillaris
V brachioceohalicasinistra a
O A thoracoacromialis
V jugularis
externaa
I M pectoralisminor
lvl pectoralismajor, Pars clavicularis*
o V axillaris o V cephalica

t
Fig.257 Vessetsand nervesof the LateraIregionof the neck,
t R e g i oc e r v i c a t i [sa t e r a L i s ;
256 oeep rayer.
 l l: -lil- r:l

Musctes

Vessels

N vagus [X]
a V jugularis
interna
[Xll] .
N hypoglossus
N mylohyoideus
A facialisO
(Truncus
Rr communicantes sympathicus)

a A occipitalis
A submentalis
a
o R mastoideus
A carotis externa a
N occipitalisminor

A carotisinternaa

Ganglion
ceruicale
superius; I N occipitalis
(Truncussympathicus) malor

M omohyoideus,Venter superior
i N accessorius
A thyroideasuperiora lxtl
lvl sternohyoideus&
a A cervicalis
R cardiacus ascendens
cervicalissuperior (N vagus)
Ansa ceruicalis,Radix superior , N phrenicus
(Plexus ceruicalis)

M constrictorpharyngisinferior.&
N cardiacus
ceruicalis
superior
M sternothyroideus
&
O (A ceruicalis Var)
superficialis,
(Ganglion
sympathicum * M scalenus
anterior
accessonum)
V thyroidea
superiora
,* N suprascapularis
A thyroideainferiora
Ganglion
cervicale
medium a A suDrascaDularis
TruncusO
thyroceruicalis
A subclavia Clavicula
a
A thoracica
internaa
N laryngeusrecurrens, a R acromialis
(A thoracoacromialis)
Trachea

V thyroidea
inferioro
A M deltoideus
N cardiacus
ceruicalis
medius(Truncus
sympathicus)
* M pectoralis
V vertebralis,
o minor,Tendo
Pars
prevertebralis
a A axillaris
A carotiscommunis
o

O A, thoraco-
V j u g u l a r i sn t e r n o
a acromialis

V brachio-O
cephalicasinistra
a V cephalica
V jugularis
externaa

M pectoralismajor6 , Plexus brachialis,

Pars infraclavicularis,
Fasciculusmedialis
CostaI
N pectoralismedialis a V axillaris
M pectoralis*
mtnor : N intercostobrachialis
V cephalicao ,, N thoracodorsalis

A ; V thoracica
lateralis
o a longus
: N thoracicus
a W thoracoepigastricae

F i g .2 5 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e l a t e r a lr e g i o no f t h e n e c k ,
s t e r a t i sa, n d t h e a x i t l a r yr e g i o n ,R e g i oa x i t l a r i s .
R e g i oc e r v i c a L li a
T h e n u m b e r sV - V l l l i n d i c a t ev e n t r a Lb r a n c h e so f t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i ncge r v i c a nI e r v e s
 Sk eteton

of the neck

l\4 digastricus,
Venteranteriore
s lV mylohyoideus
V,jugularis
anteriorO s M hyoglossus
V submentalis
o a V submentalis
a A facialis
G l a n d u lsau b m a n d i b u l a r i s
oY.facialis
/ ,z

V facialis a

,, N hypoglossus
[Xll]
V retromandibularis
o
Glandula
parotidea

M stylohyoideus
*
o V facialis

V occipitalis
o

a V occipitalis
V facialisa

V jugularis
internao Prominentia
laryngea

V thyroidea
superiorO O V thyroidea
superior

V jugularis
externao f M sternocleidomastoideus
&.Ansaceruicalis.
Radixsuoerior
A carotiscommunis
al (Plexus cervicalis)

o V, jugularis interna
l\4 sternocleidomastoideusB
lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
V cervicalis
suoerticialis
o
a V jugularis
externa
V transversa
collia o V jugularis
anterior
lV omohyoideus,s & M omohyoideus
Venter inlerior
& M. trapezius

V cephalica a

M pectoralismajor 6
o V cephalica

a M pectoralis
R perforans
(A thoracica
interna)a maJor
a V thoracoacromialis
R cutaneus
anteriorDectoralis
,
o V axillaris
Rr perforantes(A; V thoracica interna)a a
* lvl sternocleidomastoideus
V thyroidea inferiora O Arcusvenosusjugularis

F i g .2 5 9 V e i n so f t h e n e c k ,C o t l u m .
Musctes

Vessels
andnervesof the neckand the upperthoracicaperture

* N4digastricus,
Venteranterior
Os hyoideum a l\/1.
mylohyoideus
M hyoglossus
rt f N lingualis Venteranterior
,/ a M. digastricus,

o A facialis
V retromandibularis
a

a V facialis

& N hypoglossus
[Xll]

V occipitalis
o Glandula parotidea

M sternohyoideus
i
o V thyroidea
superior
M thyrohyoideusA

M omohyoideus
o * M sternocleidomastoideus

A thyroidea
superioro s Ansacervicalis,
Fladixsuperior
(Plexuscervicalis)
Cartilago
thyroidea

V jugularis
externaa * N vagus[X]
Glandula
thyroidea
a V. thyroidea media
Plexusthyroideus
impara
& N accessorius
[Xl]
N. vagus[X] ;,
& N phrenicus

A transversa & Plexus

a brachialis,
colli Parssupra-
clavicularis

V transversaO
colli t M omo-
hyoideus

V jugularis
O Clavicula
anterior

A subclavia
o a A subclavia;
o V jugularis
exlerna

V.subclavia
o a V subclavia

V brachio-a a V cephalica
cephalica
dextra
a V jugularis
V thyroideaa interna
inferior

a M. pectoralis
major
V thoracica
internao
CostaI
V cavasuperiora ,* N vagus[X]
V brachioceohalica
sinistraa i N laryngeus a A carotiscommunis;
recurrenssinister t N laryngeusrecurrens
ParsascendensaortaeO sinister
o Vv thymicae

F i g . 2 6 0 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e n e c k ,C o l t u m ,a n d
, p e r t u r at h o r a c i ss u p e r i o r .
t h e u p p e rt h o r a c i ca p e r t u r eA
259
 Lymphatics
of

Noduslymphoideus
buccinatorius

Nodi lymphoideitaciales

Nodus
lymphoideus
M digastricus,a JUgulo-
Venteranlerior digastricus

Nodilymphoidei
submandibulares

Nodi lymphoidei Nodi lymphoidei

submentales occipitales

I M sternocleidomastoideus
Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales,
Nodi profundisuperiores
a M splenius
capitis

M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperiora Nodi lymphoideiceruicaleslaterales,
Nodi suDerficiales

Nodilymphoidei
cervicales
laterales, e M levatorscapulae
Nodiprolundiinferiores

{,}N accessorius[Xl]
Noduslymphoideus
juguloomohyoideus
t M scalenusmedius
A carotiscommunis
a
O M. trapezius
V jugularis
internaa
C M scalenusposterior
Nodus lymphoideuscervicalislateralis,
Nodus orofundus inferior
*' Plexus brachialis,
Pars supraclavicularis
M scalenus anterior C

a M omohyoideus,Venter inferior

Fig.261 Superficia[lymphatics,Vasalymphatica
s u p e r if c i a l i aa, n d [ y m p hn o d e s ,N o d it y m p h o i d e o
i ,f t h e
h e a da n d t h e n e c ko f a n B - y e a r - o t d chitd.
Musctes

Vessels
and submandibular trianqIe

R marginalis
mandibularis
,a
Glandula parotidea
o a v;A facialis
M stylohyoideus
t
Glandula
submandibularis

& N. mylohyoideus

o M mylohyoideus

o M digastricus,
Venteranterior
[Xll] '
N hypoglossus

N accessorius[Xl] a M hyoglossus

Ansacervicalis, a N hypoglossus
[Xll]
Fladixsuperior

o A lingualis
N vagus[X]

V jugularis
externaa a M digastricus,
Tendointermedius

Os hyoideum
lvl sternocleidomastoideus
o
V jugularis
internaa
a A lingualis
A carotisexternaa
a A thyroidea o * A laryngea N laryngeus
superior; superior
supenor

F i g , 2 6 2 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s u b m a n d i b u t at r i a n g t e ,
T r i q o n u ms u b m a n d i b u [ a r e .

1 o/o 4o/o 12o/o 30 % 35o/o 12o/o 5To

F i g . 2 6 3 L e v e lo f t h e b i fu r c a t i o no f t h e c o m m o nc a r o t i da r t e r y ,
A c a r o t i sc o m m u n i s i. n r e t a t i o nt o t h e c e r v i c avI e r t e b r a e .
 Sur facep. 32 Vot.l l
| Sk eteton

Subclavian

A vertebralis,
Pars
intracranialis

A vertebralis,
Parsatlantica

A vertebralis,Parstransversaria

A ceruicalisprofunda A vertebralis,
Pars prevertebralis

A ceruicalis
ascendens
Truncuscostocervicalis
A carotiscommunis
Vertebra cervicalis Vll
(A,cervicalis Var)
superficialis,

Truncusthyrocervicalis

VertebrathoracicaI A thyroidea
inferior

A, subclavia

A carotiscommunis
(A scapularis
descendens,
Var) A. suprascapularis

intercostalis
suprema
TruncusbrachioceDhalicus

Clavicula
CostaI
Manubrium
sterni
posterior
A intercostalis ll posterior
A. intercostalis I

A axillaris A thoracica
interna

Fig. 264 Subctavianartery,

A. subctavia.

90 0k

F i g .2 6 5 L e v eoLf t h ee n t r yo f t h e F i g . 2 6 6a - f V a r i a t i o n si n t h e t r u n c u sf o r m e db y t h e i n f e r i o rt h y r o i da r t e r y ,
vertebraIarteA r y.,v e r t e b r a Liinst,ot h e A . t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r t, h e s u p r a s c a p u t aarr t e r y ,A . s u p r a s c a p u t a r itsh, e
t r a n s v e r sf e
o r a m i n aF,o r a m i ntar a n s v e r s a r i a t r a n s v e r s ec e r v i c aaLr t e r y ,A . t r a n s v e r s ac o t I i ,a n d t h e i n t e r n a L
thoracic
a r t e r y ,A . t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a w
, h e n t h e v e r t e b r a aI r t e r y ,A v e r t e b r a l i s ,
b r a n c h e so f f s e p a r a t e tfyr o m t h e c o s t o c e r v i c a t rIu n c u s ,T r u n c u s
costocervicaIis.
Mu s c t e s

Vessels
andnervesof the neckand the upperthoracicaperture

Lig longitudinale
anterius Vertebracervicalislll

M, longuscapitisa
Discusintervertebralis
M scalenusmediuso
R interganglionaris.,
a A vertebralis,Parstransversaria
Truncussympathicus,
Ganglion
cervicale
medium
N p h r e n i c u s, ,

l\4 scalenusanteriora t Truncussuperior

M scalenusoosterior a
* Truncusmedius Plexus brachialis
V vertebralisa
Vertebracervicalis
Vll. Proc transversus Truncusinferior
A vertebralis
a
Truncusthyrocervicalis a
prolundaa a
A ; V ceruicalis

(Nn phrenici
accessorii)

aA subclavia

e N phrenicus
Ansa subclavia

OA carotis
communls

o M longuscolli

o Arcusaortae

A I V thoracica interna a a O TruncusbrachioceDhalicus

Pleura parietalis

V cavasuperioro a W brachiocephalicae
dextra et sinistra

F i g . 2 6 7 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e sa t t h e t r a n s i t i o n
f r o m t h e n e c kt o t h e t h o r a x .
T h e n u m b e r sl V - V l l li n d i c a t ev e n t r a Ib r a n c h e so f t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i nsgp i n a In e r v e s

F i g .2 5 8 a - d V a r i a t i o n isn t h e o r i g i no f t h e v e r t e b r a aL r t e r y ,
A.vertebratis
 5keleton

Platysma
c Lig vocale

Cartilagocricoidea
Cartilagothyroidea
Cartilago arytenoidea
M sternohyoideus
G
piriformis
Flecessus
M thyrohyoideus
a
pharyngis
a M, constrictor inferior
M omohyoideus
*
o A, thyroidea
superior
lvl sternothyroideus
a
E Truncus
sympathicus
A carotiscommunis
a
t l\4 longuscolli
Ganglion ceruicalemedium .,
Nodilymphoidei
cervicales
Nodiprolundisuperiores
laterales,
N vagus[X] ,,
a A vertebralis
V jugularisinternao
a A cervicalis
ascendens
M sternocleido-
a
mastoideus *l N. spinalis[C5]

r'
N phrenicus a V jugularis
externa

M scalenusanteriorc VertebraceruicalisV
Corpus

M scalenusmediusa Spatiumsubarachnoideum

Spatiumepidurale;
O Plexusvenosus
M levator scapulae I vertebralis
internus

M spleniusceruicis
et capitisC Periosteum

l\4 semispinaliscapitis O
Duramaterspinalis

M multilidusceruicis *

lvl trapeziusI t M spinalis

Medulla spinalis
Vertebra cervicalis lV
Proc spinosus

F i g . 2 6 9 N e c k ,C o t l u m ;
t T a n s v e r ssee c t i o na t t h e levetof the vocaIcord.
Mus ct e s 0 r g an s T o p o g ra p h y Sections

transversesection

o V jugularis
anterior

M sternohyoideus a V thyroidea
inferior
a
M sternothyroideus
o
M sternocleidomastoideus
o & N vagus[X]
lsthmus glandulaethyroideae
o V jugularis
interna
V thyroidea lnferior a
o V jugularis
externa
Oesophagus
Noduslymphoideus
Clavicula cervicalis
lateralis,
Nodusprofundus interior
M omohyoideus
a
a A carotiscommunis

l\4.scalenus a
antenor o * A. ceruicalis
ascenoens;
Plexusbrachialis
* N phrenicus
& N laryngeus
recurrens
M scalenusa
posterior
o V vertebralis
M scalenusa c M scalenus
medrus medius
M longuscollia aA vertebralis

N spinalis* Costa I

Vertebra
thoracical, a M supra-
Corpus sprnalus

Medulla Scapula
spinalis
thoracica

Vertebrathoracical. Proc soinosus

F i g . 2 l O N e c k ,C o L t u m ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e f i r s t t h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a .
 "..0r gans I To pogr aphyI Sec ti ons

cavityand pharynx,

pharyngea
Tonsilla

Palatum molle
[Velum palatinum]

Lig hyoepiglotticum
M.constrictor
pharyngis
superior

Epiglottis

Os hyoideum

M constrictor
pharyngis medius
orbicularis
oris,
Parslabialis
Lig thyrohyoideum
medianum

Cartilago
thyroidea
M genioglossus M aMenoideustransversus
M constrictor
pharyngis
inferior
M geniohyoideus medianum
Lig.cricothyroideum
Cartilagocricoidea

Fascia cervicalis,
M, mylohyoideus Lamina superficialis

Glandula thyroidea Canihgines tracheales

Fig.271 Faciap L a r t o f t h e h e a d ,C a p u t ,a n d n e c k ,C o L [ u m ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o nt h r o u o ht h e h e a do f a n e o n a t e .

F i g . 2 7 2 S c h e m ai l l u s t r a t i n gt h e d i s t a n c eb e t w e e n F i g . 2 7 3 S c h e m ai t l u s t r a t i n gt h a t t h e L a r y n xi n
t h e r o o to f t h e t o n g u e ,R a d i xI i n g u a ea, n d t h e e p i g [ o t t i s , t h e n e o n a t ei s p o s i t i o n e d
c o n s i d e r a b thyi g h e rt h a n
E p i g t o t t i si n
, theadutt i n t h ea d u t t .
Surface I SketetonI Muscles... > Uppertimb

Surfaceanatomy

Pollex[Digitusprimus]
Regio deltoidea,
M. deltoideus
Index[Digitussecundusl
M. biceps
brachii
Digitusmediusltertiusl M. brachioradialis

Plicaaxillarisanterior

Brachium,
Antebrachium, Regio Regioaxillaris,Fossaaxillaris
Regioantebrachii brachii
anterior EPlCOnOYlus
meorails anterior
M tricepsbrachii

Fig.271 UppeL
r i m bM
, embrum
superius.

(Radius)
Proc.styloideus
Dorsummanus
Regio deltoidea,M. deltoideus Pollex[Digitusprimus]
M. brachioradialis Index[Digitussecundus]

Plicaaxillarisoosterior

M. latissimus
dorsi (Ulna)
Proc.styloideus
M tricepsbrachii Regio antebrachii
posterior

Fig.2l5 UppeL
r i m bM
, embrum
superius.
 ' Upper timb Surface lSkeletonl Musctes
Overview Shoulder Arm
Skeletonof the upperlimb

Cingulum
pectorale

Pars libera
membfl
supeflofls

Antebrachium

Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis

Articulatio
radlocarpalis

Articulatio
mediocarpalis

Articulationes
carpometacarpales

Articulationes
metacarpophalangeae

Digitimanus,
Ossadigitorum: Articulationes manusproximales
interphalangeae
- Phalanxproximalis
- Phalanxmedia
- Phalanxdistalis
Articulationes
interphalangeae
manusdistales

Fig.276 UppeL r i m bM, embrum superius;

overview
b .o n e sa n di o i n t s .
To pogr a p h y
Etbow Forearm Hand

Extremitas
acromialis

F i g .2 7 7 C L a v i c LCe L, a v i c u l a ;
supefl0rvrew.

Corpusclaviculae
Extremitassternalis

Extremitas
acromialis

Faciesarticularis
Foramennutricium sternalis

lmpressio ligamentl
Tuberculum
conoideum Sulcusmusculisubclavii costoclavicularis

Fig.278 Ctavic[e,Ctavicu[a;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .

Discusarticularis

Lig interclaviculare

Lig costoclaviculare

Lig sternoclaviculare
anterius

l\4anubrium
sterni
Lio sternocostale
radiatum

Cartilagocostalis ll
Symphysis
manubrioslernalis

F i g . 2 7 i S t e r n o c [ a v i c u tjaori n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i os t e r n o c L a v i c u L a r i s ;
V E N I T A LV I C W .
 Shoutder Arm
Scapula

Incisura
scapulae
Tuberculum
supraglenoidale
l\4argosuperior
Angulussuperior Proc coracoideus Proc. coracoideus

Fossa
supraspinata

Spina Acromion
scapurae
Cavitas glenoidalis

Angulus
acromrl Tuberculum
infraglenoidale
Cavitas
glenoidalis
Anguluslateralis
Margo
medialis
Facies costalis
Collumscapulae

Margolateralis

Fossainfraspinata
Margo lateralis

I
I
Angulus
inferiorl

Fig.280 Scaputa,Scaputa; Fig. 281 ScapuLa,

ScapuLa;
dorsaIview. [ateraIview.

Proc coracoideus
Incisura
scapulae

Margosuperior

Fossa Articulatio
subscapularis acromro-
clavicularis
Facies
costalis
Cavitas
glenoidalis Acromion
Collum
scapurae Vertebra
thoracicaI
CostaI
Proc coracoideus
Articulatio
slerno-
clavicularis
60'
Sternum

Planum medianum*

Fig. 282 Scaputa,Scapura; F i g . 2 8 3 S h o u l d e rg i r d t e ,C i n g u t u mp e c t o r a t e ;

v e n t r a Iv i e w s u p e f l o rv r e w .
T h e a n g L e sr e f e rt o t h e a v e r a g er e L a t i o nisn t h e
aduLt.
* M e d i a pn t a n e
* * S c a p u t aprt a n e
T opog r a p h yI Se cti o n s
El.bow Forearm Hand

Caputhumeri
Sulcusintertubercularis
Collumanatomicum
Tuberculum
majus
Tuberculum Collum Tuberculum
majus
mtnus anatomrcum

Collum Collum
chirurgicum chirurgicum

Cristatuberculi
majoris

Corpushumeri

Sulcusnerviradialis

l\4argolateralis

Margo medialis
Facies anterolateralis
Faciesposterior
Facies anteromedialis

Cristasupraepicondylaris Fossa coronoidea

lateralis
Fossa radialis Cristasupra-
epicondylaris
Epicondylus medialis Fossaolecrani
lateralis

Capitulum Epicondylus
humeri medialis
Sulcusnerviulnaris Trochleahumeri
Condylushumeri Trochlea
humeri

F i g . 2 8 4 H u m e r u sH, u m e r u s ; F i g . 2 8 5 H u m e r u sH,u m e r u s ;
ventraL view. dorsaIview.

Insertions
of thetendonsof:
1 M supraspinatus
Collumanatomicum I
2 M infraspinatus
3 M teresminor

Caputhumeri

Tuberculum
majus

F i g . 2 8 6 H u m e r u sH, u m e r u s ;
proximaIview.
 Surface lSkeletonl Musctes
Shoulder Arm
joint
Shoulder

Clavicula,
Articulatio
acromioclavicularis, Extremitasacromialis
Lig acromioclaviculare

Acromion

Li9 coracoacromiale
Lig coracoclaviculare,
Lig trapezoideum
M supraspinatus Bursasynovialis
Lig coracoclaviculare,
Proc coracoideus Lig conoideum
Lig.transversum
scapulae
Lig, coracohumerale supenus

Tuberculum
majus Incisura
scapulae

Bursasubtendinea
musculi
subscapularis
M subscapularis,
Tendo

Vaginatendinisintertubercularis

- (superius)
Ligg glenohumeralia:
M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum - (medium)
- (interius)

Cristatuberculi
majoris

Tuberculum
infraglenoidale
Sulcusintertubercularis

(Recessus
axillaris)
Cristatuberculi
minoris

F i g . 2 8 7 S h o u L d ej o
r i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ;
venlratvtew.

Lig lransversum
scapulaesuperius Proc coracoideus

Lig coracohumerale

Spina scapulae
Tuberculum
majus

Capsulaarticularis

F i g .2 8 8 S h o u I d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oh u m e r i ;
t h e a c r o m i o nh a s b e e nr e m o v e d :
dorsaIview.
Topography
Etbow Forearm Hand
Shoulderjoint

Ciavicula,Extremitasac.omialis Lig. coracoacromiale

lvl supraspinatus

Spina scapulae

M infraspinatus

M teresminor

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

Capsulaarticularis

Humerus

F i g . 2 8 9 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ;
dorsaLview.

M supraspinatus

Bursasubacromialis

Lig coracoacromiale
Acromion

Proc coracoideus

M supraspinatus*

Tuberculum
majus Lig coracohumerale

M infraspinatus*
M subscapularis*

Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
M. teresminor*

M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum

M subscapularis*

F i g . 2 9 0 S h o u [ d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ; T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c L et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h + f o r m t h e s o - c a t l e d
lateraIview rotator cuff.
 > U p p e rt i m b M us c tes
0verview Shoutder Arm
Shoulderjoint

Faciesarticularis
clavicularis

M, supraspinatus

Bursasubacromialis Lig coracohumerale

M biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo

Labrum glenoidale

Cavitas glenoidalis

Caput humeri

Vaqinatendinisintertubercularis

M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum,Tendo

(Recessus
axillaris)

F i g . 2 9 1 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ;
s e c t i o na t t h e l e v e lo f t h e s c a p u t a :
ventraIview

Lig
Clavicula

Acromion
Lig trapezoideum
Li9. coracoctauicutare
Lig conoideum )

l\4 biceps brachii,

Caput longum, Tendo

Cavitas glenoidalis

Labrum glenoidale*

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

F i g . 2 9 2 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ;
LateraIview.
N e x tt o i t s o r i g i na t t h e s u p r a g [ e n o i d a
t uLb e r c L et h
, e t e n d o no f t h e b i c e p s
m u s c t ei s p r e d o m i n a n t layt t a c h e dt o t h e g l e n o i d[ a b r u m .
* lt formsa fibrocartitaginous coltararoundtheglenoidcavity
To pogr a p h y
Etbow Forearm Hand
Shoulderjoi nt,radiography

Articulatio
acromioclavicularis

Acromion
Clavicula

Proc coracoideus

Caputhumeri

Cavitas glenoidalis
Tuberculum
maius Collum scapulae

Tuberculum infraglenoidale

Tuberculum
minus

l\4argo lateralis
Sulcusintedubercularis

F i g . 2 9 3 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ;
AP-radiograph.

Sulcusintertubercularis M, deltoideus,Pars clavicularis

;
l\,4.
bicepsbrachii,
Caputlongum,Tendo
Tuberculum minus
Tuberculum
majus

lvl deltoideus,
Parsacromialis
M. coracobrachialis

Caputhumeri Labrum glenoidale

Cavitas glenoidalis
Articulatio
humeri,
Cavitasarticularis

M subscapularis
M deltoideus,
Parsspinalis

Scapula
l\4 infraspinatus

F i g . 2 9 1 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ihou m e r i ;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cl C T lc r o s s - s e c t i o n ;
t h e j o i n t c a v i t yi s f i t L e dw i t h a i r I p n e u m o - C T ) ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
 M us c tes
Shoutder Arm

Proc
coronoideus

Tuberositas
ulnae Cristamusculi
supinatoris

Proc
coronoideus

Margointerosseus
Margointerosseus

Margoposterior

Facies medialis

Circumferentia
articularis Circumferentia
articularis

F i g . 2 9 5 U t n a ,U L n a ; F i g . 2 9 7 U | . n aU
, Lna;
ventraLview. radiaLview.

F i g . 2 9 6 U l n a ,U t n a ;
dorsaIview.
T opog r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Etbow Forearm

Caputradii, Caputradii,
Circumferentia Circumferentia
articularis articularis

Collumradii Collumradii

Tuberositasradii Tuberositasradii
Foveaarticularis

Caputradii
Collumradii
Faciesanterior
Foramennutricium

Margointerosseus Margointerosseus
Corpusradii

Corpusradii

Margoanterior

Margointerosseus Faciesposterior
Faciesanterior

Margoposterior

Facieslateralis

Faciesposterior

Incisura
ulnaris

Faciesarticularis
carpalis

Proc.swloideus
radii
Proc.styloideusradii

Fig.298 Radius,Radius; Fig.300 Radius,Radius;

ventraIview. utnarview.

Tuberculum
dorsale

Fig.299 Radius,
Radius;
dorsaIview.
* G r o o v e sa n d c r e s t sf o r t h e
a t t a c h m e n to f t h e e x t e n s o r
t e ndo n s
 Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
Shoutder Arrn
Elbowjoint

Epicondylus
lateralis Epicondylus
medialis

humeri
Trochlea

lncisuratrochlearis
Epicondylus
medialis
Circumferentia
articularis

Olecranon

Lig collateraleulnare,
(Pars posterioO
Lio. collateraleulnare.
(Pirs anterior)

Corpusradii, Tuberositas
uinae
Corpusulnae,
Faciesanterior Faciesanterior

j o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t icou b i t i ;
F i 9 .3 0 1 E L b o w F i g .3 0 2 E l . b o w j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc u b i t i ,
ventraIview. i n 9 0 ' f l e x i o na n d 9 0 ' s u p i n a t i o n ;
mediaLview.

Capsulaarticularis,
Membrana fibrosa Epicondylus
medialis
Epicondylus
lateralis
Capsulaarticularis
Lig collaterale
ulnare Lig collaterale
Lig collateraleradiale radiale
Olecranon
Lig anulare radii
Lig anulare radii

Collumradii
Collumradii
M biceDsbrachii.Tendo

Chorda obliqua

j o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ;
F i g .3 0 3 E l . b o w j o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ;
F i g .3 0 4 E l . b o w
ventraLview. dorsaLview.
To pogr a p h y
Etbow Forearm Hand
Junctionsof the bonesof the forearm

Lig anulare radii Inctsura

trochlearis

Circumferentia
articularis

l\4 biceps brachii, Tuberositasradii

Tendo

Chorda obliqua

Membrana
interossea
antebrachii

Articulatioradio-
Faciesarticularis ulnarisdistalis,
carpalrs Capsulaarticularis Proc.styloideus

F i g .3 0 5 J u n c t i o n so f t h e b o n e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; F i g . 3 0 6 J u n c t i o n so f t h e b o n e so f t h e f o r e a r m ;
insupination; in pronation;
ventralview. v e n t r a lv i e w o f t h e u l n a .d o r s a lv i e w o f t h e r a d i u s .

Membranainterosseaantebrachii

Tuberositas
radii
Tuberositas
ulnae
Collumradii

Proc Lig.anulare Facies

coronoideus radii lateralis

Radius Ulna
Incrsura
trochlearis Articulatio
radioulnaris lvlargoposterior Margoposterior
proximalis
Faciesposterior posterior
Olecranon

F i g .3 0 7 P r o x i m a rI a d i o - u t n ajro i n t , F i g . 3 0 8 C r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e b o n e so f t h e
A r t i c u t a t i or a d i o - u t n a r i ps r o x i m a L i s ; forearm;
ventrooroximaLview. distaIview.
 M us e[es
Shnulder Arrn
Elbowjoint, sectionsand radiography

M brachialis M triceps brachii,

N radialis Caput mediale

M brachioradialis

HUMETUS Septum
intermusculare
brachiimediale

M extensor carpi l\il pronator

r a d i a l i sl o n g u s teres,Caput
numerate

Epicondylus Epicondylus
lateralis medialis

Trochlea
Lig collaterale humerl
radiale
Sulcusnervi
Caprtulum ulnaris
numefl
Ltg
collaterale
Lig anulare ulnare
radii
t\4m
flexores,
Caput radii Caput
commune
M extensor
Proc 1 Cristasupraepicondylaris 6 Tuberositas
radii
carpi radialis lateralis 7 Proc coronoideus
coronordeus
brevis
2 Epicondylus lateralis 8 Trochleahumeri
3 C a p i t u l uh
mu m e r i 9 Olecranon
l\4 supinator 4 Caputradii 10 Epicondylusmedialis
5 Collumradii 11 Cristasupraepicondylaris
Lrg quadratum Bursa bicipitoradialis lvl pronatorteres, medialis
M biceps brachii,Tendo Caputulnare

F i g .3 0 9 E L b o w j o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t icou b i t i ; Fi9.310 ELbow j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t icou b i t i ;

f r o n t a Is e c t i o n . AP-radioqraph

l\4tricepsbrachii
Corpushumeri
J
M brachialis
Fossa olecrani l\4 biceps brachii

l\4 triceps
Tendo

Bursa
subcutanea
olecranl
A brachialis
M pronator
IETES

N medianus

A radialis
Trochleahumeri A ulnaris '1 Humerus 6 Radius
2 Fossaolecrani 7 Collumradii
3 Olecranon 8 Caputradii
4 lncisuratrochlearis 9 Proc coronoideus
5 Ulna 10 Fossacoronoidea

F i g .3 1 1 E t b o wj o i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oc u b i t i ; Fig.312 ELbow j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc u b i t i ;
--^;++-l -^^+i^^
JovrrroL JEL(tut t. [ a t e r a Lr a d i o g r a p h .
Topography
Etbow Forearm Hand
Skeleton

Os lunatum

Os triquetrum
Tuberculum
ossisscaohoidei

Os pisilorme
Tuberculum
ossistrapezii

Os trapezium

Os trapezoideum
Os capitatum
Os hamatum

Hamulusossishamati
Basisossismetacarpi

Corpusossismetacarpi
Ossasesamoidea

Caputossismetacarpi
Phalanx proximalis

Phalanx distalis

Phalanxproximalis

I x i g i t ups r i m u s l
P o l . t eI D
ll I n d e xI D i g i t usse c u n d u s ]
lll Digitum s e d i u sI D i g i t utse r t i u s ]
lV D i g i t u as n u t a r iIsD i g i t uqsu a r t u s J
V D i g i t um s i n i m u[sD i g i t uqsu i n t u s l

F i g .3 1 3 B o n e so f t h eh a n dO
, s s am a n u s ;
p a t m avr i e w .
 > U p p e rt i m b Muscles

Skeletonof the hand

Radius Ulna
Os lunatum Caputulnae
Proc styloideus
radii Proc styloideus
ulnae
Os scaphoideum
Os capitatum
Os triquetrum
Tuberculum
ossistrapezii
Os pisiforme Ossacarpi
Os trapezium
Os hamatum,
Hamulusossis
Os trapezoideum
Os metacarpi

Ossasesamoidea Ossametacarpil-V

Caputossismetacarpi
Os sesamoideum
Phalanx proximalis

Os sesamoideum

Phalanxdistalis Ossadigitorum

Caputossismetacarpi

Corpusphalangis

Caputphalangis

Basisphalangis

Corpusphalangis
F i g . 3 1 4 B o n e so f t h e h a n d ,O s s am a n u s ;
p a t m a rv r e w .
Caputphalangis

Phalanx distalis

phalangis
Tuberositas distalis
Ulna
Radius
Caputulnae

Proc styloideus
ulnae Proc.styloideus
radii

Os lunatum Os scaphoideum
Os triquetrum
Os trapezium
Os pisiforme
Os trapezoideum
Os hamatum
Articulatiocarpometa-
BasisossismetacarDi carpalispollicis*

Os capitatum

Os metacarpi
I

Articulatiometacarpo-
Caputossismetacarpi phalangea pollicis**
Basisphalangis
Phalanx proximalis

Phalanx distalls

Phalanxproximalis

Phalanxmedia

Phalanxdistalis
F i g . 3 1 5 B o n e so f t h e h a n d ,O s s am a n u s ;
d o r s a Iv i e w
* A l s o s: a d d tjeo i n to f t h et h u m b
+ *A l s o p
: r o x i m apIh a t a n g ej o a iLn to f t h et h u m b phalangis
Tuberositas distalis
To p o g ra p h y
Etbow Forearm Hand

Ulna

Articulatio
radioulnaris
Proc styloideus
radii distalis,
Capsulaarticularis

Proc styloideus
ulnae
Os lunatum
Lig ulnocarpalepalmare
Lig radiocarpalepalmare

Os pisiforme

Lig carpi radiatum

Lig pisohamatum

Articulatiocarpometacarpalis Lig. pisometacarpale

pollicis,
Capsulaarticularis Hamulus ossis hamati
Lig carpometacarpale
parmare
Os capitatum

Ligg. metacarpalia
palmafla

F i g .3 1 6 J o i n t sa n d l i g a m e n t so f t h e h an d ,
A r t i c u t a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t am a n u s ;
o a l m a rv i e w .

Ligg palmaria
Ligg metacarpalia
transversaprofunda

Lig radiocarpale
oorsale

Proc styloideusradii
Ligg intercarpalia
dorsalia
Os scaphoideum
Os triquetrum

Os hamatum Ligg intercarpaliadorsalia

Os capitatum Os trapezoideum

Lrgg
metacarpalia
Ligg carpometacarpaliadorsalia
dorsalia

F i g .3 1 7 J o i n t sa n d [ i g a m e n t os f t h e h a n d ,
A r t i c u L a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t am a n u s ;
d o r s a Iv i e w
Ligg, collateralia
 M us c [es

Os lunatum

Caputulnae
Articulatio
radiocarpalis

Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis
Os capitatum

Discusarticularis
Os scaphoideum
Os triquetrum

Lig collateralecarpi ulnare

Lig collateralecarpi radiale

Os trapezoideum Articulatiomediocarpalis

Os trapezium
Os hamatum
Articulatio
carpometacarpalis
pollicis Lig intercarpale
interosseum

Os metacarpiI Articulationes
carpometacarpales

Ligg metacarpaliainterossea

F i g .3 1 8 C a r p a jI o i n t s ,A r t i c u [ a t i o n ecsa r p i ;
L o n g i t u d i n sa eL c t i o np a r a t L et Io t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d .

Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis

Proc
styloideus
radii

Faciesarticularis
carpails

Tuberculumdorsale Proc styloideus

urnae

F i g .3 1 9 U t n aa n d r a d i u s U
, l n ae t R a di u s ;
distaLview

Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis
Faciesarticularis
carpalis

Discusarticularis

Proc Caputulnae
styloideus
radii
]\ Proc styloideus
ulnae

Tuberculum
dorsale

F i g .3 2 0 D i s t a Ir a d i o - u t n ajro i n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i or a d i o u L n a r d
i si s t a t i s :
distat-dorsaLview.
Topography
Elbow Forearm Hand
Fingerjoints

Os metacarpi

Os metacarpipollicis
Lig collaterale

M flexor pollicisbrevis
Ossasesamoidea

Lig collaterale
Ligg palmaria

M flexor pollicislongus

Vaginatendinismusculi
flexorispollicislongi

F i g . 3 2 1 F i n g e rj o i n t s ,A r t i c u L a t i o n edsi g i t i ; Fig.322 Metacarpopha[angeaI joint of

[ateraLview. t h e t h u m b ,A r t i c u t a t i om e t a c a r p o p h a L a n gpeoat l i c i s ;
r a d i a L - p a t m av ri e w .

(Cartilago
articularis)

Phalanx proximalis
Articulatiometacarpophalangea,
Caosula articularis

Periosteum

Phalanx distalis
Caputphalangis
Articulatio manusdistalis**'
interphalangea
Phalanx media

Articulatio
interphalangea proximalis**,
manus
Capsula
articularis Basisphalangis

F i g .3 2 3 F i n g e rj o i n t s ,A r t i c u t a t i o n edsi g i t i ; * C L i n i c at et r m ; M P [ = m e t a c a r p o p h a t a n g e j oai tn t l
caniiial certinn.
* * C L i n i c at eI r m ; P I P { = p r o x i m a t i n t e r p h a t a n g e j oai tn t )
' * * C L i n i c at eI r m : D I P{ = d i s t a ti n t e r p h a L a n g ej oa itn t )
[ateraIview.
 M us c tes
Shoutder Arm
Wrist,radiography

Proc styloideus Radius

ulnae

Os lunatum Tuberculum
ossisscaohoidei
Os pisiforme
Os trapezium
Os kiquetrum
Os capitatum Os trapezoideum

Basis ossis metacaroi ll

Hamulusossishamati

Ossametacarpi Ossasesamoidea

Phalanx proximalis

Phalanx media

Phalanx distalis

F i g . 3 2 1 H a n d ,M a n u s :
PA-radiograph.
N o t e :T h e p i s i f o r mb o n ei s p r o j e c t e do n t o
thetriquetraL bone.

1 Os scaphoideum
2 Os lunatum
3 Os triquetrum
4 Os pisiforme
5 Os trapezium
6 Os trapezoideum
7 Os capitatum
8 Os hamatum

F i g . 3 2 5 U l n a ra b d u c t i o on f t h e h a n d ; F i g . 3 2 6 R a d i aa
L b d u c t i o no f t h e h a n d ;
s c h e m ao f a P A - r a d i o g r a p h . s c h e m ao f a P A - r a d i o o r a o h .
To p o g r a p h y
Etbow Forearm H a n d
Wrist,development

Fig.327 PA-radiographof the hand of a 41lz-year-oLd F i g .3 2 8 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a 7 - y e a r - o [ d

bov. bov.

'| Ulna,Diaphysis 4 Radius,Epiphysis

distalis 7 Os scaphoideum 10 Ostrapezoideum
2 Radius,Diaphysis 5 Os lunatum I Os hamatum 1'1Os trapezium
3 Ulna,Epiphysis
distalis 6 Os triquetrum I Os capitatum 12 Os pisilorme

'1 '13-year-old
F i g . 3 2 9 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a n 1- y e a r - o [ d F i g .3 3 0 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a
Doy. boy.
 Fasciaof the upperlimb

M trapezius

Spina scapulae
Fossainfraclavicularis

M deltoideus
lvl deltoideus

V cephalica
M triceps brachii,
Caput laterale
M biceps brachii,
Caput breve N intercosto-
brachialis Septumintermusculare
M teresmajor brachiilaterale
N cutaneus
N, medianus
brachiimedialis
N cutaneusbrachii
lvl triceps brachii,
posterior
Caput longum
V basilica l\/ bicepsbrachii
N cutaneus
l\il biceps brachii antebrachii N cutaneus
medialis posterior
antebrachii
M triceps brachii,
M brachialis Caput mediale
M triceps
brachii
Olecranon M brachioradialis

N musculocutaneus, Septum
N cutaneusantebrachii intermusculare Epicondyluslateralis
lateralis brachiimediale
Bursasubcutanea
Aponeurosismusculi olecrani
bicipitis
brachii Epicondylus
medialis M extensorcarpi
V medianacubiti radialislongus
l\4.anconeus
M extensor
digitorum

l\4 flexorcarpiulnaris
M extensor
carpiradialis
lvl extensorcarpiulnaris brevrs
M flexor carpi radialis
N radialis,
R superficialis lvl.abductor
pollicislongus
M palmarislongus
M brachioradialis, M extensor
Tendo pollicisbrevis
M extensor
digitiminimi
N culaneus
antebrachii
medialis M flexor carpi ulnaris
Retinaculum
Fascia Caputulnae,Proc styloideus
ulnae musculorum
antebrachii eKensorum
Mm extensores
carpiradialis.
Tendines l\4 extensor
palmaris
Aponeurosis pollicislongus,
Tendo

F i g .3 3 1 F a s c i ao f t h e f L e x oar s p e c to f t h e u p p e rL i m b . F i g .3 3 2 F a s c i ao f t h e e x t e n s o a
r s p e c to f t h e u p p e rL i m b
T opog r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Forearm Hand

M.trapezius

M. sternocleidomastoideus
Acromion

Clavicula
Spina scapulae

M. pectoralis
major
M.trapezius
M. deltoideus

Fasciainfraspinata

M. teres minor
M. pectoralismajor,Pars abdominalis
M teres major
M serratusanterior
M. tricepsbrachii,Caput longum

M. tricepsbrachii,Caput laterale

M. latissimusdorsi

M obliouusexternusabdominis
M. tricepsbrachii,Tendo
M. bicepsbrachii
M. brachialis
Septumintermuscularebrachiilaterale
M. pronator
teres
M. tricepsbrachii,Caput mediale
lateralis
Epicondylus
Olecranon

M. brachioradialis
M. anconeus

M extensorcarpi radialislongus

M. extensordigitorum M. extensorcarpi radialisbrevis

M flexorcarpi radialis

M flexorpollicislongus

M. extensordigitorum,Tendines M abductorpollicislongus
M. extensorpollicisbrevis

M. extensorpollicislongus,Tendo

Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum M. abductorpollicislongus,Tendo

M. extensoroollicisbrevis.Tendo

M. adductorpollicis

Mm interosseidorsales

F i g .3 3 3 M u s c l e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ,t h e t h o r a xa n d
t h e i n f e r i o rr e g i o no f t h e n e c K .
> Uppertimb Surface lSketetonl Muscles
Arm
Musclesof theupperlimb

M pectoralismajor

M. biceps brachii

l\4 pronatorteres

M flexorcarpiradialis

M palmarislongus

M. flexordigitorum
supemcrails

M tlexorcarpiulnaris

M flexordigltorum
superficialis,
Tendines
Vagina tendinis

profundus,
M. flexordigitorum
tenotnes

F i g .3 3 4 M u s c l e so f t h e f [ e x o ra s p e c to f t h e u p p e r[ i m b .
T o p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s
Forearm Hand
Musclesof the upperlimb

M deltoideus

l\4.inlraspinatus

M teresminor

M, teresmajor

lvl latissimus
dorsl tu|.tricepsbrachii

M brachioradialis

M extensorcarpi
radialisIongus

M. extensorcarpi
radialisbrevis

M extensordigitorum

M extensorcarpi
ulnafls

Mlm.interossei
dorsales

F i g . 3 3 5 M u s c l e so f t h e e x t e n s o ra s p e c to f t h e u p p e r[ i m b .
 'Upper timb Surface lsketetonl Muscles
Overview Shoulder Upperarm
Musclesof theshoulder

M pectoralis lvl pectoralis

1 Acromion l\4 scalenus
malor m ln o r posterior M levator scapulae

Clavicula M. scalenusmedius

M deltoideus lvl scalenusanterior

[/ biceps
brachii,
Caput longum

M. biceps
brachii,
Caput breve

M coraco- Mm sternocleidomastoidei
brachialis

M, teresmajor
M subclavius
M subscapularis
Mm.intercostales
interni
M serratusanterior

Mm intercostales
externi

M serratusanterior
M pectoralis
minor

M, latissimus
dorsi
M pectoralismajor

M reclusabdominis

F i g . 3 3 6 M u s c l e so f t h e a r m , t h e t h o r a xa n d t h e i n f e r i o rr e g i o n
of the neck.
l , l l , l V - V l li n d i c a t et h e c o r r e s p o n d i nrgi b s .

I Caputlongum Humerus
M bicepsbrachiij
I Caputbreve Vaginatendinisintertubercularis

M coracobrachialis

Clavicula
Lig coracoacromiale

Proc coracoideus Acromion

M infraspinatus
Articulatio
acromioclavicularis
N suprascapularis

Lig transversum
scapulae
superius
lvl subscapularis

M supraspinatus

Spina scapulae

F i g . 3 3 7 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c L e osf the shoutder.

T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c l et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h * f o r m
t h e s o - c a l t e dr o t a t o rc u f f .
Topography
Forearm Hand
Musclesof theshoulder

Clavicula subclavius
Proc coracoideus M trapezius
l\/ deltoideus
Articulatio
acromioclavicularis,
Capsulaarticularis Lig coracoclaviculare, Lig trapezoideum

Acromion Lig coracoclaviculare,Lig. conoideum

Bursasubacromialis - M levatorscapulae
Lig coracoacromiale
Venterinferior
M. omohvoideus.
(Bursamusculicoracobrachialis)
M serratusanterior
lvl pectoralis
minor
M biceps brachii,Caput breve M rhomboideus
minor

l\4 coracobrachialis M supraspinatus

Lig transversumscapulae
M deltoideus supenus

Vagina tendinis
intertubercularis M subscapularis

M pectoralis major

M latissimus M. rhomboideus
dorsi,Tendo malor

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale lvlargomedialis

M biceps brachii,
Caput longum

coracobrachialis
M biceps brachii,
Caput breve
M. teresmajor
M serratusanterior
M triceps brachii, Capsulaarticularis,
Caput longum (Recessusaxillaris)

F i g .3 3 8 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c l e so f t h e s h o u [ d e r .
x T r i a n g u [ sapr a c eS, p a t i u m
a x i t l a rm
e ediate
* * Q u a d r a n g ust apra c eS, p a t i u ma x i l L a r[ a
etera[e

Venterinferior
M omohyoideus,
M levator scapulae
Acromion

Bursasubdeltoidea
Angulussuperior

M, deltoideus

M rhomboideus
mtnor M deltoideus

M supraspinatus
Humerus,
Collumchirurgicum
M trapezius
humeri,
Articulatio
Spinascapulae Capsulaarticularis

M rhomboideus
malor

M infraspinatus
M triceps brachii,
Caput longum
l\4.teresminor

M. triceps brachii,
Caput laterale
M teresmajor

Angulusinferior

l\4.latissimus
dorsi

lvl serratusanterior

F i g .3 3 9 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c t e so f t h e s h o u t d e r .
+ T r i a n g u Lsapra c eS, p a t i u m
a x i l t a rm
e ediate
** Quadrangutar space,Spatium axittare laterale
 tt scles
Arm
Musclesof theshoulder

Lig. acromioclaviculare
Lig coracoacromiale
l\il biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo

Bursasubacromialis Lig trapezoideum

Lig coracohumerale
M supraspinatus*

M, deltoideus
Fasciapectoralis

Acromion
Fascia pectoralis,
(Hiatus venae cephalicae)

Lig conoideum

Proc coracoideus

M intraspinatus*
(Bursamusculicoracobrachialis)

Bursasubtendinea
Capsulaarticularis musculisubscapularis

M coracobrachialis

M teresminor*
M. bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve

Cavitas glenoidalis

Labrum glenoidale

M lricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

F i g .3 4 0 S h o u L d ej o r i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ;
LateraIview.
T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c [ et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h * f o r m
t h e s o - c a l t e dr o t a t o rc u f f .

Lig coracoacromiale

Acromion
Proc coracoideus

M supraspinatus

Tuberculum
majus
M, infraspinatus

M subscapularis

M. biceps brachii,
Caput longum, Tendo
M teresminor

Humerus,
Corpus

F i g , 3 1 1 M u s c l e so f t h e s o - c a [ L erdo t a t o rc u f f ;
LateraIview
To pogr a p h y
Forearm Hand
Musclesof the arm

M supraspinatus
M. trapezius

M deltoideus

Fascia infraspinata

M. pectoralismajor

M teresmajor

M latissimus
dorsi

M. bicepsbrachii
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

M brachialis
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale

Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
M brachioradialis

M. tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale

M. tricepsbrachii,Tendo

M. extensorcarpiradialislongus

Epicondylus
lateralis

M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis

Fig.3l,2 Musclesof the arm;

s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r ;
dorso[ateraIview.
 > U p p e rl i m b
Overview Shoulder Arm
0riginsand insertionsof the musclesof theshoulderand thearm

M subclavius
M sternocleidomastoideus
M pectoralis
minor

M deltoideus
lvl pectoralismajor,
lvl coracobrachialis Parsclavicularis

M biceps brachii,
Caput breve
Lig costoclaviculare

M supraspinatus

l\4 omohvoideus.
Venterinferior
M subscapularis

M biceps brachii,
Caput longum

lvl latissimus
dorsi

M tricepsbrachii, M subscapularis
Caputlongum

l\4 teresmajor

M pectoralismajor

M deltoideus

M serratusanterior

M coracobrachialis

M brachialis

M brachioradialis

lvl pronator
teres,Caputhumerale

M flexorcarpi radialis
M extensor
carpiradialislongus
Epicondylusmedialis

M palmaris longus
M brachialis,M articulariscubiti

M llexorcarpiulnaris,Caputhumerale
M extensor carpi radialisbrevis
M flexordigitorum Caputhumeroulnare
superficialis,

M pronator
teres,Caputulnare

M brachialis

M biceps brachii M flexorcarpiulnaris,Caputulnare

Fig.343 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c L e as t t h e c [ a v i c t e
C[ a v i c[ua ,t h e s c a p u t aS, c a p u l aa, n dt h e h u m e r u s H , umerus
l a sw e t La s u t n a ro r i q i n so f m u L t i - h e amd u s c t e s J .
Topog r a p h y
Forearm Hand

of the musclesof theshoulderand thearm

l\il omohyoideus,Venter inferior

M. sternocleidomastoideus M trapezius

M subclavius M deltoideus

M sternohyoideus

lvl pectoralis
major,Parsclavicularis
M supraspinatus
M levatorscapulae
M inlraspinatus
M supraspinatus

M rhomboideus
minor l\il teres minor

M triceps brachii,
Caput longum

M infraspinatus M. triceps brachii,

Caput laterale

M rhomboideus
major M. deltoideus

M teresminor M brachialis

M teresmajor Foramen nutricium

M latissimusdorsi
(Origoscapularis,
Var)
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale

l\/ triceps brachii,Caput mediale

M brachioradialis

SeDtumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
SeDtumintermusculare
brachiimediale

M triceDsbrachii:M articulariscubiti l\4 extensorcarpiradialislongus

M triceps brachii
Epicondylus
lateralis

Epicondylusmedialis
M extensor carDiradialisbrevis

Mm llexores. CaDUtcommune
M. extensordigitorum

lvl anconeus
M extensorcarpiulnaris

F i g . 3 1 1 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e sa t t h e c t a v i c l e ,
C l a v i c u t at h
, e s c a p u l . aS,c a p u t aa, n d t h e h u m e r u s ,H u m e r u s
( a sw e t I a s u l n a r o r i g i n so f m u [ t i - h e a dm u s c t e s J .
 > U p p e rt i m b Musctes

Musclesof the arm

Parsclavicularis
Parsacromialis

Parsspinalis

r i c e p sb r a c h i i
D e t t o i dm u s c l e .M . d e l t o i d e u s . t r i c e p sb r a c h i i .

M coracobrachialis

M brachialis

F i g . 3 4 8 B r a c h i a I a n cdo r a c o b r a c h i a I m u s c [ e s ,
B i c e p sb r a c h i im u s c t e ,M . b i c e p sb r a c h i i M m . b r a c h i a [ i se t c o r a c o b r a c h i a L i s
Topography
Forearm Hand
of the

Clavicula

M subclavius

Lig coracoclaviculare

Proc coracoideus M supraspinatus

M pectoralis
minor M omohyoideus,
Venterinferior

M. coracobrachialis Lig.transversum
scapulae
superius

M. deltoideus

M biceps brachii, Caput breve, Tendo

M subscapularis

M pectoralismajor,Tendo

M. teresmajor

M, bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum,Tendo

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum

M. bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve

M triceps brachii,Caput mediale

M. brachialis Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale

M. brachialis
M biceos brachii.Tendo

Epicondylus
medialis
M. brachioradialis

M extensorcarpiradialislongus Aponeurosis
musculibicipitis
brachii

M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis

Fasciaantebrachii

F i g . 3 4 9 M u s c t eosf t h ea r m ;
ftexoraspect,superficia[ layer.
* T r i a n g u [ a rs p a c e ,S p a t i u ma x i t l a r em e d i a [ e
* * Q u a d r a n g u t asr p a c e ,S p a t i u ma x i l t a r el a t e r a [ e
'Upper timb

Musclesof thearm

M. trapezius

M. subscapularis
Vaginatendinisintertubercularis

M bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve

M. bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum M coracobrachialis

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

M. brachialis M. triceps brachii,Caput mediale

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

Epicondylus
medialis
M. brachialis,Tendo

Fasciaantebrachii
M brachioradialis
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus Aponeurosis
musculibicipitis
brachii

M bicepsbrachii,Tendo
M. biceps brachii

F i g . 3 5 0 M u s c l e so f t h e a r m ;
ftexoraspect,deep layer.
To p o g r a p h y
Forearm Hand
Musclesof the arm

M deltoideus

l\4 infraspinatus
Bursa subdeltoidea

tricepsbrachii, M teresminor
Caputlongum

Collumchirurgicum
[/ teresminor

M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum,
Tendo

lvl pectoralismajor,Tendo

l\4 teresmajor

lvl deltoideus

Sulcus nerui radialis

M triceps brachii,Caput laterale

M biceps brachii

l\4 triceps brachii,Caput mediale

l\4 brachialis

Septum intermuscularebrachii laterale

M brachioradialis

l\4 triceps brachii,Tendo

carpiradialislongus
M extensor
Olecranon

l\il anconeus

M extensor
carpiradialisbrevis

Fascia antebrachii
l\4 extensordigitorum

F i g . 3 5 1 M u s c L eosf t h e a r m ;
e x t e n s o ra s p e c t d
, e e pl a y e r .
x T r i a n g u t sapr a c eS, p a t i u m
a x i l t a rm
e ediate
x * Q u a d r a n g ust apra c eS, p a t i u ma x i t t a rlea t e r a l e
 tt

0verview Shoutder Arm

)rigins and insertionsof the ventralmusclesof the forearm

M brachialis
M brachioradialis

l\4 extensor
carpiradialislongus

M articularis
cubiti

M extensor
carpiradialisbrevis

M. f lexordigitorum icialis,
superf
Caputhumeroulnare
M supinator

M pronator
teres,
Caputulnare

M brachialis

M biceps brachii
M flexor pollicislongus

M flexor digitorumsuperficialis,Caput radiale

Chorda obliqua

lvl pronatorteres

Membrana interosseaantebrachii

M flexorpollicislongus M llexor digitorum profundus

lvl pronatorquadratus

M, brachioradialis
M pronator
quadratus

F i g . 3 5 2 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c l e s
a t t h e r a d i u sR , a d i u st ,h e u l n a ,U L n aa, n dt h e
d i s t a lp a r t o f t h e h u m e r u s ,H u m e r u s .
Topog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
Forearm Hand

l\4 flexorcarpiulnaris

M palmaris
longus

l\il pronatorteres

M flexorcarpiradialis

F i g .3 5 3 V e n t r a Im u s c t e so f F i g .3 5 4 V e n t r a Im u s c l e so f
theforearm; theforearm;
crrnorf irirl lrrror m i d d [ el a y e r .

M flexor
digitorum
prolundus
M flexor
pollicislongus

M supinator

M pronator
quaoralus

F i g .3 5 5 V e n t r a Im u s c t e so f F i g .3 5 6 V e n t r a lm u s c L e o
sf
theforearm; theforearm;
deep layer. deepestlayer.
 Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
Shoutder Arm
Musclesof the forearm

M. biceps brachii
M tricepsbrachii,
Caputmediale

Septum intermusculare
brachii mediale

M brachialis
Aponeurosis
musculibicipitis
brachii

1- Epicondylus
medialis

M biceps brachii,Tendo

M brachioradialis M palmarislongus

lvl.flexorcarpiradialis

M flexorcarpiulnaris

M extensor carDi radialis brevis

M flexordigitorum
superficialis

M extensorcarpiradialislongus

M. flexordigitorum
superficialis

M abductor pollicislongus

M brachioradialis,Tendo
'i
M. flexor pollicislongus T---- M flexorcarpiulnaris,Tendo
l

M, abductorpollicislongus,Tendo M palmarislongus,Tendo

M pronator
quadratus
l\4 flexorcarpiradialis,
Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum

F i g . 3 5 7 M u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ;
f t e x o ra s p e c t s, u p e r f i c i alLa y e r .
Topogr a p h y
Forearm Hand
Muscles

M brachialis
M. tricepsbrachii,
Caputmediale

M brachioradialis

M. brachialis, Tendo
Epicondylus
medialis

M supinator

Bursabicipitoradialis M bicepsbrachii,Tendo

M. palmarislongus
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus
M. flexorcarpiulnaris

M pronatorteres M. flexorcarpiradialis

M flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Caouthumeroulnare

M flexordigitorumsuperficialis,
Caoutradiale

M. flexordigitorum
superficialis

M abductorpollicislongus

M flexorpollicislongus

Tendo
M. flexorcarpiulnaris,
M pronatorquadratus
M. flexorcarpiradialis,Tendo
M extensorpollicisbrevis,
Tendo
M. palmarislongus,Tendo
M brachioradialis,
Tendo

F i g .3 5 8 M u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ;
f lexoraspect,middle layer.
 Shoutder Arm
Musclesof the forearm

M brachialis
l\4 tricepsbrachii
Caputmediale

Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale

M brachioradialis

Epicondylus
medialis

l\4 supinator

M. pronatorteres
M bicepsbrachii,
Tendo

l\4 flexor carpi radialis

M extensor
carpiradialislongus
M palmaris longus

Mm flexores.CaDUtcommune

M, flexor carpi ulnaris

lvl pronatorteres
M flexordigitorum
superficialis

M abductorpollicislongus

M flexorcaroiulnaris.
Tendo
M tlexor pollicislongus

M. pronator
quadratus

abductorpollicislongus,Tendo M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo

M brachioradialis,
Tendo
l\4 palmaris longus,Tendo

Fig, 359 Musclesof the forearm;

ftexoraspect,middtetayeraftersectionof
t h e p r o n a t otre r e sm u s c [ e .
To p o g r a p h y
Forearm Hand

Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale

M brachialis

Caputradii
medialis
Epicondylus

brachioradialis

M pronator
teres,Caputulnare
M biceps brachii,Tendo

lvlmflexores,
Caputcommune
M supinator
posterior
A,; V interossea
Radius, Facies anterior

profundus
M flexordigitorum

M extensor
carpiradialislongus
M flexorpollicislongus,Caputhumerale
(Var)
M pronatorteres
M flexorcarpiulnaris

M flexorpollicislongus

M flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Caputradiale

profundus,
l\4flexordigitorum Tendines

M flexor pollicislongus,Tendo

Tendo
M flexorcarpiulnaris,
M brachioradialis,Tendo

M. pronatorquadratus M flexordigitorum Tendines

superficialis,

Radius, Facies anterior

M. palmarislongus,Tendo
M flexor carDiradialis.Tendo

F i g .3 6 0 M u s c t e os f t h e f o r e a r m ;
flexoraspect,deeplayer.
 t t at"t
Shou[der Arm
)rigins andinsertionsof the dorsalmusclesof theforearm

Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale

M tricepsbrachii;M articularis
cubiti

M extensor carpi radialis longus

N4 triceps brachii
Epicondyluslateralis

Epicondylusmedialis
l\4.extensor carpi radialisbrevis

Mm llexores. CaDUtcommune
M extensordigitorum

M anconeus

M flexor carpi ulnaris

M supinator
profundus
flexordigitorum

lvl extensorcarpiulnaris

Membrana
interossea
antebrachii
M pronatorteres

M extensorpollicislongus
M abductorpollicislongus

M extensor pollicisbrevis

M extensor indicis

M abductor pollicislongus

M extensor
digitiminimi M extensorpollicisbrevis

l\4 extensorpollicislongus
lvl extensordigitorum
M extensor
carpiradialislongus
l\4 extensor
carpiulnaris
l\4 extensorcarpiradialisbrevis

F i g .3 5 1 0 r i g i n sa n di n s e r t i o nosf t h e m u s c L e s
a t t h e r a d i u sR, a d i u st ,h e u L n aU, L n aa, n dt h e
d i s t ap
I a r to f t h e h u m e r u sh, u m e r u s .
Topography
Forearm Hand

M brachioradialis

M extensorcarpi
radialislongus
Fasciaantebrachii
M extensor carpi
radialisbrevis

lvl extensor
digitorum

M extensordigiti
mtntml

M extensor carpi
u tn a n s

Fig.362 RadiaL muscLeo

sf F i g .3 6 3 D o r s a Im u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r m ;
t h e f o r e ar m cr rnorf iriel lerror

lvl extensor lvl abductor

pollicislongus pollicislongus

M extensor M extensor M supinator

indicis pollicisbrevis

F i g . 3 6 / r D o r s a Im u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r m : F i g , 3 5 5 D o r s a Im u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ;
m i d d [ el a y e r . oeep rayer.
 >>l Surface lSkeletonl Musctes
S h o u t d e r Arm
Musclesof the forearm

M. biceps brachii

M.tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
M. brachialis

Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
M brachioradialis
M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale

M triceos brachii.Tendo
carpiradialislongus
M extensor

Olecranon lateralis
Epicondylus

M anconeus

M flexor carpi ulnaris M. extensor carDiradialisbrevis

M brachioradialis,
Tendo

M. extensor
carpiradialislongus,Tendo

carpiradialisbrevis,Tendo
M. extensor
extensorpollicisbrevis

M extensordigitorum,
Tendines
M abductorpollicislongus

M e)densordigitiminimi, M abductor pollicis longus, Tendo

Tendo

M extensor pollicis brevis, Tendo

M. extensor
carpiulnaris
Ulna M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis,Tendo
M extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
M. extensor
carpiradialislongus,Tendo
Betinaculum
musculorum
exlensorum Radius

F i g .3 6 6 M u s c L e os f t h e f o r e a r ma n d
t h e d i s t a tp a r t o f t h e a r m ;
lateraIview;
intermediate o o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n
s u p i n a t i o na n d p r o n a t i o n .
To pogr a p h y
Forearm Hand
Muscles

M tricepsbrachii,
Caputlaterale
M. brachialis

Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale M brachioradialis

M. triceps brachii,Caput mediale

M triceosbrachii.Tendo M. extensorcarpiradialislongus

Epicondyluslateralis

Olecranon

M anconeus
Fasciaantebrachii

M. extensorcaroiradialisbrevis

M. flexorcarpiulnaris

digitorum
M. extensor
M. extensor
carDiulnaris

M extensor
digitiminimi M. abductorpollicislongus

M. extensor
carpiulnaris,
Tendo M. extensoroollicisbrevis

M. extensordigitorum,Tendines

M. extensorcaroiradialisbrevis,Tendo
M extensorcarpiradialislongus,Tendo

Radius

F i g . 3 6 7 M u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r ma n d
t h e d i s t a tp a r t o f t h e a r m ;
extensoa r s p e c t s, u p e r ifc i a [l a y e r ;
intermediate o o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n
s u o i n a t i o na n d o r o n a t i o n .
 tt

Musclesof the forearm

Seotumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
M triceps brachii,Tendo

M brachioradialis
lvl triceps brachii,Caput mediale

Epicondylus
lateralis
Olecranon

M extensor
carpiradialislongus
M anconeus

Fasciaantebrachii

lvlm.extensoresdigitorumet digiti minimi

M flexorcarpiulnaris

M extensor caroi radialisbrevis

M extensor carpi ulnaris

M supinator

Radius

M pronatorteres,Tendo

M abductor pollicislongus

M extensor
digitorum,
Tendines

M extensor pollicislongus
M extensor
caroiulnaris.
Tendo
M extensor indicis

M extensor pollicisbrevis

Radius

M extensor
caroiradialisbrevis.Tendo

M extensor carpi radialislongus,Tendo

M extensor carpi ulnaris.Tendo

M, extensor pollicisbrevis.Tendo

M extensor digiti minimi,Tendo

l\4 extensorpollicislongus,Tendo

F i g . 3 6 8 M u s c L eos f t h e f o r e a r m ;
e x t e n s o ra s p e c t ,m i d d t eL a y e r ;
intermediate p o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n
s u p i n a t i oann d p r o n a t i o n .
Forearm Hand

Olecranon Lig. collateraleradiale

Epicondyluslateralis
Lig anulare radii

lvl extensor carpi radialis brevis

l\4.anconeus

M supinator
lvl flexorcarpiulnaris

Corpusulnae

Corpusradii

M, pronator
teres,Tendo

pollicislongus
M extensor

[/ abductorpollicislongus
M extensor indicis

M extensor pollicisbrevis

Membrana
interossea
antebrachii Radius

M abductorpollicislongus,
Tendo
l\4 extensor
carpiulnaris,
Tendo extensor caroi radialis brevis,
Tendo
Caputulnae
M. extensorpollicisbrevis,
Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum*
extensorum*
musculorum
Betinaculum
carpiradialislongus,
M extensor
Tendo
Ligg carpometacarpaliadorsalia

M extensor indicis.Tendo

M interosseus
dorsalislll
M extensorpollicislongus,
M interosseus
dorsalislV Tendo

dorsalisll
M interosseus

dorsalisI
M interosseus
M extensor
digitorum,
Tendines ll
Os metacarpi

F i g . 3 6 9 M u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r ma n d t h e h a n d ;
e x t e n s o ra s p e c t d
, e e pl a y e r ;
intermediate p o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n
supination andpronation
* Thetendoncompartments formedbytheextensor retinacutum
h a v eb e e no p e n eldo n g i t u d i n a t t y
 tt

Shoutder Arm
Musclesof the forearm

HUmerus
Humerus

M, brachioradialis

M. brachioradialis

lvl biceps brachii

N. medianus

M biceps brachii
Aponeurosismusculi
bicipitisbrachii Lig collateraleradiale
N medianus

Lig collateraleradiale
Aponeurosis musculi
NI biceps brachii, bicipitis
brachii
Tendo

N radialis,R profundus N radialis,

B profundus

lvl pronatorteres,
biceps brachii, Caputulnare
Tendo
M supinator
lvl pronatorteres,
Caputhumerale
M supinator

M pronator M palmaris
longus
teres
M palmarislongus
M llexor carpi radialis M. flexor carpi radialis

lvlembrana
interossea
antebrachii

Ulna

pronator
quadratus
M pronator
quadratus

Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis,
Capsula
articularis

F i g . 3 7 0 F o r e a r mi n s u p i n a t i o n ;
v e n t r o p a t m avri e w
A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c t i o no f f o r c eg e n e r a t e d
b y t h e m a i n s u p i n a t o rm u s c L e s .
F i g . 3 7 1 F o r e a r mi n p r o n a t i o n ;
v e n t r a Iv i e wo f t h e e t b o wr e q i o n .d o r s a Iv i e wo f t h e
d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d .
A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c i i o no f f o r c eg e n e r a t e d
b y t h e m a i n p r o n a t o rm u s c l e s .

>132,T33,T35 )T32,T33,T35
To p o g r a p h y
Forearm Hand
andinsertionsof the musclesof the hand

2 3 4 5 M flexordigitorum
superficialis,
M flexor pollicislongus 2'\',€g Tendines*
{{
!t
M tlexorcarpiradialis

M brachioradialis
M. flexorcarpiulnaris

M abductor pollicisbrevis

digitiminimi
M. abductor
l\4 flexorpollicisbrevis,
Caputprofundum
M opponens digiti minimi

pollicis
M opponens
M flexor digiti minimi brevis

lvl flexor carpi radialis f,

M. flexor carpi ulnaris
I
t M. extensor
carpiulnaris
I
I
,
il M adductor pollicis,
M flexorpollicisbrevis, Caput transversum
Caputprofundum

pollicisbrevis
M abductor M. opponens digiti minimi

Mm interossei
dorsales
M adductor pollicis,
Caput obliquum

digitiminimi
M abductor

l\4flexorpollicislongus M flexor diglti minimi brevis

M flexordigitorum
superficialis

profundus
M flexordigitorum

palmares
Mm interossei

F i g . 3 7 2 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e so f t h e h a n d
a t t h e b o n e so f t h e h a n d .
* Theftexorsinsertat thesecond to fifthdiqit
 > U p p e rl i m b >>l Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
Overview Shoutder Arm
Musclesof thehand

M palmaris
brevis
palmaris
Aponeurosis

Fasciculi
transversi

Mm lumbricales

) T 3 1 ,T 3 6 - T3 8 F i g . 3 7 3 M u s c t e so f t h e p a [ m ;
s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r .
Topography
Forearm Hand
Musclesof the hand

Membrana interosseaantebrachii

quadratus
M pronator

M brachioradialis,
Tendo
Ulna

M flexorpollicislongus,Tendo
Proc styloideus

Tendo
M flexorcarpiulnaris,
Vaginatendinismusculiflexoriscarpiradialis
profundus,
M flexordigitorum Tendines

Vaginatendinummusculorum Os pisiforme
abductoris
longiet extensoris
pollicisbrevis

Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum digitiminimi
lvl abductor

M abductor pollicisbrevis
M tlexor digiti minimi brevis

M flexor pollicisbrevis,
Caput superficiale M opponens digiti minimi

M opponens pollicis Mm lumbricales

M abductor pollicisbrevis M abductor digiti minimi

M flexor pollicisbrevis,
Caput profundum metacarpophalangea
Articulatio V
Capsulaarticularis
l\4 llexor pollicisbrevis,
Caput superficiale
Mm interossei
dorsales

M adductor pollicis,
Caput transversum

Vagina tendinis musculi

flexoris pollicislongi

M flexordigitorum
Tendines
superficialis,

palmares
Mm interossei

M flexordigitorum
superf
icialis,Tendines

F i g . 3 7 1 M u s c L eos f t h e p a t m ; > T 32, T 36-T 38

middteLayer.
 tt

Tendon
sheaths
of thehand

Vaginatendinismusculiflexorispollicislongi

Vaginatendinummusculorum abductoris
pollicisbrevis
longiet extensoris

Vagina tendinis musculillexoris carpi radialis M flexorcarpiulnaris,

Tendo

pollicis
M opponens Betinaculum
musculorum
flexorum

M flexor pollicisbrevis

M abductor digiti minimi

M abductor pollicisbrevis

Vaginatendinismusculi M flexor digiti minimi brevis

flexorispollicislongi

M opponens digiti minimi

M. adductor pollicis,
Caput transversum

Vaginacommunistendinum
musculorum
flexorum

M lumbricalisI

F i g . 3 7 5 T e n d o ns h e a t h sV
, a g i n a et e n d i n u m ,
o f t h eh a n d .

b 5o/o c <1% 11o/o

Fig. 376 a-d Frequentv a r i a t i o nosf t h ep a t m a r

t e n d o ns h e a t h s .
T o p o g r a p h yI S e c t i o n s
Forearm Hand

Radius

M abductorpollicislongus,Tendines
Canaliscarpi

M, flexorcarpiradialis,
Tendo
l\/ llexorpollicisbrevis,Caputprofundum

Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum
Os pisiforme
M abductorpollicisbrevis
M abductordigiti minimi
M flexor pollicisbrevis, Caput superficiale

M flexorpollicis
Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum
brevis,Caputprofundum

pollicis
M opponens M opponens
digitiminimi

M abductor pollicisbrevis lvl flexor digiti minimi brevis

M flexor pollicisbrevis,
Caput superficiale
dorsalislV
M interosseus

l\4 adductor pollicis oalmarislll

M interosseus

M abductordigiti minimi
l\/l flexor pollicis
longus,Tendo

M interosseus
dorsalisI
M lumbricalis

Mm lumbricales

M flexordigitorum
M flexor digitorumsuperficialis,Tendo
Tendo
superficialis,

Vincula Ionga

V i n c u ltae n d i n u m

profundus,
N4flexordigitorum Tendo
Fig.377 Musctesof the paLm;
deep layer.

M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo

Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum
Retinaculummusculorumflexorum

M. flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputprofundum

pollicis
M opponens M adductorpollicis,
Caputobliquum

palmarisll
M interosseus
M abductor pollicisbrevis

l\4 adductorpollicis,
Caputtransversum

M flexor pollicisbrevis
M interosseus
dorsalislll

M adductor pollicis

F i g .3 7 8 M u s c t e so f t h e p a [ m ;
doanaql lt\/ar
M interosseus
dorsalisI
palmarisI
M interosseus M interosseus
dorsalisll
 'Upper timb Surface lsketetonl Muscles
Overview Shoutder Arm
Musclesof thehand

M extensor
digitorum,
Tendines

Caputulnae
M extensorcarDi radialisbrevis.Tendo

carpiradialislongus,Tendo
M extensor
lvl extensor
carpiulnaris,
Tendo
Os trapezium

M extensor Dollicisbrevis.Tendo

l\4 extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
M extensor digiti minimi

Os metacarpi ll

M interosseus
dorsalisll

l\4 inlerosseusdorsalisI

Connexus
intertendinei

Articulationes
interphalangeae

)T34,T35,T37 F i g . 3 7 9 M u s c l e so f t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d .
To p o g r a p h y
Forearm Hand

Vaginatendinismusculi
pollicislongi
extensoris musculorum
Retinaculum extensorum

Vaginatendinismusculi
extensoris
carpiulnaris

Vaginatendinummusculorum extensoris
digitorum
et extensoris
indicis

Vaginatendinismusculi
extensoris
digitiminimi

Connexus
intertendinei

M interosseus
dorsalisI

M extensor digitorum,Tendines

F i g . 3 8 0 D o r s a Ic a r p a lt e n d o ns h e a t h s .

Fascia antebrachii
f lexordigitorum icialis,
superf
Tendines A ; N. ulnaris
Betinaculum
musculorum
flexorum

N medianus

lvl flexor pollicis

longus,Tendo

Vaginatendinismusculi
flexorispollicislongi

M flexor carpi radialis,

Tendo
Vaginacommunis
Os trapezium
tendinummusculorum
flexorum

Vagina tendinis musculi

flexoris carpi radialis

Ligg carpometacarpaliapalmaria

Os trapezoideum Os hamatum
Os capitatum

profundus,
M flexordigitorum
Tendines

F i g . 3 8 1 P a t m a rc a r p a It e n d o ns h e a t h s ; T h ec o m p r e s s i o o n f t h e m e d i a nn e r v e
t r a n s v e r s es e c u o n i n t h e c a r o a Lt u n n e Ii s k n o w na s
"carpaL t u n n e Ls y n d r o m e " .
 t t at"t
Shoutder Arm
Musclesof thehand

M interosseus
dorsalisI

Mm.interossei
palmares

F i g ,3 8 2 D o r s aiIn t e r o s s e om
u su s c t e s ,
M m .i n t e r o s s de oi r s a t e s ;
dorsaIview.

M interosseus
palmarislll

M. interosseus
palmarisll

M. interosseus
palmarisI
F i g .3 8 3 P a t m a ri n t e r o s s e o um s usctes,
M m . i n t e r o s s epi a t m a r e s ;
p a t m a rv i e w .
T h e t e n d o n so f t h e i n t e r o s s e o uasn d t h e
I ' u m b r i c am
I u s c l e sr a d i a t ei n t ot h e s o - c a t l e d
d o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s ios f t h e f i n g e r sl a r r o w s J .
To pogr a p h y
Forearm Hand

profundus,
M flexordigitorum Tendines

M lumbricalis
lV

M lumbricalisll
M lumbricalis
lll

M lumbricalisI

l\/lllexordigitorum Tendines
superficialis,

l\4llexordigitorum
superficialis,
Tendines

profundus,
M flexordigitorum Tendines

F i g .3 8 4 L u m b r i c a m
I usctes,
M m .[ u m b r i c a [ e s ;
p a t m a rv i e w

Os metacarpill
M extensorindicis,Tendo
M interosseus
palmaris
M. interosseus M interosseus
dorsalisI M flexordigitorum
dorsalisI M interosseus profundus,
palmarisI Tendo
Articulatio M lumbricalis
I
l\4 lumbricalis
I metacarpophalangeall,
Capsula articularis M. flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Tendo
Vagina tendinis,
Stratum fibrosum Vaginatendinis,
Stratumsynoviale

Vincula longa

Vinculatendinum

Vinculum
breve

Lig collaterale

Lig. collaterale

Tuberositas
phalangis
b distalis

F i g . 3 8 5a , b T e n d o ni n s e r t i o n sa t t h e i n d e x ;
t h e t e n d o n so f b o t hf l e x o r sh a v eb e e nd i s s e c t e d
from
t h e t e n d o ns h e a t h .
a P a L m avr i e w
b L a t e r a Iv i e w
> U p p e rt i m b M us c l es
Overview Shoutder Arm
Brachialplexus

* Nn spinales,
Rr.ventrales
+ a Truncussuperior
b Truncusmedius
c Truncusinferior
o a Fasciculus
lateralis
posterior
b Fasciculus
c Fasciculus
medialis

Pars
supraclavicularis

Pars
infraclavicularis

(C5-C7)
N musculocutaneus

(C5-T1)
N medianus N cutaneus brachii medialis (Tl )

N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis (C8, T1)

(C5,C6)
N. axillaris
N ulnaris(C7-Tl)

N radialis(C5-T1)

1 N. phrenicus(Plexuscervicalis)
2 N dorsalisscapulae(C5)
3 Rr.musculares
4 N suprascapularis (C5,CO)
5 N subclavius (C5,C6)
6 N, pectoralis
lateralis (C5-C7)
7 N. subscapularis (C5-C7)
I N thoracodorsalis (C6-C8)
9 N pectoralis
medialis(C8,Tl )
10 N thoracicus longus(C5-C7)
(T1)
1.1 N intercostalis

p t e x u sP
Fig.386 BrachiaL , l e x u sb r a c h i a I i s .
Topography
CubitaIfossa Forearm Hand
Nervesof the upperlimb

Plexusbrachialis,
Parssupraclavicularis

Radix lateralis A axillaris

Badix medialis

N medianus N cutaneus
brachii
N axillaris medialis

N cutaneus N cutaneus
brachiilateralis antebrachii
supenor medialis
N musculocutaneus

N. radialis

N cutaneus
brachii
n^ciari^r

cutaneusbrachii N ulnaris
lateralis
inferior
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis

R. superficialis
R. profundus
N. interosseus
antebrachii
anterior

N. cutaneus
antebrachii
posterior
R. dorsalis(N.ulnaris)

R palmaris(N ulnaris)

R communicans
cum neryoulnarl
R prolundus
(N ulnaris)

Nn digitales R. superficialis(N. ulnaris)

parmares
communes
Nn digitales
palmares communes

Nn digitales
palmares propril

Nn digitales
palmares
propfll

F i g .3 8 7 N e r v e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ;
OVETVIEW.
'Upper timb Surface lskeletonl Musctes

Cutaneous
innervation

s n e r v a t i o[ dne r m a t o m eosf]t h eu p p e rL i m b .
F i g .3 8 8 S e g m e n t ca uI t a n e o ui n

s n e r v a t i o( d
F i g . 3 8 9 S e g m e n t ca u[ t a n e o ui n n e r m a t o m eosf]t h eu p p e rL i m b .
CubitaIfossa Forearm
innervation
Cutaneous

N musculocutaneus,
N cutaneus N cutaneus
N. radialis,
antebrachiilateralls brachiilateralisinlerior

N. cutaneusbrachii
N. axillaris,
lateralissuperior
N medianus

N radialis,
R superficialis
Nn.suoraclaviculares

Rr.cutanei
anteriores
pectorales
Nn.intercostales
Rr.cutanei
laterales
pectorales

N ulnaris

N curaneus 1 R anterior
antebrachii
medialis\ R posterior

s f t h eu p p e rt i m b .
F i g . 3 9 0 C u t a n e o unse r v e o

.l
rs brachiiposterior
N cutaneus oosterior
N. cutaneusbrachiilateralisinlerior | ru.radiatis
posterior
I N. cutaneusantebrachii J

R.s

N. musculocutaneus,
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis

Nn. thoracici,
Rr. cutanei
posteriores

N radialis.
N cutaneusbrachiioosterior

N. cutaneusbrachiimedialis

N cutaneusantebrachii medialis

s f t h eu p p e r[ i m b .
F i g . 3 9 1 C u t a n e o unse r v e o
 > U p p e rt i m b Muscles
Overview Shoulder Arm
Musculocutaneousnerve

M coracobrachialis

M biceps brachii

M brachialis

Fig.393 Musculocutaneousnerve,
N musculocutaneus;
s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n .

F i g , 3 9 2 M u s c u t o c u t a n e o un se r v e ,
) 4 6 ,3 8 6 ,I 2 t , , T 2 5
N. muscutocutaneus;
-,,^^t.,;^^ ^-^^^
ruyPryilr9 dr sd>.
T h e s k i n b r a n c h e sa n d t h e
c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o a
nr e
i l t u s t r a t e di n b t u e .
Cubitalfossa Forearm Hand

N medianus

Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale

F i g .3 9 5 M e d i a nn e r v e ,N . m e d i a n u s ;
s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n

M pronator
teres

F i g .3 9 4 M e d i a nn e r v e , F i g .3 9 5 M e d i a nn e r v e ,N . m e d i a n u s ;
) t + 6 , 3 8 6 ,2T4 , T2 5
N.medianus; proximap L a L s yt:y p i c a Ip o s t u r e .
crrnnl\/rnn aralc
 'Upper limb Muscles
Overview Shoulder Arm
Ulnarnerve

N. cutaneusantebrachii VI
medialis
N. cutaneusbrachii
medialis

vtl

Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale

F i g .3 9 8 U t n a rn e r v eN , .u t n a r i s ;
s e g m e n t ao Ir g a n i s a t i o n .

M flexor carpi
ulnaris

R superficialis

F i g . 3 9 7 U L n anr e r v e , F i g . 3 9 9 U t n a rn e r v e ,N . u l n a r i s ;
) 4 6 ,3 8 6 T
, 2 4 , T2 5
N .u l n a r i s ; p r o x i m ap
I atsy
s u p p l y i nagr e a s .
C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d
Radialnerve

N cutaneusbrachii
posterior

M tricepsbrachii,
Caputlaterale
l\i\,triceps brachii,
Caput longum

N cutaneus
antebrachii
posrenor
M tricepsbrachii,
Caputmediale Fig.401 Radian I e r v e ,N . r a d i a t i s ;
s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n .

R superficialis

F i g . 4 0 0 R a d i anI e r v e , Fig.t02 RadiaL nerve,

) 4 6 ,3 8 6 ,| 2 t , , T2 5
N .r a d i a t i s ; N.radiaLis;
s u p p l y i nagr e a s . proximaIpatsy.
 'Upper timb

Axillarynerve

N cutaneusbrachii
lateralis
superior

Fig. 101 AxiLLary nerve,N axiLtaris;

s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n

F i 9 . 4 0 3 A x i t l . anr ye r v eN, .a x i L [ a r i s ;
ruPPLyilr9 dtsd>.

The axiltarynerve passesto the

d o r s a Is i d eo f t h e a r m t h r o u g ht h e
q u a d r a n g u L asrp a c ea [ o n gw i t h t h e
posteriorcircumflex humeraIartery.

) I + 6 , 3 8 6 , I 2 t + ,2T5

Fig.405 Axitlarynerve,
N .a x i t t a r i s ;
p a t s y :d e t t o i dm u s c [ ea t r o p h y .
CubitaIfossa Forearm Hand
Arteriesof theupperlimb

A thoracoacromialis

A axillaris

A. brachialis

A circumflexa
humerianterior

A profunda
brachii

A collateralismedia

A brachialis

A collaleralisradialis

R anterior
A radialis B posterior
A, recurrens
radialis A recurrens
ulnaris
interossea
recurrens A. ulnaris

A interossea
communts

A interossea
anterior
A, interosseaposterior
A comitans
A radialis nervimediani

R carpalis palmaris
B carpalisdorsalis
R palmaris
superficialis
Arcuspalmaris
profundus
Arcuspalmaris
superficialis
A princeps
pollicis

Aa digitales
palmares communes
A radialisindicis

Aa digitales
palmares propriae

F i g .4 0 6 A r t e r i e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ;
overytew.
A r t e r i e sa d j a c e n t o t h e e l b o wj o i n t f o r m t h e
cubitaIanastomosis.
 ' Uppertimb M us c tes
0verview Shoulder Arm
Lymphatics
of the axilla

Vasa lymphaticasuperficialia V axillaris

V thoracoepigastrica

V cephalica

Nodi lymphoidei
axillares

(Plexuslymphaticus
axillaris)

Papilla
mammana

Vasa
Vasa lymphatica
lymphatica superficialia
superlicialia

V, basllica

Nodi lymphoideicubitales

V cephalica

F i g . 1 0 7 S u p e r ifc i a LL y m p h a t i c sl y, m p hn o d e sa n d v e i nt r u n k s
i n t h e r e g i o n so f t h e a r m , t h e [ a t e r a It h o r a c i cw a t I
a n dt h e a x i t l a .
CubitaIfossa Forearm
Fasciaof the chest,theshoulderand theaxilla

Nn,supraclaviculares
intermedii
o

Nn.supraclaviculares
laterales
r
I Nn.supraclaviculares
mediales

M deltoideus,
Fasciao

R. pectoralis
A thoracoacromialls, O

o M. pectoralismajor,
Fascia

Fascia brachii

Nodilymphoidei
axillares
superficiales
A. thoracica
lateralis
O a M. obliouusabdominis
externus,Fascia
V thoracoepigastrica
a
M. latissimus
dorsi,Fasciaa
Rr.cutaneilateralesoectorales&
(Nn.intercostales)
Vaginamusculirecti
M serratusanterior,
Fasciaa abdominis

F i g . 4 0 8 V e s s e tasn dn e r v e isn t h er e g i o nos f

t h eu p p e a r r m a sw e t [a st h es h o u l d e ar ,n dt h e
c l a v i p e c t o rt raiIa n g [ eT,r i g o n u m
ctavipectorale. 407
 M us c [es
0verview Shoutder Arm

.t Fasciculus
posterior
,,i Fasciculuslateralis

i, Fasciculusmedialis

Clavicula

O A subclavia

a V subclavia

M deltoideus,C
Pars clavicularis a M subclavius

M deltoideus,a
Pars acromialis

Fasciaclavipectoralis
V cephalica O

* Nn pectorales
mediales

O A thoracoacromialis,
Rr pectorales

a M pectoralismajor,
Parsclavicularis

I M pectoralismajor,
Parssternocostalis

254
258
F i g .4 0 9 C t a v i p e c t o r a t rIi a n g t e ,
T r i g o n u mc l a v i p e c t o r a t e
408

Rete acromiale

A subclavia

R deltoideus

F i g . l r 1 0 B r a n c h i n gp a t t e r no f t h e t h o r a c o - a c r o m i a Ir t e r y ,
A thoracoacromiatis.
T opog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
CubitaIfossa Forearm F{and

V thoracoepigastricaO N intercostobrachialis
V axillarisa
V subscapularis
a O o A ; V thoracica
lateralis

A ; V circumflexa
humeriposterior s l\4 pectoralismajor
a a
W brachiales
o
Plexus brachialis, :
Pars inlraclavicularis ', Nn thoracici,
Nn intercostales,
Rr mammariilaterales

t.
- /cM.serratusanterior

N intercosto-
brachialis
N axillaris

lvl teresmajors

A ; V c i r c u m f l e x aO a
scapulae

l\il latissimus dorsi O

A;VthoracodorsalisOo

Nn thoracici,Nn intercostales,a.:
Rr cutanei lateralesoectorales
W thoracoepigastricae O

F i g .t 1 1 A x i L t a rfyo s s a ,F o s s aa x i l t a r i s .

R acromialis A suprascapularis

R clavicularis

Rete acromiale

A thoracica
superior
R deltoideus

A circumflexa
humeri posterior

A circumflexa
humeri anterior A. thoracoacromialis

A thoracica lateralis

A, subscapularis

F i g . 1 1 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e s h o u t d e r e g i o n
 > Uppertimb Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Shoutder Arm
Neckandaxillaryfossa

A subclavia
a
Parssupraclavicularis
& Plexusbrachialis,
V axillaris
o *u N phrenicus
l\4,omohyoideus,a anterior
o M scalenus
Venterinferior
a Truncusthyrocervicalis
A transversacollio
o A, vertebralis

A. axillaris o A. carotiscommunis
O
I Ansa cervicalis
Plexusbrachialis,
&
Parsinfraclavicularis
A. thoraco-i Rr.pector a a M sternothyroldeus
acromtalslR. acromia \
O M sternohyoideus

t N, vagus[Xl

M deltoideus
a a V brachiocephalica
* M sternocleido-
mastoideus

I lvl.pectoralis
malor

V cephalica a

& Nn,thoracici,
Nn,intercostales,
A. axillarisa
Rr.cutanei
anteriores
pectorales

pectoralisa
malor

V axillarisO

M. pectoralis
minort

N intercostobrachialis
{t

N. thoracodorsalis
,,

A ; V, thoracicalateralisa a

A;VthoracodorsalisaO

N.thoracicus
longusm

thoracicus
[T4],N. intercostalis,
$
R. cutaneuslateralis
oectoralis

lV.latissimus
dorsia

V thoracoepigastrica
a
Rr.mammarii
laterales
*

F i g .4 1 3 L a t e r atth o r a c iw c a t [ ;i n f r a c t a v i c uf[oasr s a ,
Fossa i n f r a c t a v i c u [ aar insd,a x i t l a rfyo s s aF, o s s a
a x i I t rai s .
Topography I Sections
Cubitatfossa Forearm Hand
and axillaryfossa

Nodi lymphoidei cervicales anteriores,

Nodi superficialeset profundi

V jugularis
externaa o M scalenusmedius
M sternocleidomastoideus
o
Nodi lvmohoideicervicales
laterales. Nodi suoerf iciales
M, omohyoideus,
a
Ventersuperior
aoA;Vsuprascapularis
a A. subclavia a M. trapezius * Nn supraclaviculares
A;VtransversaaO laterales
colli,
R superficialis 6 N. suprascapularis

Nodilymphoidei
cervicalesant,
superfic et prof.
a M. pectoralis
M scalenusa mtnor
anterior

a V cephalica
Truncus
jugularis
sinister
Nodi lymphoidei
Noduslymphoideus subscapulares
cervicalislateralis,
Nodusprofundus
inferior o M. pectoralis
maJor
Bulbusinferiora
venaejugularis a N radialis

Ductus I N. musculo-
thoracicus, CUIANEUS
Parscervicalis
a A circumtlexa
humeriposterior
Arcusa a N. medianus
venosusjugularis
a V cephalica

V jugularis
externao a V brachialis
o N. ulnaris

Nodi lymphoidei
Truncisubclavius axillares laterales
et bronchomediasti-
nalissinister
e N. cutaneusbrachii
medialis
M subclavius
a o V brachialis

Nodi lymphoideiintercostales
M pectoralismajora
Costa ll I N. thoracicus
longus
M pectoralis
minoro
V axillariso a aA : V thoracica
lateralis
Nodi lymphoidei deltopectorales
A thoracica
suDerior
a Nodi lymphoidei t N. intercostobrachialis
Nodi lymphoideiaxillarescentrales pectorales

258
Fig. 111 Axi[[aryfossa,F o s s aa x i t t a r i sa, n d
d e e pc e r v i c a rI e g i o n ;
n f l y m p h a t i c sa n d L y m p h
e x e m p [ a r yi t t u s t r a t i o o
nodes.
 Surface lSketetonl Muscles
Overview Shoutder Arm

Nn supraclaviculares
laterales&

& N intercostobrachialis

V cephalica o
* N cutaneusbrachiimedialis

& N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis

N. musculocutaneus,
&
cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis
O V basilica

V medianacubitia
N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis.
R posterior

N, radialis,N cutaneus $
antebrachii posterior i N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis,
R anterior

V mediana antebrachiia

a V basilica

I+17

407 F i g . 4 1 5 E p i f a s c i avIe s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s h o u t d e r ,
R e g i od e t t o i d e at ,h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t h e a r m ,
I+21 R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r a
, n d t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n
o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a L iasn t e r i o r .
Topography
C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d

O Rete acromiale

Nn supraclaviculareslaterales

& N axillaris,
N cutaneusbrachiilateralis
superior

Rr cutaneia a
(A ;V circumflexa
humeriposterior)

N axillaris,
N cutaneusbrachiilateralis
suDerior
,

a V cephalica
N cutaneus brachii medialis {.
I N radialis,N cutaneus antebrachiioosterior

Olecranon

Epicondylus
lateralis

ry
119
F i g . 1 1 6 E p i f a s c i avIe s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s h o u t d e r ,
R e g i od e l t o i d e at ,h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f t h e a r m ,
R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o ra, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n 422
o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a t i sp o s t e r i o r .
 'Upper timb >>l Surface lSketetonl Musctes
S h o u t d e r Arm
Vessels
andnervesof the arm

o N. suprascaoularis

o N. subscaDularis
M. subclavius
O
medialis
a Fasciculus

M deltoideus
a posterior
e Fasciculus

M pectoralis
minora
a M. subscapularis

Fasciculus
lateralisI
o A. circumflexa
humeriposterior
A axillariso
o M teresmajor
M coracobrachialis
o

M. pectoralis
majora
aA subscaDularis

A circumllexa
humerianteriorO
8 N. thoracodorsalis
N. musculocutaneus
a
3 N. cutaneus a M latissimus
dorsi
antebrachii
V basilicao medialis

3 N. cutaneus brachii medialis

a M tricepsbrachii,
Caputlongumo Caputlongum

M biceps brachii

Caputbrevea I N. radialis

oA profundabrachii

8 N ulnaris

a M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale

N musculocutaneus
I

brachiimediale
Septumintermusculare

A brachialisa

Aponeurosismusculia
bicipitis
brachii

Fig.417 Vessetsand nervesof the anterior region

o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r .
l+15
424
CubitaIfossa Forearm H a n d
Arteriesandnerves

a M. coracobrachialis
M deltoideus
o

a A axillaris

M bicepsbrachii,a
Caputbreve
a N. axillaris

M. pectoralismajorO
a M. teresmajor

M coracobrachialis
a

a N radialis
N. musculocutaneus
a

a N. medianus

M biceosbrachiio a A. profundabrachii

o M. tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

o N. ulnaris

ulnarissuperior
O A. collateralis

M. brachialis
a
I M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale

N musculocutaneus, a
N cutaneusantebrachiilateralis a A. collateralisulnarisinferior

A. brachialis
O

N. medianus
i medialis
Epicondylus

M. brachioradialis
a

a Mm.flexoresantebrachii

F i g ,4 1 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n
o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r .
 M us c tes
S h o u t d e r Arm
Arteriesandnervesof thearm

M teresmajorI o M deltoideus

N axillaris,
N cutaneusbrachii&
lateralis
superior

A profunda brachii,R deltoideus O

M tricepsbrachii.Caputlongumt

N radialis& N cutaneusbrachiiposterior
* N radialis,
A prolundabrachiia

A brachialis
a a M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale

o M bicepsbrachii

SeDtumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
a M brachialis

a A collateralisradialis
c N cutaneusbrachiilateralis
inferior

& N radialis,
N, cutaneusantebrachii
Dosterior

A collateralis
ulnarisinferiorO a M, tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale

' N musculocutaneus,
N cutaneusantebrachii
lateralis

Epicondylus
lateralis

{t N ulnaris a M brachioradialis
Retearticularecubitia
a M anconeus
Olecranon
a M extensor
carpiradialislongus

o M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis

120
F i g , 1 1 9 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n
o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o r .
Topography I Sections
CubitaIfossa Forearm
Arteriesand nervesof thearm

Lig.transversumscapulaesuperius

O A suprascapularis
N suprascapularis
a

Lig transversum O Rete acromiale

scapulaeinferius

A. circumflexaO
scapurae

a N. axillaris

o A. circumflexa
humeriposterior

A brachialis
o

N radialisa

a N. cutaneusbrachii
posterior
A. Drolundabrachii O (N.radialis)

a N. cutaneusbrachii
lateralisinferior
(N.radialis)

O A collateralis
radialis,
R anterior
A collateralisradialis,R posteriorO

a N. cutaneus
antebrachiiposterior
(N radialis)

a N. cutaneus
antebrachiilateralis
(N. musculocutaneus)
A collateralisulnarisinferiorO

Fig.120 Arteriesand nervesof the scaputarregion,

R e g i os c a p u [ a r i sa, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n
o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o r .
 Surface lSkeletonl Muscles

Veinsand nervesof the forearm

N radialis, :,
N cutaneus brachii posterior

a V basilica
N cutaneus *
brachii medialis

a, N cutaneus
brachii N. radialis, ,
V cephalica a medialis N, cutaneus
antebrachii
h^cta/i^.
., N cutaneus
antebrachii
medialis
N musculocutaneus, a V cephalica
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis , N cutaneus
antebrachii
medialis,
V medianaa R posterior
cubiti
Olecranon

V medianao ,t N cutaneus
antebrachii antebrachii
medialis,
R. anterior

o (v mediana "nFPjlglli
basirica) n.'otlil1iJ;
o V basilica

a V mediana
antebrachii

N musculocutaneus,:
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis

.&N. radialis,
N cutaneus
antebrachii
V cephalica a posterior

N radialis,a ,, N radialis,
superficialis V basilica a R. superficialis

a A radialis
a, R, palmaris
(N ulnaris)

* R. palmaris
(N medianus) o V cephalica
R dorsalis&
(N,ulnaris)

416

439

F i g . 4 2 1 V e i n sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n Fig. lr22 Veinsand nervesof the posteriorregion

o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h ipi o s t e r i o r ;
e p i f a s c i al [a y e r . ^^;{--^i-t
spild>Lrdr
t^.,^-
Ldygt.
Topography I Sections
Cubitatfossa Forearm Hand
of the cubitalfossa

V cephalica

V basilica

V mediana cubiti

V mediana
antebrachii

V cephalica

V basilica

V mediana cubiti

V cephalica

V basilica

(A. brachialis
superficialis,Var )*

(V, mediana cephalica)

(V mediana basilica)

V mediana
antebrachii V basilica

V cephalica

F i g . 4 2 3a - c V a r i a t i o n isn t h e e p i f a s c i avIe i n so f t h e W i t h r e g a r dt o i n t r a v e n o u si n j e c t i o n st,h i s r a r e v a r i a t i o ni s p a r t i c u t a r t y

c u b i t a If o s s a . i m p o r t a n t ,a s a s u p p o s e d [ yi n t r a v e n o u si n j e c t i o nc a n m i s t a k e n [ y
b e c o m ei n t r a - a r t e r i a [ .
 M us c tes
Arm
Arteriesandnervesof the forearm

qo^iIm

intermusculare
Fascia brachii brachiimediale
a A collateralis
ulnaris
M biceps brachii 6 $ M tricepsbrachii, supenor
Caputmediale A brachialisa
M brachialis* i N ulnaris; * N ulnaris
a A collateralis N radialis ?
N medianus * ulnarissuperior
M brachioradialiss a A collateralis
Septum ulnarisinferior
A brachialisa intermusculare
brachiimediale A collateralisa
radialis * l\4 brachialis
Aponeurosis Humerus,
musculibicipitis Epicondylus
brachii medialis N. radialis,*
R prolundus ,, N medianus
M supinators Fascia
antebrachii M biceps*
A radialisa Tendo
brachii, o A ulnaris
s M biceps
brachii,Tendo A radialisO

M pronator S A recurrens
teres o A ulnaris a
radialis

M brachio-s
radialis l\4 supinator*

M flexorcarpi s
radialis
@ M flexor
carpi ulnaris

M extensor S
carpi radialis
brevis

s M palmaris
longus

M flexor digitorums
superficialis * l\4 flexor
digitorum
superficialis

M brachioradialis,
G
M flexor S Tendo
pollicislongus
', N ulnaris
M abductor *
A radialisO
pollicislongus R dorsalis o A. ulnaris
(N ulnaris)
A radialisa
N medianus*
M pronator S r: B palmaris
O A ulnaris (N ulnaris)
quavr druJ

, R dorsalis
Fascia
R palmaris, (N ulnaris)
(N medianus)
antebrachii
M extensor* a A ulnaris,
pollicisbrevis, A radialis, a R carpalis
Tendo R palmaris dorsalis
superficialis

421

F i g . 1 2 1 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n F i g , 1 2 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n
o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ;
subfasciaILayer. c o u r s eo f t h e r a d i a Ia r t e r y ,A . r a d i a t i s
CubitaIfossa Forearm Hand
Arteriesandnervesof the forearm

o A collateralis
ulnarissuperior
l\/l biceps t
brachii A brachialisa
.., N, ulnaris
N radialis : a A collateralis
o A brachialis N radialis:, ulnarisinlerior

N radialis,,
B profundus A collateralis
a - Epicondylus
& M brachialis radialis : , medialis
(R anterioo
A ulnariso

, N medianus
A, radialisO N radialis, ;
R profundus

A recurrensa
radialis A recurrensO
radialis a A recurrens
S M pronator ulnaris
N radialis, , teres,
R superficialis Caput M biceps&
utnare Tendo
brachii, s N. medianus
M supinator * A interosseaa
* lvl pronator communrs
teres
M brachioradialis
*
M pronator*
O A recurrens teres
ulnaris
A interosseaa A interosseaO
communrs * M flexor posterior
carpiradialis o A comitans
nervimediani
N interosseus*
antebrachii a A interossea
M llexor * anterior anlenor
pollicislongus & M flexor
digitorum
superficialis,
A radialisa Caputradiale a A ulnaris
N radialis,i
R superficialis
i.. N ulnaris
N radialis,
A radialisa
R superficialis a A ulnaris

., N ulnaris

A radialisa) M pronator *
quadratus
€ l\4 flexor carpi
ulnaris,Tendo
M flexor 6
R palmaris pollicis
(N medianus) rongus
t, R dorsalis
M flexor carpi g (N ulnaris)
radialis.Tendo
a A ulnaris,
R carpalis
A radialis,
a dorsalis I M.Ilexor
R palmaris carpiulnaris,
superticialis Tendo
lvl palmaris*
longus,Tendo

!+19

12

F i g .t 2 6 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n F i g . 1 2 7 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n
o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ;
oeep rayer. deep layer after partiaI removaIof the f lexor
d i g i t o r u ms u p e r f i c i a t im
s uscte.
 Shoutder Arm
Arteriesand nervesof thecubitalfossa

N. radialisa

a M. biceps
brachii
A. collateralisa
(R.anterior)
radialis,

M brachioradialis
a a A. brachialis

a N. medianus
Mm extensoresa
carpiradiales
o N. radialis,
N radialis,a R. superficialis
R. profundus
O A. radialis

M extensor O o A. recurrens
digitorum radialis
M. supinator
a
N. radialis,a o M. extensorcarpi
R. profundus radialisbrevis

A interosseaa
recurrens

Fig.428 Arteries and nervesof the anterior region

o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a L iasn t e r i o r ;
a f t e rr e m o v a o I f t h e r a d i a tm u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m :
l a t e r a [( r a d i a Uv i e w .

O A collateralis a A. collateralis
ulnaris inferior ulnarissuperior
N medianus
a
Septum
intermusculare
A brachialis
a brachiimediale

M. bicepsbrachiia
Epicondylus
medialis
M. brachialis
a
a N. ulnaris
Aponeurosis musculi
bicipitisbrachii
Olecranon
M. brachioradialis
a

N. radialisa M flexor
carpiulnaris
Mm flexoresO
antebrachii

A ulnarisa

A radialisO

M. pronatorteresO a N ulnaris

N medianus
a a M flexor
digitorumprofundus

Fig.129 Arteries and nervesof the anterior region

o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a t i sa n t e r i o r ;
after partiaIremovatof the f lexor musctesof the forearm;
m e d i a [( u L n a rv] i e w .
Topography I Sections
Cubitatfossa Forearm
Arteriesand nervesof the forearm

A. collateralis
O
radialis
A collateralis
o
M triceosbrachiia ulnarisinferior
o M. brachioradialis
N. ulnarisa

A recurrensO O M. extensorcarpi
ulnaris radialislongus
Olecranon

Retearticularea Epicondylus
cubiti lateralis
M. anconeus
a
o M extensor
carpiradialis A. interosseaO
M anconeus
a orevrs recurrens

O M supinator

M extensorO a N. radialis,
carpiulnaris R. profundus

a N radialis,
R profundus o M. extensorcarpi
radialisbrevis

O A interossea a Rr. musculares

posterior

a M. extensor
digitorum
M extensora
digitorum

R. profundus a M. abductor
o M abductorpollicis o pollicislongus
longus nerviradialis,
M. extensorO N. interosseus
carpiulnaris, antebrachii Membranainterossea
Tendo a M. extensorpollicis posterior
brevis M. extensora a N. radialis,
M. extensoro pollicislongus R. superticialis
digitiminimi, o N. radialis,
Tendo M extensora O M extensor
R superficialis carpiulnaris, pollicisbrevis
Tendo
RetecarpaleO o A. interosseaanterior Retinaculum
dorsale musculorum
e)densorum o M. extensor
R. dorsalisa Retinaculum pollicislongus,Tendo
(N. ulnaris) musculorum R. dorsalisa
extensorum (N. ulnaris)

31

F i g . 4 3 0 A r t e r i ea
s n dn e r v e o s f t h ep o s t e r i orre g i o n Fig. 431 Arteries and nervesof the posteriorregion
o f t h ef o r e a r mR, e g i oa n t e b r a c hpioi s t e r i o r ; o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h ipi o s t e r i o r ;
superficia[ layer. deep layer.
 > U p p e rt i m b Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
Shoutder Arm
Arteriesof the

A radialis
A ulnaris

R carpalispalmaris
R carpalis palmaris
B carpalisdorsalis

R palmarisprofundus

R palmarissuperficialis

Arcuspalmarisprofundus
palmares
Aa metacarpales
A princeps pollicis
Arcuspalmaris
superf
icialis

A radialisindicis

palmares
Aa digitales communes

Aa digitalespalmares propriae

Aa digitalespalmares propriae

F i g . 1 3 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e p a t m ,P a L m a ;
overytew.

F i g .4 3 3 a - d V a r i a t i o n o
s f t h e d e e pp a l m a ra r c h , A n a s t o m o s iw s i t h t h e a n t e r i o ri n t e r o s s e o uasr t e r y ,
A r c u so a L m a r i o
s r o fu n d u s . A . i n t e r o s s e a n t e r i o r[ * ]
'Textbook
a c a s e " ,s i m p L ec, L o s e d
arch T h e r a d i a Ia r t e r y ,A r a d i a I i ss, u p p I i e sb o t h r a d i a t f i n g e r s ,
b D o u b l . i noqf t h e u L n a ro a r r w h e r e a st h e u l n a ra r t e r y ,A . u t n a r i s s, u p p l i e st h e t h r e e
u I n a rf i n o e r s .
Cubitatfossa Forearm Hand
Arteriesandnervesof the hand

R palmarisa
N medianus,

N. musculocutaneus,
I
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis

Fascia antebrachii

& N ulnaris

palmaris
Aponeurosis

a M palmarisbrevis

a N digitalispalmarisproprius
A princepspollicisO

Rr.palmares
, N medianus,

E N ulnaris,Rr.palmares
palmares
t Nn digitales proprii

palmaris
a A digitalis communis
a Aa digitales propriae
palmares

transversum
Lig metacarpale
superficiale

Fig. 13t, Arteries and nervesof the paLm,Palma;

s u o e r f i c i al[a v e r .
 M us c [es

Arteriesand nervesof the hand

A radialisa a A. ulnaris
N medianusS I M. flexorcarpiulnaris
l\4 flexorcarpiradialis,
Tendoi
A radialis,R palmaris
superficialis
a , r N u l n a r i s , Rp a l m a r i s

R palmaris&
N medianus, Os pisiforme

* N ulnaris,R. profundus
lvl abductorpollicisbrevisI
o A ulnaris,R caroalisdorsalis

{, N ulnaris,R, superficialis

a A ulnaris,R palmarisprofundus
M flexorpollicisbreviss
e N digitalispalmaris
proprius

*i B communicans
cum nervoulnari

O Arcuspalmaris
suDerficialis

s N digitalispalmaris
proprius

palmares
a Aa digitales communes

palmares
Aa digitales propriae
a

Nn. digitalespalmares proprii

I+26
lr37
l
t".
.:,_ F i g .4 3 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p a L m P
, alma;
{ middteLaver.
43t,

37 Yo 35o/o 13o/o

F i g , 4 3 6 a - c V a r i a t i o no s f t h e s u p e r f i c i apI a t m a ra r c h ,
A r c u so a I m a r i ss u o e r f i c i a t i s .
a " T e x t b o o ck a s e " ,c t o s e oa r c n
b T h e u t n a ra r t e r y ,A u t n a r i s s, u p p t i e st h e t h r e e u t n a rf i n g e r s .
c A L If i n g e r sa r e s u p p t i e db y t h e u t n a ra r t e r y ,A u t n a r r s
Cubita[fossa Forearm Hand
Arteriesandnervesof the hand

l/ pronatorquadratusa

A radiallsa o A. ulnaris

R carpalispalmarisa
O M flexorcarpiulnaris
M flexorcarpiradialis,
Tendoo
a A. ulnaris,R. carpalis
parmafls
R palmaris
superficialis
a
Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum R. palmaris
c N ulnaris,
M llexorpollicislongus,Tendoa
polliciso
M opponens a N. ulnaris,R. superficialis

M. flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputsuperficiale
O a N. ulnaris,R profundus
Arcuspalmaris
profundus
O o M abductor
digitiminimi
M. adductorpolliciso
O A ulnaris,
R. palmarisprofundus
A. princepspollicisO
M abductoroollicisbrevisa palmares
o Mm.interossei
palmares
Aa digitales propriaea
o M adductorpollicis
l\4.interosseus
dorsalisI O
O Aa. metacarpales
palmares
a Mm.tlexoresdigitorum,
Tendines

o Mm.lumbricales

o Nn.digitales
palmaresproprii
. Aa. digitales O
parmares propnae

427

Fig.137 Arteriesand nervesof t h ep a t m P

, atma;
deep layer.
435
 M us c tes

Arteriesandnervesof the hand

& N radialis,
Rr superficiales
a A radialis
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum

radialis,
N cutaneus posterior
antebrachii a Vaginatendinismusculiflexoriscarpiradialis

B palmaris
a A radialis, superticialis
Rete carpale dorsale O
a A radialis
A radialis,B carpalis dorsalis O
i M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo

M extensor carpi radialisbrevis,Tendo O t M extensor pollicisbrevis,Tendo

lvl extensor carpi radialis longus,Tendo c

0 M. abductorpollicisbrevis
A radiatisa
pollicis
I M opponens
M extensordigitorum,
Tendines
0 * M extensor pollicislongus, Tendo

Os metacarpi ll
s Nn digitales
dorsales

a A digitalis
dorsalis
Aa metacaroalesdorsales a s M adductorpollicis

M interosseusdorsalis I Q

l\4.lumbricalis
It

palmarisproprius*
N digitalis

palmarispropriaO
A digitalis

N. digitalisdorsalis *

l-lV Vaginae tendinummusculorum extensorum:

I Vaginatendinummusculorum abductorislongi
et extensoris
oollicisbrevis
ll Vaginatendinummusculorum extensorum carpiradialium
lll Vaginatendinismusculiextensoris pollicislongi
lV Vaginatendinummusculorum extensorisdigitorum
et extensoris
indicis

F i g . 4 3 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h a n d .
To p o g r a p h yi Se cti o n s
CubitaIfossa Forearm
andnervesof the hand
Vessels

N radialis, posterior
N cutaneusantebrachii

N radialis.
R suoerficialis

Retevenosumdorsalemanus

W intercapitulares

Nn digitales
dorsales

F i g . 4 3 9 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e d o r s u mo f
t h e h a n d ,D o r s u mm a n u s
s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r .
 'Upper timb Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Shoutder Arm
Arteriesand nervesof the hand

Membrana
interossea
M. extensor
carpiulnarisO

A interossea
anteriora a M extensorpollicisbrevis

N . r a d i a l i sR, . p r o f u n d u&
s, a M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
N interosseusantebrachii posterior

a Retecarpaledorsale

a A radialis

a R perlorans
A. radialis,
R carDalis
dorsalisa

a A princepspollicis

I M. extensorpollicislongus,
Tendo

a M adductor pollicis

o M. interosseus
dorsalis

Aa metacarpales
dorsalesO

Fig.440 Arteries and nervesof the dorsum of

t h e h a n d ,D o r s u mm a n u s ;
439 deep layer.
Cubitalfossa Forearm Hand
spacesof the hand
Topographic

Canalis carpi
Fasciaantebrachii
M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo
A ulnaris
N medianus
N ulnaris
M, palmarislongus,Tendo

Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum
Os pisiforme

Thenar Hypothenar
Canaliscarpi Ligg metacarpaliapalmaria

Tendo
M extensordigitorum,

Ossa metacarpi

profundus,
M tlexordigitorum
Tendines

palmaris
Aponeurosis

M flexordigitorum Tendines
superficialis,

Mm lumbricales

(Aponeurosis
dorsalis)

Phalanxproximalis

prolundus,
lvl flexordigitorum Tendo

M llexordigitorumsuperficialis,
Tendines

Vaginatendinum N. digitalispalmarisproprius

F i g . 1 1 1 F a s c i a Ic o m p a r t m e n t s o f t h e h a n d .
* C [ i n i c atIe r m : [ i g a m e n ot f G R A Y S O N
+ * C t i n i c atIe r m ; [ i g a m e n ot f c L E L A N D
* * * C t i n i c atIe r m : u l n a rc a n a [ C
, a n a t i su t n o c a r p a t il st o g ed e G U Y O N I
> U p p e rl i m b M us c tes

Hand,sagittalsection

Membrana
interossea

A interossea
anteriora a A interosseaposterior

a M extensordigitorum

M pronator
quadratus
O a M, abductorpollicislongus,Tendines

a M extensorpollicislongus,Tendo

profundus,
M flexordigitorum Tendines
a Radius

Articulatio
radiocarpalis
Retinaculum
musculorum
llexorum

Os lunatum
l\4flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Tendines
t

o Retecarpaledorsale

Rete carpale oalmare a Os capitatum

Aooneurosis
oalmaris
Os metacarpi
lll, Basis
palmarislll O
A metacarpalis

Arcuspalmaris
superficialis
a
palmarisll
t M, interosseus
palmaris
A digitalis communislll a a M interosseus
dorsalislll

a A. metacarpalis
dorsalislll

M l u m b r i c a l i sl l l , T e n d oa

A digitalispalmaris propria O

Phalanx proximalis O A digitalisdorsalis

Vagina tendinum

Phalanx media

Phalanx distalis

F i g . 1 1 2 H a n d ,M a n u s ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e u t n a r p t a n eo f t h e m i d d t ef i n g e r .
* C t i n i c at eLr m :I i g a m e notf c L E L A N D
* +C [ i n i c at eLr m :[ i g a m e notf G R A Y S O N
Topography
CubitaIfossa Forearm H a n d
Cutaneous
innervation

F i g . t t 3 P o i n t so f i n j e c t i o nf o r r e g i o n a I
conduction a n a e s t h e s ia t t h e m i d d L ef i n q e r .

Fig. 111 Pa[m,Patma; F i g . 1 1 5 D o r s u mo f t h e h a n d ,D o r s u mm a n u s ;

s e g m e n t a cI u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n . s e g m e n t acI u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n .
 M us c l es
Shoutder Arm
Arm, transversesections

Fascia brachii
a M bicepsbrachii

V cephalica a
& N musculocutaneus

a A. brachialis
M brachialisI

O V brachialis
M coracobrachialisc

s N medianus
Humerus

Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale o V basilica

N radialis {} s N. ulnaris

A profunda brachii a
SeDtumintermusculare
brachiimediale

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlateraleo

a lvl.tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

a M triceps brachii,Caput mediale

F i g .1 1 5 A r m , B r a c h i u m ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o n .

V cephalica

lvl bicepsbrachii

V brachialis
M brachialis V basilica

Humerus
Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale

Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
M tricepsbrachii

Fig.117 Arm, Brachium,

m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g el M R l ) ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m i d d t eo f t h e a r m :
distaIview.
T o p o g r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d
Arm, transversesections

s l\,4bicepsbrachii

M. brachialis
o
Fascia brachii

o A brachialis
V cephalica a

N cutaneusantebrachii
medialis

lvl brachioradialis*
a V brachialis

* N medianus
N radialis ,

t N, cutaneus brachii medialis

A profunda brachii a a V basilica

M extensor carpi radialislongus i,

a A collateralis
ulnarissuperior
Cristasupraepicondylaris
lateralis
Seotum intermuscularebrachii mediale

HUmerus
* N ulnaris

M triceps brachii O

Fig. 118 Arm, Brachium

t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e l o w e rt h i r d
o f t h ea r m .

M, biceps brachii

A brachialis

V cephalica
V basilica

M brachialis

l\,4brachioradialis
Humerus

Ulna

M triceps brachii

F i g .t t 9 A r m , B r a c h i u m
m a g n e t r rce s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e l o w e rt h i r d o f t h e a r m :
distaIview.
 Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Arm
Forearm, transversesections

Fascia antebrachii
o A brachialis
V mediana cubiti o
r N medtanus
V brachialisa
g M pronatorteres
M biceps brachii.Tendo *
* M flexor carpi radialis
V cephalica o

a V basilica

0 l\4.flexordigitorum
superficialis

t M palmarislongus
M extensor carpi radialislongus $
ii N ulnaris

M supinator
*
* M llexorcarpiulnaris

lvl extensor carpi radialis brevis €!

Radius,Caputradii proximalis
radioulnaris
Articulatio
M brachialisS
* Nl anconeus

Fig.450 Forearm,Antebrachium;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e
o r o x i m a rI a d i o - u L n ai ro i n t

V basilica

V mediana cubiti
l\4 brachialis

lvl biceps, Tendo

M pronator teres

V cephalica
M flexor carpi radialis

l\4 brachioradialis

M flexor digitorumsupedicialis
M extensor carpi radialislongus

l\4 extensor carpi radialisbrevis Ulna

Radius,Caputradii
M anconeus

Fig.451 Forearm,Antebrachium;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e l e v e Lo f t h e e t b o wi o i n t :
distalview.
 To pogr a p h y
)ubital fossa Forearm Hand
Forearm, transversesections

M. palmaris
longus,Tendoo
a V mediana antebrachii
M flexordigitorum
superficialis
o

M flexorcarDiradialisa a M flexorcaroiulnaris

N. medianus
a
a A ulnaris
M. flexorpollicislonguso
O N. ulnaris
M. brachioradialisa

A radialiso

N, radialisa

M pronatorteres
a

M extensor
carpiradialislongusa

N interosseusantebrachiianteriorc

l\4 extensorcarpiradialisbrevisO O M. extensorcarpiulnaris

a M. extensorpollicislongus

M extensordigitorum
a digitiminimi
a M extensor

M abductorpollicislongusa a N interosseus posterior

antebrachii

Membranainterossea

Fig.452 Forearm, Antebrachium;

t h el o w e rt h i r do f
t r a n s v e r ssee c t i o tnh r o u g h
t h ef o r e a r m .

M. palmarislongus,Tendo

M flexorcarpi
radialis
M, flexor
l\/ flexordigitorum carpiulnaris
superficialis
M brachioradialis
M. llexor
digitorum prolundus
M llexorpollicis
longus
Radius Ulna

Mm extensores
Membranainterossea
antebrachii

Fig.453 Forearm,Antebrachium;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h i ci m a g eI M R l ) ;
cross-sectionat the Levelof the middl.eof the forearm:
distaIview.
 Shoutder Arm
Forearmand hand,transversesections

M palmarislongus,Tendo||
M flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Tendines*
a Fascia antebrachii

N medianus, R palmaris *r t M flexordigitorum

superficialis*
N medianus !, a*A;N ulnaris
M flexor carpi radialis.Tendo* C
a M. flexorcaroiulnaris
M flexor pollicislongus.Tendo* C
profundus*
a M flexordigitorum
A r a d i a t ias
tlN ulnaris,R dorsalis
N musculocutaneus, )
N cutaneusantebrachii lateralis O M pronatorquadratus
M abductorpollicislongus,Tendines*o
Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis,
Recessus sacciformis
V,cephalica;
N, radialis,
R superticialis
o *
Fascia antebrachii
M extensor pollicisbrevis.Tendo* e
Ulna
M brachioradialis,Tendo a
Mm extensorescaroiradialesi a lvl extensorcaroiulnaris.Tendo*
longuset brevis,Tendines*
Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis
Radius
a M extensordigitiminimi*
Fascia antebrachii
a M extensor indicis*
Telasubcutanea
M extensor pollicis longus,Tendo* a c lvl extensordigitorum*
V basilicao Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum

F i g . 1 5 1 F o r e a r mA , ntebrachium;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e d i s t a Ir a d i o - u t n ajro i n t .
A t t h i s l e v e [ t, h e m u s c L et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h + r u n w i t h i n
t e n d o ns h e a t h sV, a g i n a tee n d i n u m

l\4.palmarislongus,Tendoa Hypothenar
Retinaculum
musculorumllexorum
Thenar
N medianus * !*
l\rlflexorpollicislongus,Tendoa O**A;N ulnaris**
M, flexor carpi radialis,Tendo a

a Mm flexoresdigitorum,
Os trapezium Tendines
l\/ abductorpollicislongus,Tendoa Os triquetrum
l\4 extensorpollicisbrevis,Tendoa
a lvl extensor
caroiulnaris.
Tendo
V cephalica a
Os hamatum
A radialisa
a M extensor
digitiminimi,Tendo
Mm extensores
carpiradiales.
Tendines
a
o V basilica
M extensor pollicislongus,Tendo a Os capitatum
a M extensor digitorum,
Tendo
Os trapezoideum
a M extensorindicis,
Tendo

F i g .4 5 5 W r i s t ,C a r p u s ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Lo f t h e h o o ko f t h e h a m a t e
b o n e ,H a m u t u so s s i sh a m a t i .
* C a r p at L unneI
* * u t n a rc a n alIt o g ed eG U Y O N ]
To p o g r a p h yI Se c ti o n s
CubitaIfossa Forearm Hand
Hand, transversesections

palmares
a Aa digitales communes;
r, N medianus

Mm.lumbricales
a a M. flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Tendines
M flexorpollicisbrevis,a O lV abductor
Caputsuperficiale digitiminimi
l\4 flexor pollicislongus,Tendo, O a M opponens
Vagina tendinis digitiminimi
M. abductorpollicislongusa
Os metacarpiV
polliciso
M opponens
profundus,
o M flexordigitorum
pollicis
Os metacarpi Tendines

[,l1extensorpollicisbrevisa O M extensor digiti minimi

lvl extensorpollicislonqus,a palmarislll
Tendo,Vaginatend-inis a M interosseus
M flexorpollicisbrevis,a
Caputprofundum o M. interosseus
dorsalislV
M adductor polliciso
Os metacarpilV
M interosseus
dorsalisI O
A metacarDalisoalmarisO oalmarisll
a M. interosseus
Os metacarpiindicis
M. interosseus palmarisI a dorsalislll
a M interosseus
M interosseus dorsalisll O

F i g . 4 5 6 M e t a c a r p u sM, e t a c a r p u st ;r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e t h i r d m e t a c a r p abI o n e .

Corpusphalangis o M extensordigitorum,
Tendo*

N digitalisdorsalis c
& N digitalis
dorsalis

Periosteum

profundus,
o l\/ flexordigitorum Tendo
Mesotendineum

a A digitalispalmarispropria

N digitalispalmarispropriusI
Vaginatendinum digiti

M flexordigitorum
superticialis,
TendoO

Fig.457 Middte
fi n g e rD
, i g i t um
s e d i u sI l l l l ; * S o - c a t t e d o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s iisn t ow h i c ht h e b r a n c h i n g tendon
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s h a f to f t h e p r o x i m a p
l haLanx. o f t h e e x t e n s o rd i g i t o r u mm u s c t e ,a s w e t l a s t h e t e n d o n so f t h e
i n t e r o s s e o u sa n d [ u m b r i c a Im u s c t e sr a d i a t e

Corpusphalangis

Mesotendineum a A digitalispalmarispropria

palmarisproprius*
N digitalis Vagina tendinum digiti

profundus,
M flexordigitorum Tendoa

F i g . 4 5 8 M i d d L fei n g e r D , i g i t u sm e d i u sI l l l l ; * S o - c a t l e dd o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s t s
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s h a f to f t h e m i d d t ep h a t a n x
 Brain Bloodvessels C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Arteriesof the head

B frontalis
A.temporalis
J
superficialis
I
\ F parietalis
A. carotisinterna,
Parscavernosa
( R.frontatis
A. menrngea
.l
meoraI
\ R parietalis
A temporalis
superficialis
A suPraorbitalis
n,opntnat-f
micaI
\ A supratrochlearis
Aa temDoralesorofundae A basilaris
A angularis
A sphenopalatina

A infraorbitalis
A. palatina A. vertebralis
oescenoens

A infraorbitalis

A meningea
media A auricularis
posterior
A labialissuperior

A buccalis

A transversa
faciei A occipitalis

A alveolarisinferior

A maxillaris

A pharyngea
ascendens
A labialisinferior

A facialis

A submentalis A. vertebralis

A carotisexterna
A thyroidea
superior A carotisinterna,Sinuscaroticus
A carotiscommunis

F i g . 4 5 9 E x t e r n aaI r t e r i e so f t h e h e a d .
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n act o r d Pathways

Arteriesof the head

A callosomarginalis

A cerebrimedia

A carotisinterna,
Parscerebralis
A cerebrianterior
A. communicans
posterior

A cerebriposterior

A inferioranteriorcerebelli
A ophthalmica
A basilaris

Siphoncaroticum A. inferioroosterior
cerebelli

A carotisinterna.ParsDetrosa

A carotisinterna,
Parscavernosa

A vertebralis

A carotisinterna.Parscervicalis
A carotisexterna
A. carotiscommunis

Fig.460 Internaa
I r t e r i e so f t h e h e a d .

T h e c o n t r a s tm e d i u ma t s od i s t r i b u t e st o t h e v e s s e t so f t h e
F i g . 4 6 1a , b I n t e r n a Ic a r o t i da r t e r y ,A . c a r o t i si n t e r n a ; c o n t r a t a t e r asti d ev i a t h e a r t e r i a Ic i r c t e .
r a d i o g r a p h as f t e r u n i t a t e r aiIn j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m a A P - r a d i o g r a p hd,i g i t a ts u b t r a c t i o na n g i o g r a p hIyD S A ]
[ an gi o gr am s ) . b L a t e r a Ir a d i o g r a p hd, i g i t a Ls u b t r a c t i o na n g i o g r a p htyD S A )
 Bl,oodvessels Craniab
I ase Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

V thalamostriata
suoerior
parietalis
V emissaria
inferior
Sinussagittalis
W superiores
cerebri
V interna cerebri

Foramen
interventriculare Sinussagittalis
superior

(V emissaria
frontalis) V magna
cerebri*

V basalis"*
Sinus
sphenoparietalis

Sinusrectus
V.ophthalmica
supenor

V angularis
V.emissaria
occipitalis

Confluens
sinuum

V occipitalis

V emissaria mastoidea

Sinussigmoideus

venaejugularis
Bulbussuperior

V facialis
V retromandibularis V jugularisinterna

F i g ,t 6 2 I n t e r n a a
I n d e x t e r n a vLe i n so f t h e h e a d .
* Veinof GALEN
* * R O S E N T H A L 'VSe i n
*+*Vein of LABBE

Emissaryveins,Vv.emissariae- Passagesthroughthe skutt

\v/ . d
s rmr ii .l J. .J. oi rr r d ^P ror ri ^r+c ^Lld; -u J Fnremo
t tns t I n
p torti ot lsrLl o
olE P t e x u sv e n o s u sc a n a L inse r v ih y p o g t o s-s iC a n a [ i sn e r v i
V e m i s s a r im a a s t o i d e-aF o r a m e m n astoideum hypoL gossi
V e m i s s a r ioac c i p i t a t-i sP a s s a gien t h e r e g i o no f t h e P t e x u vs e n o s u sf o r a m i n i so v a l i s- F o r a m e no v a L e
P r o t u b e r a n toi ac c i n i t a Lei sx t e r n a P t e x u vs e n o s u sc a r o t i c u isn t e r n u s- C a n a t i cs a r o t i c u s
V .e m i s s a r i ca o n d y t a r i-sC a n a t i cs o n d y l a r i s
Ve nt ric [ e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways

Veinsof the head

Sinussagittalis
superior Suturasagittalis
parietalis
V emissaria Granulationes
arachnoideae

.\
Eproermrs I
I cutis
Dermis[Corium]J
Lacunaelaterales

Galeaaponeurotica
Os parietale
Laminaexterna

Vv diploicae Diploe
""*."
Laminainterna ]
Duramatercranialis
Spatium
Arachnoidea
mater
cranialis
Piamatercranialis

Spatium
subarachnoideum

Substantia
alba

F i g . 4 6 3 C a l v a r i aC, a t v a r i am ; e n i n g e sM , e n i n g e sa, n d d u r a I
v e n o u ss i n u s e s S , i n u sd u r a em a t r i s .
I n t h e a d u [ t ,t h e c e r e b r o s p i n af Lt u i di s m a i n [ yr e a b s o r b e di n t o
t h e v e n o u ss y s t e mt h r o u g ht h e a r a c h n o i dg r a n u t a t i o n s .
A d d i t i o n a L trye,a b s o r p t i o on c c u r st h r o u g ht h e t y m p h a t i c
s h e a t h so f s m a [ Lv e s s e t so f t h e c r a n i a Lp i a m a t e ra n d t h r o u g h
t h e p e r i n e u r asI h e a t h so f t h e c r a n i a La n d t h e s p i n a Ln e r v e s .

Suturasagittalis

Suturacoronalis

Vv diploicae W diploicae
occipitales frontales

Vv diploicae
temporales
anteriores

W diploicae
temporales
posteflores

F i g . 1 6 1 D i p t o i cc a n a [ s C , a n a t e sd i p L o i cai ,n d d i p t o i cv e i n s , t h e e x t e r n a tI a b t eo f c o m o a c tb o n eh a s b e e nr e m o v e df r o m
V v .d i p l o i c a eo, f t h e c a l v a r i a ; the catvaria.
 Bl.oodvessels C r a n i a Ib a s e Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Duralvenousslnuses

Sinusoetrosusinferior

Sinussagittalis
superior

Sinussagittalis
inferior
Sinussphenooarietalis

W superiorescerebri
A carotisinterna

N opticuslll

Sinuscavernosus V magnacerebri

Hypophysis Sinustransversus

Sinusintercavernosi Sinussigmoideus

Plexusbasilaris Sinusrectus

Confluens
sinuum

Sinusoccipitalis

Sinusmarginalis

Foramenmagnum

Sinusoetrosus
suDerior

F i g ,4 6 5 C r a n i a d t u r a m a t e r ,D u r am a t e r c r a n i a l i s
a n d d u r a lv e n o u ss i n u s e s S , i n u sd u r a em a t r i s ;
a f t e r o a r t i a Ir e m o v a o
l f t h e t e n t o r i u mc e r e b e t l i .

Cranialduramater,Duramatercranialis
T h ec r a n i a dI u r am a t e rL i n e tsh e c r a n i acI a v i t yc o m p L e t e L y
a n dt i g h t t ya d h e r e st o t h e s k u Lbl .o n e T . h ec e r e b r afIa [ x
p r o t r u d e isn t h e s a g i t t apl .L a n ei n a s i c k l e - L i kseh a p ea n d
s t r e t c h efsr o mt h e c r i s t ag a L ttio t h e r i d g eo f t h e t e n t o r r u m
c e r e b e Lw t hse p o s t e r i ocr r a n i a l
L ih, i c h ,i n t u r n ,o v e r s t r e t c h e
f o s s aa n d i s a t t a c h e d a [ o n qt h e t r a n s v e r ssei n u sa n dt h e
p y r a m i d ael d
. g e T h em a r g i n so f t h e t e n t o r i anI o t c he n v e t o p
t h e m i d b r a i an n dt a p e ro f f i n t oi h e a n t e r i oar n dp o s t e r i o r
clinnid nrncpcc Thc ecrcIpaLfa[x and the tentorium
c e r e b e [d[ i v i d e
t h ec r a n i a L c a viint yt ot h r e es p a c e tsh a ta r e
i n c o m p t e t est ye p a r a t efdr o m o n ea n o t h e rc, o n t a i n i n g
t h e t w o c e r e b r ahI e m i s p h e r easn dt h e c e r e b e t l u m .
Vent ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o n d Pathways

V ophthaimica
superior
Sinussphenoparietalis

Sinusintercavernosi

Sinuscavernosus

V meningea media

Plexusbasilaris
Plexusvenosus
foraminis
ovalis

Sinusmarginalis Sinuspetrosus
inferior

Sinuspetrosus
supenor

Bulbussuperior
venaejugularis

Sinus occipitalis

Sinussigmoideus

Sinusrectus

Confluens
sinuum Sinustransversus

Sinussagittalis
superior

F i g . 1 6 6 D u r a Lv e n o u ss r n u s e sS, i n u sd u r a em a t r i s ;
corrosron cast.
T h e s i n u s e sc o n t a i nn o v a t v e sa n d f e a t u r er i g i dw a t l . s .
+ V e i no f r a g s Et o t h es u p e r f i c im
a ti d d t ce e r e b r av Ie i n s

DuraIvenoussinuses,
Sinusduraematris
T h ed u r a vL e n o u s i n u s e as r er i g i dv e n o u cs h a n n e L s T h et w o c a v e T n o ussi n u s e sa s s u m ea c e n t r a pI o s i t i o nb y
w i t h o u vt a L v edsr a i n i n gt h e v e n o u sb l o o df r o mt h e b r a i nv i a b e i n gs i t u a t e idn t h e m i d d Lcer a n i a L f o stsoat h e r i g h t
s o - c a L [ ebdr i d g i nvge i n s a n dt h e l e f to f t h e s e [ a t u r c i c aT. h e yc o m m u n i c a twer t h
T h em a i nd r a i n a gfer o mw i t h i nt h es k u Lol c c u r sv i at h e e a c ho t h e rt h r o u g h t h e i n t e r c a v e r n osui ns u s e as n de i t h e r
sigmoid s i n u s e isn t ot h e i n t e r n a L l u g uv[ aeri n sA. d d i t i o n a L L d
y ,i r e c t Loyr i n d i r e c t Lwyi t h m o s to t h e rs i n u s e sa n dw i t ht h e
t h es u p e r i oor p h t h a t mvi ce i n sa n dt h eh i g h Lvya r i a b Leem i s s - v e i n so f t h eo r b i ta n dt h e i n f r a t e m o o rfaoLs s a
a r yv e i n sf o r ma s e r i e so f s m a L [ e L r ,i k e w i svea l v e l e svse, n o u s
c o n n e c t i o nb se t w e etnh e i n t r a -a n de x t r a c r a n iraeLq i o n s
 > Brain B l o o dv e s s e [ s CraniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

Externalsurfaceof the cranialbase

Foramina incisiva
Contentsof the foraminaof the external
'.; surfaceof the cranialbase
Foramenpalatinum
majus
Foraminaincisiva
N . n a s o p a L a t i n( N u sm a x i L L a[rVi s/ 2 ] l
Foramina palatina minora
Foramenpatatinummajus
N p a l a t i n ums a j o rI N . m a x i L t a r[i Vs /2])
^ ^ - r ^ + i - -^^ ; ^ - lt H^ ^ - L a t i ndae s c e n d e n s ]
H. PdLdLil rd r rdJUr
Fissuraorbitalisinferior Po

Foraminapatatinaminora
Nn paLatim n ii n o r e {sN .m a x i L L a [rV
i s/ 2 ] l
A a p a t a t i n ame i n o r e (sA p a t a t i ndae s c e n d e n s l
Foramen ovale
Fissuraorbitatisinferior
A i n fr a o r b i t a L[iAs .m a x i t l a r i s ]
V o p h t h a L m iicnaf e r i o r
i s m a x i L L a rl V
N i n f r a o r b i t a l{. N i s/ 2 l l
Fissura N z y g o m a t i c uI sN m a x i t l a r i[sV / 2 ] )
sphenopetrosa;
Foramen Foramenrotundum(seeFiq ?1,?3J
lacerum
N m a x i L L a r[ iVs/ 2 ]
Foramenovale
Foramen
sprnosum N m a n d i b u l a r[iVs / 3 ]
P L e x uvse n o s ufso r a m i n iosv a L i s
Foramenspinosum
Apertura R . m e n i n g e uI sN m a n d i b u L a [rVi s/ 3 ] l
exlerna
canails A m e n i n g em a e d i a[ A m a x i L t a r i s )
carotici
Fissurasphenopetrosa et Foramenlacerum
Canaliculus N p e t r o s um s i n o rI N g t o s s o p h a r y n g Iel X
u sJ )
mastoideus N . p e t r o s um s a j o rI N .f a c i a L li V
s ll]l
N p e t r o s upsr o f u n d uIsP l e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s J
Meatus
acusticus
externus
Aperturaexternacanaliscarotici+ Canaliscaroticus
A c a r o t i si n t e r n aP, a r sp e t r o s a
Foramen P l e x u vs e n o s ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s
stylo-
mastoideum P L e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u [sT r u n c ussy m p a t h i c u s ,
G a n g L i oc n ervicaL sueperius)
Foramen
JUgUlare Foramenstylomastoideum
N f a c i a L [i V
s ll]
Canalisnervi
hypoglossi Foramenjugulare
Anteriorpart:
Qinrrq notrncr rc inferinr
N g L o s s o p h a r y n gI e l Xuls
Posterior part:
A m e n i n g epao s t e r i ol A r p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s l
S i n u ss i g m o i d e u( sB u l b u s u p e r i ovre n a e
jugutaris)
Canaliscondylaris
N v a g u s[ X l
R m e n i n q e u(sN v a-q u s[ X ] )
N a c c e s i o r i u tsX l l
Foramen magnum Canalicutusmastoideus
R a u r i c u t a r ni se r vvi a g i{ N v a g u sI X J )
Canalisnervi hypogl.ossi
N h y p o g t o s s u[ X slll
P l e x u sv e n o s u sc a n a t i sn e r v ih y p o g L o s s i
Canatiscondylaris
V .e m i s s a r i ca o n d y l a r i s
Maxilla Os palatinum Os sphenoidale
F o r a m e nm a g n u m
osfrontate vor", Os temporale M e nin g e s
I
P [ e x uvse n o s uvse r t e b r a [iinst e r n u IsS i n u sm a r q i n a L i s ]
Osparietale Oszygomaticum Os occipitale A a v e r t e b r a L e[ As a s u b c L a v i a e J
ffi
A s p i n a l ' iasn i e r i o r[ A a v e r t e b r a [ e s J
M e d u t loa b L o n g a t a / M e dsupLi ln. a L i s
R a d i c esso i n a L eI N s accessoriu l Xsl ] l
F i g . 1 6 7 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e c r a n i a Ib a s e ,
B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n aa. n d f o r a m i n a
Ven t ric [e s T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

lnternalsurfaceof the cranialbase

C o n t e n tso f th e fo ra mi n ao f th e inter nal

surfaceof the cranialbase
Laminacribrosa
N n .o t f a c t o rIili]
A e t h m o i d a Iai sn t e r i o(rA o p h t h a L m i c a ]
Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa
Canatisopticus
N o p t i c u Isl l l
A o p h t h a L m i(cAa c a r o t i si n t e r n a )
M e n i n g eV s ;a g i n anee r v oi p t i c i
Fissuraorbitatissuperior
Mediatpart:
N n a s o c i l i a r{iN s .o p h t h a L m i c[uVs/ 1 ] J Canalisopticus
N o c u l o m o t o r i Iul sl l ]
N a b d u c e n[sV l ]
Lateralpart:
N t r o c h t e a r iIsl V ] Fissuraorbitalis
supeflor
C o m m o nt r u n ko f t h e :
- N f r o n t a L Ii N s o p h t h a L m i cluVs/ 1 ]
- N L a c r i m a lIiN s o p h t h a L m i cluVs/ 1 ]
Foramen
R o r b i t a L{i A
s .m e n i n g em a edial rotundum
V o p h t h a t m i cs au p e r i o -
Foramenrotundum
N m a x i L L a rl V i s/ 2 1 Foramen
ovate
Foramenovale
N m a n d i b u L a r[iVs / 3 ] ForamenIacerum;
P L e x uvse n o s u sf o r a m i n i so v a L i s Fissura
sphenopetrosa
Foramenspinosum
R m e n i n g e uI sN m a n d i b u L a [rV i s/ 3 ] )
Foramen
A m e n i n g em a e d i a( A .m a x i L t a r i s ) sprnosum
Fissurasphenopetrosa et Foramenlacerum
N p e t r o s um s i n o rI N .g L o s s o p h a r y n gI e l Xu]s)
N p e t r o s um s a j o r{ N f a c r a L[iV Apertura
s ll]) tnterna
N p e t r o s upsr o f u n d uIsP l e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s ] canalrs
carotici
Aperturainternacanaliscarotici+ Canaliscaroticus
A c a r o t i si n t e r n aP , a r sp e t r o s a
P l e x u sv e n o s u sc a r o t i c uisn t e r n u s Porus
P l e x u sc a r o t i c u isn t e r n u s[ T r u n c ussy m p a t h i c u s , acusticus
G a n g L i oc n internus
e r v l c a [seu p e r i u s )
Porus+ Meatusacusticusinternus
N f a c i a t i[sV l l ] Foramen
Jugulare
N v e s t i b u L o c o c h L[eVal rl li ]s
A L a b y r i n t(hAi b a s i L a r i s J
Vv labyrinthi Canaliscondylaris
ForamenjuguLare
Anteriorpart:
Qinrrc noirncr rc infaninr Canalisnervihypoglossi
N g t o s s o p h a r y n g Iel u XsJ
Posteriorpart:
A m e n i n g epao s t e r i o[ rA p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s ] Foramenmagnum
S i n u ss i g m o i d e uI B jugu[aris]
s u t b u s u p e r i ovre n a e
N . v a g u s[ X l
N a c c e s s o r i u[ sX l ]
R m e n i n g e u{sN .v a g u sI X J )
Os frontale Os sphenoidale
Canalisnervi hypogtossi
N h y p o g l o s s u[ Xs llJ Os parietale Os temporale

P L e x uvse n o s u sc a n a L inse r v ih y p o g L o s s i
Os ethmoidale Os occipitale
Canatiscondylaris
\/ ^-;-^--i^ ^^^f,.,r^-i-
v sr ril5>dr ro LUIuyLdt t5

F o r a m e nm a g n u m
Me n i n g e s F i g . 4 6 8 I n t e r n a sL u r f a c eo f t h e c r a n i a lb a s e ,
P L e v e n o s uvse r t e b r a Li ni st e r n u {sS i n u ms arqinatis} . n df o r a m r n a .
B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a
A a . t e b r a L e[sA a .s u b c t a v i a e ]
A spinatia s n t e r i o r[ A a v e r t e b r a t e s ]
Medullo a b L o n g a t a / M e dsupLi L na L i s
R a d i c essp i n a L el N
s accessoriu [ Xs l ] J
 > Brain B t o o dv e s s e [ s C r a n i ab
I ase CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Cranial nerves,overview

Fila olfactoriall

N, opticus!ll

N, facialis[Vll]

N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]

N hypoglossus[Xll]

C r a n i a ln e r y e s N
. n.crania[es.
Ve n t ric te s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways

N oculomotorius
llll, R superior
Radix sensoria M. obliquussuperior

N. nasociliaris

Fissuraorbitalis
superior

oculomotorius
illll

Tectum mesencephali

N trochlearislvl M. rectuslateralis

N. triqeminus
[Vl. Nn ciliaresbreves
GanglioitrigeminalA
Ganglion ciliare
N abducens[Vl] ophthalmica;
N caroticus
internus
Pons N oculomotorius
ull, R inferior

Pyramismedullae Radix parasympathica

oblongatae
Radlx sympathica

F i g . 4 7 0 O c u L o m o t onre r v e ,N . o c u t o m o t o r i u[sl l l l ,
t r o c h [ e a rn e r v e ,N . t r o c h [ e a r i sI l V ] ,a n d
a b d u c e n sn e r v e ,N . a b d u c e n s[ V l ] ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
* C o n n e c t i otnost h et r i g e m i n a g ta n g t i o n

M obliquusbulbiinferior
(e N oculomotoriusllll, B inferior)

M obliquusbulbisuperior
(- N. trochlearis
lvl)

M rectusbulbimedialis
(+ N oculomotorius
illll, R superior)

M rectusbulbiinferior
(e N oculomotoriusillll, R inferior)

M. rectusbulbisuDerior
(e N. oculomotorius
llll, B. superior)

(e N. abducens
M rectusbulbilateralis [Vl])
M. levatorpalpebrae superioris
( e N. oculomotoriusllll, R. superior)

F i g . 4 7 1 I n n e r v a t i o on f t h e o c u l a rm u s c l e s ;
s u p e n o rv r e w .
 Btoodvessets C r a n i abI a s e CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

N. supraorbitalis

N ethmoidalis
anterior R lateralis

N ethmoidalisposterior R medialis

N. frontalis
N. supratrochlearis
N lacrimalis
R tentorius N infratrochlearis
N, nasociliaris
N ophthalmicus
[V/1]

Ganglion trigeminale

( Radix motoria
N triseminus
I -
\Radix sensoria

Pons
N zygomaticus
Nn. ciliares Iongi

Ganglion ciliare

cumgangliociliari
R. communicans

Fissuraorbitalis
superior

F i g . 1 7 2 0 p h t h a l . m inc e r v e ,N . o p h t h a l . m i c u[ V
s /11;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t

Rr orbitales Rr.nasalesDosteriores
suoeriores et mediales
laterales

Rr ganglionares
N. lacrimalis
Foramenrotundum
N maxillaris
[V/2]
(R communicans
Gangliontrigeminale cum nervolacrimali)

N zygomaticus

N infraorbitalis

Canalis
infraorbitalis

Foramen
infraorbitale

R zygomaticofacialis

R zygomaticotemporalis
B meningeus
Nn.alveolares
superiores
pterygopalatinum
Ganglion
Nn nasopalatini

Nn palatiniminores

Fig.473 Maxitlarynerve,N. maxil.Laris[V/2];

v i e w e df r o m t h e r i o h t .
Ve nt ric t e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

/ Radixmotoria
N trigeminus
[Vl I
\ Radixsensoria..

Nn.temoorales
orofundi

N pterygoideus
lateralis
N. mandibularis
[V/3] N. pterygoideus
medialis
R. meningeus N. buccalis

Foramen
spinosum
Rr.ganglionares
N. auriculotemporalis
Ganglion
submandibulare
A meningea
media Rr.linguales

Chordatympani(N facialis)

N. mylohyoideus
Plexusdentalisinferior

Fig. 17t, MandibuLarnerve,N. mandibutaris[V/3];

v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .

Nn.supraorbitales Incisura
suoraorbitalis

N infraorbitalis Forameninfraorbitale

F i g , 1 7 5 E x i tp o i n t so f t h ec u t a n e o ubsr a n c h eosf t h et r i g e m i n anIe r v e ,

N .t r i g e m i n u[sV i .
CtinicaLty, theyarereferredto as nerveexitpoints.
 Btoodvessets C r a n i a Ib a s e Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius

Ganglion geniculi

N facialis [Vll]

N. stapedius

cumplexutympanico
R communicans
Chordatympani

Canalisnervifacialis N lingualis

Foramenstylomastoideum

R. communicans
cumnervovaoo
Rr temporales

cumnervoglossopharyngeo
R communicans Rr.zygomatici

Rr buccales
Plexus
intraparotideus
(R. lingualis)
N auricuiarisposterior
R marginalismandibularis

R. colli

Fig. 176 FaciaInerve,N. facial.is[Vll];

t h e f a c i a Lc a n a Ia n d t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t yh a v eb e e no p e n e d ;
viewedfrom the right.
* CtinicaI term:cerebetlopontine angte

Gyrusprecentralis

Fibrae
corticonucleares
M frontalis

Nucleusnervifacialis M. orbicularis
oculi

Rr.temporales M. levatorlabiisuperioris
Nucleusnerviabducentis

M. zygomaticusmajor

M. zygomaticus
minor

N. facialis [Vll] b M orbicularis

oris

F i g . 1 7 7a , b N e u r o n a sl t r u c t u r eo f t h e m o t o r p a r t innervationfrom both hemispheres,those of the lower facial

o f t h e f a c i a In e r v e ,N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] .
a Overview
b R e p r e s e n t a t i oonf t h e f a c i a Im u s c t e si n t h e m o t o r n u c t e u s
o f t h e f a c i a In e r v e
T h o u g ht h e n u c t e io f t h e u p p e rf a c i a tm u s c t e sr e c e i v e
m u s c l e sa r e o n l yi n n e r v a t e fdr o m t h e c o n t r a l a t e r asl i d e .
Therefore,patientswith centrat patsy[*l are sti[[ able to frown
the brow and to ctosethe eyetidsjust sufficiently.However,in
p a t i e n t sw i t h p e r i p h e r apl .a l . s y[ * * l a [ [ f a c i a tm u s c [ e sa r e
paralyzed.
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

l\4eatusacusticusinternus

Ganglionspirale
cocnleae

Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius

t
tn ampullareslateralis
et anterior
\ ' I Pars
N. utricularis supenor
N vestibularis I
N. utriculoampullaris )
\
N cochlearis N. saccularis )
I Parsinferior
posterior
N. ampullaris J
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
Ganglion vestibulare

F i g . 4 7 8 V e s t i b u t o c o c h L enaerr v e ,N . v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ;
t h e m e m b r a n o u st a b y r i n t hi s g r e a t l ye n t a r g e d ;
p o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e r i g h t
* C [ r n i c taeI r m :c e r e b e L [ o p o natni nge[ e

Medullaoblongata,
Sulcus N mandibularis
retroolivaris [V/3]

Ganglion
oticum
N glossopharyngeus
lXl

N petrosusminor
jugulare
Foramen
Plexustympanicus
superius(lX)
Ganglion

communtcanscumramo
nervivagi
auriculari N tympanicus

Ganglion
inlerius

R musculi
stylopharyngei

R sinus carotici

A carotis interna,Sinus
caroticus Rr.linguales

Glomuscaroticum

carotrscommunrs

F i g . 1 7 9 G t o s s o p h a r y n g enaeI r v e ,N . g L o s s o p h a r y n g eIul Xs l ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i q h t .
Brain Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase CraniaInerves M e n i n q e s Par tsof the br ai n

Cranialnerves

Sulcusretroolivaris

jugulare
Foramen R. auricularis

superius(X)
Ganglion R. meningeus

Ganglioninferius(X)
R. communicanscum
nervoglossopharyngeo

Rr.pharyngeales
N. vagus[X]
N laryngeus
superior

A carotiscommunis
Rr. cardiaci cervlcales
supenores
A subclavia
N. laryngeus
recurrens
Truncusbrachiocephalicus cardiaci
cervicalesinferiores
Alcus aortae Rr cardiacithoracici

Plexuscardiacus N. laryngeus
recurrens
Rr.bronchiales

Plexuspulmonalis
Truncusvagalisposterior

Truncusvagalisanlerior
Parsthoracicaaortae

Hiatusoesophageus
Plexusoesophageus

Rr.gastricianteriores

(Rr.splenici)

(Rr.pancreatici)

(Rr.intestinales)

F i g . 4 8 0 V a g u sn e r v eN
, .v a g u s[ X J ;
bothnerves;
comi-crhematin'

a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways

Rr.musculares

Fig.481 Accesson r ye r v eN
, .a c c e s s o r i u
[ Xsl ] ;
viewed
f r o mt h er i q h t .

Radixsuperior
(Plexuscervicalis)

Fig.182 HypogtossaI nerve,N

v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
 Brain BLoodvesse[s Cr aniatbase CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

N nasociliaris
Fissuraorbitalis
superior A. ophthalmica

N oculomotorius
llll

N ophthalmicus[V/1]

N trigeminus
[V]

pupillae
M. sphincter

Ganglion
trigeminale M ciliaris

Nn ciliares breves
Plexuscaroticus
Ganglion ciliare

Radix sensoria
Ganglion
cervicale
supenus
Radix parasympathica

Medullacervicalis Radix sympathica

F i 9 . 4 8 3 C i t i a r yg a n g L i o nG, a n g L i ocni I i a r e ; Nuclear egion:

A c c e s s o r yn u c l e u so f t h e o c u t o m o t o rn e r v e
overvtew. N u c L e u sa c c e s s o r i u sn e r v io c u t o m o t o r i i

I I fibres(G/SVA)
Generaland specificvisceral-afferent
I
sympatheticfibres

I
Specificviscerat-efterent
fibres(SVE)
I f ibres(GSA)
Generalsomatic-afierent

N maxillaris
[V/2] N. inlraorbitalis*
N trigeminus
[V] N zygomaticus
Glandula lacrimalis

Gangliontrigeminale

N facialis[Vll]
Fissuraorbitalisinferior
Rr.orbitales'

Rr. nasalesposteriores
superioreslaterales*

N pharyngeus*
Foramen
sphenopalatinum
N. nasopalatinus*
Plexus caroticus
Br. nasalesposleriores
superioresmediales*
Ganglion ceruicale
supenus
N. palatinus
major,
Rr. nasalesposterioresinferioresi

Medulla ceruicalis N canalis pterygoidei Nn palatiniminores*

F i g . 1 8 1 P t e r y g o p a t a t i ngea n g L i o nG, a n g L i opnt e r y g o p a L a t i n u m ; N [ e a rr e q i o n :

S e r i o r s J t i v a t o r yn u c [ e u s ,
overvrew. N u c l e u ss a t i v a t o r i ussu p e r i o r
* lnnervation f t h eg t a n dos f t h en o s ea n dt h ep a L a t e
Ventrictes T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

N trigeminus
[Vl Gangliontrigeminale

Foramenovale
N lacialis [Vll]

N glossopharyngeus
flXl N. mandibularis
[V/31

Plexustympanicus Rr ganglionares
Radixsensoria:

Radixparasympathica: N buccalis
N petrosus
minor
N. musculitensorisvelioalatini
N. musculitensoristympani
oticum
Ganglion

Glandula oarotidea

N lingualis
Chordatympani

inferior
N. alveolaris

N auriculotemporalis

Medulla ceruicalis Radix sympathica

Ganglion
cervicale
superius A. meningea media

Nuclear eqron:
F i g .4 8 5 O t i ca a n g t i o nG
, a n g t i o no t i c u m ; In f e r i o rs a t - v a t o r n
yucteus,
overvtew. N u c [ e u ss a t i v a t o r i u si n f e r i o r

I General visceral-efferentf ibres (GVE)

I
fibres(G/SVA)
Generaland specilicvisceral-afierent
I
sympatheticfibres

I Specific visceral-efferentf ibres (SVE)

I
fibres(GSA)
Generalsomatic-afterent

N trigeminus
[Vl

Ganglion trigeminale

N facialis[Vll]

Foramen ovale

N mandibularis [V/31
N. lingualis

Radixsensoria:
Rr.ganglionares N. lingualis

Glandulae salivariae
mrnores

Plexuscaroticus
sublingualis
Glandula

Ganglion
cervicale
superius Ganglion
submandibulare

Medulla cervicalis Badix Glandula

submandibularis
sympathica

Nuctearegion:
F i g . 4 8 5 S u b m a n d i b u t a r g a n g t iG
oa , g t i osnu b m a n d i b u t a r e ;
nn S u p e r i o rs a L i v a t o rnyu c t e u s ,
overvtew. N u c L e u s a t i v a t o r i us u P e r r o r
 B [ o o dv e s s e t s C r a n i ab
I ase Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

topography

Corpuscallosum,
Genu Septumpellucidum
Sinussagittalis
superior
Laminaterminalis
Falx cerebri
Commissura
anterior
Fornix
A cerebrianterior
Forameninterventriculare

Sinussagittalis
inferior
Bulbusolfactorius
Infundibulum
Tractusolfactorius
CorDus
callosum.
Truncus
Chiasmaopticum
N opticuslll Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii
A ophthalmica
Adhesio interthalamica
Tractusopticus
Venkiculus
tertius
N oculomotorius llll
(Plicapetroclinoidea Substantia
nigra
anterio0
N trochlearis Nucleusruber
lvl
N abducens Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
[Vl]
N. trigeminus
[V] V magnacerebri
Tentorium
cerebelli Glandulapinealis
N facialis[Vll]
vestibulocochlearis Pedunculus
cerebri
vilrl
grossopnaryngeus Colliculus
superiorsinister
lxl
N vagus[X] Colliculiinleriores

N accessorius
[XI] Sinusrectus

N hypoglossus Velummedullare
superius
[Xll]
A basilaris Pedunculi
cerebellares

Vermis cerebelli
Velummedullare
inferius
quartus
Ventriculus
N. accessorius[Xl], Radices spinales
Confluens
sinuum
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
ouadi
ADertura
mediana
venviculiouarti
gracile
Tuberculum
Tuberculum
cuneatum
Medulla spinalis

F i g . 1 8 7 C o u r s eo f t h e c r a n i a Ln e r v e s N , n .c r a n i a t e s ,
i n t h e s u b a r a c h n o si dp a c e ;
t h e l e f t h e m i s p h e r eo f t h e c e r e b r u ma n d t h e
c e r e b e t l u ma s w e t l a s t h e t e n t o r i u mc e r e b e l t i
havebeen removed.
Ventric[es Topography S e cti o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways

Capsulainterna

Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornufrontale

Ventriculus
lateralis, A. carotisinterna,
Cornutemporale Parscerebralis

A. cerebriposterior
A cerebrianterior

Cisternaambiens;
Pedunculuscerebri
N. trochlearis
ilVl N-opticusflll

N trigeminus
[V]
A. ophthalmica
N. oculomotorius
illll

Sinuspetrosus A. carotisinterna,
superlor Parscavernosa
N. abducens[Vll

Sinuscavernosus N. ophthalmicus
[V/11

Ganglion
trigeminale N mandibularis
[V/3] N maxillaris[V/2]

Fig.488 Courso e f t h ec r a n i anI e r v e sN, n .c r a n i a t e s ,

c r a n im
i n t h em i d d t ec r a n i aflo s s aF. o s s a i edia.

\a a,z-\

A cerebrianteriordextra,
Parspostcommunicalis

Chiasmaopticum
Infundibulum
Substantia
nigra
N. opticusilll
Pedunculus
cerebri,
Cruscerebri
A. carotisinterna,
Parscerebralis
N oculomotorius
fllll

N.trochlearis
IV] A ophthalmica

(Plicapetroclinoidea
anterior)

N. trigeminus
M,
Radixmotoria N. ophthalmicus
[V/1]

N trigeminus
[Vl, trigeminale*
Ganglion
Radixsensoria

N. maxillaris[V/2]
N. abducens
[Vll

N.tacialis[Vll]

N vestibulocochlearis
[Vlll]
N mandibularis
[V/31

F i g . 4 8 9 A r t e r i ea s n dn e r v e isn t h er e g i o no f t h es e [ [ at u r c i c a ,
S e l t at u r c i c aa,n dt h ec a v e r n o ussi n u sS, i n u sc a v e r n o s u s .
* C t i n i c atIe r m : G A S S E R |gaann g l i o n
 Brain ffil.und
vesse{.E C r a n i a b
t ase Craniatnerves Menin ges F a r t s o f t h e b r a i n

Vessels
andnervesof the cranialbase

Nn oltactorii
ill
A communicans
anterioro Foramina
cribrosa

Hypophysis
N opticuslll : Canalisopticus
A carotisinterna,a
Parscerebralis Proc clinoideus
anterior
A ophthalmrcaa

A cerebri media O

N trochlearis[tV] :

N frontalis ; Proc clinoideus

posterior

V ophthalmicasuperior a

N lacrimalis.
Fissuraorbilalis
supeflor
N abducens [Vl] r

N nasociliaris :
Foramenrotundum

N oculomotorius[lll] i
A carotis interna, a aA cerebriposterior
Pars cavernosa
N maxillaris[V/2] ,
Sulcuscaroticus
A communicans posterior O
Plexus caroticus internus .,
Foramenlacerum
Plexus venosus caroticus internus a
plexus venosus a Foramen
ovale
foraminisovalis
N mandibularis[V/3] ,
Sulcusarteriae
r_ pars a meningeae mediae
I
A. cerebriJ precommunicalis Apexpartispetrosae
posteriorI pars a
I postcommunicalis
\ Foramen
spinosum
R meningeus,
A meningeamediao Canaliscaroticus
N petrosus
minor
oA superiorcerebelli
N petrosusmajor
Hiatuscanalis
A basilaris
a nervipetrosiminoris
N f a c i a l i[sV l l ], Hiatuscanalis
nervipetrosimajoris
[Vlll],,
N vestibulocochlearis Porusacusticus
Internus
[Xl]'.
N accessorius
aA labyrinthi
A meningeaposterior
a
N vagus[X] I jugulare
Foramen
N glossopharyngeus
[lX] ,
Sulcussinussigmoidei
S i n u ss i g m o i d e uas
o A inferioranterior
cerebelli
Canalisnervihypoglossi
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
a A vertebralis
l\4edullaoblongata O A inferiorposterior
cerebelli
Pia mater cranialis Foramen magnum

Spatium subarachnoideum o Sinus occipitalis

Arachnoideamater cranialis

Duramatercranialis

F i g , 1 9 0 P a s s a g eo f v e s s e t sa n d n e r v e st h r o u g ht h e i n t e r n a I
s u r f a c eo f c r a n i a Lb a s e ,B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a . n dt h e c e r e b r a I
a r t e r i aLc i r c t e ,C i r c u t u sa r t e r i o s u sc e r e b r i[ w t r u S ]:
s u p e n o rv r e w .
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i natcor d Pathways

sinusandpituitarygland
Cavernous

Dorsumsellae
Neurohypophysis
posterior
Sinusintercavernosus
Infundibulum
Diaphragmasellae
Adenohypophysis
N. opticusflll

Sinusintercavernosus
anterior

Sellaturcica,Fossahypophysialis

Sinussphenoidalis Corpus
Os sphenoidale,

F i g .1 9 1 P i t u i t a r9yl . a n dH, y p o p h y s[ iGs t a n d u p

L iat u i t a r i a l .

Diaphragmasellae Chiasmaopticum

Sinusintercavernosi N. opticusilll
A. ophthalmica
Sinuscavernosus
A. carotisinterna,
N oculomotorius
illl Parscerebralis
A carotisinterna, Proc.clinoideusanterior
Parscavernosa
N trochlearislvl lnlundibulum

N abducens[Vl]
N ophthalmicus
[V/1]
Duramatercranialis

Sellaturcica,
N. maxillaris
[V/21 Fossahypophysialis

Sinussphenoidalis
Septumsinuum
sphenoidalium Apexpartispetrosae
Fissurasphenopetrosa
(Fibrocartilago
basalis)

F i g . 4 9 2 P i t u i t a rgyt a n dH, y p o p h y s[ iGs t a n d u p

t ai t u i t a r i aal n
,d
c a v e r n o ussi n u sS , i n u sc a v e r n o s u s .

(Procclinoideus
medius) Sulcusorechiasmaticus
N. opticusilll
Diaphragma sellae
A carotisinterna,Parscerebralis
A. ophthalmica Hypophysis pituitaria]
[Glandula

N. abducens[Vl]

N. oculomotorius
illll
Fissurasphenopetrosa
N. trochlearislVl

N ophthalmicus
[V/11 A carotisinterna,Parscavernosa

N maxillaris[V/2]
N mandibularis
[V/3]
Ganglion
trigeminale

F i g , 4 9 3 C a v e r n o u s i n u s ,S i n u sc a v e r n o s u s ;
t h e p a r t o f t h e c r a n i a Id u r a m a t e rf o r m i n gt h e l a t e r a Iw a [ [ o f t h e
c a v e r n o u s i n u sh a s b e e nr e m o v e d ;
t h et r i g e m i n ag I a n g l i o nh a s b e e nr e fl e c t e dt o t h e s i d e .
 Brain B to o dv essets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniaIner ves Menin ges Par tsof the br ai n

CraniaL
duramaterandsuperiorsagittalsinus

Galea aponeurotica

Laminaexterna
Sinussagittalis
superior

Lamina interna

Granulationes
arachnoideae

A, meningea
medra,
R frontalis

Lacunae
laterales

Granulationes
arachnoideae

Duramater
cranialis

A. meningea media,

F i g .t + 9 t + C r a n i a d
I u r a m a t e r ,D u r a m a t e rc r a n i a [ i s ,
a n d s u p e r i o sr a g i t t a t s i n u S
s ,i n u ss a g i t t a Lsi su p e r i o r ,
w i t h s o m e l a t e r a [[ a c u n a eL. a c u n a e[ a t e r a L e s .
Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i nalcor d Pathways

Superficialvesselsof the brain

Duramatercranialis

Vv.superiores
cerebri,
W frontales

A callosomarginalis

W mediae
superficiales A. sulci
cereon precentralis

V anastomotica
supenor A sulci
centralis

Vv superiores
cereofl, Rr.para-
W parietales centrales

A sulci
postcentralis
Granulationes
arachnoideae

A parietalis
posterior

R. gyriangularis

R precunealis

W superiores
cerebri,
W, occipitales
R parietooccipitalis

F i g . 4 9 5 S u p e r f i c i a t a r t e r i easn d v e i n so f t h e b r a i n ;
t h e c r a n i a I d u r am a t e r h a s b e e nr e m o v e da n d t h e s u p e r i o r
s a g i t t a sI i n u sh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e d ;
a f t e r r e m o v a I o ft h e c r a n i a L a r a c h n o mi da t e r .
 B t o o dv e E s e t s C r a n i a b
I ase Gr aniatner ves Menin ges Par tsof the br ai n

CraniaI arachnoidmater

Fissuralonoitudinalis
cerebri

Arachnoideamater
cranialis

w superiores
cerebn,
W parietales

Granulationesarachnoideae*

F i g . 1 9 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a [ o nw,i t h c r a n i a L a r a c h n o m
i da t e r ,
Arachnoidem a a t e rc r a n i a L i s ;
s u p e f l o rv r e w
* A t s oP : A c c H t 0 Ngt ar ann u t a t i o n s
Vent ric le s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways

Cranialarachnoidmater

Bulbusolfactorius
Tractusolfactorius
Cisterna
chiasmatica

N opticuslll

A carotisinterna

interDeduncularis
Cisterna
N oculomotorius
l[]
N abducens [Vl]

N trigeminus
[V]

N facialis[Vll]

N intermedius
(N facialis[Vll])

N vestibulocochlearis
[vilr]

N glossopharyngeus
ilxl

N vagus[X]

i \ N. accessorius
[Xl]

r .' \ Arachnoideamater
y' cranialis

Pia mater cranialis

lvledullaoblongata

Hemispheriumcerebelli A vertebralis

cerebellomedullaris
Cisterna

F i g . 1 9 7 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L ow n i, t h c r a n i a Ia r a c h n o i dm a t e r ,
A r a c h n o i d em
a a t e rc r a n i a L i s
 > Brain B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
0rganisation
of the brain

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon*
Encephalon

Rhombencephalon

F i g . 4 9 8 O r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e c e n t r a In e r v o u ss y s t e m ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o ns: c h e m a .
P a r t sm a r k e dw i t h + t o g e t h e rf o r m t h e b r a i n s t e m ,
T r u n c u se n c e p h a L i .

Foramen N oculomotorius
illll Sulcuscentralis
interuentriculare
Lobusparietalis

Operculumparietale

Mesencephalon

Insula[Lobus
insularisl
Medullaspinalis

Fig. 199 Devetopmentof the brain; F i g .5 0 0 D e v e t o p m e notf t h e b r a i n ;

m o d e lo f t h e b r a i no f a n a p p r o x 2
. - m o n t h - o t de m b r y o ; b r a i no f a n a p p r o x 4 - m o n t h - o l df o e t u s( c r o w n - r u m p
m e d i a ns e c t i o n . t e n g t h2 0 c m l ;
viewedfrom the teft.
Ven t ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a cI o r d Pathways

Sulcusfrontalis
suDerior

Gyrusfrontalis
superior
inferior
Sulcusfrontalis

Gyrusfrontalis
medius

Sulcusprecentralis

Gyrusprecentralis

Sulcuscentralis

Gyrus
postcentralis

Sulcus
postcentralis

Gyrus
supramarginalis

Gyrusangularis

Sulcusintraparietalis
Lobulusparietalis
superior

Lobulus parietalisinferior Sulcuscinguli

Sulcusoarietooccioitalis

F i g . 5 0 1 C e r e b r u mC, e r e b r u m ;
a f t e r r e m o v a L otfh e c r a n i a Ia r a c h n o i dm a t e r ;
S U D E T I OVTI C W
F o r m a t i o no f t h e g y r iv a r i e sc o n s i d e r a b t y .
 Brain B L o o dv e s s e [ s C r a n i ab
I ase CnaniaI
ner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Hindbrain Cerebnattracts
of the

Polus frontalis
Inlundibuium
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Sulci orbitales
Sulcusolfactorius
Gyriorbitales
Bulbusolfactorius
N o p t i c u lsl l \ \ .
Tractusolfactorius
Hypophysis

Polustemporalis
Chiasmaopticum

perforata
Substantia Stria ollactorialateralis
anterior
Tubercinereum

N maxillaris
[V/2]
Gyrusparahippocampalis,
UNCUS
N ophthalmicus
[V/1]
Corpusmamillare
Fossa
Gyrusoccipito- interpeduncularis
temporalis N, trigemlnus
lateralis [V],
Radixmotoria
Sulcus
temporalis N. mandibularis
[V/3]
inferior
Pedunculus
cerebri Ganglion
trigeminale
Gyrus
parahippocampalis N trochlearisilVl

N trigeminus
[V] Pons
N intermedius
N trigeminus
[V],
N. facialis Radixsensoria
lvill
N abducens [Vl]
N vestibulo-
cochlearis[Vlll]
Hemispherium
LOOUS cerebelli
flocculonodularis,
Flocculus
Oliva
Hemispherium
cerebelli
Pyramismedullae
Piexuschoroideus oblongatae
quarti
ventriculi
N glossopharyngeus
lXl Medulla oblongata,
Fissura mediana anterior
N vagus [X]
Tonsillacerebelli
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
Polus occipitalis
N accessorius
[Xl]

Fila radicularianerui ceruicalis Medulla spinalis

lcll
pyramidum
Decussatio Vermis cerebelli

F i g .5 0 2 C e r e b r u m C , erebrum;
b r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a Lwi ,i t h c e r e b e t L u m ,
CerebeL[um a ,s w e [ La s c r a n i a Ln e r v e s N
, n.craniaLes;
i n f e r i o rv i e w
Ventrictes Topography S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways

Baseof the brain

Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri

Polusfrontalis Sulcusolfactorius

Chiasmaopticum

Sulciorbitales
Polustemporalis

Tubercinereum

Fossalateraliscerebri

Gyrus Trigonumolfactorium
parahippocampalis,
Uncus
Sulcustemporalis
inferior
Fossa
interpeduncularis
Corpus
mamillare

Gyrioccipito-
temporales Pedunculus
medialisel cerebri
lateralis

Substantia
Gyrus nrgra
temporalis
inlerior

Sulcus
Substantia hippocampalis
perforata
posterior
Sulcus
collateralis
Gyrus
parahippocampalis
Sulcus
occipitotemporalis
lsthmusgyricinguli

Tegmentum..
mesencepnarl

Tectummesenceohali,
Colliculus
superior

Aqueductusmesenc€phali

Corpuscallosum,
Splenium

Polusoccipitalis Sulcuscalcarinus

F i g . 5 0 3 G y r iG , y r ia, n dg r o o v e sS,u t c i ,
o f t h ec e r e b r ahLe m i s p h e r e s ;
n a sb e e ns e c t i o n e d .
t h em i d b r a i h
 B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r attr a c t s
Lobesof thetelencephalon

Polusfrontalis

Sulcuscentralis
Fissuralongitudinalis Lobusfrontalis
cereorl Lobusparietalis

Lobusfrontalis Sulcusparieto-
occipitalis

Sulcuscentralis

Polus
frontalis

Lobusparietalis Polus
occipitalis

LOOUS
Lobustemporalis occipitalis
Fossalateralis
Sulcus cerebri
parietooccipitalis Lobustemporalis Inctsura
Polustemporalis preoccipitalis
Lobusoccipitalis Sulcuslateralis

Polus occipitalis

F i g .5 0 4 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; F i g .5 0 5 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ;
s u 0 e n o rv t e w . viewedfrom the Left.

Polusfrontalis
Lobusfrontalis
Gyruscinguli
Fissuralongitudinalis Corpuscallosum
cerebri Sulcuscinguli

Polustemporalis Sulcuscentralis
Lobusfrontalis
Fossalateraliscerebri Lobuslimbicus
Lobustemporalis
Sulcusparieto-
Diencephalon occipitalis
Lobuslimbicus, Polus
Gyrus frontalis
Sulcus
parahippocampalis catcannus

Sulcuscollateralis Polus
occipitalis
Sulcushippocampalis Fossa lateraliscerebri
LOOUS
preocciDitalis Polustemporalis
Incisura occipitalis
Gyrusparahippocampalis,
N4esencephalon uncus pre-
Incrsura
Diencephalon Lobustemporalis occipitalis
Lobusoccipitalis
Sulcus hippocampalis Sulcuscollateralis
Polus occipitalis

F i g . 5 0 5 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; F i g .5 0 7 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w . m e d i a Iv i e w .
Ve n t ric l e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways

Operculum
frontale; parietale
Operculum Sulcusprecentralis
Gyrusfrontalis
inferior, Gyrusprecentralis
Parsopercularis
Sulcuscentralis**

Gyruspostcentralis

Sulcusoostcentralis
Gyrusfrontalis
superior
Sulcuslateralis.
R oosterior

Sulcusintraoarietalis
Gyrusfrontalismedius
Gyrussupramarginalis

Gyrusangularis

Polusfrontalis Lobulusparietalis
supeflor

Gyrusfrontalis
inferior, Lobulusparietalis
Parstriangularis inferior
Sulcus
Gyrusfrontalisinferior, parietooccipitalis
Parsorbitalis
f B. anterior
Sulcuslateralis*I Sulcustemporalis
I B ascendens supeflor

Polustemporalis Sulcuslunatus

Gyrustemporalis
superior
Polusoccipitalis

SulcustemDoralis
suoeriot Gyrustemporalis
inferior
lncisuraoreocciDitalis
Gyrustemporalis
medius inferior
Sulcustemooralis

F i g . 5 0 8 G y r i ,G y r i ,a n d g r o o v e sS, u [ c i ,
o f t h e c e r e b r ah
I emispheres;
viewedfrom the teft.
* Sulcusof SYLVIUS
*+Sutcusof RoLANDo

Lobusparietalis
Sulcuscircularis
insulae
Sulcuscentralis
tnsulae

Gyruslongusinsulae

Lobusfrontalis

Lobusoccipitalis
Limeninsulae

Gyribrevesinsulae preoccipitalis
Incisura

Lobustemporalis

F i g . 5 0 9 G y r i ,G y r i ,a n d g r o o v e sS, u t c i ,
of thecerebrah Lemispheres;
exposureof the insulaafter removalof the frontat,
p a r i e t a aI n d t e m p o r a Io p e r c u [ a ;
viewedfrom the Left
 > Brain B to o dvessets C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebraltracts
Gyriof the cerebralhemispheres

Margosuperior
Sulcuscentralis

Sulcusintraparietalis

Sulcus
parietooccipitalis

Sulcuset Fossalateralis
cerebri preoccipitalis
Incisura

F i g . 5 1 0 G y r i ,G y r i ,o f t h e c e r e b r a h
I emispheres;
viewedfrom the teft.

lsthmusgyricinguli

F i g .5 1 1 G y r i ,G y r i ,o f t h e c e r e b r a h
I emispheres;
m e d i a Iv i e w .
Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

Gyrusfrontalls
inferior,
Parsopercularis

Gyrustemporalistransversusanterior

F i g .5 1 2 F u n c t i o n acI o r t i c a a
I r e a so f t h e c e r e b r a t T h e s o m a t o t o p ioc r g a n i s a t i oins i t l u s t r a t e ds c h e m a t i c a t [ y .
h e m i s p h e r eas c c o r d i n gt o F O E R S T E R ; The primary receivingarea for auditoryimpulses(fl extends
viewedfrom the teft. o v e rt h e u p p e re d g eo f t h e t e m p o r a ll o b eo n t o i t s i n n e rs u r f a c e .

I Motorprojectionarea Auditoryprojectionarea

ffi Motorassociationarea Auditoryassociationarea

Sensoryprojectionarea
r Visualprojection
area

,'i't'ti:;i;,,.Sensoryassociationarea
ffi Visualassociationarea

Sulcuscalcarinus

F i g .5 1 3 F u n c t i o n acl o r t i c a al r e a so f t h e c e r e b r a l T h e s o m a t o t o p ioc r g a n i s a t i oins i [ [ u s t r a t e ds c h e m a t i c a t l y

h e m i s p h e r e as c c o r d i n gt o F 0 E R S T E R ;
mediaLview.
 Brain B[oodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
H i n d b r a i n CerebraItracts

Gyrusrectus
Bulbusolfactorius
N. opticusilll

Tractusolfactorius

Chiasmaopticum
Trigonum
olfactorium

Fornix,Columna Tractusopticus

Corpus
mamillare

Corpus
Uncus amygdaloideum

Gyrus Fornix,
paranrppo- Corpus
campalis

Gyrus
dentatus
Corpus
callosum,
Fornix,Crus Truncus

Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Fornix,
Commissura
Gyruscinguli
Gyrusfasciolaris

Fig.514 FornixF , ornix;

a f t e rr e m o v ao I f t h e b a s a tp a r t so f t h e b r a i n ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .

Fornix,Corpus
Sulcuscinguli Truncus
Corouscallosum.
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium Septumpellucidum

Fornix,Crus Fornix,Columna(Parslibera)
Forameninterventriculare
SulcusDarietooccioitalis
Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Cuneus
Sulcuscalcarinus Rostrum
Corpuscallosum,

Polusfrontalis

Bulbusolfactorius
Polusoccipitalis
anterior
Commissura
Lobusoccipitalis Tractusolfactorius
Thalamus N. opticuslll
Laminaterminalis
Fimbria hippocampi
Fornix,Columna(Parstecta)
Gyrusdentatus Corpusmamillare
Fasciculus
mamillothalamicus Gyrusparahippocampalis,
Uncus

F i g . 5 1 5 F o r n i x ,F o r n i x ;
i n f e r o m e d i avIi e w .
Ve nt ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n acI o r d Pathways

and anterior commissure

Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornuf rontate (Centrum
semiovale)

Commissura
anterior N. oculomotorius
llll

Chiasmaopticum N. trochlearis
ilVl

Ventriculus
lateralis, N.trigeminus
[V]
Cornutemporale

N abducens
[Vl]

N facialis[Vll]
Flocculus
N vestibulocochlearis
[Vllll

Plexuschoroideus quarti
ventriculi N. glossopharyngeus
ilXl

N vagus[X]
Hemisoherium
cerebelli
N. accessorius
[Xll
Medulla oblongata
N hypoglossus
[Xlll

F i g ,5 1 6 A n t e r i o rc o m m i s s u r eC, o m m i s s u r a n t e r i o ra, n d b r a i n s t e m ,
T r u n c u se n c e p h a L i :
a f t e r p a r t i a Ir e m o v a I o ft h e b a s a Ip a r t so f t h e c e r e b r u m ;
a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w

Fornix,Corpus

Fornix,Commissura

Corpuscallosum,
Splenium

Gyrusfasciolaris

Corpusamygdaloideum

Corpusmamillare Fimbria hippocampi

Gyrusdentatus
Pes hippocampi

F i g , 5 1 7 B o t hf o r n i c e s F
, o r n i c e sa, n d a n t e r i o rc o m m i s s u r e ,
C o m m i s s u r aa n t e r i o r ;
viewedfrom the Left.
 Btoodvessets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrattracts

Sinussagittalis
superior Falx cerebri
inferior
Sinussagittalis A callosomarginalis
V thalamostriata
superior A pericallosa
Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
W superiores
cerebri,
W parietales lateralis,
Ventriculus Parscentralis

Caputnuclei Fornix,Corpus
caudati

V internacerebri Plexuschoroideus
lateralis
ventriculi
Thalamus Capsulainterna
Capsulaexterna
Putamen
Capsulaextrema
Globi pallidilateralis
et medialis
Aa. insulares

W mediae
superficiales
cereorl A cerebrimedia,
Br terminales

Insuta

Claustrum Aa centrales
anterolaterales
Ventriculus
tertius
Corpus
V mediaprofunda amygdaloideum
cerebri
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Hippocampus Cornutemporale
Plexuschoroideus
VV inferiores
cerebri ventriculi
tertii
V basalis
A cerebri media,
Plexus basilaris A cerebriposterior Pars sphenoidalis
A basilaris Cisterna oontocerebellaris
Pons

F i g .5 1 8 B L o osdu p p t oy f t h e b a s a Ig a n g L i a ;
frnntal scctinn.
t h e a r t e r i e sa r e s h o w no n t h e r i g h t a n d t h e v e i n so n t h e l e f t ;
p o s t e r i o vr i e w .

Nucleuscaudatus,
Corous
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis Putamen

Thalamus

G l o b u sp a l l i d u s
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornulrontale

Nucleuscaudatus, lateralis,
Ventriculus
Caput Cornuoccipitale

Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda
Corpus
amygdaloideum
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornutemporale

F i q . 5 1 9 B a s a Ig a n g t i a n d t h a [ a m u sT. h a [ a m u s :
viewedfrom the Left.
Ve n t ric l e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

Septumpellucidum Fornix,Corpus
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii Fornix,Commissura
Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Forameninterventriculare
Telachoroideaventriculitertii
Fornix,Columna
Thalamus
Gyrusparaterminalis
Commissuraanterior Striamedullaris
thalami
Areasubcallosa Sulcushypothalamicus
Laminaterminalis Commissura
habenularum
Hypothalamus Recessus
suprapinealis
Recessus
supraopticus pinealis
Becessus
Recessusinfundibuli pinealis
Glandula
Chiasmaopticum
Commissuraposterior
Corpusmamillare
sinistrum
Tectummesencephali
Cisterna
chiasmatica
Tegmentum
mesencephali
A cerebriposterior
Aqueductus
mesencephali
Sinusintercavernosus
Cisternainterpeduncularis
Adenohypophysis
Lobuluscentralis
Neurohypophysis
Velummedullare
superius
A basilaris
Plexusbasilaris Pons

F i g .5 2 0 T h i r dv e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u L ut e
s rtius;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n

Fornix,Corpus Foramen interthalamica

Corpuscallosum.
Rostrum interventriculare Thalamus
Columnafornicis Plexuschoroideus
Commissura
anterior Striamedullaris
thalami
Laminaterminalis Nucleusdorsomedlalis
Nucleiparaventriculares
Nucleusdorsalis
hypothalami
Areahypothalamica
lateralis Areahypothalamica
lateralis
Nucleipreoptici
Fasciculus
Nucleusanterior mamillothalamicus
hypothalami
Sulcushypothalamicus
Tractusparaventriculo-
hypophysialis
Nucleusposterior
Nucleus hypothalami
suprachiasmaticus Fasciculus
Becessus
supraopticus mamillotegmentalis
Chiasmaopticum Nucleitegmentales
Nucleussupraopticus (Nucleicorporis
N opticusilll mamillaris)

A hypophysialis
superior Nucleusruber
(A carotisinterna,
Parscerebralis) Substantiaperforata
posterior
Tractushypothalamo-
hypophysialis Nucleusventromedialis
hypothalami
Adenohypophysis
Nucleituberales
et
arcuati
W portales
hypophysiales
Tractussupra-
A hypophysialis
inferior(A carotisinterna,Parscavernosa) Neurohypophysis opticohypophysialis

F i g . 5 2 1 H y p o t h a L a m uH
s ,y p o t h a L a m u s ;
overview;n uctei a re i ltustratedtra nstucentLy;
mediaIview.
 > Brain B l o o dv e s s e [ s Craniab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r a t t r a c t s
Thalamicnuclei

Capsula
interna
b Left cerebraIhemisphere;viewedfrom the Lefl
Nucleireticulares

Nucleianteriores

Nucleimediales
Nucleimediani;
Adhesio
interthalamica
Nucleiventrales:
Nucleusventralis
anterior;
Nucleusventralis
intermedius;
Nucleusventralis
posterolateralis;
Nucleusventralis [ e m i s p h e r em
c R i g h tc e r e b r a h ; e d i a lv i e w
posteromedialis
Nucleusparafascicularis
Nucleuscentromedianus

a H o r i z o n t asIe c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e l e f t c e r e b r ahI e m i s p h e r e

F i g . 5 2 2a - c N u c t e ia n d c o r t i c a lp r o j e c t i o nos f t h e t h a t a m u s , F i g .5 2 3 T h a L a m i nc u c t e i ;
Thatamus o b L i q u vei e wf r o m p o s t e r i o r .
C o r r e s p o n d i nngu c l e ia n d c o r t i c a Ip r o j e c t i o nas r e i n d i c a t e d F o r c o l o u rc o d i n gs e e F i 1 . 5 2 2 .
b v t h e s a m ec o l o u r .

Fibrae Fibrae
corticospinales; corticorubrales;
Nucleuscaudatus.
Corous Fibrae corticoreticulares; Fibrae
corticothalamicae;Fibrae thalamoparietales
Genucaosulaeinternae.
Fibraeiorticonucleares
Radiationesthalami
Thalamus centrales

Fibrae
temporopontinae
Crus
posterius
Fladiationes capsurae
thalami Radiationes
Crus thalami internae
anterius anteriores posteriores
capsulae
tnlernae Tractus
frontopontinus Fibrae parieto-
occipitopontinae

Radiatiooptica

Tractusopticus Radiatioacustica

Pedunculus
cerebri

F i g .5 2 1 T h a t a m i cr a d i a t i o nR , a d i a t i o n et hs a L a m i ,
a n d i n t e r n a Ic a p s u L eC, a p s u t ai n t e r n a ,h a v eb e e n
d i v i d e db y a f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ;
viewedf rom the [eft.
Ven t ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways

Vermis cerebelli Glandula pinealis

Tectum,Colliculus
superior mesenceDhali
Aoueductus

Substantiagrisea
Hemispherium centralis
cerebelli

Fissurahorizontalis

N, trigeminus
[V] Cruscerebri

N oculomotorius
!lll

F i g .5 2 5 M i d b r a i nM , esencepha[on;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e Io f t h e s u o e r i o rc o t l i c u L i :
a n t e n o rv i e w .

Chiasmaopticum

Trigonum
olfactorium

Substantiaperforataanterior

Corpusmamillare

Tractusopticus
Substantiaperforataposterior

I HATS

SubstantiaI reticularis
nrgrat - Hars
I
\ compacra

Nucleusruber

Pulvinarthalami
griseacentralis
Substantia
mesencephali
Aoueductus

Fig.526 Midbrain,Mesencephaton,
a n d d i e n c e p h a l oD n i, e n c e p h a t o n ;
a f t e r o b I i q u es e c t i o no f t h e m i d b r a i n ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w
 > Brain B l o o dv e s s e [ s C r a n i ab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
Midbrainand medullaoblonqata

Ventriculus
tertius posterior
Commissura
Recessus
suprapinealis
Striaterminalis
Trigonum
habenulare

G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s Taeniachoroidea

Brachium Thalamus,
colliculi
superioris Pulvinar
thalami

Metathalamus,
Brachium
colliculiinlerioris Corpus geniculatummediale

l/etathalamus,
Trigonumlemniscilateralis Corpus geniculatumlaterale

Colliculus
superior
Frenulum
velimedullaris
superioris
Colliculus
interior
N trochlearis
lvl
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
suoerior
Velummedullare
suoerius
Fossa rhomboidea,Eminentiamedialis

F i g . 5 2 7 M i d b r a i nM , e s e n c e p h a L oann,d p i n e a Ig | ' a n d ,
G [ a n d u t pa i n e a L i s ;
p o s t e r i o r - s u p e r i ov ri e w .

527

528

Septumpellucidum Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Corouscallosum.
Truncus Fornix,Columnae

Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput (Becessus
triangularis)

Forameninterventriculare Commissura
anterior

Tuberculum
anterius
thalami
Nucleuscaudatus.
Corous Ventriculus
tertius
Striaterminalis
Brachium
colliculi
superioris
Laminaaffixa
Taeniachoroidea Colliculus
superior

Trigonum
habenulare Corpusgeniculatum
mediale

posterior
Commissura
Brachium colliculiinferioris
G l a n d u lpai n e a l i s
Corpusgeniculatum
laterale
Thalamus, Pulvinarthalami
Colliculus
inferior
Pedunculus
cerebri
Frenulum
velimedullaris
suoerioris

N trochlearis
lvl Vermis cerebelli,Lingulacerebelli

Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius

Pedunculus
cerebellaris
superior
Flocculus
Telachoroidea ventriculiouarti
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
inferior
Fossa rhomboidea,Sulcus medianus Pedunculusfloccculi

Aoerturamedianaventriculi
ouarti ADertura
lateralis
ventriculi
ouarti

Tuberculum Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
ouarti
cuneatum
gracile
Tuberculum
Fasciculus
cuneatus
gracilis
Fasciculus

F i g .5 2 8 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a L i ;
t h e p o n sa n d m a j o r p a r t so f t h e c e r e b e l t u mh a v eb e e nr e m o v e d ;
t h e t e t ac h o r o i d e ao f t h e f o u r t hv e n t r i c t eh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e di n
t h e m e d i a np l a n ea n d r e fL e c t e d to the right;
posterior-superio v ire w
Ve n t ric te s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways

Midbrainandmedullaoblongata

Brachium
colliculi
inferioris Frenulum
veli
superioris
medullaris
Colliculus
inferior Velummedullare
supenus
Pedunculus
cerebri
Locuscaeruleus
N trochlearislvl
Eminentia
medialis

Colliculus
facialis
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
superior

Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius Foveasuperior

Sulcuslimitans
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
inferior
Sulcusmedianus Aperturalateralis
quarti
ventriculi
Striamedullaris quarti
ventriculi Areavestibularis

Velummedullare
inferius
Fovea inferior

Trigonum
nervihypoglossi

Trigonum
neruivagi

Areapostrema Tuberculum
cuneatum

Obex lateralis
Funiculus
medullae
oblongatae
Sulcusposterolateralis gracile
Tuberculum
Fig.529 Rhomboidfossa,Fossarhomboidea;
posterlor
Sulcusintermedius view on the floor of the fourth ventricteafter
Fasciculus
cuneatus
Sulcusmedianus
s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e l t apr e d u n c l e s ;
gracilis
Fasciculus posterior-superiorview.

Brachium
colliculi
superioris
Corpusgeniculatum
mediale

Brachium
colliculiinferioris
Pulvinarthalami
Corpusgeniculatum
laterale Glandula pinealis

Tractusopticus
Colliculus
superior
Pedunculus
cerebri inferior
Colliculus

N. trochlearis
lvl
Pons
t'^,, Velummedullare
superius
N trioeminus
[Vl Haolxmolona
- '-l I

I Badixsensoria Pedunculus superior

cerebellaris

Pedunculus medius
cerebellaris
N facialis [Vll]
Pedunculus inferior
cerebellaris
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
Pyramis medullaeoblongatae Sulcusmedianus
Fossarhomboidea,
N. glossopharyngeuslxl

N hypoglossus[Xll]
N vagus [X]
Tuberculum
cuneatum
I Badicescraniales
N accessonusJ gracile
Tuberculum
rx[
' '\ | Badicesspinales
F i g ,5 3 0 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a [ i ;
I Fadixanterior o b t i o u ev i e wo n t h e f t o o ro f t h e f o u r t h
N cervicalis
[C1]1 v e n t r i c t ea f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e l t a r
\ Radixposterior pedu nc[es;
[ateraIview.
 > Brain B [ o o dv e s s e t s C r a n i ab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
Nucleiof the cranialnerves

Nucleusaccessorius
nervioculomotorii

Nucleusnervioculomotorii

Nucleusnervitrochlearis Nucleusmesencephalicus
nervitrigemini

Nucleusmotoriusnervitrigemini (Nucleus
pontinusneruitrigemini*)

Nucleusnerviabducentis

Nucleusnervifacialis

Nucleussalivatorius
superior
Nucleuscochlearisoosterior

Nucleussalivatorius
inferior
Nucleusvestibularissuoerior
Nucleusvestibularis
lateralis Nuclei
Nucleusambiguus Nucleusvestibularis
inferior vestibulares
Nucleusvestibularis
medialis
Nucleusdorsalisnervivaoi

Nucleusspinalisnervitrigemini
Nucleusnervihypoglossi

Nucleussolitarius

Nucleus
nerviaccessorii

F i g . 5 3 1 C r a n i a [n e r v e s N , n.craniates; O n t h e l e f t t h e m o t o r n u c t e ia n d o n t h e r i g h t t h e s e n s o r yn u c t e i
t o p o g r a p h io
c v e r v i e wo f t h e n u c t e i ; areshown.
posteriorview. * C t i n i c at eI r m :p r i n c i p a
seI n s o rnyu c l e uosf t h et r i g e m i n a
n Ie r v e

I nuclei(GSE)
Generalsomatic-efierent
,rlsffi
ffi
nuclei(G/SVA)
Generaland specificvisceral-atferent

MK ':rt':
nuclei(GVE)
Generalvisceral-efierent General somatic-atferentnuclei (GSA)

nuclei(SVE)
Specificvisceral-efferent Specific somatic-atferent nuclei (SSA)

Sulcusmedianus
Sulcuslimitans

vil, tx,x
vil, tx,x
Oliva v vil, rx,x, xl

F i g . 5 3 2 C r a n i a In e r v e s N , n.crania[es; ilt,tv,vt,xtl
s c h e m a t i cc r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e r h o m b o i d
f o s s ad e m o n s t r a t i n tgh e n u c t e r .
Ventricles T o p o gra p h y S e c t i o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways

Nucleiof thecranial

pinealis
Glandula
Nucleusruber
Nucleusaccessoriusnervioculomotorii
Pedunculus
cerebri,Cruscerebri

Nucleusnervioculomotorii
N. oculomotorius
llll

N trochlearislvl
Nucleusnervitrochlearis
nerui
Nucleusmesencephalicus
trigemini
N trigeminusIVI ---------
pontinusnervitrigemini*)
(Nucleus
Nucleusmotoriusnervi
trigemini Nucleusnerviabducentis
pons
Nucleivestibulares

Nucleusnervifacialis
Nucleussalivatoriussuperior

N abducens
[Vl]
Nucleicochleares
N. facialis[Vll]

N.vestibulocochlearis
[Vllll Nucleussalivatorius
inferior

N. glossopharyngeus
lXl Nucleusdorsalisnervivagi
N vagus[X]

Nucleusnervihypoglossi

N hypoglossus
[Xll]
Nucleusambiguus

Nucleussolitarius
N accessorius[Xl]

Nucleusspinalisnervitrigemini

Nucleusnerviaccessorii

N accessorius
[Xll,Radicesspinales

ceneratsomatic-efierent
nuctei(csE) nuclei(G/SVA)
Generaland specificvisceral-afierent
I

I
ceneratviscerat-etferent
nuclei(cvE)
W nuclei(GSA)
Generalsomatic-afferent

Specificvisceral-efferentnuclei (SVE) nuclei(SSA)

Speciticsomatic-afferent

Fig.533 Cranian I ervesN , n.craniates;

t o p o g r a p h i oc v e r v i e wo f t h e n u c t e i n t h e m e d i a np t a n e .
* CtinicaI term:principaL sensory nucteus of thetrigeminaI nerve
 Brain B to o dvesse[s C r a n i a Ib a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain CerebraItracts
Cerebellum

Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii Ventriculus
tertius
Adhesio interthalamica Tela choroideaventriculitertii

Fornix,Columna Corpuscallosum
Forameninterventriculare
Corpuscallosum, pinealis
Glandula
Rostrum
Commissura
anterior V magnacerebri
Laminaterminalis
Tectummesencephali
Hypothalamus
Culmen
Corpusmamillare
Chiasmaopticum Aqueductus
mesencephali
Recessus
infundibuli
Fossainterpeduncularis Declive

Hypophysis Lobuluscentralis
Tegmentum
mesencephali Lingulacerebelli
Pons
Foliumvermis
Fasciculus
longitudinalis
medialis
Velummedullare
superius
A basilaris

quartus
Ventriculus Fastigium
Decussatio
oedunculorum
cerebellarium
suDeriorum Tubervermis
Sulcusbulbopontinus
Plexuschoroideus
Fossarhomboidea quarti
ventriculi
A vertebralis Pyramisvermis
quarti
Aperturamedianaventriculi
Canaliscentralis
Tonsillacerebelli

F i g , 5 3 4 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u sc e r e b r i w , ith
t h e c e r e b e t l u mC, e r e b e t l u ma, n d t h e f o u r t h
v e n t r i c t eV, e n t r i c u t uqs u a r t u s ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n .

Lingulacerebelli
I
Lobuluscentralis Lobuscerebelli
I anterior
Culmen )

Tectummesencephali,
Laminatectalis
Fissuraprima
Aqueductus
mesencephali

Declive

quartus
Ventriculus
Folium vermis

Lobus cerebelli
poslenor

Tubervermis
Pyramisvermis
Uvulavermis
Medullaspinalis
Fissurasecunda

Nodulus LOOUS
flocculonodularis

F i g .5 3 5 P a r t so f t h e c e r e b e t t avr e r m i s ,V e r m i sc e r e b e t l i ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
overvtew
 li .:r.:ii-

Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

Cerebellum

Lobuluscentralis L i n g u l ac e r e b e l l i Lobulusquadrangularis
anterior,
Parsanterior

Fissuraprima

Lobulussimplex,
Lobulusquadrangularis
posterior

Lobulussemilunaris
supenor

inferior
Lobulussemilunaris

Foliumvermis

F i g .5 3 6 C e r e b e l t u mC, e r e b e t t u m ;
posterior-superio v ire w .

Vermis
Hemispheriumcerebelli cerebelli

Ala lobuli centralis Linoula

' cerebelli)
I Lobus
Lobuluscentralis
I cerebelli
Lobulusquadrangularis
anterior I antenor
Culmen )

Fissuraprima

Lobulussimplex,
Lobulusquadrangularis
Posterior Declive

Lobulussemilunaris
supeflor Foliumvermis

Lobus
Fissurahorizontalis Tubervermis cerebelli
posterior

Lobulussemilunaris
inferior
Pyramisvermis

Lobulus gracilis

Uvulavermis
Lobulusbiventer

Fissurasecunda (Fissuranodulolloccularis)
Tonsillacerebelli
Flocculus Nodulus Lobus
flocculo-
nodularis

F i g .5 3 7 C e r e b e t l u mC, e r e b e t t u m ;
d i a g r a mo f t h e c e r e b e t [ acr o r t e xo u t s t r e t c h e d ;
overvtew.
 B to o dv essets C r a n i a bI a s e C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Overview Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r atIr a c t s
Cerebellum

Velummedullare
superius Lobuluscentralis
quarti
Tegmenventriculi Ala lobuli centralis
Velummedullare
inferius Lingulacerebelli

Pedunculus
cerebellaris
suoerior
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Pedunculus medius
cerebellaris
Flocculus

Fissurahorizontalis
Recessuslateralis
quarti
ventriculi

Fissuraoosterolateralis
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Pedunculus
flocculi

Valleculacerebelli Uvulavermis Nodulus

Fig.538 CerebeILum C,e r e b e t L u m ;

a f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e t L aore d u n c L e s :
a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Lobulussemilunaris
superior Tubervermis

Pyramisvermis
Fissura horizontalis
Uvulavermis

Nodulus

Lobulusbiventer

Tonsillacerebelli Hemisoheriumcerebelli

Flocculus

F i g .5 3 9 C e r e b e I L u m C,e r e b e l L u m ;
p o s t e r i o r -ni f e r i o rv i e w .
Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p l n a lc o r d Pathways

Cerebellarnuclei

Lamina tecti

Pedunculus suoeriot
cerebellaris

Lingula cerebelli

quartl
ventriculi
Plexuschoroideus

quartus
Ventriculus Nucleusdentatus

Corpus medullare
cerebelli
Hilum nuclei dentati

Cortex cerebelli

Velummedullare
inferius

F i g .5 4 0 C e r e b e t l u m
Ce, rebeLtum;
nhlinrro coetinn'

p o s t e r i o vr i e w .

Decussatio
oedunculorum
cerebellarium
suoeriorum quartus
Ventriculus
Velummedullare
suoerius
Fasciculuslongitudinalismedialis
Lingula cerebelli

Pedunculus
cerebellaris
superior

Cortex cerebelli

Stratummoleculare

Stratumgranulosum

(Laminae albae)

Hilumnucleidentati

Fissuraecerebelli

Corousmedullare
cerebelli

F i g .5 4 1 C e r e b e L l u mC,e r e b e t l u m ;
o b l i q u es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e rc e r e b e t l apr e d u n c t e s ;
oosteriorview.
 > Brain Btoodvesse[s Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n Cerebrat
tracts
Association and commi ssuraI tracts

Fibraearcuataecerebri

Cingulum

Fasciculus
longitudinalis
supenor

Fasciculus
uncinatus

Fasciculus
longitudinalis
inferior

Fig. 5lr2 Associationtracts, Neurofi brae association is;

p r o j e c t i o no n t ot h e c e r e b r a h
Lemisphere;
overytew;
viewedfrom the Left.

Radiatio
corporis callosi

F i g .5 4 3 C o m m i s s u r atIr a c t s ,N e u r o f i b r a ce o m m i s s u r a l e s ;
topographicoverviewafter extensiveremovaIof the corpus
c a t l o s u mi n t h e p a r a m e d i a np l a n e ;
s i n g t ef i b r e so f t h e c o r p u sc a [ t o s u ma r e s h o w n ;
viewedfrom the teft.
Ventrictes Topography S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways

Corouscallosum.Truncus
Gyruscinguli
Sulcuscorooriscallosi

Corpuscallosum,
Genu Gyrusprecentralis

Sulcusparietooccipitalis

Corpuscallosum,
Splenium

Caosulainterna.Crusanterius
Corpusgeniculatum
Capsulainterna,Genu laterale

Sulcuscalcarinus

Pedunculuscerebellarismedius

Tractuspyramidalis,Fibraecorticospinales
Pyramis

Fig.544 Projection tracts,Neurofibraeprojectionis ;

t h ei n t e r n acl a p s u [aen dt h ep y r a m i d at rta c th a v eb e e ne x p o s e d ;
viewedfromthe Left.

Sulcuscentralis

thalaml
Radiationes
centrales

Tractusf rontooontinus Fibraeparietopontinae;

Fibraeoccipitopontinae

Radiatio optica

Cerebellum

Medullaoblongata

Oecussatiopyramidum

lateralis
Tractuscorticosoinalis
Tractuscorticosoinalis
anterior

* F i b r e st o t h e t e c t a Ip l a t ea n d t h e n u c l e io f t h e h i n d b r a i n
Fig.545 InternaI
capsute,
Capsula andpyramidaI
interna, tract,
+ * P e r i k a r y ao f t h e p y r a m i d a It r a c t
Tractuspyramidatis;
* * * P e r i k a r y ao f a r e a s6 a n d 8 ( p r e m o t o rc o r t e x )
functionaI
overview;
viewedfromthe Left.
 > Brain Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Overview Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n Cerebral
tracts
lnternalcapsule

Nucleuscaudatus, Radiationes thalami anteriores

Caput
Tractustrontooontinus
Capsulainterna,
Crusanterius Mm. bulbi

Mm.laryngis

Mm.pharyngis
Mm palatiet faucium

Capsulainterna, Mm.masticatorii
Genu
Mm linguae
Mm faciei

Insula[Lobusinsularis]
Mm. colli

Mm.digitorum
manus
Claustrum
Mm manus
Putamen
Mm.antebrachii

Globuspalliduslateralis
Mm.brachii

Globuspallidusmedialis
--'.\
lvlmthoracis
Capsulaexterna \' 'i

Capsulae)drema

Capsulainterna,
Crusposterius
\

Mm vesicaeurinariae;Mm. recti

Crusposterius;
Fibraecorticospinales;
Fibraecorticorubrales;
Fibraecorticoreticulares;
Fibraecorticothalamicae;
Fibraethalamoparietales:
Radiationesthalamicentrales

F i g . 5 4 6 I n t e r n acIa p s u t eC,a p s u tian t e r n a ;

functiona o Ir g a n i s a t i o n .
Ventrictes T o p o g r a p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a cI o r d Pathways

Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri Fornix,Columna
Septumpellucidum
Gyrusfrontalis
superior
mamillothalamicus
Fasciculus

Corouscallosum.
Truncus Nucleussubthalamicus

Radictiocorooriscallosi Lobusparietalis

Ventriculuslateralis, Capsulainterna
Parscentralis
Nucleuscaudatus, Nucleuslentiformis
Caput
Ventriculus
tertius Laminamedullaris
lateralis
Globuspallidus Capsulaexterna
lateralis

Gyriinsulae Claustrum

Sulcuslateralis Capsulaextrema

Laminamedullaris
Putamen medialis

Globuspallidus Nucleuscaudatus,
medialis Cauda
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornutemporale Tractusopticus

Pes hippocampi Lobustemporalis

Corporamamillaria Substantia
nigra,
Parscompacta
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
Pedunculus
cerebri,
N facialis Cruscerebri
Nill
Fasciculus medialis
lonoitudinalis
vestibulocochlearis
[Vllll
Flocculus
N glossopharyngeus
ilXl ventriculi
Plexuschoroideus ouarl
N vagus[X] Hemisoheriumcerebelli
Nucleusolivarisinferior FossainterDeduncularis
Hilumnucleiolivarisinferioris Amiculum
olivare
Decussatio
ovramidum Medulla spinalis

l-lll= Thalamic nuclei, Nuclei thalami:

l= Median nuclei, Nuclei mediani
ll= Anterior nuclei, Nuclei anteriores
ilt = Ventral nuclei, Nuclei ventrales

Fig.517 PyramidaL tract, Tractuspyramidatis,and

b a s a Ig a n g t i aN , u c t e ib a s a l e s ;
o b l . i q u e lsyt a g g e r e ds e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e p o s t e r i o rL i m bo f t h e
i n t e r n a Ic a p s u [ et,h e c e r e b r a p I e d u n c t e sa,n d t h e m e d u [ [ a
obtongata.
 > Brain B [o o dvesse[s Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Ventri cles,p rojection

Sulcuscentralis

Lobusparietalis
Forameninterventriculare
Parscentralis

Cornufrontale
Ventriculus
tertius

Cornuoccipitale

Lobus occipitalis

Aqueductus
mesencephali

Cerebellum

Lobustemporalis
Aperturamediana

Canaliscentralis
Cornutemporale Medulla oblongata

F i g .5 4 8 V e n t r i c t e o
s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u Iei n c e p h a t i .

Lobusfrontalis

Forameninterventriculare

Parscentralis

Sulcuslateralis Ventriculus
tertius

Aqueductus
mesencephali
Lobustemporalis
Cornutemporale

quartus
Ventriculus

Aperturalateralis

Medulla oblongata Canaliscentralis

F i g .5 4 9 V e n t r i c [ e o
s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u lei n c e p h a I i ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Ventrictes T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n acI o r d Pathways

Adhesio interthalamica Ventriculus

tertius
Ventriculus Parscentralis
lateralis.
Forameninterventriculare
Recessus
suoraoinealis
Commissura
anterior pinealis
Becessus

Aoueductus
mesenceohali
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornuoccipitale
Recessus
supraopticus
Chiasmaopticum
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Recessus
infundibuli Cornutemporale

Colliculus
facialis quartus
Ventriculus

Striaemedullares Fastigium
quarti
ventriculi
Recessus
lateralis quarti
ventriculi
Sulcusmedianus

Aoerturalateralis
ventriculi
ouarti Apertura quarti
medianaventriculi

Canaliscentralis

F i g , 5 5 0 I n n e r[ i q u o rs p a c e sV, e n t r i c u tei n c e p h a t i ;
c o r r o s i o nc a s ts p e c i m e n ;
o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m t h e t e f t .

Granulationesarachnoideae
Parscentralis
Cornufrontale
superior
Sinussagittalis

Cisternaoericallosa Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Spatiumsubarachnoideum Plexuschoroideus
* ventriculi
tertii
Forameninteruentriculare
occipitale
Ventriculus
tertius
Cornutemporale
Cisterna
chiasmatica
V magnacerebri
Cisternainterpeduncularis
** Sinusrectus
Aqueductus
mesencephali
quartus
Ventriculus

Conlluens
sinuum
Cisternaoontocerebellaris
Plexuschoroideus
quarti
ventriculi
quarti
Aoerturamedianaventriculi
posterior
cerebellomedullaris
Cisterna
Aperturalater€lis

Fig.551 Ventricleo s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u tei n c e p h a [ i ,

a n d s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e ,S p a t i u ms u b a r a c h n o i d e u m ;
s c h e m ao f t h e c i r c u L a t i o[na r r o w s o ] f the cerebrospinat
f L u i dL, i q u o rc e r e b r o s p i n a t if sr o, m t h e i n n e rt o t h e o u t e r
[ r o u o rs o a c e s .
* CLinicaI term:foramenof N40NR0
** CtinicaI term:cerebraL aoueduct of SYLVIUS
 > Brain B L o o dv e s s e [ s C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Brain,topography

A cerebrianterior,
A pericallosa
Gyrusfrontalis
medius

Strialongitudinalis
I
mediatis
I tndusium
I gnseum
Strialonoitudinalis
-
lateralis )

(Cenkum semiovale)

Polusoccipitalis

553
F i g .5 5 2 C o r p u sc a l t o s u mC
, o r p u sc a l t o s u m ;
after removaIof the upper parts of the
c e r e b r a Ih e m i s p h e r e s ;
s u p e n o rv r e w .
Ventricles Topography S e cti o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways

Gyruscinguli
Corpuscallosum,
Genu

callosum.
CorDus Rostrum
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornulrontale

Nucleuscaudatus.
Caout

Forameninterventriculare
V. thalamostriata
suoerior

Insula[Lobusinsularis] Striaterminalis

Lamina affixa
Ependymum

Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis

Fornix,Crus Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis

Fimbriahippocampi

Hippocampus Glomuschoroideum

Trigonum
collaterale

Gyrusfasciolaris
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornuoccipitale

Sulcuscalcarinus

554

F i g .5 5 3 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c [ e sV, e n t r i c u Ll ai t e r a t e s ;
I f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I
a f t e rr e m o v ao
hemispheres;
s u p e n 0 rv r e w .
 > Brain B to o dvessets Cr aniaIbase C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
Brainvessets

Ventriculus
lateralis.
Parscentralis Corouscallosum.
Truncus

Nucleuscaudatus.
Corous V thalamostriata
supenor

Capsulainterna
Fornix,Crus

InsulaILobusinsularis]

Calcar avis

Ventriculus
lateralis.
CornutemDorale

Fimbria hippocampi

Eminentiacollateralis

Trigonum
collaterale

556
F i g ,5 5 4 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c L e V s ,e n t r i c u tlia t e r a t e s ;
a f t e rr e m o v ao I f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I
553 hemispheres;
o o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e t e f t .

Pes hippocampi

Hippocampus

Alveus hippocampi

Trigonumcollaterale
Sulcushippocampalis

Gyrusdentatus

Gyrusparahippocampalis

Sulcus collateralis

F i g .5 5 5 L e f tt e m p o r a Lh o r n ,C o r n ut e m p o r a [ e ,
o f t h e l a t e r a Iv e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t u [sa t e r a t i s ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na f t e r r e m o v a I o ft h e t e m p o r a L w a t [ :
posterior-superio v ire w .
Ventricles Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Gyruscinguli

Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale Rostrum
Corpuscallosum,
Cavumseptipellucidi

Septumpellucidum
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
Fornix,Columna
Forameninterventriculare
V thalamostriata
superior
Capsulainterna

Ventriculus
lateralis, Striaterminalis
Parscentralis
Fornix,Corpus
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus
InsulaILobusinsularis]

Laminaaffixa
Fornix,Crus

Plexuschoroideus
Fimbriahippocampi ventriculi
lateralis

Hippocampus ventriculi
Telachoroidea tertii

Trigonum
collaterale Glomuschoroideum

Splenium
Corpuscallosum,
Calcaravis

Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornuoccipitale Vermiscerebelli

558
F i g .5 5 6 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c t e sV, e n t r i c u L[ ai t e r a t e s ;
a f t e rr e m o v aoI f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I
h e m i s p h e r e as n d t h e c e n t r a lp a r t o f t h e c o r p u sc a t l o s u m ; 55/.
s u p e n o rv t e w

Plexus choroideusventriculilateralis
Ependymum

Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornutemporale Fimbria hippocampi

Alveushippocampi Sulcushippocampalis

Peshippocampi

grisea
Substantia

Substantia
alba
Gyrusparahippocampalis

Sulcuscollateralis
*
Gyrusoccipitotemporalls
medialis

F i g ,5 5 7 T e m p o r a hI o r n ,C o r n ut e m p o r a t e ,
o f t h e [ a t e r a vI e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t u [sa t e r a [ i s ;
s c h e m a t i cf r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
 Brain B l o o dvessets C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Brainvessets

Corouscallosum.
Genu

Fissura
longitudinalis
cerebri

Rostrum
Corpuscallosum,
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale

Cavumsepti
pellucidi Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
Septumpellucidum

Fornix,Columna
V thalamostriata
superior
Foramen
interventriculare
Striaterminalis
Insula
ILobusinsularis]
Laminaatfixa
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis
Taeniafornicis
Capsulainterna

Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus

Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii
Fornix,Crus
ventriculi
Telachoroidea tertii
Hippocampus
V internacerebri
Trigonum
collaterale

Calcaravis pinealis
Glandula

Ventriculus
lateralis, V magnacerebri
Cornuoccipitale

Vermiscerebelli

560
F i g ,5 5 8 L a t e r a vI e n t r i c l e sV, e n t r i c u tLi a t e r a l e s ;
a f t e rr e m o v aoI f t h e c e n t r a Lo a r t o f t h e c o r o u s
556 c a l t o s u ma n d t h e c o l u m n so f t h e f o r n i x :
s u 0 e n 0 rv r e w .

Fissuralonoitudinalis
cerebri griseum
Indusium

Corpuscallosum
Ependymum

Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis

Nucleuscaudatus.
CorDUs
V thalamostriata
superlor

Lamina affixa
Fornix,Corpus

Thalamus Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii

Ventriculus
tedius

Tela choroideaventriculitertii

F i g .5 5 9 C e n t r a Lp a r t s ,P a r t e sc e n t r a t e so, f t h e [ a t e r a vI e n t r i c [ e s
a n d t h i r d v e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u L ut se r t i u s ;
s c h e m a t i cf r o n t a Is e c t i o n
Ventrictes Topography S e c t i o n s S p i n a lc o r d Pathways

Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Venkiculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale

Cavumseptipellucidi

Septumpellucidum
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput

(Recessus
triangularis)

Fornix,Columna Commissura
anterior

Recessus
supraopticus

Forameninterventriculare Recessus
infundibuli

thalamostriata
superior Adhesiointerthalamica*
Thalamus
Taeniathalami
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus

Striaterminalis Sulcushypothalamicus

Taeniachoroidea
Aqueductus
mesencephali
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda
posterior
Commissura

pinealis
Recessus
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii habenularum
Commissura

Telachoroidea
ventriculi
tertii G l a n d u lpai n e a l i s

V magna cerebri Recessus

suprapinealis

V internacerebri

F i g .5 6 0 L a t e r a vI e n t r i c L e V s ,e n t r i c u I[ia t e r a t e sa, n d
t h i r dv e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u L ut se r t i u s ;
p a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a h L e m i s p h e r e st h , e c e n t r a Ip a r t o f t h e
c o r p u sc a t t o s u ma s w e t l a s t h e f o r n i xa n d t h e c h o r o i dp t e x u s
h a v eb e e nr e m o v e dt,h e t e t a c h o r o i d e ao f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c l e
h a s b e e nr e f t e c t e d ;
s u p e n o rv t e w .
* T h ei n t e r t h a [ a maidch e s i ohna sb e e ns e c t i o n ei ndt h em e d i a p nlane

Fornix,Columna

Forameninterventriculare

Taeniathalami

(Fissura
telodiencephalica)

Fornix,Crus

F i g .5 6 1 T a e n i a eT, a e n i a eo, f t h e c h o r o i dp l e x u s ,
P t e x u sc h o r o i d e u o
s f thecerebrum:
s u p e n o rv r e w .
 > Brain B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Arteriesof the baseof thebrain

A. communicans
anterior Bulbusolfactorius
Chiasmaopticum A frontobasalismedialis
A frontobasalislateralis Tractusolfactorius
N opticuslll
A cerebrianterior,
Parsprecommunicalis A carotisinterna
[Segmentum A'l]
A communicans
oosterior
Areasubcallosa
N oculomotorius
llll

A cerebrimedia, A, cerebrioosterior.
Parssphenoidalis Parspostcommunicalis P2]
[Segmentum
[Segmentum M1] A, superiorcerebelli

Insula[Lobus N trigeminus
[V]
insularisl
A labyrinthi
A. cerebrimedia,
Parsinsularis
[Segmentum M2]
N facialis[Vll]

Lobus
temporalis
N. vestibulocochlearis
A choroidea lvilrl
anterior
Plexus
Substantia choroideus
perforata quarti
ventriculi
posterior

A cerebriposterior,
Parsprecommunicalis N glossopharyngeus
lsegmentum P1l ttxl
A. superior
cerebelli
A. inlerior
anteriorcerebelli
A basilaris

N abducens
[Vll Hemispheriumcerebelli

N hypoglossus
[Xll]
N vagus[X]

N accessorius
[Xl]

A inferiorposterior
cerebelli
Medulla spinalis

F i g . 5 6 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e b r a i n .
Ventric[es Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

earsOostcommunicalis anterior
A. communicans
A cerebrianterior f
I P"r"pr""orrrnicalis:- Aa. centralesanteromediales

A carotisinterna,Parscerebralis

I Parssphenoidalis
A. cerebrimedia Aa centralesanterolaterales
I
\ Parsinsularis-
A choroidea anteriol

R chiasmaticus
posterior
A. communicans
R nervioculomotorii
- A thalamotuberalis
I Parspostcommunicalis
A cerebriposterior l R hypothalamicus
I Parsprecommunicalis
Aa.tuberiscinerei
A. superiorcerebelli
Aa centralesoosteromediales

Aa mesencephalicae
Aa. pontis
A labyrinthi
A. inferioranteriorcerebelli

A. inferiorDosterior
cerebelli

F i g .5 6 3 A r t e r i a Ic i r c t eo f t h e b r a i n ,
Circutusarteriosuscerebri [wtt-t-ts].

F i g .5 6 4 a - g A r t e r i a Ic i r c t eo f t h e b r a i n ,
C i r c u [ u sa r t e r i o s u sc e r e b r i .
a - c V a r i a t i o no s f t h e a n t e r i o rp o r t i o n
d-f Variationo s f t h e p o s t e r i o rp o r t i o n
g V e r yf a r i n f e r i o ru n i o no f t h e v e r t e b r a aI r t e r i e s
 B L o o dv e s s e l s C r a n i ab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

Arteriesof the brain

Adhesio interthalamica

Corpuscallosum,
Truncus Fornix,Corpus
Forameninterventriculare Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii

Septumpellucidum Tela choroideaventriculitenii

Sulcuscentralis
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornuf rontale G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s

Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
V magnacerebri

A cerebrianterior, A cerebriposterior
Parspostcommunicalis,
A pericallosa

Corpuscallosum,
Genu

Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum

Commissura
anterior
Lamina terminalis
A communicans
anterior Sulcus
calcaflnus
Hypothalamus
Commissura
Chiasmaopticum posterior
A carotisinterna Aqueductus
Infundibulum mesencephali
Sulcushypothalamicus
Hypophysis Tectum
mesencephali
Corpusmamillare sinistrum
Ventriculus
tertius
A basilaris Vermis cerebelli
Thalamus quartus
Ventriculus
Pons
A vertebralis Hemispheriumcerebelli,
Tonsillacerebelli
\;) Canalis centralis
oblongata

F i g . 5 6 5 M e d i a Is u r f a c eo f t h e b r a i n ,F a c i e sm e d i a t r s
h e m i s p h e r ici e r e b r i ;d i e n c e p h a | . oDni,e n c e p h a t o a
nn,d
b r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a I i ;
s t a g g e r e dm e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
viewedfrom the [eft.

A cerebriposterior

F i g .5 6 5 A r t e r i a L s u p p toyf t h e b r a i n ; F i g .5 5 7 A r t e r i a ls u p p t yo f t h e b r a i n ;
viewedfrom the [eft. m e d i a Iv i e w .
Ve nt ric [ e s Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

Arteriesand veinsof the brain

A. trontobasalis
medialis

A cerebrianterior

lateralis,
Ventriculus
Cornufrontale

V. anteriorsepti
pellucidi

A cerebri media
Lamina affixa

V thalamostriata
supenor

A choroidea
anterior V interna
cereorl

R choroideus
posterior

V magnacerebri
Glomuschoroideum

inferior
Sinussagittalis
A. cerebriposterior

Tentorium
cerebelli
superior
Sinussagittalis

F i g . 5 6 8 A r t e r i e sa n d v e i n so f t h e b r a i n ,
A r t e r i a ee t V e n a ec e r e b r i .
 B[oodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n q e s Partsof the brain
Ventricteprojection
Veinsof the brain

Forameninterventriculare

septipellucidi
V anterior

V thalamostriata
suoerior

Thalamus
V choroideasuperior

V basalis
Vv.internaecerebri

V magnacerebri

V lateralisventriculi
lateralis

F i g .5 6 9 D e e pv e i n so f t h e b r a i n ,V v .p r o f u n d a ec e r e b r i .
T h e i n t e r n a lc e r e b r avI e i n sr u n w i t h i nt h e t e t a c h o r o i d e ao f t h e
t h i r dv e n t r i c t e .

Vv.internae
cerebri
Pulvinarthalami

V magnacerebri

V choroidea
V basalis inferior

N. trigeminus
[Vl

F i g . 5 7 0 D e e pv e i n so f t h e b r a i n ,V v .p r o f u n d a ec e r e b r i ;
p o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e r i g h t .
 l"es
Ventnie Topography Sections S p l r n , *r {: n r d $}nthwut5rs;

Brain,sections

Cellulaeethmoidales
Bulbusoculi

N o p t i c u lsl l
Chiasmaopticum

lnfundibulum

Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornutemporale
Cisternainterpeduncularis

Hippocampus Pedunculus
cerebri

mesencephali
Tegmentum

Vermis cerebelli
mesencephali
Aqueductus

Sulcus calcarinus Tectummesencephali

Fig.571 Brain,Encepha[on;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ;
h o r i z o n t asLe c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e m i d b r a i na n d t h e
t e m p o r a Lh o r n so f t h e L a t e r a t v e n t r i c l e s ;
572
S U p e r o rv r e w .
573
571

Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale

Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
pellucidum
Septum
Fornix.Columna
InsulaILobusinsularis]

Ventriculus
tertius

Thalamus

Fornix,Crus
Ventriculuslaterahs,
Cornu occipjtale

F i s s u r al o n g i t u d i n a l i s
cereDrl

F i g . 5 7 2 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; Fig.573 Brain,Encephaton;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R I J ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e c e n t r a Ip a r t s h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c t e
o f t h e L a t e r avI e n t r i c [ e s ; a n d t h e o p e n i n go f t h e t e m p o r a hI o r n so f t h e
s u p e n o rv r e w L a t e r avI e n t r i c t e s ;
s u p e f l o rv r e w .
 Brain B l o o dv e s s e l s C r a n i ab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

pellucidum'
Septum
G y r u sc i n g u l i Ventriculus
tertius;Thalamus"

Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Commissura
anterior

C o r p u cs a l l o s u mG,e n u Aqueductus
mesencephali

Corpusmamillare
Tectummesencephali
Chiasmaopticum

Hypophysis Sulcuscalcarinus

S i n u ss p h e n o i d a l i s
Vermiscerebelli

A basilaris

pons quartus
Ventriculus

Parsnasalispharyngis

Cisterna
cerebellomedullaris
Lrngua

M e d u l l as p i n a l i s

Parsoralispharyngis Pars laryngea Densaxis

pnaryngrs

F i g . 5 7 1 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g el M R l ) ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o nT h e s t r u c t u r e sm a r k e dw i t h + a o o e a r
p a r t L yf a t s i ife d a s a c o n s e q u e n coef t h e " p a r t i a t - v o I u m e -
effect".

575

Sulcuscentralis

Insula[Lobusinsularis]

Ventriculus
lateralis.
CornutemDorale

Bulbuo
s culi

S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s Cerebellum

F i g . 5 7 5 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g e{ M R l l ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o n .
Ventric[es T o p o gra p h y Sections S p inaIcor d Pathways

Gyrusfrontalismedius Spatiumsubarachnoideum

Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Gyrusfrontalis
inferior

Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale

Gyriinsulae Caputnucleicaudati

Septumpellucidum
Fossalateraliscerebri

Nucleuslentiformis

Gyrustemporalis
superior
Capsulainterna

Gyrustemporalis
inferior A cerebrimedia

F i g . 5 7 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h i ci m a g e{ M R l ) ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n

Truncus
Corpuscallosum,

Gyrusfrontalis
medjus

Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis

Gyrusfrontalisinferior Corpusnucleicaudati

Fornix

Thalamus
Fossa lateralis cerebri

Ventriculus
tertius

Gyrustemporalis
superior lateralis,
Ventriculus
Cornutemporale

Gyrustemporalis
inferior Hippocampus

Pedunculus
cerebri

FossainterDeduncularis

F i g . 5 7 7 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ;
t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g eI M R l l ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
 Brain B[oodvessel.s C r a n i a b
I ase O n e l n i anIe r v e s M e n i n q e s P a r t so f t h e b n a i n

l\ilargosuperior

Gyrusfrontalis
superior A callosomarginalis
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri A cerebri anterior.A oericallosa
S u l c u sc i n g u l i
Corpuscallosum,
Truncus
G y r u sc i n g u l i
S e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m
Gyrusfrontalismedius
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Sulcuscorporiscallosi Cornufrontale
Badiatiocorporis callosi
Arachnoideamater cranialis
Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum
Gyrusf rontalisinferior
Capsulainterna

septipellucidi
V anterior Capsulaexterna
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
Capsulaextrema
V media
Putamen superficialis
cerebri
Fossalateralis A cerebrimedia
cerebri
Cisternapericallosa
Gyriinsulae
Areasubcallosa
Polus
temporalis A cerebrianterior,
Gyri orbitales Parspostcommunicalis

Gyrustemporalis Margoinferolateralis
interior
Tractusolfactorius Gyrusrectus l\4argoinferomedialis

Fig.578 Brain,EncephaLon;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e a n t e r i o rp a r t s
o f t h e f r o n t a Lh o r n so f t h e L a t e r avLe n t r i c [ e s

Gyruslrontalissuperior l\4argosuperior
A pericallosa
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri
S u l c u sc i n g u l i Cisterna pericallosa
Gyruscinguli Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Gyrusfrontalismedius
Radiatiocorporis callosi

Sulcuscorporis
callosi
Septumpellucidum
Nucleuscaudatus.
Caout
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Gyrusfrontalis
inferior
Capsulainterna,
Crusanterius
Putamen
Capsulaexterna
Sulcus circularisinsulae
Sulcuslateralis Corpuscallosum,
cereDrl Rostrum
Claustrum Capsulaextrema
Gyriinsulae V mediasuperficialis
Gyrus cerebri
temporalis A cerebri media,
supenor Pars insularis
Cisternafossae A communicans
lateralis
cerebri anterior
Gyrusparaterminalis lvlargointerolateralis
Gyrusrectus A cerebrianterior,
Gyrustemporalis
inferior Parsprecommunicalis
Cisterna pericallosa; Tractusollactorius l\4argoinferomedialis
Cisterna laminab terminalis

F i g . 5 7 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e p o s t e r i o rp a r t s
o f t h e f r o n t a Ih o r n so f t h e [ a t e r a L
ventricLes.
V e n t n i a [ E s T o p *g ra p h y S e cti o n s $ p l n a Ie m r d Fathlu'mys

Brain,frontal

Gyrusfrontalis
superior Fissura longitudinaliscerebri
Gyruscinguli
Gyrusfrontalismedius A pericallosa

Fornix,Corpus Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Nucleuscaudatus,
Capul
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Putamen
S e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m
Globuspalliduslateralis
Capsulainterna,Genu

Gyrus frontalisinlerior
(Recessus
triangularis)

Claustrum
Capsulaexterna
Cisterna
fossaelateralis
cerebri Capsulaextrema
Gyrustemporalis
superiol
Laminaemedullares
medialis
et lateralis
Gyriinsulae
G l o b u sp a l h d um
s edialis
Fornix,Columna,
Cisterna
fossaelateralis
cerebri (Parslibera)
F o r n i xC, o l u m n a ,
Gyrustemporalis
medius (Parstecta)
Nucleuscaudatus.
Cauda Commissura anterior

Corpusamygdaloideum Tractusopticus
Chlasma
Gyrustemporalis opticum Ventriculus
lateralis,
inferior Cornutemporale
Hypophysis
Gyri occipito- Laminaterminalis
temporales Gyrusparahippo- Hypothalamus Becessus Becessus
supraopticus
campalis A communicansposterior infundibuli

Fig.580 Brain,EncephaLon;
f r o n t a L s e c t i oant t h e L e v eoI f t h e i n t e r v e n t r i c u Lfaorr a m t n a

Gyrusfrontalis
superior A pericallosa
Fissura longitudinaliscerebri Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Gyruscinguli
Septumpellucidum
Gyrusfrontalis
medius
Ventriculus Parscentralis
lateralis.
Fornix,Corpus
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus Plexus choroideus
ventriculilateralis

Striaterminalis Tela choroidea

ventriculitertii

Putamen Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii

Gyrus f rontalisinferior Stria medullaristhalami

Capsulaextrema
Gyri nsulae
Ventriculus
tertius
Clauslrum
Capsulaexterna
Gyrustemporalis
superior
Globuspalliduslateralis Laminaemedullares
medialis
et lateralis
G l o b u sp a l l i d um
s edialis Capsulainterna
Gyrustemporalis
medius Tractusopticus
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Corpusmamillare
Corpusamygdaloideum A cerebriposterior,
Parsprecommunicalis
Gyrustemporalis
inferior Ventriculus
lateralis,
Hippocampus
Cornutemporale
N oculomotorius
llll
Gyrus
occipitotemporalis Pons Cisternainterpeduncularis
lnatamus
(Cisterna
pontocerebellaris,
Cisterna pontis)
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
medialis
Gyrusparahippocampalis Hypothalamus A basilaris

Fig.581 Brain,Encephaton;
f r o n t a L s e c t i oant t h e L e v e L ot hf e m a m i t L a r by o d i e s
 Btoodvesse[s Cr aniatbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Gvrusfrontalis
suoerior
griseum,Striaelongitudinales
Indusium medialis
et lateralis
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Gvrusfrontalis
medius Corouscallosum.
Truncus

Gyruscinguli Ventriculuslateralis,Parscentralis

Cisternaoericallosa Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
Nucleuscaudatus,Corpus
Striaterminalis
V thalamostriata
superior
Tela choroidea
Thalamus Lamina affixa

Gvrusfrontalisinferior Fornix,Crus

Putamen V internacerebri
Plexuschoroideus
Sulcuslateralis
Striamedullaris
thalami
Insula[Lobusinsularis]
Gyrustemporalissuperior Capsulaextrema
Claustrum Capsulaexterna
Gyrustemporalis medius Capsulainterna
Corpusgeniculatumlaterale Sulcushypothalamicus
Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda
Corpusgeniculatum mediale Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornutemporale Alveushippocampi
Gyrustemporalisinterior Fimbriahippocampi
Nucleusruber Gyrusdentatus
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis A. cerebriposterior
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Cisternaambiens
Gyrusparahippocampalis cerebellorubralis)
Ventriculus
tertius Tractuspyramidalis
Pons
Fig.582 Brain,Encepha[on; Medullaoblongata
f r o n t a ts e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e c e n t r a Io a r t o f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c t e .
R i g h ta n d l e f t t h a l a m u sa r e f r e q u e n t l yc o n n e c t e db y t h e
i n t e r t h a [ a m iac d h e s i o na t t h i s [ e v e [ .

Gyrusprecentralis Indusium griseum,

Striaelonoitudinales
medialis
et lateralis
Gyruscinguli
Corouscallosum.Truncus
Cisterna
oericallosa lateralis,Parscentralis

Gyruspostcentralis Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Fornix,Crus
Striaterminalis
V thalamostriata
superior
Lamina atfixa
Gyruspostcentralis Telachoroidea
ventriculi
tertii
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculitertii
Cisternafossae
lateraliscerebri Capsulainterna
Thalamus Capsulaenrema
Gyrustemporalissuperior Tegmentum
mesencephali
Putamen
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Gyrustemporalis
medius
Alveushippocampi
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Fimbriahippocampi
Gyrustemporalis
inferior Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornutemporale
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
lateralis Cisternaambiens
A. cerebrioosterior
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
medialis
Gyrusparahippocampalis Ventriculustertius

Cerebellum Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
Aoueductus
mesenceohali
F i g . 5 8 3 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ;
posterior
Funiculus
frontaI sectionat the leveIof the oosteriorwa[[
of the third ventricte.
Ventric[es Topography Sections S p i naIcor d Pathways

Gyruspostcentralis
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri

Lobulusoarietalisinferior A pericallosa

Gyruscinguli Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis
Cisternaoericallosa Corpuscallosum,
Splenium

Plexuschoroideus
Gyrus ventriculilateralis
supramarginalis Fornix,Crus
A. cerebrimedia
Cisternafossae v thalamostriata
lateraliscerebri supenor
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Capsulainterna
Gyrustemporalis Tela choroidea
superor
Pulvinarthalami Fimbriahippocampi

Gyrustemporalis Alveushippocampi
medius
Plexuschoroideus
Cisternaambiens ventriculilateralis
Colliculussuperior Gyrusdentatus
Gyrustemporalisinferior
Gyrusparahippocampalis Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornutemoorale
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
lateralis
internacerebri
Gyrusoccipitotemporalismedialis
Glandula
Hemisoherium cerebelli pinealis
Colliculusinferior Pedunculus
cerebellarismedius
Flocculus Pedunculus
Vermiscerebelli cerebellarissuperior
Velummedullare
suoerius
Fig.584 Brain,Encephalon; quanus
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e p i n e a tg t a n d
a n d t h e f o u r t hv e n t r i c t e .

Lobulusparietalis
superior
Substantiagrisea
R precunealis
Substantia
alba
Sulcussuboarietalis

Lobulusoarietalisinferior
Cisternaquadrigeminalis
Precuneus

Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Corpuscallosum,Tapetum

Gyrusangularis Ventriculuslateralis,
Sulcustemporalis Cornuoccipitale
supeflor
Calcaravis

Gyrustemporalis A. occipitalismedialis
medius
Sulcuscalcarinus
V magnacerebri
Gyrustemporalisinferior

Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
lateralis
Vermiscerebelli
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
medialis
Gyruslingualis

Nucleusdentatus
HemisDherium
cerebelli
Tonsilla
cerebelli

Fig.585 Brain,Encephalon;
f r o n t asI e c t i o n
a t t h el e v eoI f t h eo c c i o i t ahIo r n s
of the tateraIventricles.
 vessets Cr aniaIbase Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Bl.ood

Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri

Gyrusfrontalissuperior Arachnoidea
matercranialis

Gyrusfrontalismedius
A. cerebrianterior,
R. frontalisDosteromedialis

Gyruscinguli

Gyrusprecentralis

Sulcuscentralis

A cerebrianterior,
Gyruspostcentralis A. pericallosa

Gyrussupramarginalis

Sulcuslateralis, A cerebrianterior,
Ramusposterior R precunealis

A. occipitalis medialis, Rr. parietales

F i g . 5 8 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nj u s t a b o v et h e c o r p u sc a l t o s u m .
I n F i g . 5 7 8 - 5 9 8t,h e s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c ea p p e a r s
s o m e w h a te n t a r g e dp, a r t i c u t a r tiyn t h e r e g i o no f t h e
h e m i s p h e r i sc u t c i ,d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s es p e c i m e n s
w e r e t a k e nf r o m e t d e r l vi n d i v i d u a t s .
Ventrictes Topography Sections S p inaIcor d Pathways

Brain, horizontal section

Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
A. cerebrianterior,A. callosomarginalis
Gyrusfrontalissuperior
A. pericallosa
Sulcuscinguli Corpuscallosum,Truncus
Gyruscinguli
Corpuscallosum,Forcepsminor

Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput Ventriculuslateralis,Cornu
lrontale

Septumpellucidum,
Cavumseptipellucidi
Gyrusprecentralis

Caosulainterna
Sulcuscentralis
Ventriculuslateralis,
Parscentralis
Gyruspostc€ntralis
V lhalamostriata
supenor
Striaterminalis
Lobulusparietalis
inferior Corpuscallosum,
Truncus

Laminaatfixa

Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis

Gyrusangularis

Corpuscallosum,
Forcepsmajor

Corpuscallosum,Tapetum

(Gyrioccipitales)
SulcussubDarietalis

Precuneus

Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri Sulcusparietooccipitalis

Fig.587 Brain,Encephalon;
horizontaIsectionat the leveIof
the centraIoart of the lateraIventrictes.
 Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Aa. cerebri anteriores. Aa. oericallosae
Gyruscinguli
griseum
Indusium
Gyrusfrontalismedius
CorDus
callosum.
Genu
pericallosa
Cisterna
Ventriculuslateralis,Cornufrontale

Septumpellucidum

Ventriculuslateralis,
Gyrusfrontalis
inferior Parscentralis

Nucleuscaudatus.
Caout Plexuschoroideusventriculi
lateralis
Fornix,Columna
Striaterminalis
Gyrusprecentralis V.thalamostriata
suDerior
Sulcuscentralis
Fornix,Corpus
Gyruspostcentralis
Capsulaextrema
lnsula[Lobusinsularis] Capsula elderna

Claustrum Capsulainterna
Putamen A. cerebrimedia,
Rr.terminales
Thalamus Tela choroidea
Cisternafossae
lateralis
cerebri Fissuratransversa
cerebri
Gyrustemporalis
supeflor Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Fornix,Crus
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Ventriculuslateralis,
Sulcustemporalis Bulbuscornusoccioitalis
supenor
Corpuscallosum,Tapetum

Gyruscinguli

Sulcussuboarietalis
(Gyrioccipitales)
Precuneus

Sulcuslunatus Sulcusparietooccipitalis

Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri

F i g . 5 8 8 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e t e v e Io f t h e f l o o r o f
the centraIoart of the lateraIventric[es.
Ventrictes Topography Sections S p inaIcor d Pathways

Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Polusfrontalis A cerebrianterior,A. Dericallosa
Gyruscinguli Indusium griseum
Corpuscallosum, Genu
Gyrusfrontalisinferior
Ventriculuslateralis,Cornufrontale

V anteriorseptipellucidi Septumpellucidum

Fornix,Columna
Nucleuscaudatus,Caput
Capsulainterna,
Crusanterius
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
V thalamostriata
suoerior

Gyrusfrontalisinferior Caosulainterna.Genu
InsulalLobusinsularis] Caosulae)drema
Cisternatossae Forameninterventriculare
lateraliscerebri
Claustrum Capsulaexterna

Putamen Capsulainterna,
Crusposterius
Gyrustemporalis tertius
Ventriculus
supenor
Thalamus Recessussuprapinealis

V. internacerebri
Telachoroidea
ventriculitertii Capsulainterna,
Nucleuscaudatus, Radiatiooptica
Cauda
Fimbriahippocampi
Sulcustemporalis
supenor Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
Fornix.Commissura

Gyrustemporalismedius

Ventriculuslateralis,
Gyruscinguli Cornuoccioitale
Corpuscallosum,
Forcepsmajor
(Gyrioccipitales) Calcar avis

Splenium
Corpuscallosum,
Sulcuslunatus
Sulcuscalcarinus
Polusoccipitalis
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri

F i g . 5 8 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ;
h o r i z o n t asl e c t i o na t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e u p p e rp a r t
of the third ventricte.
 > Brain Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Craniatnerves Menin ges Partsof the brain

horizontalsection

Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Polusfrontalis A. cerebrianterior,A callosomarginalis
Gyruscinguli A. cerebrianterior,A. pericallosa
Cisternapericallosa
Corpuscallosum,Forcepsminor
Gyrusfrontalisinferior
Ventriculuslateralis.Cornufrontale
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri

Nucleuscaudatus,Caput Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum

Cisternapericallosa
Capsulainterna,Crusanterius
'Areasubcallosa
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri
Laminaterminalis
Commissuraanterior
Fornix.Columna
Insula[Lobusinsularis] Capsulainterna,Genu
Claustrum Laminaemedullares
medialiset lateralis
Gyrustemporalissuperior
Ventriculustertius
Adhesio interthalamica

Putamen Caosulaextrema
Sulcustemporalis
superior CaDsulaexterna

Globipallidi Capsulainterna,
medialiset lateralis Crusposterius

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Gyrustemporalis Commissura
medius posterior
Habenula
Cisternaambiens
Capsulainterna,
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Radiatiooptica
Fimbriahippocampi
Recessus
oinealis
Alveushippocampi
Glandula oinealis
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Trigonumcollaterale
Calcaravis Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornuoccipitale
lsthmusgyricinguli Sulcuscollateralis
A cerebrioosterior
Sulcuscalcarinus
V magnacerebri

Sulcuslunatus Vermiscerebelli

Polusoccipitalis

F i g . 5 9 0 B r a i nE , ncephaton;
horizonta se I c t i o tnh r o u g h
t h ec e n t r eo f t h et h i r d
v e n t r i c [aet t h el e v eoI f t h ei n t e r t h a [ a mai dchesion.
Ventrictes T o p o g r a p h y Sections S p i naIcor d Pathways

cerebri
Fissuralongitudinalis

Gyruscinguli Aa. cerebrianteriores,Aa pericallosae

Areasubcallosa
Cisterna
oericallosa
Gyrusparaterminalis

Caosulainterna,Crusanterius
Gvrusfrontalisinferior

Laminaterminalis

Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput Commissuraanterior

Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri Fornix,Columna
Putamen
Fasciculus
Gyrustemporalissuperior mamillothalamicus
Claustrum
Sulcushypothalamicus
Sulcustemporalis
superior
Capsulainterna,
Hypothalamus Crusposterius

Gyrustemporalis Tegmentum
medius mesencephali
Nucleusruber Capsulainterna,
Radiatiooptica
Corporageniculata
lateraleet mediale Fimbriahippocampi

Nucleuscaudatus, Alveushippocampi
Cauda
Gyrustemporalis Plexuschoroideus
medius ventriculilateralis
Hippocampus Eminentia collateralis

Cisternaambiens Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornutemporale

Gyrusparahippocampalis Gyrusdentatus

Sulcushippocampalis
Sulcuscollateralis

Gyruslingualis

F i g .5 9 1 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ;
horizontaIsectionthroughthe third ventric[eat the leveI
o f t h e o p e n i n go f t h e c e r e b r a aI q u e d u c t .
 Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Gyrusrectus
Gyriorbitales t"rna chiasmatica
I

A cerebrianterior
I
A communicans
anterior

Laminaterminalis
A cerebrianterior
Becessussupraopticus

Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri Recessus
intundibuli

A cerebri media Ventriculus

tertius
Gyrusparahippocampalis Tractusopticus
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis Corpusmamillare
lateralis

A. communicansoosterior Corpusamygdaloideum
(Gyrusambiens)

Hypothalamus Pedunculuscerebri,
Cruscerebri
Fossainterpeduncularis
Pes hippocampi
Cisterna
interpeduncularis
Hippocampus
Substantia
nigra
Ventriculuslateralis,
A. cerebriposterior Cornutemporale

Nucleusruber Eminentia collateralis

Cisterna
ambiens
Sulcushippocampalis

Tegmentum Sulcuscollateralis
mesencephali

Tectummesencephali, Hemisoherium
cerebelli
Colliculus
inferior
Aqueductusmesencephali

Frenulum
velimedullaris
suoerioris
Vermiscerebelli

Gyrusllngualis longitudinalis
cerebri

F t g . 5 9 2 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ;
s t a g g e r e dh o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e f l o o r o f t h e t h i r d
v e n t r i c l ea t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m a m i l t a r vb o d i e s .
Vent ric t e s T o p o gra p h y Sections S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways

Brain, sagittalsections

Forameninterventriculare
Gyrusfrontalis
superior
Sulcuscinguli
Hypothalamus
Gyruscinguli
Corpuscallosum,
Truncus
Septumpellucidum

Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Glandula pinealis
Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Gyrusparaterminalis V magnacerebri
Commissura
anterior Sulcusoarietooccioitalis
Laminaterminalis
A cerebrianterior Tectum
A, communicans anterior
Aqueductusmesencephali
Gyrusrectus
N opticusill Sulcuscalcarinus
A carotisinterna
Hypophysis
Corpusmamillare
posterior
A communicans
Vermiscerebelli
A basilaris
Hemispherium
cerebelli
Pons
quartus
Ventriculus
Tegmentum
mesencephali Plexuschoroideus quarti
ventriculi
Fig.593 Brain,Encepha[on; A vertebralis Aoerturamedianaventriculiouarti
m e d i a ns e c t i o n . Medulla oblongata Canaliscentralis

Ventriculus
lateralis.
Parscentralis Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
V thalamostriata
superior Thalamus
Corouscallosum.
Truncus Gyruscinguli
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
Sulcuscentralis
Capsulainterna
Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii
Fornix,Crus
Fornix,Commissura
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium

Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Commissura
anterior
Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum N trochlearislvl
Gyrusparaterminalis
Bulbusolfactorius
A cerebrianterior Sulcuscalcarinus
Gyrusrectus
A carotisinterna
N. opticusilll
N. oculomotorius llll Cisterna
ambiens
A cerebriposterior
A superiorcerebelli
A. basilaris Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
Pons Vermiscerebelli
N. abducens[Vl] quartus
Ventriculus
N. hypoglossus
[Xll] Hemisoherium cerebelli
Fig.594 Brain,Encephalon; N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll] Plexuschoroideus ventriculiquarti
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e f t A vertebralis Aperturalateralisventriculiquarti
h e m i s p h e r ea t t h e L e v eo[ f t h e N. glossopharyngeus
lXl N facialis[Vll]
h e a do f t h e c a u d a t en u c l e u s . N vagus[X] N accessorius
[Xl]
 Brain BLoodvesse[s Cr aniaIbase Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Nucleuscaudatus,Corpus
Caosulainterna.Crusanterius
Globusoalliduslateralis

lateralis,
Ventriculus Cornutemporale
ventriculi
Plexuschoroideus
lateralis

Fornix,Crus

Hippocampus

Sulcuscalcarinus
Commissura
anterior
Globusoallidusmedialis
A carotisinterna
N oculomotorius
llll
Gyrusparahippocampalis,
Uncus
A cerebrimedia
A. communicans
oosterior
Pons
A cerebriposterior

Gyrusparahippocampalis
Pedunculus medius
cerebellaris

Fig.595 Brain,Encephaton;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e f t h e m i s p h e r e
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e b o d vo f t h e c a u d a t en u c [ e u s

Capsulainterna
Globus Dalliduslateralis Sulcuscentralis
Globus oallidus medialis
Cauda
Nucleuscaudatus,
Glomuschoroideum

Trigonumcollaterale

Putamen Tapetum

Ventriculuslateralis
Cornuoccipitale
Insula[Lobus
insularisl

Commissura
anterior
A cerebrimedia
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri
Corpusamygdaloideum
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Hippocampus
Fimbria hippocampi

A. cerebriposterior

F i g . 5 9 5 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e L e f th e m i s p h e r e
at the [eve[of the amygdal.oid body
Ventric[es Topography Sections S p i natcor d Pathways

Brain, sagittaI sections

Sulcuscentralis

ventriculi
Plexuschoroideus
lateralis

collateralis
Eminentia

Insula[Lobusinsularisl

Claustrum

Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri

A cerebri media

Putamen
Ventriculuslateralis,CornutemDorale
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda
Hippocampus

Fig.597 Brain,Encephalon;
sagittal.sectionthroughthe teft hemisphere
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e a p e xo f t h e t e m p o r a Ih o r n .

Sulcuscentralis

Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri

Insula[Lobusinsularisl

A. cerebri media
Hemisoherium
cerebelli

Fig.598 Brain,Encephalon;
t h et e f th e m i s p h e r e
s a g i t t aste c t i o tnh r o u g h
a t t h el e v eoI f t h ei n s u [ a .
 Brain B l o o dv e s s e t s Craniab
I ase C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

5itus cord

Encephalon

Medulla oblongata Ganglion sensorium

nervi
spinalisll

Intumescentiacervicalis

Os occipitale Gangliasensorianeruorum
spinalium
cervicalium

Nn thoracici,Radices oosteriores Nn intercostales

Nn thoracici

Rr posteriores
M e d u l l as p i n a l i s

Rr cutaneilaterales

Conusmedullaris

Gangliasensorianeryorum
Intumescentia
lumbosacralis s p i n a l i u lm
umbalium
Ben

AIaossisilium
Cauda equina

F i g . 5 9 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a [ o snp; i n a l c o r dM , e d u t t as p i n a t i s ,
a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N
, n.spina[es;
b r a i na n d s p i n a Ln e r v e si n a n e o n a t e .
I n t h e n e o n a t et,h e s p i n a Ic o r de x t e n d st w o v e r t e b r a l .
s e g m e n t sf u r t h e rc a u d a t l yc o m p a r e dt o t h e a d u [ t .
Ventricles T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways

Seamentalstructureof the spinalcord

Segmenta ceruicalia[C1-C8]

Segmenta
thoracica
ff1-T12l

Radicesnervorum
thoracicorum

Segmenta lumbalia [11-15]

Segmenta sacralia [S l-S5]

Radicesnervorum
Segmenta coccygea [Co1-Co3] lumbalium

Caudaequina Radicesneruorum
sacralium

Radicesnervorum
coccygeorum

F i g .6 0 0 S p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t s S , e g m e n t am e d u t l a es p i n a t i s ,
a n d s p i n a In e r v er o o t s ,R a d i c e sn e r v o r u ms p i n a t i u m ;
s c h e m a t i cm e d i a ns e c t i o n .
A s t h e s p i n a Ic o r dd o e sn o t f o t t o wt h e g r o w t ho f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n ,
t h e c o u r s eo f t h e s p i n a Ir o o t st o w a r d st h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i nsge g m e n t a L
i n t e r v e r t e b r af ol r a m i n ab e c o m e ss t e e p e rf r o m c r a n i a lt o c a u d a LI .n t h e
n e o n a t et,h e s p i n a lc o r de n d sa t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s p i n o u sp r o c e s so f t h e
f o u r t h[ u m b a rv e r t e b r aw , h e r e a si n t h e a d u L ti,t e x t e n d sn o r m a t l yo n [ y
t o t h e s e c o n d[ u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
 Brain B to o dvesse[s C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

glossopharyngeus
!Xl Pons
Fossarhomboidea Medullaoblongata
N vagus[X]
N hypoglossus
[Xll] Radixposterior N.
(c 1) hypoglossus
N accessorius[Xl]
lxill
Arcusanterior
atlantis pyramidum
Decussatio
2

3 Fissuramediana
anteflor
Nn cervicales
Sulcusanterolateralis
lc 1-c 8l Gangliasensoria
5 nervorumspinalium
6

7 Radixposterior
Arcusvertebrae (c 8)
8 cervicalis
Vll
Radlxposterior
1 Arcusvertebrae (r 1)
thoracicaeI
2
Costalll Duramater
spinalls

Duramaterspinalis
Sulcus
posterolateralis
Nn. thoracici
lT 1-T 121 Duramater Sulcusmedianus
spinalis posterior

Radix
Arcusvertebrae posterior
thoracicae
Xll (r 12) Intumescentia
lumbosacralis
Arcusvertebrae
lumbalisI Radixposterior
( L1 )

Ganglion spinale
lumbales Conusmedullaris
lL 1-L sl Radicesposteriores
(L 1-5, S 1-5)
Caudaequina

Filumterminale

Gangliasensoria
nervorumspinalium
(s 1-5)

Filumterminale,
Os sacrum Parsduralis
Nn. sacrales Filumterminale,
ls 1-s 5l Parsduralis

Filumterminale, Fig.602 Fig.603

Parsduralis
5
Os coccygls
N coccygeus [Vertebrae coccygeae l-lV]

F i 9 . 6 0 1 S p i n a cI o r d ,M e d u t Lsap i n a L i s , F i g . 6 0 2 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a l i s ,
a n d s p i n a ln e r v e s N , n .s p i n a t e s ; a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N
, n .s p i n a [ e s ;
s i t u so f t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ; t h e s p i n a Id u r a m a t e r h a s b e e no p e n e d ;
dorsaIview. dorsaIview.
A s s p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t sa r e n u m b e r e da c c o r d i n g
t o t h e s p i n a ln e r v e s a, n d t h e u p p e r m o s st p i n a Ln e r v e
i s c o u n t e da s t h e f i r s t c e r v i c a nL e r v e ,t h e r ea r e F i g .6 0 3 S p i n a lc o r d ,M e d u l t as p i n a [ i s ,
a c t u a t t ye i g h tc e r v i c asLe g m e n t s . a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N
, n.spinales;
t h e s p i n a ld u r a m a t e r h a s b e e no p e n e d ;
v e n t r a Lv i e w
Ventric[es T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s SpinaIcord Pathways

Fissuramediana
Fissuramedianaanterior anterior

Sulcusmedianus Duramater
posterior spinalis

Nn lumbales
Lig denticulatum

Sulcus
posterolateralis
Conusmedullaris

Radixposterior,
Filaradicularia

Filumterminale

Duramater
Arachnoidea spinalis
mater spinalis Duramaterspinalis

Gangliasensoria
nervorum Caudaequina
spinalium

Duramaterspinalis

coccygeus

F i 9 .6 0 4 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u L Lsap i n a L i s , Fig.605 SpinaLcorM d ,e d u l . t a s p i n a I i s ;

a n d s p i n a lm e n i n g e sM
, eninges pina[es; c a u d a pL a r tw i t h t h e c a u d ae q u i n aC , a u d ae q u i n a ;
dorsaIview. ventraIview.

Duramaterspinalis Duramater
spinalis

F i g . 6 0 6 a - c S p i n a In e r v er o o t s ,
N n . s p i n a t e sR
, adices;
typicaIcoursw e i t h i nt h e s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e .
a C e r v i c asLe g m e n t S , e g m e n t u mc e r v i c a [ e
b T h o r a c i cs e g m e n t S , e g m e n t u mt h o r a c i c u m
c L u m b a rs e g m e n t S , e g m e n t u m[ u m b a t e
> Brain Btoodvessels C r a n i a Ib a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

Arteriesof the spinalcord

A. basilaris
A vertebralis Os occipitale

ATIAS

Rr spinales

A spinalisanterior
A. cervicalis ascendens
A vertebralis

Parsascendensaortae Arcusaortae

R spinalis
posterior
intercostalis
A spinalisanterior Parsdescendensaortae
N. spinalis,
Radixanterior
posteriores
Aa intercostales
Ganglion
sensorium
neruispinalis
Truncusnervispinalis
(A radicularis
magna)*

Caudaequina

F i g .6 0 7 A r t e r i e so f t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a [ i s .
* CtinicaI term:arteryof ADA|,4KtEWtcZ

Aa. spinalesposteriores

A spinalisanterior
(A spinalislateralis)

F i g ,6 0 8 A r t e r i e so f t h e s p r n a cI o r d ,M e d u [ [ as p i n a I i s .
Ventric[es T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways

Spinalcord,structure

posterior
Sulcusmedianus Fasciculus
oracilis )
posterior
. I Funiculus
Sulcusintermedius
Dosterior / FaSclCuluS
Cunealus,/

Radix posterior,Fila radicularia

Substantiagelatinosa
Substantia
oelatinosa
centralis

Canaliscentralis Columnaanterior,
Cornuanterius

Fila radicularia

Funiculus
anterior
Commissura
alba
Fissuramedianaanterior

Sulcusmedianus
oosterior

posterior
Sulcusmedianus Radixposterior
posterior
Funiculus

gelatinosa
Substantia Columnaposterior,
Cornuposterius

Funiculus
lateralis
Columna
posterior,
Substantia Cornu
gelatinosa posterius
centralis
Columnaanterior,
Cornuanterius
Commissuraalbaanterior
t
Fiss medianal
anterior
b

Columnaposterior,
Cornuposterius

Substantiaalba grisea
Substantia

Substantia
oelatinosa
centralis

Columnaanterior,
Cornuanterius Canalis centralis

Fissura mediana anterior

F i g .6 0 9 a - d S p i n a tc o r d ,M e d u L t sap i n a t i s ;
c r o s s - s e c t i o n sm; y e L i ns t a i n ;a p p r o x 5
. 00%.
a C e r v i c apLa r t ,P a r sc e r v i c a t i s
b T h o r a c i cp a r t ,P a r st h o r a c r c a
c L u m b a rp a r t ,P a r s[ u m b a L i s
d S a c r a Ip a r t ,P a r ss a c r a u s
> Brain B to o dvessets C r a n i a Ib a s e C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Functionalorganisation
of thespinalcord

gelatinosa
Substantia Nucleusmarginalis

Columnaposterior,
tl Nucleusproprius Cornuposterius
ill
Nucleusthoracicus
oosterior

Columnaintermedia,
Cornulaterale

Nucleus
intermediolateralis

Columnaanterior,
Cornuanterius
Canaliscentralis
(Substantia
griseaintermediacentralis)

F i g . 6 1 0 S p i n a cI o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a t i s ;
[ a m i n a ro r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e g r e ym a t t e ra c c o r d i n gt o i t s
c y t o a r c h i t e c t u rI e
a c c o r d i n tgo R E X E D
1 ,9 5 2 )e, x e m p t i fe d
b y t h e t e n t ht h o r a c i cs e g m e n tl T 1 0 l .
F o r m a t i o na n d n u m b e ro f t h e [ a m i n a ev a r y i n d i f f e r e n t
s p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t s

\ Ganglion spirale

I I I tQ2I L l \l
r I I I I I \l

1 = Skin
2 = Interneurons
3 = Motoneuronof anteriorhorn
4 = Motorend-plate
5 = Musclespindle

F i g . 6 1 1 R e f t e x e as t t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ;
l e f t : m o n o s y n a p t irce fl e x I b i n e u r o n a p t ,r o p r i o c e p t i v m
e ,y o s t a t i ce, . g . ,
p a t e L [ atre n d o nr e f t e xA , c h i t l . etse n d o nr e f l e x ,e t c . l ;
r i g h t :p o t y s y n a p t ri ce f l e x( p o l y n e u r o n aet ., g . ,a b d o m i n arI e f l e x ,
cremastericreflex,ptantarreftex,etc.J.
Ventric[es T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s SpinaIcord Pathways

Functionalorganisation
of thespinalcord

Fasciculusgracilis***
Fasciculus
interfascicularis+ Fasciculus
cuneatus****
tl

posterior*
Tractusspinocerebellaris
I
Fasciculipropriiposteriores ,
,
r)Ar ,
\ l,
\\
\\ll

Tractus
corticospinalis
(pyramldalis)
lateralis

Tractus
rubrospinalis

Tractusspinocerebellaris
Tractusreticulospinalis anlerior**

Tractusspino-
thalamicuslateralis

Tractusspinoolivaris
Tractusreticulospinalis;
Tractustectospinalis Tractussoinothalamicus
anlerior:
Tractusvestibulosoinalis
medialis TractussDinotectalis
Tractuscorticospinalis
(pyramidalis)
anterior propriianteriores
Fasciculi
Fasciculuslongitudinalismedialis

F i g . 6 1 2 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u l . tsap i n a t i s ; T h e r e g i o n s i n d i c a t e db y + , + + , a n d + + + d e s i g n a t ed e s c e n d i n g
s c h e m a t i co r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e w h i t e m a t t e re x e m p t i f i e d c o t l a t e r a Lt r a c t s o f t h e p o s t e r i o r f a s c i c u t i .
b y a l o w e rc e r v i c asLe g m e n t
A f f e r e n t( = a s c e n d i n gpl a t h w a y si n b l u e ;
e f f e r e n t( = d e s c e n d i n gpl a t h w a y si n r e d .
* Ctinicalterm F L: E o H S |tG r a' sc t + SCHULTZ sE commatract lcervicaL partl
** CtinicaI term:GOWER's tract ++ FLEOHSIG o 'vsa Ib u n d t e( t h o r a c i cp a r t )
*** CtinicaI term:GOLL's tracr + + + T r i a n g t eo f P H I L I P P E - G O N 4 B[ A [ uUmLbTa ra n d s a c r a tp a r t s )
**** CtinicaI term:BURDACH's tract
**x** TheactuaIexistence of thesefibreshasnotdefinitety oeen
documented
 Brain B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr anial.
ner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

of the

Gyruspostcentralis

Gyruspostcentralis

Fibrae thalamoparietales
Fibrae thalamoparietales

Lemniscus medialis Thalamus

N trigeminus
[V]

Nuclei nervi trigemini

Decussatio
lemniscorum Nucleuscuneatus

Nucleusgracilis - Tractusspinothalamicus
lateralis
- Tractusspinothalamicus
anterior (Fasciculus
- Tractusspinoreticularis
- anterolateralis)
Fasciculusgracilis Tractusspinotectalis
- Tractusspinoolivaris
Fasciculuscuneatus

N spinalis

Ganglion
sensorium
nervispinalis Nucleuscentralis

F i g .6 1 3 P a t h w a y sf o r e p i c r i t i cI b t u e )a n d p r o t o p a t h i Icg r e e n )s e n s i b i t i t y .

Ascendingpathways
Pathwayfor epicriticsensibitityltactitepathwayl
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o nf p r e s s u r a
lPrecise e n dt o u c h )
1 . n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ]
F r o mr e c e p t o rI se x t e r o c e p t oi rnst h ] es k i na n dt h e m u c o s aa, s w e LaLs t h e p e r i o s t e u m t h,ej o i n t sa n dt h e m u s c L e
s p i n d l eest c , t o t h ec u n e a t ae n dg r a c i Lneu c L e ui n s t h e m e d u L Loab L o n g a t a : g r a ac n i tdec u n e a t fea s c i c u L Iupse r i k a r y a
i n t h es p i n agLa n g L i ad)e: s c e n d i ncgo l L a t e r a( Ls se eF i g .6 1 2 )
2 n e u r o n[ c r o s s e d ]
F r o mt h e m e d u t l a o b [ o n g a t(ac u n e a taen dg r a c i Lneu c l e u st o l t h et h a t a m u Ism e d i a L l e m n i s cpuesr,i k a r yian t h e
c u n e a t ae n dg r a c i Lneu c L e u s ]
3 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s eFdr] o mt h et h a l a m u tso t h ec e r e b r a L c o r t pe ax r, t i c u t a rtloyt h e p o s t c e n t r a L g y(rtuhsa L a m o c o r t i c a L
f i b r e sp, e r i k a r yian t h et h a L a m u s l
Pathwayfor protopathicsensibititylpain pathwayf
IP a i n t, e mp e r a t ur e ,g e n e r apI r e s s u r se e n s a t i o n )
1 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ]
F r o mr e c e p t o rIse x t e r o c e p t o o r sf ]t h e s k i na n dt h e m u c o s ae t c , ,t o t h e p o s t e r i ohr o r n ,L a m i n ale- V I p e r i k a r yian t h e
spinaLgangLia)
2 n e u r o n[ c r o s s e ds,o m ef i b r e sp o s s i b Luyn c r o s s e d ]
F r o mt h e p o s t e r i ohro r nt o t h et h a L a m uisn,t h e r e t i c u L a f or r m a t i oann dt o t h e m i d b r a i tne c t u mI a n t e r i oarn d[ a t e r a L
spinothaLam t riacc t ss, p i n o r e t i c u t ar ar c t ,s p i n o t e c t a l t r apc et ;r i k a r yian t h e p o s t e r i ocro l u m n l
3 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d l
F r o m t h e t h a L a m u sa m o n g o t h e r st o t h e c e r e b r a L c o r t e px a
, r t i c u L a r tLoyt h e p o s t c e n t r a L g y r u[ tsh a L a m o c o r t i cf a
i bI r e s ,
p e r i k a r y ai n t h e t h a L a m u s )
Vent ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s Spinalcord Pathways

Pathways

Pedunculus
cerebellaris
suDerior

Vermis cerebelli

Pedunculus inferior
cerebellaris

posterior
Tractusspinocerebellaris

Tractussoinocerebellaris
anterior
Nucleusthoracicus
posterior
Cornuanterius Tractusspinoolivaris

N spinalis

F i g . 6 1 1 P a t h w a y sf o r u n c o n s c i o udse e ps e n s i b i L i t y .
Ascendingpathways
Pathwayfor unconscious deepsensibitity
I U n c o n s c i o ubsu, t p r e c i s es p a t i adLi f f e r e n t i a t i oa ns a p r e r e q u i s i ft o
e r m o v e m e nct o o r d i n a t i obny t h e c e r e b e t t u m ]
V i at h e a n t e r i o rc e r e b e t l atr a c t
'1
n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ]
F r o mr e c e p t o r{sp r o p r i o c e p t o irns m l u s c L e st e, n d o n sa, n dt h e c o n n e c t i vtei s s u et o t h e n u c L eoi f t h e i n t e r m e d i a tzeo n e
a n dt h ea n t e r i ocr o [ u m nI p e r i k a r yi n a t h es p i n agLa n g t i a )
2 n e u r o nI c r o s s e d ]
F r o mt h e a n t e r i o h r o r nw i t h i nt h e a n t e r i o sr p i n o c e r e b e [ [t a a c tt o t h e c e r e b e | ' L uvm
r ar c to f t h e a n t e r o [ a t e rtar L i at h e
s u p e r i ocr e r e b e L Lpaerd u n c L( pe e r i k a r yi na t h ei n t e r m e d i azt eo n ea n dt h ea n t e r i ohr o r n J .
V i at h e p o s t e r i ocr e r e b e t t at r a c t
1 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ]
F r o me n do r g a n s{ p r o p r i o c e p t o irns m l u s c L e st e, n d o n sa, n dt h e c o n n e c t i vtei s s u et o t h e n u c t eoi f t h e p o s t e r i ocr o L u m n
a n dt h et h o r a c i nc u c L e uI sp e r i k a r yi n
a t h es p i n agLa n g t i a )
2 . n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ]
F r o mt h e p o s t e r i ohr o r na n dt h e t h o r a c i cn u c L e uws i t h i nt h e p o s t e r i osr p i n o c e r e b e t ltar ar c to f t h e [ a t e r atIr a c tt o
t h ec e r e b e t l uvmi at h o i n f o r i nnr a n a h o l l ^r r^ d u n c [ (ep e r i k a r yi nat h et h o r a c i nc u c t e uas n da t t h e b a s eo f t h e p o s t e r i o r
c o Lmu nl
 Bl.oodvesseIs Craniab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Gyrusprecentralis

Fibrae corticospinales
Thalamus

Corpus striatum
(Tractusrubrothalamicus)

Thalamus Nucleusruber

(Tractus
cerebellorubralis)
Substantia
nigra
Nucleusdentatus
Cerebellum,
Nucleipontis

Fibrae oontocerebellares

- Tractusrubrospinalis
- Tractusreticulospinalis
Tractusbulboreticulosoinalis
etc - Tractusvestibulospinalis
- Tractustectospinalis

Cornuanterius

Radixanterior
Imotoria]

N spinalis

Fig. 615 Pathwaysof the motor system.

* Motonr u c t eoi f c r a n i anI e r v e s

pathways
Descending
T h em o t o rs y s t e mc o m p r i s eas L a r g n eu m b e o r f n u c L e ar e r g i o nas n dt r a c t sT. h e" m o t o rf i n a L p a t ha"r et h e m o t o n e u r o n s
D e s p i tteh ee x t r a o r d i n acroym p t e x iot yf t h e s ec i r c u i t st h, et r a d i t i o n a L o r g a n i s a
wtiiLob
lne m a i n t a i n ef o
d r d i d a c t irce a s o n s
I S o - c a t l e dPly r a m i d at rI a c t
1 [ c e n t r a Ln]e u r o nl c r o s s e d )
F r o mt h e c e r e b r acLo r t e xt h r o u g ht h e i n t e r n acLa p s u Laen dt h e c e r e b r apI e d u n c l etso i n t e r n e u r o nwsi t h i nt h e a n t e r i o r
a n dp o s t e r i ocro I u m n{ [ a t e r a L c o r t i c o s p i n a Lat n r aI c t ,p e r i k a r yian t h e p r e c e n t r a L g y r u s ) .
r at ec rt ,i ocr o r t i c o s p i nt a
B r a n c h i nogf fo f f i b r e st o t h e n u c l eoi f t h ec r a n i a L n e r vIecso r t i c o n u c Lfei barre sa n db u L b acro r t i c o n u c t ef iabrr e s J .
2 [ p e r i p h e r anLel u r o nI m o t o re n dp a t h w a ya,- m o t o n e u r o n s ]
F r o mt h e a n t e r i o rh o r nt o t h e m o t o re n dp t a t e so f t h e s k e t e t am I u s c u t a t u rIem o t o n e u r o npse, r i k a r y ian t h e a n t e r i o r
nornJ
I S o - c a t l e dEJx t r a p y r a m i dm aLo t o rs y s t e m
1 c e n t r a nL e u r o n s[ c r o s s e a d n du n c r o s s e d ]
F r o mt h e c e r e b r acI o r t e xp, a r t i c u L a rtlhye p r e c e n t r agLy r u sa n dt h e a d j a c e nct o r t i c aaLr e a si n c L u d i nsgy n a p s etso t h e
b a s a L g a n g Itihaa, L a m ussu, b t h a [ a mni cu c t e u sr e , dn u c l e u ss,u b s t a n t inai g r ac, e r e b e [ L uemt c, .a n df e e d b a cLko o ptso
t h ei n t e r n e u r o n o sf t h ea n t e r i ocr o L u m lnr u b r o s p i n a L t r amcet ,d i aaLn dL a i e r av Le s t i b u t o s p i n a L t r ae ct itc, u L o s p itnr a L
ct,
t e c t o s p i ntar Lact).
2 . p e r i p h e r anIe u r o n{ m o t o re n dp a t h w a ya,- m o t o n e u r o n s ]
F r o mt h e a n t e r i o rh o r nt o t h e m o t o re n d - p L a t eosf t h e s k e t e t am I u s c L e(sm o t o n e u r o npse; r i k a r y ian t h e a n t e r i o rh o r n ]
Vent ric t e s T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways

F i g , 6 1 6 D y s f u n c t i o n a I c u t a n e o u s i n n e r vdaut e
i oton paLsyof Fig. 617 Compteteparaplegiaat the leveIof the eleventh
c e r t a i n f, r e q u e n t [ ya f f e c t e ds p i n a In e r v e s t h o r a c i cs e g m e n t
P a r a L y s iosf t h e c o m p L e t m
e o t o rand sensorysystem.

F i g .5 1 8 P a r a l y s i o s f t h e t r a c t so f t h e r i g h t p o s t e r i o fr u n i c u t u s
a t t h e L e v eol f t h e e l e v e n t ht h o r a c i cs e g m e n t .
L o s so f f i n e t a c t i t es e n s a t i o na s w e t Ia s [ o s so f s e n s eo f p o s i t i o n
a n d v i b r a t i o nI r o u g ht o u c hs e n s a t i o nr e m a i n sf u n c t i o n a t ] .
F i g .6 1 9 H e m i p L e g iIaB R o W N - S E Q U AdRu D e tj o d i s r u p t i o no f
t h e h a L fo f t h e s p i n a Ic o r do n t h e r i g h t s i d ea t t h e l e v e Io f t h e
e L e v e n tthh o r a c i cs e g m e n t .
0 n t h e r i g h t s i d e I i p s i L a t e r a t t [yo) s: so f m o t o rf u n c t i o nI i n i t i a l . t y
, a t e rs p a s t i c l [; o s so f f i n e t a c t i t es e n s a t i o na s w e I La s
f t a c c i dL
[ o s so f s e n s eo f p o s i t i o na n d v i b r a t i o nI r o u g ht o u c hs e n s a t i o n
r e m a i n sf u n c t i o n a U .
0 n t h e L e f ts i d eI c o n t r a L a t e r a t t[yo)s: so f p a i na n d t e m p e r a t u r e
s e n s a t rno.
 Lac r i m aIappar atus

Eyelids

(Sulcuspalpebralis
superio0

Angulusoculilateralis

Supercilium (Raphepalpebralis
lateralis)

Tunica
conjunctiva
bulbi
Angulusoculi
lateralis; Caruncula
Commissura lacrimalis
lateralis
palpeDrarum
Rima Angulusoculi
parpeorarum medialis

Citiae
Palpebra
inferior Sulcussclerae Plicasemilunaris
(Sulcuspalpebronasalis) Pupilla conjunctivae
Angulus
oculimedialis;
Commissuramedialis Palpebra inferior
Limbusposteriorpalpebrae (inferior)
Papillalacrimalis
Limbusanterior

Fig.620 Eyetids,Palpebrae. Fig.621 Eye,Ocutus,

andeyel.ids,
Palpebrae.

Limbusanteriorpalpebrae palpebrae
Limbusposterior
Sulcussclerae Papilla lacrimalis Tunicaconjunctiva Punctum lacrimale:Paoilla
(superior) palpebrarum lacrimalis (superior)

Caruncula
lacrimalis

Tunicaconjunctiva
bulbi
Fornixconjunctivae
inferior
Tunicaconjunctiva
parpeorarum
Limbusposterior Plica
palpebrae semilunaris
conjunctivae
Limbusanterior
palpebrae
Plicasemilunaris
coniunctivae Lacuslacrimalis Punctumlacrimale;
Punctumlacrimale (inferior)
Papillalacrimalis
(inferioo
Papillalacrimalis
Caruncula lacrimalis

F i g . 6 2 2 E y e , O c u l u sa,n d e y e l i d sP
, alpebrae. F i g . 6 2 3 E y e , O c u [ u sa,n d e y e t i d sP, a t p e b r a e .
E v e r s i o no f t h e u p p e re y e t i d( e x t r o p i o n i s a t i oi ns Jh i n d e r e d
b y t h e s t i f f n e s so f t h e t a r s u s ,b u t c a n b e f a c i t i t a t e w
d ith
t h e a i d o f a s m a t lh o o k .
Mu s c t e os f t h e e y e Eyebatl. pathway
CIptie TopnEr aphy

lvlargo
supraorbitalis Foramen
supraorbitale* Incisura
frontalis* Faciesorbitalis
Os frontale.Parsorbitalis.
Os sphenoidale,Ala minor Fovea trochlearis

Canalis opticus
Fossaglandulae
lacrimalis
Foramen ethmoidaleposterius

Os frontale,Proc zygomaticus
Foramen ethmoidaleanterius

Os sphenoidale, Margo medialis

Alamajor,Faciesorbitalis
Os lacrimale
Margolateralis

Sulcus Iacrimalis
Os zygomaticum,
Proc frontalis
Crista lacrimalisanterior

Fissuraorbitalis
superior Fossa sacci lacrimalis

Crista lacrimalisposterior
Os zygomaticum,
Faciesorbitalis
Maxilla,Proc frontalis
Foramenzygomaticofaciale
Incisuralacrimalis

Fissuraorbitalis
inferior Os ethmoidale,Lamina orbitalis

Os palatinum,Proc orbitalis
Sulcusinfraorbitalis
; Canalisinfraorbitalis
Margo infraorbitalis Forameninfraorbitale Maxilla,Facies orbitalis

F i g . 6 2 1 0 r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
o b L i q u vei e wf r o m [ a t e r a t .
+ Thesestructures canbepresent as
f o r a m i noar n o t c h e s .

Foramina ethmoidalia
anterius et posterius
Os ethmoidale,Lamina orbitalis
Fissuraorbitalis
superior
Canalisopticus
Os sphenoidale,
Ala minor
Os nasale l/argo lateralis
Os lacrimale Foramen zygomaticoorbitale
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major Maxilla, ': Fissuraorbitalis
superior
Proc frontalis
Os zygomaticum,
Fissuraorbitalis Canalis Faciesorbitalis
inferior nasolacrimalis
Alamaior
' )
Facies ) I Os sphenoidale
orbitalis I Corpus J
pterygopalatina I vaxitta
CorpusI
maxillae /

Os sphenoidale, Fissuraorbitalisinferior
Proc Fissurapterygomaxillaris
pterygoideus
Maxilla,Faciesorbitalis
Sinusmaxillaris
Sinusmaxillaris
um f orutt"'"ti""'
os patatin
I Proc.orbitalis Canalisinfraorbitalis

Fig.625 MediatwatL
P ,a r i e sm e d i a t i s , Fig.626 LateraIwa[t, Paries[atera[is,
nf tho nrhi+ flrhi+r. o f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
lateraIview. m e d i a Iv i e w
 : r] r r r . , , , , ,
,.i t:ri.r. a
t',r,ra,.,.r
.rrrr.rrr,.

t Eye 5urface S k e l e t o n Eyetids Lac r i m aI

appar atus

Eyelids

M occioitofrontalis.
Venterfrontalis lvl depressor
supercilii M procerus M, corrugator
supercilii

Os nasale

M orbicularis
oculi,
Parspalpebralis
Lig palpebrale
mediale

M orbicularis
oculi,
L4 levator Parsorbitalis
labiisuperioris
alaequenasl

l\il levator
labiisuperioris
ataequenasl
M orbicularis
oculi,
Parsorbitalis
M. nasalis

lvl.levator M levator
labiisuperioris labiisuperioris

M. zygomaticus
M zygomaticus malor
mtnor

M zygomaticus
mtnor
M, zygomaticus
maJor
M levator anguli oris M orbicularis
oris,Parsmarginalis lvl deDressor seDti nasi M levatorangulioris

) 119,120
T ,1a , c ,d ,e Fig.62l Faciam
I u s c l e s ,M m . f a c i e i .

M levatorpalpebrae
superioris

Fornix lvl obliquus

superior,
Tendo
conjunctivae
supeflor
Corpusadiposum
orbitae
Glandula
lacrimaiis,
Parsorbitalis
Lig palpebralemediale

Tarsussuperior
Saccus lacrimalis

(Raphe palpebralis
lateralis);Lig
palpebralelaterale Lig palpebralemediale

Rimapalpebrarum

Fornixconjunctivae
inferior

Tarsusinferior
lV1obliquus inferior

F i g . 6 2 8 0 r b i t a Lo p e n i n gA, d i t u so r b i t a L i sw, i t h e y e l . i d s ,
Patoebrae.
M u s c l e so f t h e e y e Eyebatt 0 p ti cp a th way Topography

Eyelids,
structure

l/ orbicularis
oculi,
Parspalpebralis

Tunicaconjunctivapalpebrarum

Tarsussuperior

Glandulaetarsales*

+ Facies posterior palpebrae

Facies anterior +
ParPEerdv

Limbusposterior
palpebrae

M. orbicularis
oculi,
Parspalpebralis

Limbusanteriorpalpebrae

F i g . 6 2 9 U p p e re y e t i d P , a t p e b r as u p e r i o r ;
photograph o f a m i c r o s c o p iscp e c i m e n ;
a z a ns t a r n ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o n m
, agnified.
* C t i n i c at eI r m :M E l B 0 M igatna n d s

Tarsussuperior

Glandulaetarsales

Angulusoculilateralis

Angulusoculimedialis

Commissuramedialis
palpebrarum

Commissura
lateralis
palpebrarum

Rimapalpebrarum
Glandulae
tarsales
Tarsusinferior

F i g . 6 3 0 E y e l ' i d sP, a t p e b r a e ;
t r a n s t u c e nst p e c i m e ni l t u s t r a t i n g
t h e e x c r e t o r yd u c t u l e s
o f t h e t a r s a Ig L a n d s ;
oosteriorview.
 r Eye Surface Sketeton Eyetids Lacrimalapparatus

Lacrimalapparatus

Septumorbitale

M levator palpebrae
superioris,Tendo

Tarsussuperior

Lig. palpebralemediale

Ductuliexcretorii

Maxilla,Proc frontalis
Septumorbitale

Tarsusinferior

F i g .6 3 1 0 r b i t a Io p e n i n gA , d i t u so r b i t a t i sw
, itheyel.ids,
P a l p e b r a ea, n d [ a c r i m a tg [ a n d ,G t a n d u [ a[ a c r i m a [ i s .

N lacrimalis

A. lacrimalis
Glandula
lacrimalis.
Parsorbitalis

R. communicans
cum nervozygomatico

Suturasphenozygomatica

Palpebra
superior
M. rectuslateralis

N. opticuslll

Palpebrainterior

R. communicans
cum nervozygomatico

Foramenzygomaticoorbitale

Fig.632 Innervationof the lacrimat gLand,

G t a n d u [ a[ a c r i m a t i s ;
mediaIview.
M u s c l e so f t h e e y e E ye b a tt 0 p ti cp a th way Topogr aphy

Lacrimalapparatus

Fornixconiunctivae
suoerior Papilla lacrimalis:Punctum lacrimale

Plica semilunarisconiunctivae

lacrimalis
Canaliculus suoerior
Glandulalacrimalis,
Ductuliexcretorii
M orbicularis
oculi

Fornix sacci lacrimalis

lacrimalis
Caruncula

Saccuslacrimalis

lacrimalis
Canaliculus inferior

Papillalacrimalis;
Punctumlacrimale

Conchanasalismedia

Ductusnasolacrimalis
Fornix conjunctivaeinferior
Plicalacrimalis

Meatusnasiinferior

Conchanasalisinferior

N. infraorbitalis
Sinusmaxillaris,
Tunicamucosa

F i g .6 3 3 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u s[ a c r i m a t i s ;
t h e e y e l i d sh a v eb e e np u t l e da w a yf r o m t h e e y e b a L t ;
t h e n a s o l a c r i m adI u c t h a s b e e no p e n e du p t o t h e i n f e r i o rn a s a Im e a t u s .

Papilla lacrimalis; Canaliculus

Punctum lacrimale lacrimalis
superior
Caruncula
lacrimalis Ampulla canaliculilacrimalis Saccus lacrimalis

Canaliculus lacrimalis
Caruncula
lacrimalis
superior

Fornix
saccl
lacrimalis

Lig.
palpebrale
mediale

Saccus
lacrimalis

Maxilla,
Proc
trontalis

M orbicularis
oculi oculi /
M orbicularis
Canaliculus Ductus
nasolacrimalis Canaliculus Maxilla,Proc
lacrimalis frontalis
Papilla lacrimalis; inferior lacrimalis
inferior
Punctum lacrimale M obliquus interior Ductusnasolacrimalis
l\4 obliquusinlerior Sinusmaxillaris

F i g . 6 3 4 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u s[ a c r i m a I i s . F i g .6 3 5 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u sL a c r i m a t i s ;
the nasoLacrima d Iu c t a n d t h e n a s o l a c r i m acIa n a I
h a v eb e e no p e n e d .
 Surface appar atus
Skeleton Eyel.ids l - ac r i m aI

M obliquus Trochlea
superior,

M rectusmedialis
M obliquusinferior

M rectusinlerior
l\4 rectussuperior

M obliquus
superior

M. levatorpalpebrae
superioris M rectuslateralis
Anulustendineus
communis

a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ;
F i g .6 3 6 E x t r a - o c u l m
scnema;
supeflorvrew.

M orbitalis
M levatorpalpebraesuperioris

Os frontale
M obliquus
superior
Fissuraorbitalissuperior

N opticuslll
Lacertusmusculirectilateralis

M rectusmedialis

Os sphenoidale,Ala major
Cellulaeethmoidales

M rectuslateralis N opticuslll, Vaginaexterna

M rectusinferior
N oculomotorius
llll, R inferior

Periorbita
N infraorbitalis

r u s c t e sM
F i g . 6 3 7 E x t r a - o c u [ am , m e x t e r n ib u l b i ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Musclesof the eye

Extra-ocularmuscles

M rectusmedialis

M rectuslateralis

M. obliquusinferior
Tunicaconjunctiva
bulbi

M rectusinferior

F i g .6 3 8 E x t r a - o c u l am
r usclesM
, m . e x t e r n ib u [ b i .

M. rectussuperior

M obliquus
superior,
Tendo
N opticusilll

M. rectuslateralis

M rectusmedialis
M. obliquusinlerior

F i g .6 3 9 E x t r a - o c u [m
a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ;
oosterior view.

M rectussuperior

M obliquus
superior,
Tendo

M rectuslateralis

M obliquusinferior

M. rectusinferior N opticuslll

F i g .6 4 0 E x t r a - o c u tm a ru s c l e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ;
p o s t e r i o r - s u p e rviioerw .
 Sur face Sketeton EyeLids Lac r i m atappar atus

Extra-ocular
muscles

M levatorpalpebrae
superioris

M rectussuperior

Periorbita
M. rectuslateralis

N. opticusilll

Os sphenoidale,
Ala major

M rectusinferior M obliquusinferior

Fossainfratemooralis

Fissuraorbitalisinferior

Sinusmaxillaris

a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u l b i ;
F i g . 6 1 1 E x t r a - o c u lm
[ateraIview.

M rectussuoerior.
Tendo
Margosupraorbitalis M levatorpalpebrae
superioris

Os frontale,Proc zygomaticus M obliquus

superior,
Tendo

lacrimalis,
Glandula
Parsorbitalis M. rectusmedialis,
Tendo

M rectuslateralis,Tendo
Tunicaconjunctiva
bulbi

Margo lateralis
Margomedialis

M obliquus inlerior,Tendo
M obliquusinferior

Os zygomaticum
Margoinfraorbitalis

Forameninfraorbitale

r u s c L e sM, m e x t e r n ib u I b i ;
F i g , 6 1 1 2 E x t r a - o c u [ am
o b t i o u ev i e wf r o m a n t e r i o r .
 muscles
Extra-ocular

M obliquussuperior,
Trochlea
M obliquus Bulbusoculi
supenor,
Tendo
M. levator
palpebrae
supenons
M levator
parpe0rae
supenofls
M obliquus
supeflor,
Tendo
Glandula
lacrimalis,
Parsorbitalis Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Corpus
adrposum
orbitae
M rectusmedialis
M obliquus
supenor
M. rectuslateralis
M rectus
lateralis

M rectus M. rectussuperior
supenor

lvl obliquus
superior
M levatorpalpebraesuperioris
Chiasmaopticum N. opticusilll

F i g ,6 4 3 E x t r a - o c u Lmaur s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u L b i ;

s u D e f l ovrt e w .

Lobusfrontalis,
Gyriorbitales
l\il.levatorpalpebraesuperioris
M rectussuperior Pariessuperior

M obliquus
superior Pariesmedialis
N opticusilll Parieslateralis
M rectuslateralis Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectusmedialis Pariesinferior
M rectusinferior
Sinusmaxillaris

Cavitasnasi

F i g . 6 1 1 E x t r a - o c u t am r usclesM , m . e x t e r n ib u t b i ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g e( M R l ) ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m i d d L eo f t h e o r b i t ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w

Lens Pariesmedialis

Bulbusoculi,Corpusvitreum
Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectuslateralis
Parieslateralis
N opticusilll

M. rectusmedialis Canalisopticus

Lobustemporalis

F i g . 6 4 5 E y e b a l .Bt ,u l b u so c u L ia, n d e x t r a - o c u t am r u s c t e sM
, m . e x t e r n ib u t b i .
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e o p t i cn e r v e :
s u p e f l o rv r e w .
 Lac r i m aIappar atus

Eyeball,structure

Axlsexternusbulbi
Vertexcorneae:Polusanteriorbulbi
Epitheliumanterius
Polusanteriorlentis
Cameraanteriorbulbi
Laminalimitansanterior'
Faciesanterior LaminalimitansDosterior **
rri"I
[Facies posterior\ '''t,
,'rbu"
Cornea "orn"u"
Angulus iridocornealis
Reticulum
trabeculare
Sinusvenosussclerae***
Tunicaconjunctiva
bulbi Tunicaconjunctiva
Fibraecircularesl
Cameraposterior
bulbi - Fibrae ciliaris
lM
. meridionales
,/

Pars ciliaris
Orbiculus
ciliaris retinae

Polus'Dosterior
lentis Ura serrala

Parsopticaretinae

Camerapostremalvitrea]bulbi;
Corpusvitreum

Choroidea

Spatiumperichoroideum

Excavatio disci

Lamina cribrosa sclerae

Macula lutea, Fovea centralis
Polusposterior
bulbi
Vaginaexternanervioptici
Spatium intervaginalesubarachnoidale

Fig.61,6 Eyebal.t, Butbusocuti; * C t i n i c a tI e r m : B O W M A Nm ' se m b r a n e

* * C t i n i c atIe r m : D E S o E M E m
s c h e m a t ihco r i z o n t sa eI c t i o n
a t t h eL e v eolf t h e T 'es m b r a n e
* * * C t i n i c atIe r m : c a n a Io f S c H L E M M
e x i to f t h eo o t i cn e r v e .

Dimensions
of the eyebatt
lAverageva[uesaccordingto the anatomicand ophtha[mol.ogic
literature)

E x t e r n abI u t b a ra x i s , 240mm R a d i u so f c u r v a t u r eo f t h e s c t e r a 13.0

mm
A x i se x t e r n u sb u L b i R a d i u so f c u r v a t u r eo f t h e c o r n e a 78mm
Internab I u L b aar x i s , 22.5mm
A x i si n t e r n u sb u l b i Powerof the entireeye 5 9d i o p t r e s
T h i c k n e s so f t h e c o r n e a 05mm Idistance vision]
D e p t ho f t h e a n t e r i o rc h a m b e r 36mm P o w e ro f t h e c o r n e a 4 3d i o p t r e s
P o w e ro f t h e l e n s[ d i s t a n c ve i s i o n l 1 9d i o p t r e s
T h i c k n e s so f t h e t e n s 3 . 6m m
'1
D i s t a n c eb e t w e e nl e n sa n d r e t i n a 5 6 mm I n t e r p u p i L l adr yi s t a n c e 61-69
mm
T h i c k n e s so f t h e r e t i n a 03mm
 Bloodvesselsof the eveball

Sinusvenosussclerae*
iridismajor
Circulusarteriosus

V conjunctivalis
anterior

A conjunctivalis
anterior

A. ciliarisanterior

Circulusarteriosus
iridisminor

Ora serrata

V. ciliaris
antenor

A. ciliarisposterior
longa

Vasasanguinea
retinae

Choroidea V vorticosa

Lamina choroidocaoillaris

Lamina vasculosa **

V centralis
retinae
V episcleralis
A episcleralis
A centralis
retinae
A ciliarisposterior
longa
Aa ciliaresposterioresbreves

F i g . 5 1 7 B t o o dv e s s e l so f t h e e y e b a t tB, u L b u so c u t , .
* C [ i n i c at eI r m :c a n a t oSf c H L E M M
* * C t i n i c at eI r m :u v e a

Layersof the eyebat[,Tunicaebutbi

Fibrous tayer of the eyebatl, Tunica fibrosa bul.bi lnner tayer of the eyebaU,lretinal, Tunica interna butbi (Retinal
- C o r n e aC , o r n e aI p r o n o u n c ecdu r v a t u r et,r a n s l u c e n t ] - N o n v i s u arIe t i n a ,P a r sc a e c ar e t i n a eI f r o mt h e p u p i L L a r y - i r i d i a l
- S c [ e r aS, c t e r aI L e s s ecru r v a t u r eo, p a q u e b
; L u i s h - w h i ti e
n m a r g i n ,M a r g op u p i t L a r i sr i d i s ,t o t h e o r a s e r r a t a , 0 r as e r r a t a l
i n f a n c yy, e l l o w i s h - w h i ti e
n senescenceJ l r i d i a Lp a r t o f t h e r e t i n a ,P a r si r i d i c ar e t i n a e( s i n g | . e - L a y e r e d ,
h e a v i t yp i g m e n t e d )C, i t i a r yp a r t o f t h e r e t i n a ,P a r sc i I i a r i s
Vascular layer of the eyeba[[, Tunica vasculosa butbi r e t i n a e{ s i n g [ e - L a y e r eu dn ,p i g m e n t e d l
- l r i s ,l r i s ,w i t h t h e c e n t r a Ic i r c u t a ro p e n i n gt,h e p u p i l , - 0 p t i c p a r t o f t h e r e t i n a ,P a r so p t i c ar e t i n a eI s t r a t i f i e d J
PupiLl.a 1 n e u r o n v: i s i o nc e I t sI r o dc e t t s- b r i q h t n e s s :
- C i t i a r yb o d y ,C o r p u sc i t i a r ew , i t h t h e c i t i a r ym u s c L e , c o n ec e l L s- c o L o u r l
M c i t i a r i st,h e c i t i a r yp r o c e s sP, r o c e s s u cs i L i a r i st h ,e 2 n e u r o n :b i p o L agr a n g I i o nc e l [ sw i t h i nt h e r e t i n a
c i [ i a r yz o n u L eZ, o n u l ac i I i a r i sw , i t h t h e z o n u t a rf i b r e s , { g a n g L i oonf t h e r e t i n a ,G a n g L i orne t i n a e J
F i b r a ez o n u L a r e a s ,n d t h e z o n u t a rs p a c e s , 3 n e u r o n :m u L t i - p o t agra n g L i ocne I t sI o p t i ca a n g I i o n ,
C^-+;^ -^^,,1--;^
JPoLro 4urruLorro G a n g L i oonp t i c u m iw , h o s e[ o n ga x o n sf o r m t h e o p t i c
- C h o r o i dC
. horoidea n e r v ea n d c o n t i n u ei n t h e o p t i ct r a c t
 \ l

L a c r i m aaI p p a r a t u s

Ciliarybodyand iris

to'n"" pupillae
M sphincter
Cameraanterior l Stromairidis
-l--^---

Faciesposterior, posterius
Epithelium

Faciesanterior.
Eoithelium
anterius

proDria
Substantia corneae

Sinusvenosussclerae*

Angulusiridocornealis

Beticulum
trabeculare

Cameraposterior

zonulares zonularia
Procc,
ciliares

I zonur"
.itiu,.i.--
Corpusciliare

F i g .6 4 8 E y e b a t LB,u L b u so c u t i ;
s c h e m a t i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f
thepupit.
* C l i n i c at eLr m :c a n aoI f S c H L E M M
* * C [ i n i c at eI r m :z o n u [ oe f Z I N N

lris,Margopupillaris
Lens, Facies anterior

Beticulum
trabeculare
Lens,
Polus anterior

M ciliaris lris,Faciesanterior

Anulus
iridismajor

Anulusiridisminor

F i g . 6 4 9 l r i s , l r i s ,a n d p u p i t ,P u p i l . l . a ;
a f t e rr e m o v a o I f t h e s c t e r aa n d c o r n e a :
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Mu s c t e os f t h e e y e

Anulusiridisminor

Margopupillaris
Anulusiridismajor

Reticulum
trabeculare

Margo ciliaris
Lens,Faciesanterior

Parsiridicaretinae

F i g . 6 5 0 l r i s ,l r i s ;
a f t e rr e m o v aoIf t h ec o r n e a ;
anteriorview.

Pars ciliarisretinae
Procc.ciliares

Fibraezonulares:
Soatiazonularia
Plicae ciliares

Cornea,Faciesposterior

F i g . 6 5 1 l r i s ,l r i s ;
posterior view.

lris.Faciesoosterior

Parsopticaretinae

Procc ciliares
F i g .6 5 2 l r i s ,l r i s ;
Plicae ciliares section o f F i g .6 5 1 ;
Orbiculus
ciliaris posterior view.
 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u s

Faciesanterior Polusanterior

Polusposterior Faciesposterior

F i g . 6 5 3 L e n sL, e n s ; F i g . 6 5 4 L e n sL, e n s ;
a n t e r i ovr i e w . viewedf romthe equator.

Aequator+

F i g . 6 5 5 L e n s ,L e n s ; F i g . 6 5 6 L e n sL, e n s ;
o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m a n t e r i o r schema o f t h e[ e n sf i b r e si n a n e o n a t e :
viewed f r o mt h ee q u a t o r .
M u s c t e so f t h e e y e Eyebatt 0 p ti cp a th way Topogr aphy

retinaesuperior
Venulatemporalis

Macula lutea * Discusnervioptici**

retinaeinferior
Venulatemooralis

Arteriolatemooralisretinaeinferior

F i g . 6 5 7 O c u t a rf u n d u s ,F u n d u so c u t i ;
o p h t h a [ m o s c o p pi ci c t u r eo f t h e c e n t r a Ir e g i o n ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
* C[inicaI term:yetlowspot
* * C t i n i c at eI r m :p a p i t [oar b I i n ds p o t

Venulamacularis
superior Arteriolatemporalisretinaesuperior

Venulatemporalis
retinaesuperior

Venulanasalisretinaesuperior

Arteriola
macularis
suDerior
nasalisretinaesuoeriol
Arteriola

Discusnervioptici

Fovea centralis, Foveola

(Venulamedialis
retinae)

(Arteriolamedialisretinae)

Arteriolamacularisinferior
Arteriolanasalisretinaeinferior

Venulamacularis
inferior

Arteriola
temooralis
retinaeinferior

F i g ,6 5 8 B L o o dv e s s e t so f t h e r e t i n a V, a s as a n g u i n e ar e t i n a e ;
s c h e m ao f t h e c o u r s eo f t h e v e s s e t s :
anteriorview.
 Lac r i m aIappar atus

Excavatio disci

Laminacribrosasclerae

Stratum ) _
nervosum I Ha.ls
I opuca
Stratum I retinae
p19menrosum
/
Lamina fusca sclerae
Choroidea

propria
Substantia
screrae

Spatiumintervaginale
subarachnoidale

N opticuslll

F i g . 6 5 9 0 p t i cn e r v eN, .o p t i c uIsl l 1 ;
h o r i z o n t sa eI c t i o n
a t i t se x i tf r o mt h ee y e b a L I

Spatium intervaginalesubarachnoidale

Vaginainternanervioptici

Vagina externa nerui optici

F i g . 6 6 0 0 p t i cn e r v eN, . o p t i c u Isl l l ;
c r o s s - s e c t in
oen a rt h ee y e b a L [
M u s c l e sC I tf h e e y e Eyebatt pathwmy
ffi6rtic Topography

Vagina interna Periorbita

Vagina externa
N o p t i c u lsl l ,
Pars canalis A n u l u tse n d i n e ucso m m u n i s
M levatorpalpebrae
Dura mater cranialis supenofls
N opticuslll,
Parsintracranialis

Hypophysis M rectussuperior

Chiasmaopticum
N opticuslll,
Parsorbitalis

Tractusopticus

A ophthalmica
A ophthalmica
orbitae
Corpusadiposum
A carotisinterna,
Parscerebralis
M rectuslateralis

Sinuscavernosus
M rectusinferior

F i g . 6 5 1 0 p t i cn e r v eN, .o p t i c uIsl l J ;
t h eo p t i cc a n ahI a sb e e no p e n e d ;
viewed f r o mt h er i g h t .

M levatorpalpebrae
superioris Sinusfrontalis

l\4 rectussuperior

Corpusadiposum
orbitae
Corpusciliare
N opticuslll
Palpebra
superior

M rectusinterior Lens
Cameraanterior
Sinussphenoidalis
inferior
Palpebra
Bulbusoculi,Camera
Sinusmaxillaris postrema[vitrea]

F i g . 6 6 2 0 r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h i cm a g eI M R l ) ;
v e r t i c a sL e c t i o na [ o n gt h e o p t i cn e r v e ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
 Surfaqe Sketeton E y e L i d s L a c r i r n a at p p a r a t u s

0pticpathwayand bloodvessels

Bulbuo
s culi

Aa ciliares

A centralisretinae

Chiasma opticum

A ophthalmica

Tubercinereum*
A carotis inlerna

A choroidea anterior

A cerebriposterior Tractusopticus

Tractusopticus,
Radixmedialis

Tractusopticus,
Radixlateralis
Mesencephalon,
Pedunculus
cereDrl Corpus
geniculatum
mediale
Corpus
geniculatum
Tectum laterale
mesencephali,
Colliculus
superior
Radiatiooptica

Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
V magna cerebri

Brachium colliculisuperioris

Sulcuscalcarinus

R calcarinus

(Area striata)

F i g .6 6 3 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L oann, d b | . o o d suppLo y f t h e p a r t so f t h e
o p t i cp a t h w a y ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
T h e p i t u i t a r yg t a n dh a s b e e nr e m o v e da t i t s i n f u n d i b u t u m [ * 1 .D u e
t o t h e c [ o s ep r o x i m i t yo f t h e p i t u i t a r yg L a n da n d t h e o p t i cc h i a s m ,
p i t u i t a r vt u m o u r sc a n c a u s ev i s u a Ld i s t u r b a n c e s

0ptic pathway
1 n e u r o nr: o dc e L Lasn dc o n ec e L Losf t h e r e t i n a
2 n e u r o nb: i p o l . agra n g [ i ocne [ L os f t h e r e t i n aI p e r i k a r yi n
a t h ef i b r e sf r o mt h e n a s a pL a r to f t h eo c u L af ru n d u sc r o s s
t h er e t i n a L g a n g l . i o n )
n e u T Om n :u L t i - p o Lgaarn g L i ocne L Losf t h e r e t i n aI p e r i k a r y a
i n t h eo p t i cg a n g t i o n )
T h ea x o n so f t h eo p t i cg a n g t i ocne L Lesx t e n dp r i m a r i ltyo
t h e l a t e r agL e n i c u L abt eo d yl L a t e r ar L
o o t )a, L t h o u gshe v e r a I
f i b r e sa L s oe x t e n dt o t h e p r e t e c t aaLr e aa n dt h e s u p e r i o r
c o L L i c u Ll mu se d i a L r o oat ls,w e [ La s t o t h e h y p o t h a L a m u s
T h e yr u n w i t h i ni h e o p t i cn e r v et o t h e o p t i cc h i a s mw , here
L ot h eo p p o s i tsei d e E a c ho p t i cL r a ccLo n t a i nfsi b r e sw, h i c h
t r a n s m iitn f o r m a t i of rno mt h ec o n t r a L a t ehr a lLof f t h e
visuaLfieLd
4 n e u r o nl:t s a x o n st r a v e Lp r i m a r i l yf r o mt h e l a t e r a I
'l
g e n i c u L a bt eo d yt o a r e a s 7 a n d 1 8o f t h e c e r e b r acI o r t e x
I s t r i a ta
e r e a iJn t h e r e q i o ns u r r o u n d i nt h
q ec a L c a r i n e
s uL c u s
Mus c le o
s f t h ee y e Eyebatt Opticpathway Topogr aphy

'1 Commonvisualfield
' 1 aVisualfieldof the lett
eye
1 b Visualtieldof the righteye
2a Projectionon the left retina
2b Projectionon the rightretina

1a

Bulbusoculi

N. opticuslll
Ganglion ciliare

A carotis interna,A. ophthalmica

Chiasmaopticum
Ganglion
cervicale
supenus

Tractusopticus

N oculomotorius
illll

Corpusgeniculatum
laterale

Radiatio optica

Colliculus
superior

Sulcuscalcarinus

3b

3a Projection on the left calcarine cortex Fig.554 0ptic pathway;

3b Proiectionon the rioht calcarinecortex
Coriscious visual fi6ld as a result of the schematicoverview;
integrative achievement of the brain s u 0 e n o rv r e w .
T h e c e n t r a Iv i s i o nf i e t dh a s a
d i s p r o p o r t i o n a tLLayr g ep r o j e c t i o n
fietd.
* Ptaneof refraction of light
 Sr:rfase SketetonHyet i dsl .- ac r i m appar
aI atus

a A supraorbitalis

t N suoraorbitalis.
Fl lateralis

o [4 levatorpalpebrae
superioris
N suoraorbitalis.R medialis':

Glandula lacrimalis,
N supratrochlearis
, Pars orbitalis

Corpusadiposum
orbitae
t M rectus superior
R meningeus
anteriora

A ethmoidalis
anteriora a A lacrimalis

l\4 obliquus
superior€f

, N lacrimalis
,
N nasociliaris

A o p h t h a l m i caa o lvl rectus lateralis

N frontalis
, N abducens [Vl]
N trochlearis
lVl

N o p h t h a l m i c[uVsi 1 ]

Canalisopticus x N maxillaris[V/2]
N opticuslll ,l

A ophthalmica
a O A meningea
media

A carotisinternaa
, N mandibularis
[V/3],
R meningeus
N oculomotorius
llll :
, N mandibularis
[V/3]
N trochlearis
lvl ,t

[Vl].,
N abducens r, Gangliontrigeminale

R tentorius:
;, N trigeminus[V]

666

F i g . 6 6 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t , 0 r b i t a ;
,-,
s u 0 e n o rv r e w .
Mu s c le o
s f t h ee y e Eyebatt 0pticpathway Topography

a N supraorbitalis,
R. lateralis

A supraorbitalis
a O M levatorpalpebraesuperioris

Parsorbitalis
Glandulalacrimalis,
N supraorbitalis,
R. medialisa
O M. rectussuperior
N. supratrochlearis
o
a A. lacrimalis

A. ophthalmica
O
a N. lacrimalis

M. obliquussuperiora ciliare
a Ganglion

a N. abducens[Vl]

a M rectuslateralis
N oculomotorius
illll, R. superiora
a N nasociliaris

a N ophthalmicus
[V/11

N. opticusilll a
a N maxillaris[V/21

A. ophthalmica
a

A carotisinternaa o N. mandibularis
[V/3]

N oculomotorius
llll a
trigeminale
o Ganglion
N trochlearis[V] a
o N trigeminus
[V]
N abducens
[Vl]r

F i g . 6 6 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
after removaIof the roof of the orbit:
SUOeflOr VteW.
 Surface Ske[eton Eyet i dsLac r i m aI
appar atus

\F

/,6\
(-)

A supraorbitalis
o M levatorpalpebraesuperioris
M obliquussuperior,
Tendoa
a M reclussuperior
A. supratrochlearis
a)

M. obliquussuDerior
a

A dorsalisnasia

Bulbusoculi
meningeus
anteriora

a N. opticuslll
M rectusmedialisa

N infratrochlearis
a a N lacrimalis

A ethmoidalis
anteriora
a A lacrimalis
N. ethmoidalis
anteriora
a M rectuslateralis
N nasociliarisa
a Nn ciliaresbreves
posterior
A ethmoidalis O
posterior
N. ethmoidalis 3 o Aa ciliares
N. ciliarislonguso
o N abducens[Vl]
M. obliquus
superiora
a N oculomotorius
rull,R.interior
N. trochlearis
[V] o
a Ganglion
ciliare
N. oculomotorius
llll, O
R superior
a Radixparasympathica
(lll)
loculomotorial
M. levatorpalpebrae
a
supenofls
a Radixsensoria(V/1)
M rectussuperiorO
a Radixsympathica
N opticusilll O (N.caroticus
internus)

A ophthalmica
O
a N. ophthalmicus
[V/1]
A carotisinternaO

N. oculomotorius
llll a a N. trigeminus
[V],Radixsensoria
N.trochlearis
lvl a , N. abducens[Vll

F i g . 6 6 7 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
a f t e r p a r t i a Lr e m o v a o
I f t h e l e v a t o rp a l p e b r a es u p e r i o r i s ,
t h e r e c t u ss u p e r i o ra n d t h e o b l i q u u ss u p e r i o rm u s c t e ;
s u 0 e n o rv t e w .
Mu s c t e s

a M. levatorpalpebrae
superioris
a M. rectussuDerior

M obliquus
superior,
a a M rectuslateralis
Trochlea

M. obliquussuperior,
Tendoa

a N. opticusilll
M obliquussuperiorO

R meningeus
anteriora
a M obliquusinferior

N intratrochlearis
e o M rectusinferior

ethmoidalis
anteriora

N ethmoidalis
anterior3

posterior
A ethmoidalis o

N ethmoidalisposteriora O N zygomaticus

M rectusmedialisa aA infraorbitalis

A ophthalmica
O a N infraorbitalis
M. obliquussuperiora
illl, R. inferior
t N oculomotorius
M levatorpalpebraea
supeflons
a M rectuslateralis
M. rectussuperiora)

N opticusl|] a a N abducens
[Vl]

a N maxillaris[V/2]

Canalisopticus

A. ophthalmicaO t N. ophthalmicus
[V/1]

N, oculomotorius I N. mandibularis
[V/3]
illll a

N abducens
[Vl]a , N trigeminus
[V]

F i g .6 6 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
a f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e o p t i cn e r v e ;
suoeflorvtew. 667
 t Eye Surface 5 k e [ e t o n Eyeti dsL a c r i m aaI p p a n a t u s

Blood yesselsof the orbit

A supraorbitalis

A supratrochlearis

A carotis interna
A dorsalisnasi

A ophthalmica

Aa ciliaresposteriores

A lacrimalis

F i g . 6 6 9 A r t e r i e so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
[ateraIview.

F i g . 6 7 0a , b V a r i a t i o n o
s f t h e o p h t h a t m i ca r t e r y ,A . o p h t h a t m i c a ;
S U p e f l ovr t e w .

V nasofrontalis
N opticustlll V supraorbitalis
\
A carotisinterna

Sinuscavernosus

V ophthalmica
superior

F i g . 6 7 1 V e i n so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
LateraIview.
 M u s c l e so f t h e e y e Eyebal.l. 0 p ti cp a th way Topography

R communicans
cumnervozygomatico

Ganglionciliare

N maxillaris
lvt2l

N zygomaticus

Ganglion
pterygopalatinum

R communicans
cum nervofaciali

F i g . 6 7 2 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
viewedfrom the right.

M rectusmedialis

Cellulaeethmoidales

t
I
{
F i g . 6 7 3 O r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n ;
I s u p e f l o rv r e w .
 ...Eyebatt | 0pticpathw ayI T opogr aphy

M epicranius
a Os trontale
Periorbita
& N frontalis
Supercilia t M levatorpalpebrae
superioris
<-
M orbicularisoculi a
I M, rectussuperior
Fornixconjunctivae
superior

Palpebra
superior a A ophthalmica

Tarsussuperior
Vaginaexternanervioptici
Cornea
& N opticuslll
Cilia

Palpebra
inlerior $ M rectusinferior
Tarsusinferior
Fornixconjunctivae
inferior
Sclera a M obliquusinferior
Septum orbitale
& N infraorbitalis
Corpusadiposum
orbitae
Maxilla Sinusmaxillaris

F i g .6 7 t + 0 r b i t , O r b i t a ;
v e r t i c a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e e y e b a [a[ n d t h e o p t i cn e r v e ;
m e d i a Iv i e w

Os frontale O A supraorbitalis

M levatorpalpebraesuperiorise & N supraorbitalis

l\4 rectussuperiorI a l\4.obliquus

superior

Glandula lacrimalis I M rectusmedialis

M rectuslateralis,
Tendoa Os ethmoidale
Bulbus oculi. Sclera
Meatusnasisuperior
Os zygomaticum

Corpusadiposum
orbitae Cellulaeethmoidales

M rectus inferior C
Concha nasalis media

N zygomaticus
&
Periorbila
(V);A infraorbitalis
o O
Sinus maxillaris
N infraorbitalis
&

Fi9.675Orbit,0rbita;
f r o n t asI e c t i o a
n t t h el e v eoI f t h e p o s t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e e y e b a [ t ;
a n t e r i ovr i e w .

Os frontale $ N frontalis
.', N nasociliaris
M levator palpebrae superioris*
I M obliquussuperior
M rectussuperior0 & N trochlearis
lvl
A ophthalmicaa
f M rectusmedialis
N lacrimalisa
Meatusnasisuperior
ul], B. superiorg
N oculomotorius
Os ethmoidale
V ophthalmica
superiora
N abducens [Vl] 3,
Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectuslateraliso
N opticuslll *
Os zygomaticum
Concha nasalis media
N oculomotorius
illll, R inferior*
6 N infraorbitalis
l\4 rectusinferiorc
(V);A infraorbitalisO a Sinus maxillaris

F i g . 6 7 6 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e m i d d t eo f t h e e x t r a c r a n i a I
c o u r s eo f t h e o p t i cn e r v e ;
a n l e n o rv t e w .
 Os temporale
Ossiculaauditus

Cavitastympani

Labyrinthus
vestibularis

Labyrinthus
cochlearis

Membrana
tympanica

Tubaauditiva

Proc mastoideus

Proc styloideus

Fig.677 Ear,Auris.

Canalessemicirculares

N vestibulocochlearistVllll

Stapes

Cavitastympani

Membrana
tympanica

Tubaauditiva

Fig.678 MiddLe a n d i n n e re a r ,A u r i s m e d i ae t i n t e r n a ;
sectiontrom Fig. 677;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
,:::
'::. t'
> Ear *an
$t4icidL*

Auricle

Helix

Scapha Crura antihelicis

Fossa triangularis Cymba conchae

(Tuberculumauriculare) Crus helicis

Incisuraanterior
Antihelix

Cavitas conchae
Helix

Tragus
Concha auriculae

Cavitas conchae
Helix
Incisuraintertragica

Antitragus

Lobulus auriculae

Fig.679 AuricLe,AuricuLa.

S p i n ah e l i c i s

Os temporale,
Parssquamosa

Incisuraecartilaginismeatus acustici

Os temporale, Pars tympanica

Proc styloideus
Proc mastoideus

F i g .6 8 0 A u r i c u t a rc a r t i l a g eC
, a r t i [ a g oa u r i c u t a r i s
l n n e re a r

M. helicismajor

M. helicis minor

Cauda helicis

F i g .6 8 1 A u r i c u [ a rm u s c t e s M
, m.auriculares.

M obliquus
auriculae
Lig.auriculare
superius

M transversusauriculae

Meatusacusticus
externus

posterius
Lig.auriculare

F i g . 6 8 2 A u r i c u t amr u s c l e sM, m .a u r i c u t a r e s .
 Externalacousticmeatusand tympanicmembrane

Caput mallei Lig malleisuperius

Recessus
epitympanicus Os temporale
Recessus
Pars
epitympanicus, Meatusacusticus
externus
l\il tensor tympani cupularis
Chorda
tympanr Cartilago
auriculae
Parspetrosa
Os temporale,

N cochlearis

Ductuscochlearis
Porusacusticus
externus

M tensor tympani,
Tendo lvleatusacusticusexternus
cartilagineus

Membrana tympanica
Tragi

Bulbussuperior
venaejugularis
Meatusacusticus
externus
Os occipitale

Articulatio
atlantooccipitalis Cartilago
auriculae
Atlas Cellulae mastoideae

F i g .6 8 3 E x t e r n a aI c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,M e a t u sa c u s t i c u se x t e r n u s ;
t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C , a v i t a st y m p a n i a
, n d c o c h L e aC, o c h t e a ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ; \a l,z-
p o s t e r i o vr i e w .

posterior
Plicamallearis

Pars flaccida'
Meatusacusticus
externus,
(Pariesposterio0
Plica mallearis
anterior

Prominentia
mallearis

Pars Stria
tensa mallearis

Anulus
fibrocartilagineus
Umbomembranae
rympanrcae

F i g .6 8 4 T y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e M
, e m b r a n at y m p a n i c a ; F i g .6 8 5 T y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e M
, e m b r a n at y m p a n i c a ;
ninqcnnie imeno. q u a d r a nst c h e m a :
lateraIview. Lateratview.
* C L i n i ctaeLr m :S H R A P N Em
L Le'm
s brane
** TypicaLty occurring reftectionof Iight

I n o r d e rt o o b t a i na c o m p L e toet o s c o p iocv e r v i e w ofthe T h eL o n g edri a m e t eor f t h et y m p a n im c e m b r a n ien t h e

c u t a n e o ussu r f a c o e f t h et y m p a n im c e m b r a n et h, ee x t e r n a I a d u Li ts ' 1 0 - 1 m 1 m ,t h es h o r t edr i a m e t ei sr a p p r o x9 m m
a c o u s t im c e a t u sm u s tb e s t r e t c h ebdy p u L L i nt hgea u r i c t e T h et i g h ts o u r c ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c apLrLoyd u c eas
u p w a r d sa n d p o s t e r i o r [ y . t r i a n g u [ ar re f l e c t i oonf L i g hat t t h e u m b oi n t h e r e g i o n
T of a c i t i t a toer i e n i a t i o nt h, e t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n ei s u s u a L t y o f q u a d r a nl tl
d i v i d e idn t of o u rq u a d r a n tIsl - l V )
I n n e rea r I Pa t h w a ysI T o p o g ra p h y

Caputmallei

Collummallei

F i g .6 8 6 M a l t e u sM, a t l e u s ; Fig.587 Ma[[eus, Matleus;

[ateraLview. a n t e r i ovr i e w .

Caputmallei
(Faciesarticularis)

Crusbreve

Collummallei

Proc. lateralis

Proc lenticularis
Manubrium
mallei

F i g .6 8 8 M a L t e u sM, a t l e u s ; F i g . 6 8 9 I n c u s I, n c u s ;
oosteriorview. lateraIview

(Facies articularis) Corpusincudis

Caputstapedis

Crusposterius
Crusbreve
Crusanterius

Basisstapedis

F i g . 6 9 0 I n c u sI ,n c u s ; Fig.591 Stapes,Stapes;
m e d i avI i e w . supeflor vrew.
 > Ear Over view | Ou terear I M i ddteear

Auditoryossicles

incudomallearis
Articulatio

Caput mallei Corpusincudis

Crusbreve
Proc lateralis

Cruslongum

Proc anterior
Articulatioincudostapedialis

Manubrium mallei Crusposterius

Crusanterius

Basisstapedis

F i g . 6 i 2 A u d i t o r yo s s i c t e sO
, s s i c u Laau d i t u s ;
s u o e r o m e d i avIi e w .

Recessus epitympanicus

Lig mallei laterale Lig incudisposterius

Articulatioincudomallearis

Lig mallei anterius Chordatympani

posterior
A tympanica
M tensor tympani,Tendo

Articulatio
incudostapedialis

Manubrium mallei l\4 stapedius,Tendo

Membrana
stapedialis
Membrana tympanica

Lig anularestapediale

Anulusf ibrocartilagineus

F i g ,6 9 3 J o i n t sa n d l i g a m e n t so f t h e a u d i t o r yo s s i c t e s ,
A r t i c u l a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t ao s s i c u [ o r u m
auditus;
c o v e r e dw i t h m u c o s a ;
suoeromediaIview
Innerear I PathwaysI Topography

-\
4a-'
Lig.malleisuperius Pariestegmentalis,Recessusepitympanicus

Chordatympani;Plicamallearisanterior
Pariestegmentalis,
Parscupularis
Manubrium
mallei
Corpusincudis M. tensortympani,
Tendo
Lig malleilaterale
M tensortympani

Recessusmembranae
tympanicaesuperior Proc.cochlearilormis

Chordatympani
Promontorium

Meatusacusticusexternus
Cavitastympani
Stapes

Umbomembranaetympanicae Canaliscaroticus

Membranatympanica Anulusf ibrocartilagineus

Fig.594 Tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n :
anteriorview.

Pariesmastoideus

Parieslabyrinthicus

Pariesmembranaceus

Fig.595 WatLsof the tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani;

s c h e m af o r o r i e n t a t i o n .
 > Ear Over view | 0u terear I M i ddteear

Tympaniccavity

Antrummastoideum
Cellulae mastoideae
Fenestra
vestibuli

Canalis nervi facialis

Proc cochleariformis

lmpressio
trigeminalis

Ostium tympanicum
tubae auditivae

Canalis caroticus

Fossulafenestrae
vestibuli
Promontorium

Canalis nervi facialis Sulcuspromontorii

Fossulafenestraecochleae
Foramen
stylomastoideum Fenestra cochleae
Parieslabyrinthicus promontorii
Subiculum

F i g .6 9 6 M e d i a L w a t P t , a r i e sL a b y r i n t h i c uosf,t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y ,
C a v i t a st y m p a n i ;
a f t e rr e m o v a o I f the [ateraw L a t [a n dt h e a d j a c e np t a r t so f t h e
a n t e r i o ra n d s u p e r i o rw a t L ,
t h e f a c i a Lc a n a Ia n d t h e c a r o t i dc a n a Ih a v eb e e no p e n e d ;
anteroLateratview.

Prominentiacanalis semicircularislateralis
Antrummastoideum
Eminentia pyramidalis
Prominentiacanalis nervi facialis
Fenestra
vestibuli
Canalis nervi facialis
Proc cochleariformis
Semicanalismusculi
tensoristympani
lmpressio
trigeminalis
Cellulae Canaliscaroticus
mastoideae
Septumcanalis
Paries musculotubarii
mastoideus
Ostiumtympanicum
tubaeauditivae
Fossaincudis
Sulcuspromontorii
Sinusposterior
Promontorium
Meatusacusticus Cellulaetympanicae
exlernus
Fossulafenestrae cochleae
Sinus tympani
Sulcustympanicus
promontorii
Subiculum
Proc styloideus
Proc mastoideus

Fig.697 MediaLwatP
l . ,a r i e sL a b y r i n t h i c uosf,t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y ,
f- rrri+:c +rrmnrni.

v e r t i c a sI e c t i o na L o n gt h e [ o n g i t u d i n aaIx i so f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f
t h e t e m p o r a bI o n e :
a n t e r o L a t e rvaiIe w
l nnere a r I P a t h w a ysI T o p o g ra p h y

Tympanic

Plica mallearisanterior

Proc Recessus
epitympanicus

M tensor tympani
Caputmallei

Lig malleisuperius

Lig incudissuperius

Corpusincudis
Septumcanalis
musculotubarii
Chordatympani

Tubaauditiva Incus,Crusbreve

Ostiumtympanicum Lig incudisposterius

tubaeauditivae
Fossaincudis
Canaliscaroticus
Incus,Cruslongum
Anulusf ibrocartilagineus
posterior
Plicamallearis
M a n u b r i u mm a l l e i N facialis [Vll]

lvlembrana
tympanica Proc lenticularis

F i g ,6 9 8 L a t e r a Iw a | . tP , a r i e sm e m b r a n a c e u so,f
t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C
, a v i t a st y m p a n i ;
m e d i a Iv i e w .

l\4alleus,Proc lateralis Incisura

tympanica

Spinatympanica
minor
C o l l u mm a l l e i

major
Spinatympanica

Plica mallearisanterior;Chorda tympani

M tensortympani,Tendo

Plica mallearisposterior;
Chorda tympani mallei
Manubrium

M tensortympani

pyramidalis
Eminentia
Stapes

Incus,Cruslongum Incus.Proc,lenticularis

Fossulafenestrae cochleae Promontorium

M stapedius,
Tendo Anulus{ibrocartilagineus

F i g .6 9 9 T y m p a n i c a v i t y C, a v i t a st y m p a n i ;
L f t h e t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e ;
a f t e rr e m o v ao
[ateraLview.
 > Ear 0ver view | 0uterear I M i ddteear

Auditorytube

Os palatinum,Lamina
horizonlalis

Os sphenoidale, Laminamedialis\
Ala major, I Os sphenoidale,
Facies temporalis I Proc.otervooideus
Laminalateralis./

Lamina lateralis )
L Cartilago
.. .. I tubae auditivae
- Lamtna meorails
/

Os temporale,
Parspetrosa

Condylus
occipitalis

F i g .7 0 0 C a r t i t a g eo f t h e a u d i t o r yt u b e ,C a r t i l a g ot u b a ea u d i t i v a e ;
e x p o s e da t t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ L ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .

M uvulae

M tensor veli palatini

Aponeurosispalatina

pterygoideus

Proc pterygoideus,
Hamuluspterygoideus

Foramenlacerum

M tensor veli palatini Foramen ovale

M tensor veli palatini,Origo

Lamina lateralis\
M levatorveli palatini I Cartilaoo tubae
I auditivie
Lamina medialis,

Fossamandibularis

Cartilago tubae auditivae Semicanalistubae auditivae

M. levator veli palatini,Origo

Canaliscaroticus.Aoerturaexterna

F i g ,7 0 1 L e v a t o ra n d t e n s o rv e l i p a l a t i n m i usctes,
M m l e v a t o re t t e n s o rv e L p i a L a t i nai ,n d t h e c a r t i l a g e
o f t h e a u d i t o r yt u b e ,C a r t i t a g ot u b a ea u d i t i v a e .
In nerea r I Pa t h w a ysI T o p o g ra p h y

(Tendocentralis)

Duramatercranialis

M tensortympani

M tensortympani,
Fascia

Parsosseatubae
auditivae

Tubaauditiva Tunicamucosa

Cellulaepneumaticae

F i g . 7 0 2 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e o s s e o u sp a r t :
[ateraIview.

lmpressio
trigeminalis
Duramatercranialis
Duramatercranialis Ganglion trigeminale
A carotisinterna
Cartilago tubae auditivae,
Lamina lateralis
Faciesposterior
partispetrosae
Plexus
venosus
foraminis
Os temporale, ovalrs
Parspetrosa
N. mandibularis
Fissura lv/31
spnenopetrosa
Foramen
ovate

Tubaauditiva

M. tensor veli
palatini
Plexusvenosus
carottcus Tubaauditiva,
internus Parscartilaginea,
Laminamembranacea
M tensor pharyngeus
velipalatini Recessus M levatorveli palatini

M levatorveli palatini
Lamina medialis

F i g . 7 0 3 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a ; F i g . 7 O 4 A u d i t o rtyu b e T , u b aa u d i t i v a ;
cross-sectionat the levetof the lateraIasoect c r o s s - s e c t iaotnt h el e v eoLf t h em e d i aaI s p e c t
o f t h e c a r t i [ a g i n o upsa r t ; o f t h ec a r t i t a g i n opuas r t ;
lateraIview. lateraIview.
 Ear Over view | Outerear ear
I M i ddl .e

BonyIabyrinth

Cochlea

N cochlearis

N vestibularis Canalissemicircularis
lateralis

N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
Canalissemicircularis
posterior

Porusacusticus
internus

F i g . 7 0 5 I n n e re a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a a , n dv e s t i b u L o c o c h Ln
eear v e ,
N v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ;
c a s ts p e c i m e np r o j e c t e do n t ot h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e
i l t u s t r a t i n gi t s n a t u r a Lp o s i t i o n ;
s u p e n o rv t e w

Foramenrotundum

A carotisinterna,
Parscavernosa

Foramen
ovale
Foramenlacerum

Foramen
spinosum

N petrosusmajor
Synchondrosis
sphenopetrosa
Cochlea

Porusacusticus
internus
N facialis[Vll],
Gangliongeniculi
N facialis[Vll]

Ductussemicircularis
anterior
I N. cochlearis
N. vestibulo-J
cochlearis
[Vlll] I Ductussemicircularis
lateralis
lN. vestibularis

jugulare
Foramen Sulcussinussigmoidei

posterior
Ductussemicircularis

F i g . 7 0 6 I n n e re a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a w , i t h t h e f a c i a In e r v e ,N . f a c i a L i[sV l l ] ,
a n d t h e v e s t i b u L o c o c h [ enaerr v e ,N . v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ;
p r o j e c t e do n t ot h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e ;
SUDCTIOV
TIEW
 .::

Bonylabyrinth

Cellulaetympanicae
Canalis nervi facialis

Canalis semicircularis
anterior

Canalis semicircularis
Foramenovale lateralis

Crus osseum commune

Apexpartispetrosae
Canalis semicircularis
Meatusacusticus posterior
internus
Aqueductusvestibuli

Synchondrosis
petrooccipitalis S u l c u ss i n u ss i g m o i d e i
Sulcussinuspetrosi
inlerioris
Foramen jugulare

Semicanalistubae
Synchondrosis auditivae
sphenopetrosa
Cavitas tympani
Sulcusnervipetrosi
maJofls
Cochlea
Foramenlacerum
Canalis nervi tacialis
Canaliscaroticus
Canalis semicircularis
lateralis
Synchondrosis
spnenopetrosa
Fenestravestibuli

Apexpartispetrosae

Meatusacusticus Canalis semicircularis

internus anterior

F i g . 7 0 7 a ,b B o n y[ a b y r i n t hL, a b y r i n t h u o ssseus;
h o t l o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e
a P o s t e r i o r - s u p e r i vo ire w
b S u p e r i o rv i e w
* 0 p e n i nogf t h ep o s t e r i ocra n a L i c u L u s

Canalisspiralis
modioli Area nervi facialis
Tractusspiralisforaminosus
Scala vestibuli Areavestibularis
Cupula cochleae supeflor
Crista
Lamina Lamtna transversa
modioli spiralls
secunoana
Modiolus
Lamtna
cocnteae Area
spiralis
ossea vestibularis
Canalis inferior
spiralis
cochleae
Scala
tympani
Canalis
longitudinalis Foramen
modioli srngulare
Tractusspiralis
Fundusmeatus foraminosus
acusticiinterni Meatus Area cochlearis
acusticus Meatusacusticus Fundusmeatus
Internus internus acusticiinterni

F i g . 7 0 8 S p i r a cI a n a Io f t h e c o c h t e aC
, a n a L issp i r a t i s F i g . 7 0 9 I n t e r n a I a c o u s t im c e a t u s ,M e a t u s
c o c nL e a e ; a c u s t i c u si n t e r n u sa, n d f u n d u so f t h e i n t e r n a I
o p e n e da l o n gt h e a x i so f t h e m o d i o l u s ; a c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,F u n d u sm e a t u sa c u s t i c i n t e r n i ;
s u p e f l o rv r e w Lf t h e p o s t e r i ow
a f t e r p a r t i a Lr e m o v a o r a[t;
mediaLview.
 Canalis semicircularisanterior
Ampullaosseaanterior

Crusosseumcommune
Maculacribrosasuperior

Cristatransversa Crusosseumsimplex

posterior
Canalissemicircularis

Area cochlearis
Iateralis
Canalissemicircularis

Ampullaosseaposterior
Cochlea Vestibulum
labyrinthi

Macula cribrosa media Fenestra cochleae

F i g . 7 1 O B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o ssseus;
t h e o s s e o u s[ i n i n go f t h e m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hh a s b e e n
h o l l o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a lb o n e ;
o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m p o s t e r i o r .

anterior
Canalissemicircularis

Ampullaosseaanterior
Crusosseumcommune
Ampullaossealateralis

Cupulacochleae
Canalissemicircularis
lateralis
labyrinthi
Vestibulum
Canalissemicircularis
posterior

Ampullaosseaposterior Basis cochleae

Fenestra cochleae vestibuli

Fenestra

F i g . 7 1 1 B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o ssseus;
t h e o s s e o u sL i n i n go f t h e m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hh a s b e e n
h o l t o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Lb o n e ;
[ateraLview.

Fenestravestibuli
Cristavestibuli sphencus
Lamina spiralisossea

Recessus
ellipticus Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani

L a m i n am o d i o l i

Macula cribrosa media

Hamuluslaminae
spiralis

Laminaspiralisossea
Ampullaosseaposterior
Lamina sDiralissecundaria
Recessus
cochlearis
Fossulafenestraecochleae Crista fenestrae cochleae

F i g . 7 1 2 B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o
s sseus;
c a v i t i e sh a v eb e e nh o t l o w e do u t :
antero[ateraLview.
 Membranous
labvrinth

Nn ampullareslateraliset anterior Utriculus Ductussemicircularis

anterior Ampulla
membranacea
anterior
N utricularis

Ampulla
membranacea
lateralis
N saccularis

Crus
membranaceum
commune
N utriculo-
ampullaris
Ductus
semicircularis

D uc t u s
cochlearis Ductus
endolymphaticus

N cochlearis Ductus
semicircularis
lateralis

N vestibularis
Crus
membranaceum
srmplex

ampullaris Ampulla
posterior memoranacea

Ductus cochlearis
vestibularis
Sacculus

F i g . 7 1 3 V e s t i b u l o c o c h L enaerr v e ,N v e s t i b u L o c o c h L e a
[ Vr ilsl l ] ,a n d m e m b r a n o u sL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u m
s embranaceus;
s e m i - s c h e m a t ioc v e r v i e w .
p o s t e r i o vr i e w

Ductusendolymphaticus Saccus endolymphaticus Parspetrosa,

Os temporale,
Faciesposterior
partispetrosae
Dura mater .-.................-
cranialis

Utriculus

Crus
membranaceum
Sacculus commune
vestibularis

Cupula
cocnleae Caecum
vestibulare

Caecum
cupuIare Ductus
semicircularis
lateralis
Ductus
cochlearis

Canalis
Scala semicircularis
vestibuli

Ductus
reuntens
Ductus
semicircularis
postenor
Scala tympani

Canaliculuscochleae Fenestravestibuli Ampulla membranacea

posterior

F i g . 7 1 1 M e m b r a n o u sL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h um
sembranaceus;
overvtew
 > Ear Middtear

Cochlea

Laminaspiralisossea
Caecumvestibulare
Ductusreuniens
Cupulacochleae
Cavitastympani
anterioret
Nn.ampullares
lateralis
Scala tympani

Ductussemicircularis
lateralis

Canalissemicircularis
lateralis

Ductuscochlearis
Ampullamembranacea
lateralis

N utricularis

Amoullamembranacea
antenor
N saccularis
Utriculus
posterior
N ampullaris
Canalissemicircularis
anterior
Sacculus
vestibularis

anterior
Ductussemicircularis

F i g .7 1 5 V e s t i b u t o c o c h l enaer r v e ,N . v e s t i b u l o c o c h L e a[rVi sl l l ] ,
a n d m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hL, a b y r i n t h u sm e m b r a n a c e u s ;
s u p e n o rv r e w .

Ductuscochlearis Scalavestibuli

Ductuscochlearis, Ductuscochlearis,
Pariesexternus Pariesvestibularis**

Striavascularis Membrana
tectoria

Organumspirale*,
Membrana
reticularis Sulcusspiralisinternus

Prominentia
spiralis Labiumlimbivestibulare

Sulcusspiralisexternus Laminaspiralisossea

Cristabasilaris (R.nervicochlearis)

Ductuscochlearis, Ganglion
spiralecochleae
Pariestympanicus

Laminabasilaris
Limbusspiralis

Labiumlimbitympanicum

Scalatympani

F i g . 7 1 6 C o c h l e aC,o c h l e a
w,i t ht h es p i r a I o r g a n ,
Organum spira[e.
* C [ i n i c a tLe r m : o r g a n o f c 0 R T l
+ * C [ i n i c atle r m : R E | S S N E R m' es m b r a n e
 Ductussemicircularis
anterior

N ampullaris
anterior

N amDullaris
lateralis

Ductussemicircularis N utricularis
lateralis
N. vestibularis

Ganglionvestibulare

N saccularis

Ductus
semicircularis
posterior

Ductus
cochlearis

Cupulaampullaris

N ampullaris

* Sensory
ce[[s
*+Supporting
ceLts

Restingstate R o t a t i o no f t h e h e a dt o t h e r i g h t s i d e S t o po f r o t a t i o n

F i g . 7 1 7a - d E q u i t i b r i u m o r g a n ;L a b y r i n t h uvse s t i b u l a r i s . t h ea m p u l t a rcyr e s tC
c C r o s s - s e c t itohnr o u g h , r i s t aa m p u [ a r i s
a A n t e r i o rv i e w d F u n c t i oonf t h ec u p u l ao f t h el a t e r asI e m i c i r c u l a
d ru c t ,
b H i g h e rm a g n i ifc a t i o no f t h e a r e ai n d i c a t e di n a : t h e a n t e r i o r D u c t u s e m i c i r c u [ a lrai st e r a t i sd,u r i n gr o t a t i o on f t h eh e a d
p a r t o f t h e p o s t e r i o rm e m b r a n o u sa m p u t l a A , mpulta
membranacea p o s t e r i o rh, a s b e e no p e n e d .
 Middte

.1
lo
o

:;::
'..:.ii
N cochlearis

Corpus geniculatummediale

inferior
Colliculus

Nucleuslemniscilateralis

Nucleicochleares

Nuclei olivares
Nucleus corporistrapezoidei
Fig.718 Hearing.
P r i m a r yn u c t e i :p u r p t e ;r e m a i n i n gn u c t e i :
Drown.
T h e c h a i no f t h e a u d i t o r yo s s i c t e sa m p I i if e s
t h e a m p t i t u d eo f t h e s o u n dw a v e sp h y s i c a [ L y

Nuclei nervi oculomotorii

Nucleus nervi trochlearis

Fasciculuslongitudinalis
medialis

Nucleus nervi abducentis

Nucleivestibulares

Nucleusgracilis F i g . 7 1 9 C o n t r o lo f e q u i t i b r i u ma n d
s t a b i t i s a t i oonf t h e v i s u a If i e t d .
Nucleuscuneatus A f f e r e n tf i b r e so r i g i n a t ei n t h e m u s c L e o
sf
t h e e y e ,t h e e q u i L i b r i uomr g a na n dt h e
muscLeo s f t h e n e c k ;e f f e r e n ft i b r e s
(Nucleus
centralis
columnaeposterioris) m o d u l a t et h e m u s c l e so f t h e e y ea n d t h e
b o d yT . h ec e r e b e L t u m p l a y sa p r e d o m i n a n t
(Nucleicornusanterioris
musculorum colli) r o t ei n t h i s c o o r d i n a t i o n .
 Auditoryand equilibriumpathway

Auditorypathway
Colliculus n e u r o nB: i p o L acre I L isn t h e s p i r a cI o c h [ e a r
inferior
g a n g t i o nA. f t e re x i t i n gt h e s m a t [a p e r t u r e s
--'-- o f t h e f o r a m i n o ussp i r a Lt r a c t w i t h i nt h e
n""'"?,oil,Yi
mediale
i n t e r n aaI c o u s t im c e a t u st,h ef i b r e sf o r mt h e
c o c h l e anr e r v ea n du n i t ew i t ht h ev e s t i b u L a r
n e r v ea t t h e f t o o r o f t h e i n t e r n a L acoustic
m e a t u st o f o r mt h ev e s t i b u t o c o c h Lneearrv e
[ V l l l ] .F i b r e sf r o m t h e b a s a Ic o c h l e a pr a r t s
t r a v e r s et o t h e o o s t e r i ocr o c h t e a nr u c L e u s
a n d t h o s ef r o m t h e a p i c a Lp a r t st e r m i n a t e
Lemniscus
lateralis i n t h ea n t e r i ocr o c h L e a n ru c L e u s
N vestibulo- n e u r o n :M u t t i - p o L a g ra n g L i ocne L Los f t h e
cochlearis
[Vlll], c o c h l e anr u c t e iT h ef i b r e sf r o mt h ea n t e r i o r
N cochlearis
c o c h t e a rn u c l e u sp a s s m a i n t yw i t h i n t h e
Nucleus
t r a p e z o ibdo d yt o t h eo p p o s i tsei d ea n df o r m
posterior
cochlearis t h e L a t e r aLIe m n i c u w s ,h i c hp r o v i d eas c o n -
nection t o t h e i n f e r i ocr o L L i c u t A
u sf e wf i b r e s
j o i nt h e [ a t e r aLI e m n i s c uosf t h e s a m es i d e
Nucleuscochlearis
anterior
Ganglion
spirale T h ea x o n so f t h e p o s t e r i ocro c h L e anru c t e u s
Nucleuscorporis
cocnteae c r o s ss u p e r f i c i a LtLoyt h e r h o m b o i df o s s a
trapezoidei
a n d e n t e r t h e [ a t e r a LL e m n i s c uosf t h e
Labyrinthus
cochlearis
o p p o s i tsei d e .
3 . o r 4 n e u r o n :F r o m t h e i n f e r i o rc o t [ i c u [ u s
c o n n e c t i o na sr em a d ew i t ht h em e d i aqI e n i c -
ul a t eb o d y
o r 5 n e u r o nT: h e a c o u s t i cr a d i a t i o cn o n -
n e c t s t h e m e d i a Lg e n i c u L a t b eody to
pathwav;
Auditorv H E S C H L ' st r a n s v e r s e q v r u s a n d w i t h
5i?;lil,, W E R N I C KcEe' sn t r ei n t h e i e m o o r aLt o b e

pathway
Equitibrium
Thalamus -=\
1 n e u r o nB: i p o L acre L t isn t h ev e s t i b u Lgaar n -
g L i o nT. h e i rn e u r i t e sp a s st h e i n f e r i oar n d
s u p e r i ovr e s t i b u l aarr e a st o f o r mt h ev e s t i b -
u t a r n e r v ea t t h e f l o o r o f t h e i n t e r n a L
a c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,w h i c h t o g e t h e rw i t h t h e
c o c h L e anr e r v et h e n f o r m s t h e v e s t i b u L o -
c o c h L e anre r v e[ V l l l ]T h e s ef i b r e st e r m i n a t e
a t t h e v e s t i b u t anru c L ei ni t h e l a t e r aaLn g l e Nucleus (Tractus
o f t h e f L o oor f t h e r h o m b o i df o s s a nervioculomotorii vestibulothalamicus)
Nucleus
2 a n ds u b s e q u e n et u r o n sF:i b r e os r i g i n a t i n g neruitrochlearis
Fasciculus
longitudinalis
i n t h e L a t e r avLe s t i b u L a r
n u c L e ulsO f t f f n S ' medialis
n u c l e u stlr a v e r s ew i t h i nt h e [ a t e r a L v e s t i b -
u L o s p i n a L t rtaoct ht ea n t e r i ocro l u m no f t h e Ganglion
Nucleusvestibularis vestibulare
s p i n acI o r d . supenor
F i b r e so r i g i n a t i ni ngt h es u p e r i ovre s t i b u t a r
n u c l e u s{ n u c l e uosf B E C H T E R Et hWe)m, e d i a L Nucleusvestibularis
's lateralis
v e s t i b u t anru c l e u sI S C H w n f s f n u c t e u sa] s
w e L La s t h e i n f e r i o rv e s t i b u L anru c L e u s Nucleus
{ R o L L EsR n u c L e u st}r a v e r s et o t h e c e r e - vestibularisinferior
betLum a n d c o n n e ctto t h e m o t o rn u c [ eoi f Nucleus Labyrinthus
neruiabducentis vestibularis
t h e c r a n i anLe r v e sl l l , l V a n dV l , m o s t l yv i a
t h e m e d i aLt o n g i t u d i nf aasLc i c u L u s Nucleus N vestibulo-
T h em e d i a L v e s t i b untuacr L e uasn dt h e i n f e - vestibularismedialis cochlearis
[Vlll],
N vestibularis
r i o rv e s t i b u L n
aur c l e u s e n df i b r e sa t o n gt h e Nucleus cuneatus
m e d i a L v e s t i b u l o s pt ri na ac Itt o t h e a n t e r i o r
c o L u monf t h es p i n acI o r d

Fig.721 Equil.ibriumpathway;
OVETVIEW.
+ C o n n e c t i o n st o t h e c e r e b e l t u m
 Midd[e

Nervesin thepetrouspart of the temporalbone

Chorda tympani

N tympanicus
Plexustympanicus
(Plexuscaroticus
N caroticotympanicus internus)
N facialis[Vll]
N petrosusmajor
N petrosus
minor

Ganglion inferius(lX)

A carotisinterna

posterior
N auricularis (N facialis) N. glossopharyngeus
flXl
(N vagus)
R auricularis N vagus [X]
N facialis[Vll] Chordatympani

Fig.722 FaciaL n e r v e ,N . f a c i a l . i[sV l l ] ;

g t o s s o p h a r y n g enaeI r v e ,N . g L o s s o p h a r y n g eIul Xs l;
a n d v a g u sn e r v e ,N . v a g u s[ X l ;
t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a lb o n eh a s b e e np a r t t ys e c t i o n e d ;
t h e n e r v e sa r e i t t u s t r a t e d
transLucentLv:
a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Crurastapedis M tensortympani,Tendo N facialis[Vll], Proc cochleariformis

Geniculum

N petrosusmajor

Ductus semicircularislateralis
I\4 tensortympani

Canalis semicircularis
lateralis Semicanalismusculi
tensoristympani

Septum canalis
Membrana stapedialis musculotubarii

Semicanalistubae auditivae
Eminentiapyramidalis

Promontorium
l\4 stapedius,Tendo

N tympanicus
Caputstapedis

Cavitastympani
N facialis[Vll]

Sinustympani
Canalis nervi facialis

Fig.723 FaciaL n e r v e ,N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] ,a n d t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C
, a v i t a st y m p a n i ;
v e r t i c a sL e c t i o na t o n gt h e [ o n g i t u d i n aatx i so f t h e
p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e ;
t h e f a c i a cL a n a Ih a sb e e no p e n e d :
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
 N maxillaris[V/21a

N, petrosus
majoro a N mandibularis
[V/3]

N ,o p h t h a l m i c[uVs/ 1 ] a Chordatympani
Malleus
Ganglion geniculi a

Ganglion
trigeminale
a
N oculomotorius
llll a
A carotisinternaO

N. trigeminus
[V] O

N.tacialis[Vll]o

N abducens[Vllo

N. vestibulocochlearis
[Vlll]a

Stapes
N glossopharyngeus
IXl o

N. vagus[X] o Proc.mastoideus
a R. digastricus
N. accessorius[Xl] a
o M stylohyoideus
Sinustransversusa Canalis o R stylohyoideus
nervl
facialis O M. digastricus,Venterposterior

Foramenstylomastoideum

N facialis[Vll] a

Fig.72l. FaciaInerve,N. faciatis[Vll],within the petrous

p a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a [b o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t eP, a r sp e t r o s a ;
t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n ea s w e [ [ a s t h e f a c i a l
c a n a Ia n d t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t yh a v eb e e np a r t i a l t yo p e n e d ;
oosteriorview.

Canaliculi
semicirculares

Cochlea

Sinustransversus
N lacialis [VllJ

Sinussigmoideus

V jugularis
interna

Fig.725 Lateral projectionof the inner ear.

 > Ear

Petrouspart of thetemporalbone,imaging

Cochlea Apexpartispetrosae Tubaauditiva Apexpartispetrosae

Cavitastympani;Ossicula
auditus Cochlea Fissura
Os occipitale, pekooccipitalis
Porusacusticus
externus Clivus Caputmandibulae

Cellulae mastoideae Porusacusticus

internus Cellulae mastoideae Os occipitale,
Clivus
Canalissemicircularis
lateralis Canalissemicircularis
Dosterior Cavitastympani; Porusacusticus
internus
Ossiculaauditus
posterior
Canalissemicircularis

F i g . 7 2 6a , b P e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e ,
0 s t e m p o r a [ eP , a r sp e t r o s a ;
h i g h - r e s o l u t i ocno m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n sI H R C T ) ;
inferiorview.
a T h r o u g ht h e l a t e r a ls e m i c i r c u L acra n a t ,
C a n a [ i ss e m i c i r c u t a r iLsa t e r a t i s
b I n f e r i o rt o t h e [ a t e r a Is e m i c r r c u [ acra n a t ,
C a n a l i ss e m i c i r c u [ a r ilsa t e r a I i s

F i g . 7 2 7a , b E a r ,A u r i s ;
h i g h - r e s o t u t i ocno m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cf r o n t a ls e c t i o n sI H R C T J ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
a T h r o u g ht h e b a s eo f t h e c o c h l e a
b T h r o u q ht h e e x t e r n a a I c o u s t i cm e a t u s
 lndex

tnoex
ll

T h e n u m b e r sr e f e r t o t h e p a g en u m b e r s
T h e n u m b e r sw i t h , T " r e f e rt o t h e n u m b e r so f t h e t a b l e si n t h e s e p a r a t eb o o k l e te n c t o s e di n V o [ u m e1

A AnuLus Arcuspalmaris Arteria[-ae]

- f i b r o c a r t i t a g i n e u3s8 2 ,3 8 4 - 3 8 5 , - - s u p e r f i c i a t i2s2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 L 4 , - c e r v i c a l i sa s c e n d e n s1 4 5 - 1 4 7 ,
A b d o m e n2 , 6 387 250 152,154-155,344
A b d u c t i o[ A r t l c u [ a t i o
coxael10 - i r i d i sm a j o r 3 6 4 - 3 6 5 - s u p e r c i l i a r i s4 8 - - profunda 152-153
A - c e [ [ s9 - - minor364-365 - v e n o s u jsu g u t a r i s1 1 8 ,1 3 6 ,1 4 3 , - - s u p e r f i c i a [ i s1 4 5 - 1 4 7 , 1 5 2
A c h i t t e st e n d o nr e f l e x 3 4 6 - t e n d i n e u cs o m m u n i s3 5 8 , 14 8 , 2 2 9 - c h o r o i d eaan t e r i o r3 1 8 - 3 ' 1 9 ,
A c r o m i o c l a v i c u Lj a o ri n t s A r t i c u - 360-361,369,T57 - v e r t e b r a e3 4 2 321,370
L a t i oa c r o m i o c l a v i c u L a r i s - t y m p a n i c u s4 6 - 4 7 - z y g o m a t i c u s3 3 , 4 2 - 4 3 ,5 3 , 6 4 , - c i [ i a r i s { - e s3
] 70,374
A c r o m i o n 1 2 0 ,16 0 ,16 2 - 16 5 , Anus 14 7 2 - 7 3 , 8 3 , 9 1, 1 0 0 ,1 3 7 - - anterior363
179-184,226 Aorta 149 Area{-ael - - p o s t e r i o r ( - e s3l 7 6
A D A M K I E W IA CrZt e, r yo f 3 4 4 - a b d o m i n a t si s P a r sa b d o m i n a t i s - c o c h l e a r i s3 9 1 - 3 9 2 ---breves363
A d d u c t i o[ A r t i c u [ a t i o
coxael10 a or t ae - h y p o t h a t a m i claa t e r a t i s2 9 5 ---tonga363
A d e n o h y p o p h y s i2s7 9 ,2 9 5 - a s c e n d e nss P a r sa s c e n d e n s - n e r v if a c i a l i s3 9 1 - c i r c u m f l e x ah u m e r ia n t e r i o r
A d h e s i oi n t e r t h al a m i c a 2 76 , aortae - p o s t r e m a2 9 9 223,227,232
295-296, 302,311, 317, 320,328, - d e s c e n d e n s P a r sd e s c e n d e n s - p r e t e c t a t i s3 7 0 - - - p o s t e r i o r2 2 3 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 9 ,
334,337 a or t a e - striata 370 231-232,235
Aditus - t h o r a c i c as P a r st h o r a c i c a - subcatlosa 295,318,326, - - i t i u mp r o f u n d a1 9
- L a r y n g i s1 0 4 ,1 3 0 aortae 334-335 - - s c a p u l a e2 2 7 , 2 3 5
- o r b i t a L i 3s 5 4 Apertu ra - v e s t i b u t a r i s2 9 9 - c o l i c ad e x t r a 1 9
A e q u a t o r3 6 2 , 3 6 6 - c a n a I i c uv[ ie s t i b u I5i 9 - - i n f e r i o r3 9 1 - - m e d i a1 9
Ata - e x t e r n ac a n a l i c u tci o c h l e a e5 9 - - s u p e r i o r3 9 1 - - s i n i s t r a1 9
- c r i s t a eg a [ [ i 4 0 - - c a n a l i sc a r o t i c i4 3 , 2 6 4 , 3 8 8 A r m , m u s c t e s1 8 5 - 1 9 1T, 2 9 - T 3 0 - c o l l a t e r a t i sm e d i a 2 2 3
- [ o b u t ic e n t r a L i s3 0 3 - 3 0 4 - i n t e r n ac a n a [ i sc a r o t i c 4i 1 ,2 6 5 A r t e r i a( - a eI - - r a d i a l i s2 2 3 , 2 3 4 - 2 3 5 ,
- m a j o r 3 1 r4, 2 ,4 6 , 5 3 - 5 7 ,6 6 ,3 5 3 , - L a t e r a t i s2 9 8 - 2 9 9 3, 1 0 - 3 11 , 3 3 7 - a t v e o [ a r i isn f e r i o r 6 9 , 71 , ,8 2 - 8 4 , 238-241
3 5 8 ,3 6 1, 3 7 7, 3 8 8 - m e d i a n a2 7 6 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 23 ,1 0 - 3 11 , 1 0 9, 1 1 1 ,1 1 6 - 1 1 7 ,258 - - u t n a r i si n f e r i o r 2 2 3 , 2 3 3 - 2 3 5 ,
- m i n o r 3 4 ,4 0 ,5 4 - 5 7 , 3 5 3 337 - - s u p e r i o rp o s t e r i o r7 4 ,8 3 238-241
- nasi 86 - p i r i f o r m i s3 3 , 4 6 , 5 2 - a n g u t a r i s74 , 8 0 ,8 2 - 8 / . ,2 5 8 ---superior223,233,
- o s s i si t i u m 3 4 0 - s i n u sf r o n t a L i 5s 1 - a u r i c u L a r pi so s t e r i o r1 9 ,7 4 , 238-240,253
- v o m e r i s5 0 ,1 3 6 - - cnhonnirl:li< q1 6A 82-84,142,145,258 - c o m i t a n sn e r v im e d i a n i2 2 3 , 2 3 9
A l v e oI u s [ -i i - t h o r a c i s u p e r i o r1 4 9 - - p r o f u n d a8 3 - c o m m u n i c a nasn t e r i o r2 7 8 ,
- d e n t a t e s5 5 ,1 0 6 Apex - a x i t t a r i s1 8 ,1 1 8 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 7 1 , 52, 318-320,326,336
- h i p p o c a m p i3 1 4 - 3 1 5 3 , 28-329, - l C o r n up o s t e r i u s3) 4 5 214, 223,226,228, 232-233 - - p o s t e r i o r2 5 9 , 2 7 8 , 3 1 8 - 3 1 9 ,
334-335 - c u s p i d i s9 4 - basiLaris258-259,276, 278, 283, 327,336-338
AmicuLum oLivare 309 - L i n g u a e1 0 3 ,1 0 7 - 1 0 8 2 94 - 2 9 5 ,3 0 2 ,3 18 - 3 2 0 ,3 2 4 ,3 2 7 , - c o n j u n c t i v a l iasn t e r i o r 3 6 3
Ampul[a - p a r t i sp e t r o s a e5 9 , 2 7 8 - 2 7 9 , 337,3/.4 - c o r o n a r i a e1 9
- c a n a L i c uLtai c r i m a t i3s5 7 3 9 1 ,4 0 0 ,T 5 7 - b r a c h i a t i s1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 2 3 ,2 2 7 - d i g i t a t e sd o r s a L e s2 4 6 ,2 5 0
- membranaceanterior393-395 - r a d i c i sd e n t i s9 4 232- 235, 238-240, 252-254 - - p a t m a r e sc o m m u n e s 2 2 3 ,
- - l a t e r a t i s3 9 3 - 3 9 4 Aponeurosrs - - s u p e r f i c i a l i s2 3 7 242-244,250,257
- - p o s t e r i o r3 9 3 , 3 9 5 - d o r s a t i s3 1 ,2 4 9 - b u c c a t i s74 , 8 2 - g L ,2 5 8 - - - p r o p r i a e2 2 3 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 6 ,
- o s s e aa n t e r i o r 3 9 2 - [ i n g u a e1 0 4 - c a t t o s o m a r g i n a L2i s5 9 ,2 8 1 , 2 9 4 , 250,257
- - [ a t e r a t i s3 9 2 - m u s c u t bi i c i p i t i bs r a c h i i1 7 8 , 326,331-334 - d o r s a t i sn a s i 8 5 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 6
- - p o s t e r i o r3 9 2 18 9 - 19 0 , 1 9 4 , 2 0 4 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 82,4 0 - c a r o t i sc o m m u n i s1 8 - 1 9 , 2 7 , - - p e d i s1 8
A n g ut u s ( - i J - p a L a t i n a3 8 8 7 3 - 7L , 7 7, 8 4 , 1 1 5 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 1 , - e p i g a s t r i ci an f e r i o r1 9
- a c r o m i i1 6 0 - palmaris 178,206, 243,249-250 133- 134,1L0-1 41, 144-155,228, - e p i s c l e r a t i s3 6 3
- i n f e r i o r1 6 0 ,1 8 3 A p p a r a t u sl a c r i m a l i s3 5 7 258-259, 271-27 2 - e t h m o i d a l iasn t e r i o r4 1 ,2 6 5 ,
- i r r d o c o r n e a t i3 s 6 2 ,3 6 4 A p p e n d i xv e r m i f o r m i s 14 , 16 - 1 7 - - e x t e r n a1 8 - 1 9 , 7 4 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 8 5 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 4 - 367
- L a t e r a t i s1 6 0 A q u e d u c to f S Y L V T sU S Aqueductus 115 , 1 3 4 ,14 0 ,14 4 - 1 4 7 1 , 51, - - posterior 374-376
- m a n d i b u l a e4 5 , 6 0 - 6 2 ,6 7 mesencephali 258-259 - f a c i a [ i s 1 9 , 6 8 ,74 , 8 1 - 8 5 ,
- o c u L[ia t e r a L i3s 5 2 , 3 5 5 A qu e du c t u s - - i n t e r n a1 8 - 1 9 , 1 , 1 , 4 3 , 6 7 , 6 9 , 1 0 9 - 11 0 ,11 6 - 11 8 ,1 4 0 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 9 ,
- - m e d i a t i s3 5 2 ,3 5 5 - m e s e n c e p h a t2i 8 7 ,2 9 5 ,2 9 7 , 74 , 8 2 ,8 5 , 1 0 1 ,10 9 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 , 151,258
- s p h e n o i d a I i3s4 302,310-3 11. 317,320,323-32/\ 146- 1/,7, 258-259,262, - f e m o r a [ i s1 8
- s u p e r i o r1 6 0 ,1 8 3 3 2 8 ,3 3 5 - 3 3 7 2 64 , 2 6 5 ,2 71- 2 72 , 2 77- 2 79 , - f i b u t a r i s1 8
- v e n o s u s2 3 - v e s t i b u I i3 9 1 2 8 3 ,2 9 5 ,3 18 - 3 2 0 ,3 3 7 - 3 3 8 , - f r o n t o b a s a L[i a s t e r a L i s3 ' 1 8
Ansa A r a chn o i de a 3 6 9- 3 74 , 3 76 - 3 7 7, 3 8 9 - 3 9 0 , - - mediati3 s 18,321
- c e r v i c a t i s2 5 ,8 4 , 1 6 4 - 1 1 + 19 5, 1 , - m a t e rc r a n i a t i s1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 1 , 3 9 8 - 3 9 9T , 57 - g a s t r i c as i n i s t r a 1 9
2 2 8 , 2 7 3T , 7 ,T 9 - T 1 0 278,282-283,326,330 ---angiography259 - g t u t e ai n f e r i o r1 9
- t i n g u a L i1s 4 4 - - s p i n a l i s3 4 3 ---AP-radiograph259 - - s u p e r i o r1 9
- s u b c l a v i a2 7 ,1 5 3 Arcus ---DSA259 - h e p a t i c ca o m m u n i s1 9
- t e n d i n i s{ M d i g a s t r i c u s1i 0 6 - a l v e o [ a r i(sM a n d i b u t a6j0 - 6 1 - c e n t r a L easn t e r o t a t e r a l e 2 s94, - h y p o p h y s i a t i sn f e r i o r 2 9 5
A n t e b r a c h i u m2 - 3 , 1 5 7- 1 5 8 ,16 9 , - a n t e r i o ra t t a n t i s 4 5 ,3 4 2 319 - - superior295
179, 192,194-198,236,238-241 - a o r t a e 1 8 ,2 2 ,2 7 , 1 2 1 ,1 3 6 ,1 5 3 , ^^+^-^-^l;-l^- al O - i l e a l e s1 9
- c r o s s - s e c t i o n2 5 4 272,344 - - nncrornmadi:le< ?19 - i t e o c o t i c1 a9
- f a s c i a1 7 8 - c a r t i l a g i n icsr i c o i d e a e11 8 , - centraLis retinae116,363,368, - i t i a c ac o m m u n i s1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 7
- i n n e r v a t i o sn e, g m e n t a 2[ 1 6 122-126,129,136 370 - - externa18-19,22
- MRr254-255 - costaLi1 s 79 - cerebri anterior259,276-278, - - interna 18-19,22
- m u s c l e s1 8 0 - 1 8 11, 9 2 - 1 9 3 , - d e n t a l i si n f e r i o r 9 3 312,318-321, 326,330-337 - i t i o l u m b a t i1 s9
198-204,T31-T35 - - s u p e r i o r9 3 - - media259,278,294, - i n f e r i o r a n t e r i o r c e r e b e2t 5t i9 ,
- t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o n 2 5 5 - 2 5 6 - d u c t u st h o r a c i c 2 i 3 318-321 ,325-326,329,332, 278,318-319
A n t e v e r s i o[ A r t i c u L a t icoo x a e l 1 0 - patatogLossus92, 102-103 336,338-339 - - p o s t e r i o r c e r e b e t t2i 5 9 . 2 7 8 ,
A n t i h e t i x3 8 0 - p a l a t o p h a r y n g e9 u2s ,1 0 2 - 1 0 3 , - - posterior259,277-278, 318-319
A n t i t r a g u s3 8 0 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1 294-295,318, 320-321, - i n f r a o r b i t a l i s74 , 8 3 - 8 4 ,2 5 8 ,
A n t r u m m a s t o i d e u m3 8 6 - p a f m a r i sp r o f u n d u s2 2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 5 327-328,334-338,370 264,315,378
 Index

Arteria[-ae] Arterial-ael Arteries Association ce[[s 347

- i n s u [ a r e s2 9 4 - r e c t a t i sm e d i a 1 9 - o f A D A M K I E W IsCAZr t e r i ar a d i c - A s s o c i a t i o tnr a c t s 3 0 6
- i n t e r c o s t a [ i s l - ep s lo s t e r i o r e s - - s u p e r i o r1 9 u l a n sm a g n a Attas121,136,344,382
152,344 - T e c u T T e nr asd i a L i s2 2 3 ,2 3 8 - 2 4 0 - <vcfami. cirerrl:rion lR Atrium
- - s u p r e m a1 5 2 - - ulnaris 223,235,239-241 - u p p e rt i m b 2 2 3 - c o r d i sd e x t r u m 2 2
- i n t e r o s s eaan t e r i o r2 2 3 , 2 3 9 , - r e n a t i s1 8 , 2 2 , 2 7 ArterioLa(-ael - - s i n i s t r u m2 2
21+1, 248,250 - s a c r a L i[sa t e r a L i 1 s9 - m a c u t a r i si n f e r i o r3 6 7 A u d i t i o n3 9 6
- - c o m m u n i s1 8 , 2 2 3 , 2 3 9 - - m e d i a n a1 9 - - s u p e r i o r3 6 7 .- association area 291
- - p o s t e r i o r1 9 7 , 2 2 3 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 1 , - s c a p u t a r i s d e s c e n d e1n5s2 - m e d i a t i sr e t i n a e3 6 7 - p r o j e c t i o na r e a 2 9 1
250 - s i g m o i d e a1e9 - n a s a l i sr e t i n a ei n f e r i o r3 6 7 A u d i t o r yo r g a n 3 9 4 ,T 5 7
- - T e c u T r e n 2s 2 3 , 2 4 0 - 2 L 1 - sphenopalatina 74 , 8 L , 2 5 8 ---superior367 A u d i t o r yp a t h w a y3 9 7
- i n t r a m u s c u t a r i3s1 - s p i n a L iasn t e r i o r4 1 ,4 3 , - t e m p o r a I i rse t i n a ei n f e r i o r3 6 7 A u r i c u [ a3 7 9 - 3 8 0
- i n t r a s e p t a t i s3 1 264-265,318-319, 3LL ---superior367 Auris 379
- j e j u n a L e1 s9 - - l a t e r a l i s3 4 4 ArticuLatio{-nesl - interna379,390
- [ a b i a I i si n f e r i o r 7 4 ,2 5 8 - - p o s t e r i o r3 4 4 - a c r o m i o c L a v i c u L a15r i8s,1 6 0 , - m e d i a3 7 9
- - s u p e r i o r 7 4 ,2 5 8 - spLenic1 a9 162,165,182-183,T23 A x e so f t h e h u m a nb o d y 1
- t a b y r i n t h i4 1 ,2 6 5 ,2 7 8 ,3 18 - 3 19 - a t t a n t o a x i a tmi se d i a n a9 2 Axilta 227-229
- [ a c r i m a l i s1 1 6 ,3 5 6 ,3 7 2 - 3 7 / + , - s u b c l a v i a1 8 - 1 9 , 2 7 , 7 71,2 1 ,1 4 1 , - -+l-^+^^^-i^:+-li-
o(ro,,(uuLL,P,(ouJ
tot
ruz A x i [ [ a r yf o s s as F o s s aa x i t L a r i s
376 144-147, 149,152-153,226-229 - carpi 174 Axis 45
- [ a r y n g e ai n f e r i o r 1 3 0 - s u b f a s c i a t i3s1 - c a r p o m e t a c a r p a L i s ( -1e5s8l , - e x t e r n u sb u t b i3 6 2
- - s u p e r i o r1 0 8 , 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , - s u b t i n g u a l i s8 4 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 5 1 , 3/+ 1 74 , T 2 3 - i n t e r n u sb u [ b i3 5 2
130-131,131,137,141, - s u b m e n t a l i s74 , 8 3 - 8 4 ,1 1 0 , - - p o t t i c i s1 7 2 - 1 7 L , I 2 3 - {Lensl366
144-146,151 145-1/+7,258 - c a r t i l a g i n e 9a - L o n g i t u d i n a l[i A s r t i c u L a t icoo x a e l
- [ i e n a L iss A r t e r i as p L e n i c a - s u b s c a p u [ a r i s2 2 7 ,2 3 2 - c i n g u lp i e c t o r a t i s1 5 8 T
, 23 10
- [ i n g u a [ i s1 9 ,7 4 ,8 2 , 8 4 - 8 5 1, 1 0 , - s u [ c ic e n t r a L i s2 8 1 - c o n o i d e a1 0 - o f r o t a t i o nj,o i n t 11
113-117 , 1 3 4 ,14 0 ,1 4 5 ,1 5 1, 2 5 8 - - p o s t c e n t r a l i s2 8 1 - c o x a e1 0 - o p t i c u s3 6 2
- [ u m b a l e s2 2 - - p r e c e n t r a l i s2 8 1 - c r i c o a r y t e n o i d e1a2 2 ,1 3 1 - s a g i t t a [ i sI A r t i c u [ a t i o
coxael10
- m a s s e t e r i c a8 3 ,8 5 - s u p e r i o cr e r e b e t t2i 7 8 ,3 1 8 - 3 1 9 , - c r i c o t h y r o i d e1a2 5 - t r a n s v e r s a t ilsA r t i c u L a t icoo x a e l
- m a x i L L a r1 i s9 , 6 9 , 7 4 , 8 3 - 8 52 ,5 8 337 - c u b i t i1 5 8 , 1 6 8 , T 2 3 10
- m e n i n g e am e d i a 4 1 , 4 3 , 7 4 , - s u p r a o r b i t a l i s8 1 , 116 , 2 5 8 , - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 1h 7 0
8 3 - 8 4 ,2 5 8 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 2 , 6 9 ,2 75 , 3 7 2 - 3 74 , 3 76 , 3 7 8 - - frontaIsection 170
2 7 8 ,2 8 0 , 3 7 2 - s u p r a s c a p u [ a r i s14 4 , 14 6 - 14 7 , - - l a t e r a t r a d i o g r a p1h7 0 B
- - p o s t e r i o r4 1 , 4 3 , 1 4 0 , 1 5 2 ,2 2 7, 2 2 9 , 2 3 5 - - --^il+^l
5d9rr(or
^^-r:^^ 1 7n

264-265,278 - s u p r a t r o c h l e a r i s8 2 - 8 3 ,2 5 8 , - c y t i n d r i c a1 0 B a s a Ig a n g t i a3 0 9
- m e s e n c e p h a l i c a3 e1 9 374,376 - d i g i t i 1 7 5 ,T 2 3 B a s eo f t h e s k u [ [
- m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , - t e m p o r a t i s6 7 - h u m e r i 9 , 1 5 8 ,1 6 2 - 1 6 / . , .- external surlace L2
27 - - m e d i a7 4 , 8 3 - 8 5 18 3 - 18 4 ,T 2 3 - - c o n t e n t s2 6 4
- - s u p e r i o r1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 7 - - p r o f u n d aa n t e r i o r 7 4 ,2 5 8 - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 1h 6 5 - - Foramina 43,26L
- m e t a c a r p a l ed s o r s a t e s2 4 6 ,2 4 8 , - - - p o s t e r i o r7 4 , 8 3 - 8 4 , 2 5 8 --cT165 - i n t e r n a Is u r f a c e 4 0 , 2 7 8
250 - - s u p e r f i c i a I i s1 9 , 6 8 ,7 3 - 74 , - - j o i n t c a v i t y s, t r u c t u r e 9 - - c o n t e n t s4 1
- - p a t m a r e s2 4 2 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 7 8 0 - 8 5 ,10 9 ,2 5 8 - - s e c t i o nl i n t h e s c a p u [ apr l a n e l - - F o r a m i n a4 1 ,2 6 5
- n a s o p a l a t i n1a1 3 - t e s t i c u L a r i1s8 9,164 Basis
- n u t r i c i a7 - t h a [ a m o t u b e r a t3i s1 9 - h u m e r o r a d i a t i1s5 8 ,T 2 3 - c o c h l e a e3 9 2
- o b t u r a t o r i a' 1 9 - t h o r a c i c ian t e r n a1 9 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 8 , - h u m e r o u t n a r i 1s 5 8 T , 23 - l C o r n up o s t e r i u s l3 4 5
- o c c i p i t a l i s1 9 ,74 , 8 2 - 8 4 ,1 0 9 , 15 2 - 15 3 - i n c u d o m a L L e a r3i s8 4 - c r a n i ie x t e r n a4 2
1/,1-1 /+/+, 146- 11+7,259 - - l a t e r a l i s1 4 7 , 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 - 2 2 9 - i n c u d o s t a p e d i a3t i8s4 ---ForaminaL3,264
- - m e d i a l i s3 2 9 - 3 3 0 - - s u p e r i o r2 2 7 , 2 2 9 - i n t e r p h a [ a n g em a ea n u s 1 7 5 , - - interna 40-41,278
- ophthaLmica L \ , 2 5 8 - 2 5 92 , 65, - thoTacoacromiatis144-1L7, 223, 210,T23 ---Foramina265
2 6 7, 2 74 , 2 76 - 2 7 9 , 3 6 9 - 3 7 8 226-228 - - - d i s t a l e s3 1 , 1 5 8 ,1 7 5 - m a n d i b u l a e6 0
- o v a r i c a1 8 - t h o r a c o d o r s a l i s2 2 7- 2 2 8 - - - p r o x i m a l e s1 5 8 ,1 7 5 - o s s i sm e t a c a r p 1 i 71,176,250
- p a l a t i n a { - aaesJc e n d e n s7 4 , 8 4 , - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r ' 1 3 01, 3 3 , - manus 173 - p h a [ a n g i s[ M a n u s l 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 1 7 5
113,130,140 1 3 9 - 1 4 1, 1 4 6 - 1 4 7, 1 5 2 - m e d i o c a r p a t i1s5 8 ,1 7 4 , f 2 3 - s t a p e d i s3 8 3 - 3 8 4
- - d e s c e n d e n 7s 4 ,2 5 8 - - s u p e r i o r1 9 , 7 4 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 5 , - m e m b r is u p e r i o r i sT 2 3 B - c e [ [ s9
- - major 43,102,113,264 13 3 - 13 4 , 1 3 6 ,1 4 0 ,1 / . / + - 1 4, 7 ---tiberiT23 B I C H AsTf a t p a ds C o r p u sa d i p o -
- - minores 264 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 ,514 ,2 5 8 - m e t a c a r p o p h a t a n g e a [ -1a5e8l , sumbuccae
- p a n c r e a t i c o d u o d e niantfies r i o r - t i b i a t i sa n t e r i o r1 8 1 7 3 ,1 7 5 , 2 0,72 1 3 ,r 2 3 Bi f ur c a t o
i
19 - - p o s t e r i o r1 8 - - p o t t i c i s1 7 2 , 1 7 5 - a o r t a e1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2
- p a r i e t a t i sp o s t e r i o r2 8 1 - t r a n s v e r s ac o l l i 1 4 4 - 1 4 5 , 1 4 9 , - ossiculorum a u d i t u s3 8 4 - c a r o t i d i s7 4 , 1 1 5 , 1 3 4
- p e r i c a l t o s a2 9 4 ,3 1 2 ,3 2 0 , 152,228-229 - o v o i d e a1 0 B [ i n ds p o ts D i s c u sn e r v io p t i c i
326-327,329-330, 334-335 - - f a c i e i7 / + , 8 3 , 1 1 6 , 2 5 8 - p t a n a 1 0 ,T 2 3 B o d y ,s u r f a c e p, r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r -
- p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s1 9 , 4 1 , - t u b e r i sc i n e r e i3 1 9 - r a d i o c a r p a t i s1 5 8 ,1 74 , 2 5 0 ,f 2 3 n a Io r g a n s16 - 17
43,140,258 - t y m p a n i c a n t e r i o r8 3 - radioutnard i si s t a t i s1 5 8 ,1 6 9 , Bones
- p o n t i s3 1 9 - - p o s t e r i o r3 8 4 173-171,,204,256,r23 - o f t h e h a n d 17 2
- p o p t i t e a1 8 - u t n a r i s 1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 1 1 ,2 2 3 , - - p r o x i m a L i1s5 8 , 1 6 9 , 2 5 4 , I 2 3 - o f t h e s k u L [3 4 - 3 5 ,3 8 , 4 6
- p r i n c e p sp o t l i c i s2 2 3 ,2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , 238-210, 242-215,248- 2 49, - s e t t a r i s1 0 ,T 2 3 - t u b u l a rb o n e ,s t r u c t u r e 7
245,248 255-256 - s p h e r o i d e a1 0 ,T 2 3 B o T A L Lsod u c t ,t i g a m e n ts D u c t u s
- p r o f u n d ab r a c h i i1 8 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 7 , - u m b i t i c a t i1s9 ,2 2 - s t e r n o c L a v i c u t a r1i s5 9 - 16 0 ,T 2 3 arteriosus
232-235,252-253 - v e r t e b r a t i s [ - e s1l 9 , 4 1 ,4 3 , 6 9 , - s y n o v i a L i9s BoWN4A sNm e m b r a n es L a m i n a
- - f e m o r i s1 8 10 9 , 1 3 3 ,1 4 6 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 52, 2 8 , - t e m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r6i2s - 6 3 , I i m i t a n sa n t e r i o r
- - linguae 113,115 258-259,264-265, 278, 283,302, 6 5 - 6 67 , 2-73,83 B r a c h i u m 2 - 3 , 1 5 7- 1 5 8 ,16 1 ,
- p u d e n d ai n t e r n a1 9 318-320,337,344 - - t o m o g r a p h y6 5 18 5 - 18 7 , 18 9 - 19 1 , 2 3 0 ,2 3 3 - 2 3 4
- p u L m o n a L2i s2 - v e s i c a t iisn f e r i o r1 9 - t r o c h o i d e a1 0 ,T 2 3 - arteries 223,235
- r a d i a L i s1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 2 3 ,2 3 6 , - z y g o m a t i c o o r b i t a t7 i s4 ,8 2 - 8 3 A s s o c i a t i oa
nr e a s - c o L L i c ui tni f e r i o r i s2 9 8 - 2 9 9
238-240,242, 244-246,248, A r t e r ie s - a u d i t i o n2 9 1 - - s u p e r i o r i s2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , 3 7 0
255-256 - b r a i n3 1 8 - m o t o r i c i t y2 9 1 - c r o s s - s e c t i o n2 5 2
- - i n d i c i s2 2 3 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 3 - hand242,246 - s e n s o r y s y s t e m2 9 1 - f a s c i a1 7 8
- r a d i c u t a r im s a g n a3 4 4 - head 258-259 - v i s i o n2 9 1 - i n n e r v a t i o sn e, g m e n t a 2[ 1 6
 Index

Brachium Canalisl-esl Caputlongum Cartitago[- ines)

- t y m p h a t i c s2 2 4 - [ o n g r t u d i n a tmi so d i o t i3 9 1 - - { M t r i c e p sb r a c h i i l1 6 3 - 1 6 4 , - triticea 123,126-127
- N4R2 t 52-253 - m a n d i b u t a e9 9 - 1 0 0 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 1, 8 3 - 19 0 , 2 3 2 - 2 3 4 , - t u b a ea u d i t i v a e14 1, 3 8 8 - 3 8 9
- m u s c t e s 1 7 9 - 1 9 21 , 94-198, - m u s c u l o t u b a r i u5s9 252,r30 C ar u nc u [ a
200-204, 206-213, T29-T30 - n a s o t a c r i m a L5i s2 , 3 5 3 - m a l l e i3 8 2 - 3 8 5 , 3 8 7 - L a c r i m a l i s3 5 2 , 3 5 7
- nerves232,235 - n e r v if a c i a l i s2 7 0 , 3 8 6 , 3 9 1 , - m a n d i b u t a e4 5 , 6 0 - 6 1 ,6 3 , - sublinguali1 s 1 1 - 1 1 21, 1 4
- t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o n 2 5 3 3 9 8 - 3 9 9T , 57 65-67,400 C au d a
- v e s s e [ s2 3 2 - - h y p o g l o s s3i 8 . L 0 - 4 3 , 6 2 . - m e d i a t eI M t r i c e p sb r a c h i i J1 7 0 , - equina24,340-344
B r a i ns E n c e p h a t o n 264-265,273,278,T57 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 1, 8 5 ,1 8 7- 1 9 1 ,1 9 4 - 1 9 6 , - h e l i c i s3 8 0 - 3 8 1
Brainstem 286,293, 298-299,320 - n u t r i c i u s7 198 , 2 0 0- 2 0 2 ,2 3 2 - 2 3 4 2 , 3 8 ,2 5 2 , - ( N u c t e ucsa u d a t u s 2l 9 4 , 3 0 9 ,
B r e g m a3 6 - o p t i c u s 4 0 - 4 1 ,5 4 - 5 5 ,5 7 , 2 6 5 , T30 3 16 - 3 1 7, 3 2 7- 3 2 9 , 3 3 2 - 3 3 5 .
B r o n c hpi r i n c i p a t e 1
s4 2 7 8 , 3 5 3 , 3 6, 1 3 6 9, 3 7 2 , 3 7 5 , 3 7, 7 - ( N u c t e u sc a u d a t u s l2 9 4 , 2 9 8 , 338-339
B R O W N - S E o U AhReDm' si p l e g i a351 T57 3 0 8 - 3 0 93, 1 3 ,3 1 5 - 3 1 73, 2 3 , c a u d a I i Is= i n f e r i o r1l
Butbusl-il - p a t a t i n um s ajor55 325-327,331-335,337 C a v i t a s- (t e s J
- a o r t a e1 9 - p t e r y g o i d e u s5 5 - 5 6 - o b t i q u u ml M a d d u c t opr o t t i c i s ) - a r t i c u L a r i s[ A r t i c u t a t i o c u b i t i ]
nrrinit:lic aa? - r a d i c i sd e n t i s9 4 2 0 s ,2 0 9 ,1 3 6 170
- i n f e r i o vr e n a ej u g u t a r i s - s e m i c i r c u l a r i s l - e3s7l 9 , 3 9 9 - - (Articutath
i ou m e r i i 9 , 1 6 5
110-141,145,229 - - anterior390-392,394 - p h a t a n g i sl V a n u s l 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 1 7 5 - c o n c h a e3 8 0
- l M e d u L Loab t o n g a t a2) 8 4 - - t a t e r a L i s3 9 0 - 3 9 2 , 3 9 4 , 3 9 8 , - p r o f u n d u mI M f l e x o rp o l l i c i s - c o r o n a e9 4
- ocuti 323-324,359,361-364, 400 b r e v i s l 2 0 5 ,2 0 7 ,2 0 9 ,2 5 7 . T 2 4 , - dentis 94
3 6 9 - 3 71, 3 74 , 3 7 7- 3 7 8 - - p o s t e r i o r3 9 0 - 3 9 3 , 4 0 0 T36 - g L e n o i d a t i1 s 6 0 ,1 6 4 - 1 6 5 1
, 84
- - M R t3 6 1 - s p i r a t i s c o c h t e a3e9 1 - r a d i a [ e 1 9 2 ,1 9 5 ,1 9 7 ,2 3 9 , I 3 1 - i n f r a g t o t t i c a1 2 9 ,1 3 3
- o t f a c t o r i u s8 8 , 2 76 , 2 8 3 ,2 8 6 , - - m o d i o t i3 9 1 - radii 167, 170,197,254 - m e d u l l a r i s7 , 1 7 5
292,318, 337, r57 - u L n o c a r p a t i2s 4 9 - s t a p e d i s3 8 3 , 3 9 8 - n a s i 1 4 ,5 1 , 5 4 ,6 2 , 6 9 ,8 8 ,9 1 ,
- s u p e r i o vr e n a ej u g u t a r i s4 1 , CANN0N-B0H p oMi n tT 5 7 - s u p e r f i c i a t e2 0 7 ,2 0 9 ,2 4 5 ,2 5 7 , 10 9 ,3 6 1
14 0 - 14 1 ,2 6 0 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 3 , 82 Capitulum h u m e r i 1 6 1 ,1 6 8 ,1 7 0 T24,T36 - oris 14,92,102-103
BURDAC s tHr a c t s F a s c i c u L u s C ap s u[ a - s u p e r i u s6 7 ,6 9 - - p r o p r i a1 4 ,1 0 3
cuneatus - a r t i c u [ a r i sl A r t i c u t a t i oa t t a n t o a x - - t r a n s v e r s u ml M a d d u c t o rp o t t i - - p h a r y n g i s1 3 1
Bursal-ael i a l i sI a t e r a L i s1j 2 1 c i s l 2 0 5 ,2 0 7 - 2 0 9 , 1 3 6 - s y n o v i a t i s11
- b i c i p i t o r a d i a t1i s6 8 ,1 7 0 ,1 9 5 , - - (Articulatio car- - u L n a e16 6 ,1 7 2 ,1 74 , 1 7 8 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 0 - t y m p a n i 1 0 1 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 23, 8 5 - 3 8 7 ,
T29 p o m e t a c a r p a tpi so t t i c i s 1l 7 3 - u l n a r e( M f l e x o rc a r p iu l n a r i s l 3 9 1 , 3 9 4 , 3 9 84, 0 0
- i n f r a h y o i d e a1 2 4 ,1 2 9 ,1 3 2 - - ( A r t i c u t a t ci ou b i t i l 1 6 8 186,192,240,T31 C a v u ms e p t ip e L t u c i d3i1 5 , 3 1 7 , 3 3 1
- m u s c u t ci o r a c o b r a c h i a l i s - - [ A r t i c u [ a t ihou m e r i l9 , - - [ M p r o n a t otre r e s ] 1 7 0 ,1 8 6 , C e L I[uae
18 3 - 18 4 162-163,183-184 1 9 2 ,1 9 7, 2 0 4 , 2 3 9 , 1 3 1 - ethmoidales 44-45,53-54, 68,
- s u b a c r o m i a t i s1 6 3 - 1 6 4 , - - (Articu[atin oterphalangea C a r d i o v a s c u t as ry s t e m 8 9 , 1 16 , 3 2 3 ,3 5 8 ,3 6 1 ,3 7 7- 3 7 8
18 3 - 18 4 0 r s t a U sJi I - arteries 18 - - a n t e r i o r e s8 8 , 9 0 - 9 1 ,T 5 7
- s u b c u t a n eoat e c r a n 1 i 7 0 ,1 7 8 - - [ A r t i c u L a t im o etacarpopha- - o v e r v i e w1 8 , 2 0 , 2 3 - - m e d i a e9 0
- s u b d e t t o i d e1a8 3 ,1 9 1 t a n g e a l1 7 3 ,1 7 5 ,2 0 7 ,2 1 3 - veins 20 - - p o s t e r i o r e s9 0 - 9 1 , T 5 7
- s u b t e n d i n em a u s c u t si u b s c a p u - - - l A r t i c u t a t i or a d i o u [ n a r i so r s - C a r p ajIo i n t - m a s t o i d e a e4 4 - 4 5 ,1 0 1 ,3 8 2 ,
t a r i s 1 6 2 ,1 8 4 ,T 1 8 ' 1 6 9 , - d i s t a t sA r t i c u t a t i o
tatisl 173,20L 3 8 6 ,4 0 0 ,T 5 7
- synoviaLi1 s 62 - - l A r t i c u l a t i os t e r n o c t a v i c u L a r i s ] m e di o c ar p aI i s - p n e u m a t i c a e3 8 9
159 - p r o x i m a sI A r t i c u L a t iroa d i o - - tympanicae 386,391
- - l A r t i c u t a t itoe m p o r o m a n d i b u - c ar p aI r s C e m e n t u m9 4
c t a r i s l 6 2 - 6 3 ,6 6 - 6 1 ,7 2 - 7 3 C a r p atIu n n e l 2 5 6 C e n t r u ms e m i o v a [ e2 9 3 ,3 1 2
- - .r;.^.n/t6hnidor l?? C a r p o m e t a c a r p jaoti n t o f t h e C e r e b e t t o p o n tei na n g L e2 70 - 2 71 ,
C a e c u m1 4 - - c r i c o t h y r o i d e1a2 3 , 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 t h u m bs A r t i c u t a t icoa r - T57
- c u p u l a r e3 9 3 - externa 294,308-309,326-328, p o m e t a c a r p a Lpi so [ [ i c i s C e r e b e t t u m2 5 ,2 8 4 ,2 8 6 ,3 0 2 - 3 0 5 ,
- v e s t i b u t a r e3 9 3 - 3 9 4 '1'1) -2't /,
Carpometacarpa j oI i n t s l l - V s A r - 3 0 7 ,3 10 , 3 2 4 ,3 2 8 , 3 3 5 3 , 4 0 ,3 5 0 ,
C a l c a n e u sd, e v e L o p m e n8t - extrema 294, 308-309,326-328, t i c u [ a t i o n e cs a r p o m e t a c a r p a t e s 396
C a L c aarv i s 3 1 3 - 3 1 63, 2 9 ,3 3 3 - 3 3 4 332-334 C a r p u s 15 8 ,2 5 6 Cerebrah I e m i s p h e r e s2 8 9
CaLvaria 39,261 - i n t e r n a 2 7 7 ,2 9 / . ,2 9 6 ,3 0 7- 3 0 9 , - t T a n s v e r ssee c t i o n 2 5 6 - c o r t i c a t a r e a2 s91
Ca[x 5 3 14 - 3 16 , 3 2 1 ,3 2 5 - 3 2 9 3, 3 1- 3 3 5 , C a r t i L a g i n oj uo si n t 9 - gyri 287,289-290
Camera 3 3 7 - 3 3 8 3, 5 0 C ar t iL a go( -ine s J - sulci 287,289
- anteriob r u t b i3 6 2 , 3 6 4 - - o r g a n i s a t i o3n0 8 - a t a r i s ( - e sml a j o r 6 9 , 8 6 - 8 81, 3 6 Cerebrum 24-25, 285-286, 288,
- p o s t e r i o rb u t b i 3 6 2 ,3 6 4 - tentis366 - - m i n o r e s8 6 3 4 0 ,3 7 0
- p o s t r e m ab u t b i 3 6 2 , 3 6 9 C a p u t2 - 3 , 6 , 3 2 , 1 3 6 - a r t i c u t a r i s7 , 9 Cervix
- v i t r e as C a m e r ap o s t r e m ab u I b i - brevelMbicepsbrachi1 i l7 8 , - a r y t e n o i d e a1 2 2 - 1 2 8 1 , 3 1 ,1 5 4 - { C o r n up o s t e r i u s l3 4 5
C a n a lo f S c H L E N 4sMS i n u sv e n o s u s 182-184,186, 188-190, 232-233, - auricuLae 10 9 ,3 8 0 ,3 8 2 - cT 135
s c[ e r a e r29 - c o r n i c u l a t a1 2 2 - 1 2 3 1 , 25-128, - d e n t i s9 4
Canaticutusl-ii - c o m m u n el M m f t e x o r e s 1l 7 0 , 139 -saneck
- c o c h t e a e3 9 3 1 96 - 1 9 8 - c o s t a t i s1 5 9 C h i a s m ao p t i c u m2 76 - 2 7 7 ,2 7 9 ,
- [ a c r i m a t i s ( - e3 s ]5 3 - c r i c o i d e a1 1 4 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 2 ,1 2 7 , 286-287, 292-293,295,297, 302,
- - i n f e r i o r3 5 7 - h u m e r a t eI M f l e x o rc a r p iu t - 133,154,156 311, 318, 320, 323-324,327, 361,
- - s u p e r i o r3 5 7 n a r i s ] 1 8 6 ,1 9 2 , 2 4 0 , f 3 1 - c u n e i f o r m i s1 2 7 , 1 3 9 369-371,T57
- mastoideu4 s2,264 - - ( M f l e x o rp o L L i c [i so n g u s ] - e p i g L o t t i c a4 5 ,1 0 4 ,1 2 2 - 1 2 / + , C h o a n a4 3 , 4 7 , 9 3 , 1 3 9
C an aI is [ - e s l 1 9 7, 1 3 2 129,133, 136 Ch o r da[ - a e ]
- a n a l i s1 4 - - ( M p r o n a t o r t e r e s1) 7 0 , 1 8 6 , - L a r y n g i s1 2 2 - 1 2 3 , 1 2 5 - o b l i q u a1 6 8 - 1 6 9 , 1 9 2
- c a r o t i c u s4 1 - 4 3 ,5 9 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 . 192,204,T31 - m e a t u sa c u s t i c i3 8 0 - tympani 8/+,269-270, 275,382,
278,385-389,391 - humeri161,164-165 - nasi86 3 8 4 - 3 8 53 , 8 7 ,3 9 8 - 3 9 9 T , 57
- carpi209,219,249 - humerouLnare 1 8 6 ,1 9 2 ,1 9 5 , f 3 1 - - a c c e s s o r i a e8 6 Choroidea362-364,368
- c e n t r a L3i s0 2 . 3 1 0 - 13 13 2 0 , 3 3 7 , - i n f e r i u s6 7 , 6 9 - - [ a t e r a I i s8 6 , 8 8 ,1 0 9 C i t i a3 5 2 ,3 5 5 , 3 7 8
345-346 - l a t e r a [ e{ M t r i c e p sb r a c h i i J - s e p t in a s i 8 6 - 8 7 Cingutum
- c o n d y l a r i s4 0 - 4 2 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 1 7 8 - 1 7 91, 8 3 ,1 8 5 ,1 8 7 - 1 8 81, 9 1 , - t h y r o i d e a1 0 4 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , - l L e r e D r u m iJ U o
- d i p t o i c2 i 61 200-201,221,234,252,130 11 8 ,1 2 2 - 1 2 7 , 1 2 9 - 1 3 41 , 36-137 , - m e m b r ii n f e r i o r iss C i n g u t u m
- i n c i s i v u s3 8 ,5 0 - 5 1 8 , 7 , 11 3 - [ o n g u m{ M b i c e p sb r a c h i i ) 1 3 9 ,1 1 9 ,1 5 4 ,1 5 6 pe[vicum
- i n f r a o r b i t a t i5s4 - 5 5 ,1 0 0 , 16 2 - 16 5 ,1 8 2 - 1 8 4 1, 8 6 , 18 8 - 19 1 , - t r a c h e a t e s1 2 3 - 1 2 4 1 , 26-127, - - s u p e r i o r is C i n g u t u m pec-
268-269.353 232,r29 129,132-134,137,156 toraLe
 Index

Cingulum Commissura Corpusl-ora) Crista[-aeJ

- p e c t o r a t e6 , 1 5 8 ,1 6 0 - l F o r n i x l2 9 2 - 2 9 3 , 2 9 5 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 7 - c i l i a r e3 6 2 - 3 6 5 , 3 6 9 - t u b e r c u tm i a j o r i s1 6 1 - 1 6 2
- p e l v i c u m6 - h a b e n u l a r u m2 9 5 , 3 0 6 , 3 1 7 , 3 3 7 - c l a v i c u t a e1 5 9 - - minoris 161-162
Circulation - t a t e r a t i ps a t p e b r a r u m 352,355 - {Fornix2 -
l 9 2 - 2 9 5 , 3 1 5 - 3 1 6 , 3 2 0 . v e s t i b u t3i 9 2
- foelal 22 - m e d i a l i sp a l p e b r a r u m3 5 2 ,3 5 5 327,332 - z y g o m a t i c o a t v e o l a r4i s9 , 5 3
- p o s t n a t a l2 2 - p o s t e r i o r2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 6 , 3 1 7 , - g e n i c u t a t u ml a t e r a l e 2 9 7 - 2 9 9 , C r u s { - r a l2 - 3 , 3 8 4
Circulus 320,334,337 307,328,335,370-371,f57 - a n t e r i u sl C a p s u t ai n t e r n a l 2 9 6 ,
- a r t e r i o s ucse r e b r (i W t L L t S2 l7 8 , C o m m i s s u r at rl a c t s 3 0 6 - - m e d i a l e2 9 7 - 2 9 9 , 3 2 8 , 3 3 5 , 307-308,326,333-335,338
318-319 C o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h y[ C T l ,s h o u l - 370,396-397 - - ( S t a p e s J3 8 3 - 3 8 4
- - i r i d i sm a j o r 3 6 3 d e rj o i n t 1 6 5 - humeri7,161,168,170,184, - a n t i h e t i c i 3s 8 0
- - - minor363 Concha(-ae) 190 - b r e v e3 8 3 - 3 8 4 , 3 8 7
Circumferentia - a u r i c u l a e3 8 0 - i n c u d i s3 8 3 - 3 8 5 , 3 8 7 - c e r e b r i2 7 7 , 2 9 7 , 3 0 1 , 3 3 6
- a r t i c u l a r i s l R a d i u1 s l6 7 - 1 6 9 - n a s a l i s i n f e r i o3r 4 , 4 4 , 5 1 - 5 2 , - l i n g u a e1 0 3 , 1 0 7 - [Fornix2 ] 92-293,302,313-317,
- - lutnal 166 5 4 , 6 8 , 8 7 - 8 8 ,9 0 , 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 1 3 9 , - mamillare 286-287,292-293, 323,328-329,331-332,337-338
Cisterna 357 2 9 5 , 2 9 7 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 9 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 4 , 3 2 7 -, h e l i c i s3 8 0
- a m b i e n s2 7 7 , 2 8 3 , 3 2 8 - 3 2 9 , - - m e d i a 3 4 ,1 , 4 , 5 1 , 5 L , 6 8 , 336-337,370 - laterate{Cartilagoatarismajorl
334-T7,f57 8 7 - 8 8 ,9 0 ,1 0 9 ,1 3 9 ,3 7 8 , T 5 7 - m a n d i b u l a e3 4 , 4 4 - 4 5 , 6 0 - 6 1 86,88
- c e r e b e l t o m e d u t l a2r8i s3 , 3 1 1 , 3 2 4 - - s u p e r i o r5 1 , 8 8 ,T 5 7 - m a x i L L a3e5 3 - l o n g u m3 8 3 - 3 8 4 , 3 8 7
- chiasmatica 283,295,311,336 - s p h e n o i d a t i5s6 - m e d u l l a r ec e r e b e t t3i 0 5 - m e d i a t e{ C a r t i l a gaol a r i sm a j o r l
- chyti 23 C o n d u c t i o na n a e s t h e s i af i,n g e r - ( N u c l e u sc a u d a t u s ]2 9 4 , 2 9 6 , 85-87
- f o s s a el a t e r a l i sc e r e b r i 2 8 3 , 251 2 9 8 , 3 1 4 - 3 1 7 , 3 2 7 - 3 2 8 , 3 3 1 , 3 3 8 - m e m b r a n a c e u mc o m m u n e
3 2 6 - 3 2 9 , 3 3 2 - 3 3 63,3 8 - 3 3 9 Condytus - ( O sh y o i d e u m )1 1 5 , 9 2 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 7 , 393
- i n t e r p e d u n c u l a r2i s8 3 , 2 9 5 , 3 1 1 , - h u m e r i 1 6 1 126,132 - - s i m p l e x3 9 3
323,327,T57 - o c c i p i t a t i3s 5 , L 2 - 4 3 , 1 3 7 , 3 8 8 - ( O ss p h e n o i d a t e5J0 - 5 1 , 5 5 - 5 6 , - o s s e u mc o m m u n e3 9 2
- l a m i n a et e r m i n a l i s3 2 6 C o n ec e t t s 3 6 3 , 3 7 0 6 2 ,1 3 6 , 3 5 3 - - s i m p L e x3 9 2
- p e r i c a [ [ o s3a1 1 , 3 2 6 , 3 2 8 - 3 2 9 , C o n f t u e nssi n u u m 2 6 0 ,2 6 2 , 2 7 6 , - o s s i sm e t a c a r p 1 i 71 - p o s t e r i u {sC a p s u [ian t e r n a ]2 9 6 ,
332,334-335 311,322 - p h a l a n g i sl V a n u s l 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 2 5 7 308,333-335
- p o n t i s3 2 7 C o n i o t o m y1 1 8 - p i n e a l es G [ a n d u l p ai n e a l i s - - ( S t a p e s3) 8 3 - 3 8 4 , 3 9 8
- p o n t o c e r e b e t t a r i2s8 3 , 2 9 4 , 3 1 1 , C o n n e x u si n t e r t e n d i n e2i 1 0 - 2 1 1 - radii 167-168,203 C r y p t a et o n s i t l a r e s1 0 3
327,f57 Conus - s t r i a t u m3 5 0 C u b i t a1 5 8
- q u a d r i g e m i n a t3i s2 9 - e t a s t i c u s1 2 4 - 1 2 5 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 3 - trapezoideum 397 C u t m e n3 0 2 - 3 0 4
C l a u s t r u m 2 9 4 , 3 0 8 - 3 0 9 , 3 2 6 - 3 2 8 , - m e d u l l a r i s3 4 0 , 3 4 2 - 3 L 3 - ulnae 166,168,203 C u n e u s2 9 0 , 2 9 2 , 3 3 1 - 3 3 3
332-335,339 Cor 16-18,20,30 - u n g u i s3 1 C u p u t ac o c h t e a e3 9 1 - 3 9 4
C t a v i c lse C l a v i c u l a C o r i u ms D e r m i s - v e r t e b r a e1 3 5 ,1 5 4 - 1 5 5 C u s p i sd e n t i s9 4
CtavicuL6 a , 1 0 5 ,11 8 - 1 2 0 ,1 3 5 , C o r n e a3 5 9 ,3 6 2 - 3 6 5 , 3 7 8 , f 5 7 - vitreum 361-362 C u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n
1 L / + , 1 4 7 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 8 - 1C6o0r, n u Cortex - h e a d7 9
1 6 2 - 1 6 5 , 1 7 8 - 1 8 0 , ' 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 , 1 8 5- , a n t e r i u sl M e d u t t a spinatis) - c e r e b e l t3i 0 5 - neck 79
189-190,226 345-346,349-350 - cerebri261 - s e g m e n t a tu, p p e rt i m b 2 1 6
- dextra 135 - frontale277,293-294,296,298, - tentis366 C u t a n e o u sn e r v e s ,u p p e rL i m b
C t a w h a n d , u l n a r n e r vpea l s y2 2 0 3 1 0 - 3 1 1 , 3 1 3 , 3 1 5 - 3 1 7 , 3 2 0 - 3 2 1C, o r t i c a l a r e a s 216-217
C L E L A N DLS i g a m e n2t 4 9 - 2 5 0 323,326-327,331-334,337 - c e r e b r ahl e m i s p h e r e 2s 9 1 C u t i s3 1 , 2 5 2 , 2 5 6 , 2 6 1
C t i t o r i s 15 - i n f e r i u s( C a r t i t a g o thyroideal - f u n c t i o n aal c c o r d i n gt o F O E R S T E RC y m b ac o n c h a e3 8 0
C t i v u s4 0 , 5 1 ,6 2 , 1 3 8 - 1 3 9 4 , 00,f57 1 2 2 - 1 2 31 , 26-127 , 130 291
C o c h l e a3 7 9 , 3 8 2 , 3 9 0 - 3 9 2 , 3 9 1 + , - l a t e r a t el l t l e d u l t as p i n a t i s l C o s t a t - a e ]6 , 1 3 5 , 1 4 7 , 1 4 9 ,
399-400 345-346 152-153,155,229,31,0,342 D
ColLicutus[-iJ - m a l u s 6 7 , 9 2 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 8 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 ,C r a n i anl e r v e s2 5 - 2 6 , 2 6 6 ,
- [Cartitagoarytenoide 1a2 )2 123,126-127,130,132,137-139, 276-277,301,T55,T57 D e c i d u o u s t e e t9h7 - 9 8
- f a c i a t i s2 9 9 , 3 1 1 141 - f i b r eq u a l i t i e sT 5 6 D e c l i v e3 0 2 - 3 0 4
- i n f e r i o r2 7 6 , 2 9 6 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , 3 2 9 , - m i n u s 9 2 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 8 , 1 2 3 , - n u c l e i3 0 0 - 3 0 1 Decussatio(-nesl
336,396-397,f57 126-127,132 - - motor 350 - L e m n i s c o r u m3 4 8
- s u p e r i o r2 7 6 , 2 8 7 , 2 9 6 - 2 9 9 , 3 2 9 , - o c c i p i t a t 2 e9 4 , 2 9 6 , 3 1 0 - 3 1 1 , c r a n i a t i s { = s u p e r i o1r J - peduncutorumcerebetLarium
335,370-371 3 1 3 - 3 1 6 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 3 - 3 3 4 , 3 3 8C r a n i u m6 , 3 3 - 3 4 , 3 6 - 3 8 , 4 4 - 4 7 s u p e r i o r u m3 0 2 , 3 0 5
C o t t u m 2 - 3 , 6 , 3 2 , 1 3 6 , 1 1 + 8 - 1 1 , 9 , - p o s t e r i u s( M e d u t t as p i n a t i s ) C r e m a s t e r i cr e f l e x 3 4 6 - p y r a m i d u m2 8 6 , 3 0 7 , 3 0 9 , 3 1 + 2
154-156 345-3L6 Crista{-ael D e e ps e n s i b i l i t yu, n c o n s c i o u s3 4 9
- a n a t o m i c u m1 6 1 - s u p e r i u sl C a r t i t a gtoh y r o i d e a ) - a m p u t t a r i s3 9 5 D E I T E RnSu'c l e u s3 9 7
- chirurgicum 161,183,191 122-127,130,132,139 - a r c u a l a1 2 2 Densl-tesJ
- mallei 383,387 - t e m p o r a t e2 7 7 , 2 9 3 - 2 9 L , - b a s i t a r i s3 9 4 - axis 44-45,324
- m a n d i b u t a e6 1 , 6 3 309-311,314-315,323-325, - c o n c h a L i s { M a x i t4t a9 l - c a n i n u s9 3 - 9 5 , 9 7 , 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 1 0 2 ,
- radii 167-170 327-329,335-336,338-339 - e t h m o i d a t i4 s 9 ,5 1 112
- s c a p u l a e16 0 , 16 5 Corona - f e n e s t r a ec o c h l e a e3 9 2 - d e c i d u i 4 6 ,6 1, 9 4 - 9 5 , 9 8 - 9 9
C o t o n1 6 - 1 7 - c l i n i c a9 4 - f r o n t a l i s3 9 - 4 0 - i n c i s i v i4 4 , 9 3 - 9 5 , 9 7 , 9 9 - 1 0 A ,
- a s c e n d e n s1 4 - d e n t i s9 4 - g a t t i3 8 , 4 0 , 4 4 , 5 0 - 5 1 , 5 4 102,112,156
- d e s c e n d e n 1s 4 - r a d i a t a3 3 0 - infratemporal4 i s2 , 5 6 , 6 6 - m o l a r i s ( - e s5l 4 , 6 8 , 9 3 - 9 5 ,
- s i g m o i d e u m1 4 C o r o n a r py l a n es f r o n t a p l tane - L a c r i m a t ai sn t e r i o r4 9 , 5 1 + - 5 5 , 97-100,102,112,116-117
- t r a n s v e r s u m1 4 Corpusl-oral 353 - - lll 93,99,102,112
Columnal-ael - a d i p o s u mb u c c a e7 0 , 7 2 ,1 0 9 , - - p o s t e r i o r5 4 - 5 5 , 3 5 3 - p e r m a n e n t e9 s4-99
- anterior345-3/.6 117 - m u s c u t is u p i n a t o r i s1 6 6 - p r e m o t a r e s9 3 , 9 7 , 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 1 0 2 ,
- fFornix2 ] 9 2 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 9 , - - o r b i t a e1 1 6 , 3 5 4 , 3 6 1 , 3 6 9 , - n a s a l i s( M a x i [ L a8l7 112
315-317,323,327,332-335 372,378 - - [ 0 s p a t a t i n u m3) 8 - s e r o t i n u s D e n sm o l a r i sl l l
- i n t e r m e d i a3 4 5 - 3 t 6 - - p r e e p i g l o t t i c u m1 2 3 - 1 2 4 , - occipitalisextern3 a7 D e n t i n u m9 4
- p o s t e r i o r3 4 5 - 3 4 6 126,129,136 - - i n t e r n a4 0 , 5 7 D e r m a t o m e s2 1 6
- vertebrati6 s - amygdaloideum 292-294,327, - s p h e n o i d a l i5s 0 , 5 6 D e r m i s2 6 1
Commissura 336,338 - s u p r a e p i c o n d y t a rLi sa t e r a t i s DESCEN4E mTe' m s b r a n es L a m i n a
- a t b aa n t e r i o r3 4 5 - c a l l o s u m2 7 6 , 2 8 7 - 2 8 8 , 161,170,253 L i m r t a npso s t e r i o r
- a n t e r i o r2 7 6 , 2 9 2 - 2 9 3 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 2 9 2 - 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 6 - 3 0 7 , 3 0 9-, - m e d r a l i s1 6 1 , 1 6 8 , 1 7 0 D e s m o d o n t i u m sP e r i o d o n t i u m
302,306,311,317,320,324.327, 312,314-317,320,32L-329, - s u p r a m a s t o i d e5a8 D i a p h r a g m a1 6 - 1 7 , T 7
334-335,337-338,345 331-334,337 - t r a n s v e r s a3 9 1 - 3 9 2 - sellae 279
 lndex

Diaphysi7 s Eminentia Faciesanterior Fasciculus[-i]

- ( R a d i u s1 l 77 - a r c u a t a3 8 , 5 9 - - l M a x i t t a4) 9 - [ a t e r a l i sI P L e x ubs r a c h i a L i s2J5 ,
- ( U t n a l1 7 7 - c o t t a t e r a l i s3 1 4 ,3 3 5 - 3 3 6 3 , 39 - - p a t p e b r a e3 5 5 214-215,226,232
D i e n c e p h a l o n2 8 4 ,2 8 8 ,2 9 7 - c r u c i f o r m i s5 7 - - p a r t i sp e t r o s a e4 0 - [ o n g i t u d i n a ti insf e r i o r3 0 6
Digestive t r a c t ,o v e r v i e w1 4 - h y p o t h e n a rsi s H y p o t h e n a r - - [ R a d i u s )1 6 7 - 1 6 9 , 1 9 7 - - m e d i a t i s3 0 2 , 3 0 53, 0 9 , 3 4 7 ,
D i g i t u s( M a n u s|) 1 5 8 - mediatis 298-299 - - [ U t n a ]1 6 6 , 1 6 8 - 1 6 9 396-397
- a n u [ a n s1 5 7 ,1 7 1 - pyramidali3 s86-387,398 - a n t e r o l a t e r a tl iHsu m e r u s ]1 6 1 - - s u p e r i o r3 0 6
- m e d i u s1 5 7 , 1 7 1 , 2 5 7 - thenaris Thenar - a n t e r o m e d i a l(iH s u m e r u s ]1 6 1 - m a m i l l o t e g m e n t a t2i s9 5
- m i n i m u s1 5 7 ,1 7 1 E n a m e t u m9 4 - a r t i c u l a r ias c r o m i a t i s1 5 9 - m a m i L t o t h a [ a m i c u2s9 2 ,2 9 5 ,
- p r i m u ss P o t t e x E n c e p h a L o2n8 2 ,2 8 4 ,3 2 3 - 3 2 L . - - a r y t e n o i d e a1 2 2 3 0 9 ,3 3 5
- q u a r t u ss D i g i t u sa n u [ a r i s 327,332,340,370 - - c a r p a l i s1 6 7 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 4 - m e d i a [ i sI P l e x u sb r a c h i a [ i s l2 5 ,
- q u i n t u ss D i g i t u sm i n i m u s - a r t e r l e s3 1 8 - - c t a v i c u [ a r i1s6 0 , 1 6 4 147, 214-215,226, 232
- secundus lndex - d e v e l o p m e n t2 8 4 - - ( l n c u s l3 8 3 - m u s c u L a r i s a c c e s s o r 1i u3s8
- t e r t i u ss D i g i t u sm e d i u s - f r o n t a Is e c t i o n 3 2 6 - 3 2 9 - - l M a t t e u s3l 8 3 - p o s t e r i o rI P t e x u sb r a c h i a t i s ]2 5 ,
D I Pl d i s t a itn t e r p h a L a n g jeoai In t l - h o r i z o n t a t s e c t i o3n3 0 - 3 3 1 , - - s t e r n a L i s1 5 9 2 1 / , - 2 1 52,2 6 , 2 3 2
175 333-336 - - t h y r o i d e a1 2 2 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 6 - p r o p r i ia n t e r i o r e s3 4 7
D i p t o e3 9 , 4 5 , 2 6 1 , 2 8 0 - m e d i a ns e c t i o n3 3 7 - c e r e b r a t i(s0 s s p h e n o i d a t e5l6 - - l a t e r a l e s3 4 7
Di s cu s - MRr 323-325 - - [ 0 s t e m p o r a t e )5 9 - - p o s t e r i o r e s3 4 7
- a r t i c u [ a r i s[ A r t i c u t a t i o
radiout- - s a g i t t a Is e c t i o n3 3 7 - 3 3 9 - c o n t a c t u s9 4 - s e p t o m a r g i n a t i3 s47
n a r i sd i s t a [ i s 1 l 74 - v e n t r i c t e3 1 0 - c o s t a t i s( S c a p u L a1l 6 0 - t r a n s v e r s i2 0 6 , 2 4 3
- - l A r t i c u t a t i os t e r n o c l a v i c u t a r i s l E n d o c r i n eo r g a n s 3 0 - d i s t a t i s9 4 - u n c i n a t u s3 0 6
159 Ependymum 313,315-316 - e x t e r n a[ 0 s f r o n t a t e ]4 8 F a s t i g i u m3 0 2
- - (Articulatio temporomandibu- Ep i c o nd y L u s - i n f e r i o [r i n g u a e1 0 4 ,1 0 8 , 1 1 2 F e m u r 2 - 3 ,6 , 3 0 8
t a r i s J6 3 - 6 7 ,8 3 - l a t e r a l i sl H u m e r u s l1 6 1 ,1 6 8 , - i n f r a t e m p o r a [ 4i s9 - d e v e l o p m e n8 t
- i n t e r v e r t e b r a [ i s1 5 3 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 - 1 7 9 1 , 8 5 , 18 7 , 1 9 6 ,1 9 8 , - i n t e r n a[ 0 s f r o n t a t e ]5 0 ,5 5 Fenestra
- n e r v io p t i c i 3 6 2 , 3 6 7 2 0 0 - 2 0 32 , 31,234,241 - l a t e r a L i{sR a d i u s 1 l 6 7 ,1 6 9 - c o c h l e a e3 8 6 , 3 9 2 - 3 9 3
distat 93-94 - m e d i a l i s( H u m e r u s l1 5 7 , 1 6 1 , - [ i n g u a L i9s4 - v e s t i b u t3i 8 6 ,3 9 1 - 3 9 3
d i s t a I i s1 16 8 ,17 0 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 6 - 1 8 78, 19 - 19 0 , - m a x i L L a r (i s0 s s p h e n o i d a t e5l 6 F ibr a e
Di v i s i o n e s 19L-195, 197-198, 233,238-21+0 - m e d i a t i sh e m i s p h e rci ie r e b r i - a T c u a t a cee r e b r i 3 0 6
- d o r s a L el sP t e x u sb r a c h i a t i s2l 1 4 E p i c r i t i cs e n s i b i t i t yp, a t h w a y so f s 320 - c i r c u [ a r e s3 5 2
- v e n t r a L elsP t e x u sb r a c h i a t i s l <an<ihilihr anirriiir - - [ U t n a ]1 6 6 , 1 6 9 - c o r t i c o n u c t e a r e2s7 0 ,2 96 , 3 5 0
E p i d e r m i s3 1 ,2 6 1 - m e s i a l i s9 4 - - b u t b i3 5 0
214
D o r s a La p o n e u r o s i s2 5 7 Epididymi1 s5 - n a s a [ i s{ M a x i L t a4l 9 - c o r t i c o r e t i c u l a r e2s9 6 ,3 0 8
E p i g L o t t i s1 0 3 ,1 2 6 - 1 2 8 1 , 3 0 ,1 3 9 , - o r b i t a L il sM a x i L [ a4l 9 , 3 5 3 - c o r t i c o r u b r a l e2s9 6 , 3 0 8
dorsalis1
D o r s u m3 141,156 - - [ 0 s f r o n t a l e ]4 8 , 3 5 3 - c o r t i c o s p i n a L e2s9 6 ,3 0 7 - 3 0 8 ,
- [ i n g u a e9 2 . 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 1 , 0 7 ,1 1 3 , E p i p h a r y n1 x39 - - l O ss p h e n o i d a t e3l 4 , 5 1 ' - 5 6 , 350
141 Epiphysea p tl a t e ,H u m e r u s7 353 - c o r t i c o t h a L a m i c a2e9 6 ,3 0 8
- m a n u s4 , 1 5 7 , 2 4 7 - 2 4 8 E pi ph y si s - - [ O sz y g o m a t i c u m l5 4 ,3 5 3 - m e r i d i o n a l e3s 6 2
- - c u r a n e o uIsn n e r v a u o n , g- - d i s t a l i s7 - p o s t e r i o r{ C o r n e a l3 6 4 - 3 6 5 - occipitopontin3 a0e7
se
m e n t a L2 5 1 - - [ R a d i u s ]1 7 7 - - l H u m e r u s 1l 6 1 - o t i v o s p i n a L e3s4 7
- p e d i s4 - 5 - - ( U t n a l1 7 7 - - llris] 362,364-365 - p a r i e t o o c c i p i t o p o n t i n2a9e6
- s e l l a e3 8 ,4 0 ,5 0 ,5 6 ,6 2 , 2 7 9 - p r o x i m a l i s7 - - [ L e n s )3 6 2 , 3 6 6 - p a r i e t o p o n t i n a3e0 7
D u c t u [ ie x c r e t o r iIiG t a n d u t a Epitendineum 11 - - p a t p e b r a e3 5 5 - p o n t o c e r e b e l l a r e3s5 0
Epithetium
cr vo/ ,o rw o/ !j - t e m p o r o p o n t i n a2e9 6 , 3 0 7
t a c n m a t r sJt c 6 - J c / - -
P dr u5 P slrvJoc
- - { R a d i u s1 - t h a t a m o p a r i e t a l e2s96 , 3 4 8
Du c t u s -( u s l - a n t e r i u s( C o r n e a l3 6 2 , 3 6 4 j 67,169
- a r t e r i o s u s[ B o r A L L o 2 - p o s t e r i u sI C o r n e a l3 6 4 - - l S c a p u t a1) 6 0 - z o n u [ a r e s3 6 3 - 3 6 5
]2
- c o c h l e a r i s3 8 2 ,3 9 3 - 3 9 5 Eponychium 31 - - [ U t n a ]1 6 6 , 1 6 9 F i b r o c a r t i l a gboa s a t i s2 7 9
- d e f e r e n s1 5 EquiLibrium - t e m p o r a l i sI O sf r o n t a t e ]4 8 F i b r o u jso i n t 9
- e n d o l y m p h a t i c u3 s93 - contro[396 - - ( O ss p h e n o i d a t e5l6 , 3 8 8 F i b u l a6
- l y m p h a t i c u sd e x t e r 2 3 - p a t h w a y3 9 7 - - { O st e m p o r a t e5l 8 - d e v e l o p m e n 8t
- nasolacrimat8 i s8 , 3 5 7 - - a f f e r e n t / e f f e r e n3t 9 6 - v e s t i b u l a r i s9 4 f i b u L a r i s1
- p a r o t i d e u s6 8 ,7 0 ,7 2 - 7 3 ,8 0 , E t h m o i d abI o n es 0 s e t h m o i d a t e F a t xc e r e b r i 116 - 11 7 ,2 6 1 ,2 76 , Frtumt-at
E x c a v a t idoi s c i 3 6 2 ,3 6 8 2 9 4 , 3 2 1 , 3 2 5r,5 7 - o f f a c t o r i al l l 2 6 6 , I 5 7
109-110,116,137
- r e u n i e n s3 9 3 - 3 9 4 c o x a e lT 3 9 F a s c i a11 - r a d i c u t a r iIaN s p i n a t i s 2l 8 6 ,
E x t e n s i o[ A r t i c u [ a t i o
- s e m i c i r c u l a r ai sn t e r i o r3 9 0 , E x t r a - o c u [ am r u s c t e s3 5 8 - 3 6 1 - a n t e b r a c h i1i 7 8 ,1 8 5 ,1 8 9 - 1 9 1 , 343,31,5
393-395 - t'/Rt 361 1 9 9, 2 0 1- 2 0 2 , 2 0 6 , 2 1 1 . 2 3 8 , 2 4 3 , - terminale 342-343
- - [ a t e r a I i s3 9 0 ,3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 3 9 8 E x t r a p y r a m i d amI o t o r s y s t e m 3 5 0 2 4 9, 2 5 4 , 2 5 6 Fimbria hippocampi 292-293.
- - p o s t e r i o r3 9 0 ,3 9 3 , 3 9 5 E x t r e m i t a to, b e r e ,m u s c l e s 2 0 4 - arm 178 3 13 - 3 15 , 3 2 8 - 3 2 9 3. 3 3 - 3 3 5 ,
- s u b t i n g u a t i s { - emsai j o r 1 1 1 , 1 1 4 Extremitas - a x i t t a r i s2 2 4 , 2 2 7 338
- - m i n o r e s1 1 1 , 1 1 / + - a c r o m i a t i s1 5 9 ,1 6 2 - 1 6 3 - brachii 178,225, 238,252-253 F i n a Im o t o r p a t h 3 5 0
- s u b m a n d i b u t a r1i1s 0 - 1 1 11,1 1 ' , - d i s t a [ i sI H u m e r u s 7 l - cervicaLi7 s 0 - 7 2 ,1 0 9 - 1 1 0 , F ing e r
- p r o x i m a t iIsH u m e r u s )7 11 8 - 11 9 ,13 3 - 13 4 , 1 3 6 ,11 + 31, 5 6 - s Digitus(-i)
116-117
- t h o r a c i c u s2 3 , 2 2 9 - s t e r n a t i s1 5 9 - c L a v i p e c t o r a l i2s2 6 - c o n d u c t i oann a e s t h e s i 2a 5 1
- u t r i c u l o s a c c u [ a r i3s9 3 - i n f r a s p i n a t1 a7 9 , 1 8 5 - j o i n t ss A r t i c u t a t i o ( - n edsi gJiti
Eye
- v e n o s u s[ A R A N T I u s2]2 - s OcuLus{-il - masseterica 1 0 9 - 11 0 ,1 1 9 F i s s ur a[ - a e )
E y e b a t t3 6 2 - 3 6 4 - n e c k1 1 9 - a n t i t r a g o h e t i c i n3a8 0
Duodenum 14,16
- d i m e n s i o n s3 6 2 - p a r o t i d e a7 1 ,1 0 9 - c e r e b e t t i3 0 5
D u r am a t e r
- c r a n i a l i s 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 2, 6 1- 2 6 2 , - layers363 - p e c t o r a [ i s1 8 4 - h o r i z o n t a [ i IsC e r e b e L t u m2]9 7 ,
2 7 8 - 2 8 1 , 3 6 93, 8 9 ,3 9 3 ,T s 7 - p h a r y n g o b a s i l a r1i s3 7 - 1 3 81, 4 1 303-301*
- s p i n a I i s 1 3 6 ,1 5 4 ,3 4 2 - 3 4 3 - t e m p o r a l i s7 2 - [ o n g i t u d i n a [ icse r e b r i 2 8 2 .
F F a s c i acI o m p a r t m e n t so f t h e h a n d 285-288,293,309,312, 316, 323,
249 326-336
Fasciculus{-il - m e d i a n aa n t e r i o rl M e d u t l ao b -
E F a c i a [m u s c l e s 7 0 - 7 2 ,3 5 4 ,f 1 , f 5 7
Facies - a n t e r o l a t e r a l i s3 4 8 t o n g a t a )2 8 6
- a n t e r i o r[ C o r n e a i3 6 4 - cuneatus 298-299,345,347-348 - - - [Meduttaspinatisl
E a r3 7 9
Ear-eye-ptane 33 - - (lrisl 362,364 - graci[is 298-299,31+5, 347-31'8 342-343,345
joints Articutatio - - {Lensl362,364-366 - i n t e r f a s c i c u t a r i3s4 7 - n o d u t o f [ o c c u t a r i3s0 3
ELbow cubiti
 Index

Fissura[-ae] Foramenl-inal F o v e o t a [ - a e3] 6 7 G A S S E R igaann g t i o sn G a n g t i o n

- o r b i t a I i si n f e r i o r 3 4 , 4 2 - 4 3 - z y g o m a t i c o f a c i a t5e3 - 5 4 ,3 5 3 - g r a n u [ a r e s3 9 t r i g e mi n a[ e
5 3 - 5 4 ,2 6 4 ,2 74 , 3 5 3 ,3 5 6 ,3 6 0 - z y g o m a t i c o o r b i t a5t5e,3 5 3 , 3 5 6 - crrnr:mo:+irr 6Q G a s t e r1 4 ,1 6 - 1 7 , 3 0
- - s u p e r i o r 3 4 ,4 0 - / + ,14 4 , 5 / + , F or c e p s Frenutum G e n i c u L u nme r v if a c i a t i s3 9 8
5 6 - 5 7, 2 6 5 , 2 6 7- 2 6 8 , 2 74 , 2 7 8 , - m a j o r 3 0 6 ,3 3 1 ,3 3 3 - [ i n g u a e1 0 4 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 2 Genu
3 5 3 , 3 5 8T, 5 7 - m i n o r 3 0 6 ,3 3 1 ,3 3 4 - v e l im e d u t t a r issu p e r i o r i s - { C a p s u tian t e r n a i2 9 6 , 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 ,
- p e t r o o c c i p i t a [4i s0 , 3 9 9 FoTearm 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , 3 0 53, 3 6 327,333-334
- p e t r o s q u a m o s a4 0 , 5 8 - s Antebrachium - ( C o r p u cs a [ [ o s u m 2l 7 6 , 2 9 2 ,
Frons 33
- p e t r o t y m p a n i c a5 8 - 5 9 - m u s c L ess A n t e b r a c h i u m , F r o n t a Ib o n es 0 s f r o n t a l e 3 0 6 - 3 0 73, 1 3 ,3 1 5 - 3 1 73, 2 0 , 3 2 4 ,
- p o s t e r o l a t e r a [ i3s0 4 musctes F r o n t a lp l a n e 1 3 3 2 - 3 3 33 , 37
- prima 302-303 F o r m a t i or e t i c u t a r i s3 4 5 ,3 1 + 8 Fundus G i n g i v a9 3 , 1 1 1 - 1 1 2f,5 7
- p t e r y g o m a x i [ a r i s3 5 3 Fornix 276, 292-295,298,302,309, - m e a t u sa c u s t i ciin t e r n i3 9 1 G i n g t y m iT 2 3
- s e c u n d a3 0 2 - 3 0 3 313-317,320,323-325,327-329, T57 Gtabetta 48
- s p h e n o p e t r o s a4 1 ,4 3 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 3 3 1- 3 3 5 ,3 3 7 - 3 3 8 - o c u t i3 6 7 G[ an du l a[ - a e ]
2 7 9, 3 8 9 - c o n j u n c t i v ai nef e r i o r3 5 2 , 3 5 4 , Funicu[us - b u l b o u r e t h r a t i1s5
- t e l o d i e n c e p h a L 3i c1a7 357,378 - a n t e r i o r3 4 5 - L a b i a l e s9 2
- t r a n s v e r s ac e r e b r i 3 3 2 - - superior354,357,378 - l a t e r a t i sI M e d u t t ao b t o n g a t a ] - [ a c r i m a L i1s 1 6 - 1 1 72, 6 8 ,2 7 4 ,
- t y m p a n o m a s t o i d e5a8 - s a c c il a c r i m a t i s3 5 7 299 3 5 4 ,3 5 6 - 3 5 7 3, 6 0 - 3 6 13 , 72-374,
F L E C H SO I Gv,a b t u n d t eo f s F a s c i - F o s s a| - ae l - - ( M e d u t t sap i n a t i s3l 4 5 3 7 7- 3 7 8 ,T 5 7
-,,1,,^ ^^^r^*^--:-^r^
Lu(ur JEPrUItdt gilrdU5 - a x i [ [ a r i s1 5 7 - 15 8 ,2 2 7- 2 2 9 - p o s t e r i o r3 2 8 , 3 4 5 - [ a r y n g e a l e1s 3 1
FLECHSIG t r'asc t S T r a c t u S - c a n i n a4 9 - - palsy 351 - L i n g u a l e s1 0 4 ,1 1 4 , f 5 7
s p i n o c e r e b e l t apr ioss t e r i o r - c e r e b e L L a r5 i s7 - n a s a t e s8 7 ,T 5 7
F t e x i ol A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e l 10 - coronoidea 161,170 - p a t a t i n a e1 0 2 , f 5 7
F l o c c u l u s2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 8 ,3 0 3 - 3 0 4 , - crania i n t e r i o r4 1 G - p a r a t h y r o i d ei naf e r i o r3 0 , 1 3 0 ,
309,329 - - media41,277,f57 133,138-139,141
F o [ i u mv e r m i s 3 0 2 - 3 0 3 - - p o s t e r i o r4 1 , T 5 7 G a l e aa p o n e u r o t i c a7 0 - 7 3 , - - s u p e r i o r3 0 , 1 3 0 ,1 3 8
F o l l i c u t i n g u a t e s1 1 3 - c u b i t a t i s4 1 1 6 - 1 1 7, 2 6 1 , 2 8 0 - p a r o t i d e a1 4 , 6 9 - 7 0 ,7 2 , 7 7 ,8 0 ,
Fonticutus - d i g a s t r i c a6 0 - 6 1 G A L E NV,e i no f s V e n am a g n a 10 9 - 110 , 1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,1 3 8 - 1 3 9 1, 4 2 ,
- anlerior 46-47 - g l a n d u L al e a c r i m a t i s4 8 , 3 5 3 cereDrl 1 4 8 - 1 / 1 9 , 1 5T15, 7
- m a s t o i d e u s4 6 - 4 7 - h y p o p h y s i a [ 4i s0 ,L 5 , 5 0 ,5 7 ,6 2 , Gangtion[-iaJ - - a c c e s s o r i a6 8 , 7 2 , 1 0 9 - 1 1 0
- p o s t e r i o r4 6 - 4 7 279 - c e r v i c a lm e e d i u m2 7 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 , - nh:rvnno:lo< l?a-1?a
- s p h e n o i d a l i4s6 - i n c i s i v a8 7 - p i n e a L i s3 0 ,2 76 , 2 9 5 ,2 9 7 - 2 9 9 ,
147,153-151
Foramen(-inal - i n c u d i s3 8 6 - 3 8 7 - - s u p e r i u s2 7 , 4 1 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 , 3 0 1- 3 0 2 ,3 16 - 3 1 7 ,3 2 0 ,3 2 9 ,3 3 4 ,
- a t v e o l a r i a4 9 , 5 3 - i n f r a c l a v i c u t a r i1s 7 8 ,2 2 8 14 7, 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 337
- a p i c i sd e n t i s9 4 - i n f r a s p i n a t1 a6 0 - cervicothoracicum - p i t u i t a r i as H y p o p h y s i s
27,133,
- c a e c u mt i n g u a e3 8 , 4 0 , 1 0 3 - 1 0 1 - i n fr a t e m p o r a I i s4 3 , 5 3 ,3 6 0 - s a t i v a r i am
1 4 0 - 1 / , 11, 5 3 e a j o r e s1 4 ,1 1 0 , 1 1 4
- c r i b r o s a3 8 , 4 0 , 4 8 , 5 0 - 5 18,7 , - i n t e r p e d u n c u t a r i 2s 8 6 - 2 8 7 3 , 02, - c i L i a r e7 9 , 2 6 7- 2 6 8 ,2 74 , - - m i n o r e s2 7 5
265,278 3 0 9 ,3 2 5 ,3 3 6 3 7 0 - 3 7 1, 3 7 3 - 3 7 4 , 3 7 7 , T57 - s u b l i n g u a [ i 1s 4 ,8 4 ,1 1 0 - 1 1 1 ,
- e t h m o i d a taen t e r i u s5 4 - 5 5 , 3 5 3 - - c o e t i a c u m2 7 - 2 8
l u g u t a r i s4 2 ,5 9 114 - 11 7, 2 7 5 ,1 5 7
- - p o s t e r i u s5 4 - 5 5 , 3 5 3 - lateralis cerebri 287-288,290, - G A S S F R isa nG a n g l i otnr i g e m i - - s u b m a n d i b u t a r i1s4 ,6 8 , 7 2 ,
- i n c i s i v u m3 8 ,4 2 - 4 3 ,5 2 ,2 6 4 314,325-326 n a[ e 11 0 - 111 , 1 1 4 1 , 181 , 38-139,
- i n f r a o r b i t a L3e4 ,4 6 ,5 4 , 7 9 ,9 1 , - m a n d i b u l a r i s4 2 , 4 5 ,5 8 - 5 9 ,6 3 , - g e n i c u [ i1 0 1 ,2 7 0 , 3 9 03, 9 9 1 4 4 - 1 4 61 , 4 8 ,1 5 1, 2 7 5 , 1 5 7
268-269,353,360 65-67,388 - tmpar 27 - s u p r a r e n a [ i s3 0
- i n t e r v e n t r i c u tr ae 2 6 0 ,2 76 , 2 8 4 , - o t e c r a n i1 6 1 , 1 7 0 - i n f e r i u sl N g L o s s o p h a r y n g e u s l - t a r s a l e s 3 5 5
292-2932 , 9 5 ,2 9 8 ,3 0 2 ,3 10 _ 311 , - p o p L i t e a5 140,271,398 - t h y r o i d e a1 6 ,3 0 , 7 7 , 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 ,
3 13 , 3 15 - 3 17 , 3 2 0 ,3 2 2 ,3 2 7 ,3 3 3 , - p t e r y g o i d e3a8 ,5 6 , 8 7 - - l N v a g u s l1 1 0 - 1 / + 1 , 2 7 2 1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 2 - 1 3 51, 3 8 ,
337 - p t e r y g o p a L a t i5n3a,5 5 , 3 5 3 - [ u m b a [ r a2 7 140-1/+1,145-1/,6, 1L9, 156
- ; u g u l a r e 4 0 - 4 3 ,14 0 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , - r a d i a t i s1 6 1 - mesentericum - v e s i c u L o s1a5
i n f e r i u s2 8
2 7 1- 2 1 3 , 2 7 8 , 3 9 0 - 3 9,1r 5 7 - r h o m b o i d e a2 9 8 - 2 9 9 3 , 0 2 ,3 4 2 , - - s u p e r i u s2 8 G t o b u sp a t t i d u s2 9 4
- l a c e r u m 4 0 - 4 3 ,2 6 L - 2 6 5 2 , 78, 397 - o p t i c u m3 6 3 ,3 7 0 ,T 5 7 - [ateratis 294, 308-309,321, 334,
3 8 8 ,3 9 0 - 3 91 - s a c c i[ a c r i m a t i s5 3 , 3 5 3 - o t i c u m 2 6 9 ,2 7 1 ,2 7 5 ,f 5 7 338
- t i n g u a t e6 ' 1 - s c a p h o i d e 5a 6 - p e l v i c a2 7 - m e d i a [ i s2 9 4 ,3 0 8 - 3 0 9 3 , 27,334,
- m a g n u m 4 0 - / 1 3L,7, 5 7, 2 6 2 , - s u b a r c u a t a4 0 , 5 9 - pterygopa[atinum 1 0 1 ,2 6 8 ,2 7 4 , 338
2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 8T, 5 7 - s u b s c a p u [ a r i1s6 0 377, J57 Glomus
- m a n d i b u L a6e0 - 6 1 ,9 3 ,1 0 6 - s u p r a c t a v i c u t am r i si n o r 3 2 , - r e t i n a e3 6 3 , 3 7 0 - c a r o t i c u m2 7 1
- m a s t o i d e u m3 7- 3 8 ,L 0 ,L 2 , 119 - sacralia 27 - c h o r o i d e u m3 1 3 ,3 1 5 ,3 2 1 ,3 3 8
58-59, 264 - s u p r a s p i n a t 1a 6 0 - s e n s o T inae r v o r u ms p i n a l i u m G n a t h i o n3 3
- m e n t a l e 3 4 - 3 5 ,4 6 , 6 0 - 6 1 ,7 0 , - s u p r a t o n s i t t a r 1i s0 3 26, 3 40, 312-343, 3 48-349 G 0 L L ' st r a c t s F a s c i c u l u g s racitis
9 3 , 9 9 - 1 0 01, 0 6 , 2 6 9 - t r i a n g u l a r i s3 8 0 c e r v i c a t i u m3 4 0 G o W E Rt' rsa c t s T r a c t u ss p i n o c e r e -
- N 4 0 N Rs0 F o r a m e ni n t e r v e n t r i c - Fossutal-aeJ lumbailum340,344 b e L L a r iasn t e r i o r
utare - f e n e s t r a ec o c h t e a e3 8 6 - 3 8 7 , sacraLium 340 Granutatione a sr a c h n o i d e a2e6 1 ,
- n u t r i c i u m 1 5 9 ,1 6 6 - 1 6 7 1 , 87 392 - s p i n a [ e3 4 2 280-282,311
- ovale 22, 40-43, 53, 57, 264-265, - - v e s t i b u t3i 8 6 - s p i r a l ec o c h t e a e2 7 1 , 3 9 4 , 3 9 7 G R A Y S o Nl i'gsa m e n t 2 4 9 - 2 5 0
2 6 9 ,2 75 , 2 78 , 3 8 8 - 3 91 , r 5 7 - p e t r o s a4 2 , 5 9 - s t e t t a t u ms G a n g l i o nc e r v i - G S Al g e n e r a ts o m a t i ca f f e r e n c e J
- p a [ a t i n am i n o r a 4 3 , 5 2 , 9 3 , 2 6 4 - t o n s i [ [ a r e s( T o n s i t t p aatatina) c 0 t n oT a ccrum 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0T15, 6
- p a t a t i n u mm a j u s / + 2 - 4 3 , 5 2 , 9 3 , 103 - s u b m a n d i b u t a r7e9 ,8 4 ,1 1 A , G S E{ g e n e r a sl o m a t i ce f f e r e n c e l
102,264 FoveaI-a eJ 1 1 4 ,2 6 9 , 2 7 5 r, 5 7 3 0 0 - 3 01, T 5 6
- p a r i e t a t e3 6 - 3 8 - a r t i c u t a r i s1 6 7 - s u p e r i u s{ N g t o s s o p h a r y n g e u s ) G U Y o Nl o, g ed e s L o g ed e G U Y O N
- r o t u n d u m 4 0 - 4 1 ,5 5 - 5 7 , - c e n t r a t i s3 6 2 , 3 6 7 2 71 - 2 7 2 G V A{ g e n e r avI i s c e r a a I f f e r e n c e J,
264-265,268,274, 278, 390,r57 - inferior 299 - - [ N v a g u s J1 4 0 , 2 7 2 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0T15, 6
- s i n g u l a r e3 9 1 - o b t o n g a1 2 2 - sympathicum ' 1 4 7
accessorium G V EI g e n e r a vI i s c e r a e I fference]
- s p h e n o p a L a t i n u5m 1 ,5 5 ,2 74 - p t e r y g o i d e a6 0 - t h o r a c i c a2 7 2 7 1 + - 2 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0T15,6
- s p i n o s u m4 0 - L 3 ,5 3 ,5 7 , - s u b t i n g u a t i6s0 - 6 1 - t r i g e m i n a t e7 9 ,1 0 1 ,2 6 7 - 2 6 9 , Gyrus[-i]
2 6 / + - 2 6 52,6 9, 2 7 8 ,3 9 0 - s u b m a n d i b u t a r 6i s0 - 6 1 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 , 2 7, 72 7 9 ,2 8 6 , 3 7 2 - 3 7 3 , - a m b i e n s3 3 6
- s t y l o m a s t o i d e u m4 2 - 4 3 ,5 9 , - superior299 - a n g u [ a r i s2 8 5 ,2 8 9- 2 9 0 , 3 2 9 ,
3 8 5 ,3 8 9 ,3 9 9 ,T 5 7
1 0 1 ,2 6 1 ,2 7 0 ,3 8 6 ,3 9 9 ,T 5 7 - t r i a n g u t a r i s1 2 2 - t r u n c is y m p a t h i c2i 6 331
- s u p r a o r b i t a t e3 4 , 4 6 ,3 5 3 - t r o c h L e a r i s3 5 3 - v e s t i b u l a r e2 71 , 3 9 5 ,3 9 7 - b r e v e si n s u t a e2 8 9
 lndex

Gyrus(-i) Hi[um l n t e r n e u r o n s3 4 6 Lamina[-ae]

- cerebraI hemispheres 287, - n u c L edi e n t a t i 3 0 5 I n t e r p h a t a n g ej oaitn t ss A r t i c u l a - - i n t e r n a 3 9 , 4 5 ,2 6 1 ,2 8 0
289-290 - - o t i v a r i si n f e r i o r i s3 0 9 t i o n e si n t e r p h a t a n g e a e - l a t e r a [ i sl C a r t i t a g ot u b a ea u d i t i -
- c e r e b r2i 6 1 H i p p o c a m p u s2 94 , 3 1 3 - 3 16 , 3 2 3 , l n t e s t i n u m3 0 vael 388-389
- cinguti287-288,290,292,307, 3 2 5 ,3 2 7 ,3 3 3 - 3 3 6 3
, 38-339 - c r a s s u m' 1 4 - - l P r o c p t e r y g o i d e u s3 )8 , 4 2 ,
3 12 - 3 1 33, 15 ,3 2 4 - 3 3 3
53 ,7 H u m e r o r a d i aj o
Li n t s A r t i c u l a t r o - t e n u e 1 4 ,1 7 5 0 ,5 2 ,5 5 - 5 6 ,6 2 , 1 3 7 , 3 8 8
- dentatus292-293, 314, humeroradia[is l n t i m a9 - L i m i t a nasn t e r i o r3 6 2
328-329,335 H u m e r o u t n aj or i n ts A r t i c u l a t r o lntumescentia - - p o s t e r i o r3 6 2
- fasciotaris 292-293, 312-313 h um er ouL n ar i s - c e r v i c a t i s3 4 0 , 3 4 2 - m e d i a t i sI C a r t i t a gtou b a ea u d i t i -
- frontaLis inferior289-291, H u m e r u s6 , 1 5 8 ,1 6 1 ,1 6 3 - 1 6 1 - , - [ u m b o s a c r a t i s3 1 + 03,4 2 vael 388-389
325-328,332-335 168, 170,182-184,204,238, lris 352,362-365 - - ( P r o c p t e r y g o i d e u s3l 8 , 4 2 ,
- - medius285,289-290,312, 252-253 lsthmus 5 0 - 5 2 , 5 66,2 , 9 2 , 3 8 8
325-328,330,332 - oninhw<orl nlrto< 7 - a o r t a e1 9 - m e d u t l a r i sl a t e r a L i {sN u c l e u s
- - superior285,289-290,309, - g r o w t hp t a t e s 7 - faucium 102,f57 t e n t i f o r m i s l3 0 9 ,3 2 7 ,3 3 4
312,325-328, 330-33 1, 337 H y o i db o n es O s h y o i d e u m - g [ a n d u t ateh y r o i d e a e1 1 5 , 1 2 9 , - - m e d i a t i sI N u c l e u s[ e n t i f o r m i s l
- insuLae309,325-327 Hyponychium 31 132-134,136,148,155 3 0 9, 3 2 7, 3 3 4
- tingualis287,329,335-336 H y p o p h a r y n x1 3 9 - g y r i c i n g u L i2 8 7 , 2 9 0 , 3 3 / . - m e m b r a n a c e a3 8 9
- [ o n g uisn s u t a e289 H y p o p h y s i s3 0 , 2 6 2 ,2 7 8 - 2 79 , 2 8 3 , - modioli391-392
- o c c i p i t a t3e3s 1-3333 ,5 286, 302, 320, 323-324, 327, 337, - o r b i t a l i s5 3 - 5 5 , 3 5 3
- occipitotempora[is [ateraLis 369 J - p e r p e n d i c u [ a rl i0ss e t h m o i d a t e ]
286-287, 290,327-329,336 Hypothatamus30, 295,302,320, 3 8 , 4 8 ,6 2 , 8 7
- - medialis287,290,315, 327,334-337 J e j u n u m1 4 , 1 6 - - l O s p a l a t i n u m4l 9 - 5 1 , 5 3 - 5 4
327-329 - o v e r v i e w2 9 5 J o i n t ,t r u e 9 - p r e t r a c h e a L i1s 1 8 - 1 1 9 1 , 33-134,
- orbitales286-287, 290,326, H y p o t h e n a r1 5 7 ,1 8 0 ,2 0 6 ,2 4 9 , J u gu m [ - a J 136
3 3 63, 6 13, 7 0 2 5 6 ,T 3 8 - a l v e o [ a r i al M a x i t t a ]4 9 - p r e v e r t e b r a l i1s1 9 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 6
- p a r a h i p p o c a m p2a8t 6i s- 2 8 8 , - s p h e n o i d a [5e7 - s i n i s t r a{ C a r t i t a g o
thyroideaJ
290,292, 314-315,325,327-329, J u n c t u r a es y n o v i a t e s10 1 2 2 - 1 2 31, 2 6 - 1 2 71, 3 0 - 13 1 , 13 7
334-336,338-339 I - s p i r a l i so s s e a3 9 1 - 3 9 2 , 3 9 4
- paraterminaLis 290,295,326, - - s e c u n d a r i a3 9 1 - 3 9 2
335,337 I t e u m1 4 , 1 6 L - s u p e r f i c i a t i lsF a s c i ac e r v i c a L i s J
- postcentralis 285,289-291,312, lmpressio[-nesl 7 0 - 7 2 ,1 0 9 - 1 1 01,1 9 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 6 ,
328-332,348 - gyrorum 40 L A B B EV, e i no f s V E I NO fL A B B E 156
- precentraIis 270,285,289-291, - [ i g a m e n tci o s t o c l a v i c u t a r i5s9' ] Labium - - { F a s c i at e m p o r a L i s7l 2
307, 312,328, 330-332, 350 - trigeminatl3 s 8 6 ,3 8 9 - i n f e r i u s9 2 , 1 0 3 - 1 0 4 - tecti302,305
- rectus287,292,326,336-337 Incisural-aeJ - L i m btiy m p a n i c u m3 9 4 - t e r m i n a l i s 2 76 , 2 9 2 ,2 9 5 ,3 0 2 ,
- supramarg inalis 285,289-290, - a n t e r i o r3 8 0 - - v e s t i b u t a r e3 9 4 320, 327, 334-337
329-330 - c a r t i L a g i nm i se a t u sa c u s t i c 3 i 80 - m a j u sp u d e n d i1 5 - tragi 380
- temporatis inlerior287, - f r o n t a t i s4 8 ,5 4 , 3 5 3 - m i n u sp u d e n d i1 5 - v a s c u t o s a3 6 3
289-290,325-329 - i n t e r a r y t e n o i d e1a2 8 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 9 , - s u p e r i u s9 2 ,1 0 3 L a m i n a ro r g a n i s a t i o n of REXED
- - medius289-290,327-329, 141 LADTUM 346
333-335 - i n t e r t r a g i c a3 8 0 - a r t i c u t a r e9 L a r y n g e am I u s c l e ss L a r y n x ,
- - superior289-290,325-329, - j u g u t a r i s( 0 s o c c i p i t a t e5l 7 - g t e n o i d a l e16 4 - 16 5 ,1 8 4 musctes
332-335 - [ a c r i m a l i s4 9 ,3 5 3 L ab y r in t h L a r y n g o p h a r y n x1 3 9
- - transversus anterior291 - m a n d i b u t a6e0 , 6 5 - b o n y3 9 1 - 3 9 2 L a r y n g o s c o p y1 2 8
- m a s t o i d e a3 7 , 4 2 ,5 8 - 5 9 - m e m b r a n o u s3 9 3 - 3 9 4 L a r y n x 1 4 , 1 1 / + - 1 1 51,2 3 - 1 2 4 1, 2 7 ,
- n a s a l i s4 9 L ab y r in t hu s 129_132,13/.,141
H - p a r i e t a L i s5 8 - 5 9 - cochLeari3 s 79,397 - a r t e r i e s1 3 0
- preoccipitatis288-290 - ethmoidaL4 i s8 - [ a r y n g o s c o p y1 2 8
H a b e n u l3a3 4 - p t e r y g o i d e a5 6 - m e m b r a n a c e u3s9 3 - 3 9 4 - m u s c l e s1 2 5 , f6 , 1 5 7
Hamu[us - r a d i a [ i s1 6 6 , 1 6 8 - osseus 391-392 - nerves 130
- lrminro cnirrlic ?42 - s c a p u t a e1 6 0 , 1 6 2 - v e s t i b u l a r i s3 7 9 ,3 9 5 ,3 9 7 L a t e r a tv e n t r i c l e ss . V e n t r i c u t u s
- o s s i sh a m a t i 1 7 1 - 1 7 3 , 1 7 6 , 2 1 1 - s p h e n o p a l a t i n4a9 L a c e r t u sm u s c u t ir e c t iL a t e r a l i s3 5 8 lateraLis
- p t e r y g o i d e u3s8 , 4 2 , 5 0 - 5 15. 3 , - s u p r a o r b i t a [ i s4 8 , 3 5 4 | ---i-^t ^^^^--+..-
LdLr rrrrdtdPPdr d(ur
2E?
uJl [ a t e r a t i s1
5 5 - 5 6 ,6 2 , 6 7, 8 7 , 9 2 , 1 0 2 ,1 3 7, - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r 1 2 2 L a c r i m agI l a n ds G [ a n d u L a L a y e r so f t h e e y e b a t t3 6 3
388 - - superior 122-123,125-126 [ ac r i m at l s - e x t e r n a [3 6 3
H a n ds M a n u s - t r o c h L e a r i s1 6 6 ,1 6 8 - 1 7 0 Lacunae laterales 261,280-281 - i n t e r n a l3 6 3
'136 - t y m p a n i c a3 8 7 - m i d d L e3 6 3
H e a d3 2 , L a c u s[ a c r i m a t i s3 5 2 ,3 5 7
- arteries 258-259 - u l n a r i s1 6 7 L a mi n a[ - a e ] L e mnIs c u s
- c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n7 9 I n c u s3 7 9 , 3 8 3 , 3 8 7 - a f f i x a2 9 8 ,3 1 3 ,3 1 5 - 3 1 73, 2 1 , - [ a t e r a t i s3 4 8 , 3 9 7
- r e g i o n s3 2 I n d e x1 5 7 1 , 71 328,331 - m e d i a t i s3 4 8
- veins 260 l n d u s i u mg r i s e u m 3 1 2 ,3 16 , 3 2 8 , - a t b a e3 0 5 L e n s 3 6 1- 3 6 6 ,3 6 9
H e L i x3 8 0 332-333 - a n t e r i o r( V a g i n am u s c u [ ir e c t i L e v e ra r m , m u s c l e s1 1
H e m i p L e g[i B aRowN-sEouAR 3D 5 1l I n f r a -a n ds u p r a h y o im d usctes a b d o m i n i s 1l 7 9 Ligament
Hemispherium 10 5 - 10 7 ,118 , 12 0 ,T 9 - T 10 - b a s i t a r i s3 9 4 - of CLELAND249-250
- c e r e b e [ [ i2 8 3 ,2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 7 , I n f u n d i b u [ u ImH y p o p h y s i s ) - c a r t i t a g i n ci sr i c o i d e a e1 2 2 - of GRAYSoN 249-250
3 0 3 - 3 0 4 3, 0 9 ,3 18 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 9 , 2 76 - 2 7 7, 2 7 9 , 2 8 6 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 , 372 0 , 124-125,129,131, 136 L i g a m e n tm u[-al
336-339 323 - c h o r o i d o c a p i l t a r i3s6 3 - a c r o m i o c t a v i c u t a r1e6 2 - 16 4 ,
- ( C e r e b r u m j3 4 0 l n i o n3 7 - c r i b r o s a3 8 , 4 0 - 4 1 , 4 8 5 , 0-51, 184
H e p a r1 4 , 1 6 - 1 7 , 2 2 Innervatioo nf musctesu , p p e r[ i m b 8 7, 2 6 5 , r 5 7 - a n u t a r e l - i a )1 2 3 - 1 2 1 '
H E S C H Lt'rsa n s v e r s eg y r u s 3 9 7 205 - - s c l e r a e3 6 2 , 3 6 8 - - radii 168-170,203
Hiatus Insertioo n f m u s c [ e s{ l n s e r t i o 1] 1 - d e x t r a{ C a r t i l a g ot h y r o i d e a l - - s t a p e d i a t e3 8 4
- c a n a l i sn e r v ip e t r o s im a j o r i s / m i - I n s u l a [ - a e j2 8 4 ,2 9 4 ,3 0 8 ,3 13 - 3 16 , 122-124,127,132 - a u r i c u [ a r ep o s t e r i u s3 8 1
noris278 318, 323-321,,328, 332-334, - e p i s c [ e r a [ i s3 6 8 - - s u p e r i u s3 8 1
- m a x i t t a r i s5 1 338-339 - e x t e r n a 3 9 ,L 5 , 2 6 1 ,2 8 0 - c a r p ir a d i a t u m1 7 3
- o e s o p h a g e u2s7 2 - p a n c r e a t i c a e3 0 - f u s c as c l e r a e 3 6 8 - c a r p o m e t a c a r p a [ di ao r s a t i a1 7 3 ,
- s e m i l u n a r i s9 0 lntornrl erncrrlo ?aA - h o r i z o n t a t i s4 2 ,4 7 , 5 0 - 5 2 ,9 3 , 203
- v e n a ec e p h a t i c a 1 e84 l n t e r n aeI a r 3 9 0 388 - - p a t m a r i a1 7 3 ,2 1 1
 Index

Ligamentum[-aJ Limb Lobus(-i) Margo

- coLLaterale(-ial - l o w e r ,e p i p h y s e apI L a t e sI - c e r e b e t tai n t e r i o r 3 0 2 - 3 0 3 - l a c r i m a l i s1 r 9
- - [Articutatio
metacarpopha- - - o s s i f i c a t i o cne n t r e s 8 - - p o s t e r i o r3 0 2 - 3 0 3 - [ a m b d o i d e u3s6 , 5 7
t a n g e a l1 7 3 ,1 7 5 , 2 1 3 - - s y n o s t o s i s8 - cerebri288 - l a t e r a [ i IsH u m e r u s ]1 6 1
- - c a r p ir a d i a t e1 7 4 - upper158 - d e x t e r( G t a n d u t tah y r o i d e a )' 11 4 , - - ( 0 r b i t a j 3 5 3 ,3 6 0
---utnare174 - - a r t e r i e s2 2 3 , 2 3 5 132,134,138 - - [ S c a p u t a1l 6 0 ,1 6 5
- - radiate168,170,203-204 - - c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o ns,e g - - f l o c c u [ o n o d u t a r i2s8 6 ,3 0 2 - 3 0 3 - t i b e rl U n g u i s J3 1
- - u t n a r e 1 6 8 ,1 7 0 m e n t a l2 1 6 - frontafis 284,288-289,310,361 - t i n g u a e1 0 3
- c o n o i d e u m1 6 2 ,1 6 4 ,1 8 3 - 1 8 4 - - c u t a n e o u ns e r v e s2 1 6 - 2 1 7 - inferiop r u L m o n i s1 4 - m a s t o i d e u s5 7
- coracoacromiale 1 6 2 - 16 4 , - - f a s c i a1 7 8 - insularis lnsuLa - m e d i a l i sI H u m e r u s l1 6 1
182-184 - - joints 158,T23 - t i m b i c u s2 8 8 - - [ O r b i t a3 ] 53,360
- c o r a c o c t a v i c u t a r1e6 2 ,1 6 4 ,1 8 3 , - - t y m p h a t i c s2 2 4 - m e d i u sp u t m o n i sd e x t r i 1 4 - - l S c a p u t a1)6 0 , 1 8 3
189 - - N 4 R t2 5 2 - occipitatis 28/',288-289,292, - o c c i p i t a l i sl O st e m p o r a [ e J5 8 - 5 9
- c o r a c o h u m e r a l e16 2 - 16 4 , 1 8 4 - - muscles 179,182-187, 310 - p a r i e t a l i s{ O sf r o n t a t e l4 8
- c o s t o c l a v i c u t a1r e5 9 ,1 8 6 1 8 9- 1 9 2 , 1 94 - 1 9 8 ,2 0 0 - 2 1 3 - parietaLis284,288-289, - - l 0 s s p h e n o i d a t e5l6 - 5 7
- cricoarytenoideum 122-125 - - n e T v e s2 1 5 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 5 3 0 9 - 310
- c r i c o p h a r y n g e u m1 2 3 - 1 2 4 - - o r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o nos f m u s - - p o s t e r i o rl H y p o p h y s i ssl. N e u r o - - p o s t e r i olrR a d i u s l1 6 7 ,1 6 9
- c r i c o t h y r o i d e umme d i a n u m118 , c t e s 18 6 - 18 7 , 1 9 2 ,1 9 8 h y p o ph y s si - - [ U t n a l1 6 6 , 1 6 9
1 2 3 - 1 2 41 , 2 6 ,1 2 9 ,1 3 2 ,1 3 4 ,1 3 6 , - - o s s i f i c a t i o cne n t r e s 8 - p y r a m i d a t i s1 1 4 ,1 3 2 - p u p i t [ a r i s3 6 4 - 3 6 5
156 - - s y n o s t o s i s8 - s i n i s t e rl G L a n d u ttah y r o i d e a J - s p h e n o i d a L5i s8 - 5 9
- c r i c o t r a c h e a [ e1 2 3 ,1 3 3 - - v e s s e L s2 3 2 115, 118, 120,132-134,138 - s q u a m o s u (sO ss p h e n o i d a t e l
- d e n t i c u t a t u m3 4 3 Limbus - superiop r u t m o n i s1 4 56-57
- g t e n o h u m e r a i[nef e r i u s1 6 2 - anteriop r a t p e b r a e3 5 2 ,3 5 5 - temporalis 28/,,288-289, - s u p e r i o rl C e r e b r u m l2 9 0 , 3 2 6
- - m e d i u m1 6 2 - c o r n e a e3 6 2 309-310,318,361 - - p a r t i sp e t r o s a e4 0 , 5 9 , 9 1
- - s u p e r i u s1 6 2 - p o s t e r i opr a l p e b r a e3 5 2 , 3 5 5 L o c u sc a e r u l e u s2 9 9 - - I S c a p u t a1l 6 0
- hyoepigtotticum 1 2 4 ,1 2 6 ,1 2 9 , - s p i r a t i s3 9 4 L o g ed e G U Y O N2 4 9 , 2 5 6 * s u p r a o r b i t a [[i0s r b i t a ]3 5 3 , 3 6 0
136,156 Lrmen L o n g i t u d i n a Ix i s 1 - - l O s f r o n t a L e 3) 4 , 4 4 , 4 8
- i n c u d i sp o s t e r i u s3 8 4 , 3 8 7 - i n s u l a e2 8 9 L u n u t a3 1 - z y g o m a t i c u s5 6
- - s u p e r i u s3 8 4 ,3 8 7 - nasi 88 L y m p h a t i cs y s t e m ,o v e r v i e w2 3 M a t r i xu n g u i s3 1
- i n t e r c a r p a L e { - idaol r s a [ i a 1 7 3 L i n eo f a c t i o n m , u s c t e s1 1 Lymphatics M a x i t t a3 4 , 3 8 ,4 2 , 4 6 - 4 7 ,4 9 - 5 5 ,
- - i n t e r o s s e u m1 7 4 L in e a{- a e J - arm 224 6 8 ,8 6 - 8 8 ,9 0 ,9 3 , 9 8 - 9 9 ,10 3 ,
- i n t e r c t a v i c u L a1r1e8 ,1 3 6 ,1 5 9 - a x i t t a r i sa n t e r i o r 1 - axilla 224 I 0 9 , 113 , 13 6 , I 5 6 , 2 6 4 , 3 5 3
- [ateraLe l A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o - - - p o s t e r i o r1 356-357,378
m a n d i b u t a r i s7l2 - 7 3 - e p i p h y s i a t i7s, 9 - p a n o r a m i rca d i o g r a p h 1 y00
- L o n g i t u d i n aa[net e r i u s1 3 6 ,1 5 3 - i n n o m i n a t a4 4 M M a x i t t a rsyi n u s 5 2
- - p o s t e r i u s1 3 6 - m e d i a n aa n t e r i o r1 Meatus
- m a t t e ia n t e r i u s 3 8 4 - - p o s t e r i o r1 Macula - a c u s t i c ues x t e r n u s4 2 , 4 4 - 4 5 ,
- - l a t e r a t e3 8 4 - 3 8 5 - mediocLavicutaris'l - c r i b r o s am e d i a 3 9 2 58-596 , 5 ,8 3 ,8 5 , 1 0 0 ,2 6 4 , 3 7 9 ,
- - s u p e r i u s3 8 2 ,3 8 4 - 3 8 5 3 , 87 - m y l o h y o i d e a6 0 - 6 2 - - s u p e r i o r3 9 2 3 8 1 - 3 8 2 3, 8 5 - 3 8 7 ,4 0 0 ,r 5 7
- manus173 - n u c h a [ i si n f e r i o r 3 7 ,4 2 - t u t e a 3 6 2 ,3 6 7 - - - c a r t i l a g i n e u7s3 , 3 8 2
- m e t a c a r p a t e [ -d i ao]r s a t i a1 7 3 - - superior 37,L2 M a L l e u s3 7 9 ,3 8 3 ,3 8 7 ,3 9 9 - - i n t e r n u s3 8 , 4 1 , 2 6 5 , 2 7 0 - 2 7 1 ,
- - i n t e r o s s e a1 7 4 - obLiqua l C a r t i l a g ot h y r o i d e a ) M a n d i b u [ a6 , 3 4 - 3 5 ,4 6 - 4 7 , 6 0 - 6 1 , 391, r57
- - palmaria 173,249 122,126 6 4 , 6 6 ,6 8 , 8 4 , 9 2 - 9 3 , 9 9 - n a s ii n f e r i o r4 / + , 5 4 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 1 0 9 ,
, 10/+,
- - t r a n s v e r s u mp r o f u n d u m 1 7 3 - - [ M a n d i b u t a6l 0 10 6 - 10 8 , 1 1 3 ,1 1 9 - 1 2 0 1, 3 5 - 13 6 , 357
--- superficiale243 - p a r a s t e r n a L i 1s 138 - - m e d i u s4 4 ,9 0
- ossiculorum a u d i t u s3 8 4 - p a r a v e r t e b r a I i s1 - p a n o r a m i rca d i o g r a p h 1y 0 0 - - s u p e r i o r4 / 1 , 9 0 , 1 0 9 , 3 7 8
- p a l m a r i a1 7 3 , 1 7 5 - s c a p u [ a r i s1 Manubrium m e d i a t i s1
- patpebra[e t a t e r a l e3 5 4 , 3 5 6 - s t e r n a t i s' 1 - m a t [ e i3 8 3 - 3 8 5 , 3 8 7 M e d i a ns a g i t t apI t a n e 1
- - m e d i a [ e7 0 , 7 2 , 3 5 4 , 3 5 6 - 3 5 7 - t e m p o r a l i isn f e r i o r3 5 - 3 6 - s t e r n i ' 1 3 5 - 1 3 61 ,5 2 ,1 5 9 Medu[[a
- p i s o h a m a t u m1 7 3 - - s u p e r i o r3 5 - 3 6 M a n u s 2 - 3 , 1 5 8 ,1 7 1 ,1 76 , 2 0 5 - 2 1 3 , - c e r v i c a t i s2 74 - 2 7 5 ,T 5 7
- pisometacarpate 173 - t r a p e z o i d a1 5 9 242-248,250, 257 - o b l o n g a t a2 5 ,2 7 , 4 1 ,2 6 / ' - 2 6 5 ,
- p t e r y g o s p i n a [6 e2 L i n g u a 6 8 ,9 1 , 1 0 3 - 1 0 4 1 , 07, - A P - r a d i o g r a p1h76 - 1 7 7 271, 218, 283-284,286, 293,29I,
- q u a d r a t u m1 7 0 112-117 - a r t e r i e s2 L 2 , 2 4 6
, 1 3 4 ,1 3 9 , 3 2 4 3 0 5 ,3 0 7 ,3 1 0 ,3 2 0 ,3 2 8 ,3 3 7 ,3 4 0 ,
- r a d i o c a r p a [deo r s a t e 1 7 3 - innervation 103 - b o n e s1 7 2 31+2,3L8,I57
- - p a t m a r e1 7 3 - t a s t eq u a L i t i e 1 s03 - f a s c i a Ic o m p a r t m e n t s2 4 9 - o s s i u mf l a v a 7
- s p h e n o m a n d i b u l a5r e 2 ,6 7 ,8 5 , L i n gu[ a - joints173 - - rubra 7
92,138 - c e r e b e l t i2 9 8 ,3 0 2 - 3 0 5 - [ i g a m e n t s1 7 3 - s p i n a t i s2 L - 2 5 ,4 1 ,1 5 4 - 1 5 5 ,
- s t e r n o c l a v i c u t a raen t e r i u s 15 9 - mandibutae 60-62 - m u s c t e s2 0 6 - 2 0 7 2 , 0 9- 2 1 0 , 264-265,276, 284, 286,298, 302,
- s t e r n o c o s t a trea d i a t u m 1 5 9 - s p h e n o i d a t i s4 0 ,5 6 - 5 7 ,3 9 0 T37-T38 3 0 9 ,3 18 , 3 2 4 ,3 4 0 ,3 4 2 - 3 4 7
- s t y t o h y o i d e u 9m2 ,1 0 5 - 1 0 61, 0 8 , L i q u o rs p a c e si,n n e r 3 11 - nerves 246 - - p a t h w a y sa, f f e r e n t3 4 8 - 3 4 9
1 1 9 - 1 2 01 , 3 7 - 13 8 Lobutusl-il - o r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o nosf m u s - ---efferent350
- s t y l o m a n d i b u t a r 6e 2 ,9 2 , 1 3 9 - a u r i c u L a e3 8 0 ctes 205 - - reflexes 3116
- t h y r o e p i g l o t t i c u m1 2 4 ,1 2 9 , - b i v e n t e r3 0 3 - 3 0 4 - t e n d o ns h e a t h s 2 0 8 - - s e g m e n t s3 4 6
136 - centralis 295,302-304 - - d o r s a l2 1 1 - - ctrll.tl,ro eollrn;r 1/,'7
- thyrohyoideum l a t e r a l e 1 2 3 ,1 2 6 - g r a c i t i s3 0 3 Margo N 4 E l B 0 Mg i a[ na n d ss G [ a n d u t a e
- - m e d i a n u m1 1 8 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 9 ,- p a r a c e n t r a t i2s9 0 - a n t e r i o (r R a d i u s 1 l 6 7 ,1 6 9 tarsa[es
132,136,156 - p a r i e t a t i si n f e r i o r 2 8 5 ,2 8 9 - 2 9 0 , - - { U L n a1 l 69 Membrana
- t r a n s v e r s u ma t L a n t i s1 3 6 329,331 - c i t i a r i s3 6 5 - f i b r o s aI C a p s u t a r t i c u L a r i s9J ,
- - s c a p u t a ei n f e r i u s 2 3 5 - - superior 285,289-290,329 - f r o n t a t i {s0 s s p h e n o i d a t e5J7 168
- - - superius162,182-183, - q u a d r a n g u t a rai sn t e r i o r3 0 3 - g i n g i v a t i s9 4 - i n t e r o s s eaan t e b r a c h i1i 6 9 , 1 9 2 ,
18 9 , 2 3 5 - - p o s t e r i o r3 0 3 - i n f e r o l a t e r a l i s2 9 0 ,3 2 6 198, 203-201+,207, 241,248, 250,
- trapezoideum 1 6 2 ,1 6 / . , - s e m i L u n a r iisn f e r i o r 3 0 3 - 3 0 4 - i n f e r o m e d i a t i s2 9 0 ,3 2 6 255
18 3 - 18 4 - - superior303-304 - i n f r a o r b i t a L li M
s a x i t t a j4 9 - q u a d r a n g u t a r i1s3 3
- u l n o c a r p a [ ep a [ m a r e 1 7 3 - s i m p t e x3 0 3 - - l 0 r b i t a )3 4 , 3 5 3 , 3 6 0 - r e t i c u t a r i s3 9 4
- vestibutare 124,133 L o b u s-l i i - i n s u [ a r is l n s u t a - s t a p e d i a l i3s 8 4 , 3 9 8
- v o c a [ e1 2 2 ,1 2 1 + - 1 2153, 1 ,1 3 3 , - a n t e r i o rI H y p o p h y s i s JA d e n o - - i n t e r o s s e ul R s a d i u s J1 6 7 ,1 6 9 - s y n o v i a [ i IsC a p s u t a r t i c u l a r i s l
154 h y p o ph y s si - - l U t n a l1 6 6 , 1 6 9 9
 lndex

Membrana MuscLe[sl MuscuLus(-il Musculus[- i] flexor[-esJ

- t e c t o r i aI D u c t u sc o c h L e a r i s3l 9 4 - p r e v e r t e b r a l1 2 1 , I 1 2 - c o r r u g a t osr u p e r c i l i7i 0 , 7 2 - 7 3 , - - digrtorum { M a n u s }2 4 5 , 2 5 6
- t h y r o h y o i d e a9 2 , 1 0 7 - 1 0 8 , - s i n g l eh e a d 1 1 3 5 4 ,T 1 - - - p r o f u n d u s3 1 , 1 8 0 ,1 8 7 ,
11/+-115,123-124,126,132-134 - ,t e n d o n1 1 - c r i c o a r y t e n o i d e u[ as t e r a t i s 1 9 2 - 1 9 3 1, 9 7- 1 9 8 , 2 0 7,
137 -types 11 125-127,133,r6 209,211,213,239-240,
- t y m p a n i c a3 7 9 , 3 8 2 , 3 8 4 - 3 8 5 , - u n i p e n n a t e1 1 - - p o s t e r i o r1 2 5 - 1 2 7 , 1 3 0 - 1 3 1 , 249-250, 255-257,
387,157 - u p p e rt i m b 1 8 2 - 1 8 7 , 1 8 9 - 1 9 2 , 161,r6 T24-T25,r32
Membrum 194-198,200-213 - c r i c o t h y r o i d e u1s1 4 - 11 5 ,11 8 , - - - s u p e r f i c i a L 1i s8 0 , 1 8 6 - 1 8 7 ,
- i n f e r i u s2 - 3 ,6 - - o r g i n s a n di n s e r t i o n s 125-127, 132-134, 137, T6 1 9 2 - 1 9 8 , 2 0 5 , 2 0, 7 209,
- s u p e r i u s2 - 3 , 6 ,1 5 8 18 6 - 18 7 , 1 9 2 ,1 9 8 - d e f t o i d e u s1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,14 4 - 14 7 , 211,213,238-239,
M e n i n g e s2 6 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 - V e n t e r 11 1 5 7, 1 6 5 ,1 7 8 - 1 9 1, 2 2 2 , 219-250,254-257 ,
- o f t h e s p i n a Ic o r ds M e n i n g e s - w i t h t e n d i n o u si n t e r s e c t i o n s11 2 2 5- 2 26 , 2 2 8 ,2 3 2- 2 34 , r 2 4- r 2 5 , r24-r25,r31-r32
s pI n at e s MuscuLusl-il r27 - - p o l t i c i sb r e v i s 1 7 5 ,1 9 6 , 2 0 5 ,
- s p i n a l e s3 4 3 - a b d o m l n i1 s2,308 - - a t r o p h ya , x i t [ a r yn e r v ep a t s y 207-209, 244-245, 257,
M e s e n c e p h a L o2n8 4 ,2 8 8 ,2 9 7- 2 9 8 , - a b d u c t odr i g i t im i n i m i( M a n u s l 222 r24-r25,r36
370 2 0 5 , 2 0 7- 2 0 9 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 7, T 2 4 - r 2 5 , - d e p r e s s o ra n g u [ io r i s 7 0 - 7 3 , - - - L o n g u s1 7 5 , 1 7 9 , 1 9 2 - 1 9 7 ,
mesiat 93-94 T38 109,137,T1 2 0 5 , 2 0 7, 2 0 9 , 2 1 1 ,
M e s o p h a r y n1x 3 9 - - p o t t i c i s b r e v i2s0 5 , 2 0 7 - 2 0 9 , - - t a b i ii n f e r i o r i s7 0 - 7 3 , I 1 238-239 , 245, 255-257 ,
Mesotendineum 1 1 ,2 1 1 ,2 5 7 24/1-246,I25, 136 - - s e p t in a s i 7 0 , 3 5 4T, 1 r24-r25,T32
M e t a c a r p a L si a O s s am e t a c a r p i - - - l o n g u s 1 1 8 - 1 7 9 , 1 9 4 - 1 9 6 , - - s u p e r c i t i i7 0 - 7 3 , 3 5 4 , f l - f u s i f o r m i s1 1
M e t a c a r p o p h a [ a n gj e oai nl t I s l 19 8 - 2 0 3 ,2 0 9 . 2 3 8 , 2 4 1 - d i g a s t r i c u s6 8 ,7 2 - 7 3 ,8 4 , 9 2 , - g e n i o g l o s s u s6 7 , 9 2 , 1 0 1 , ,
- s A r t i c u t a t i o n em s etacarpopha- 246,248,250,255-257, 1 0 5 - 1 0 61,1 0 - 111 , 1 1 1 + 1 ,1 6 - 1 2 0 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 81,1 0 - 111 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 71, 3 4 ,
tangeae T24-r25,r35 137- 141, 144-146, 148-151,399, 136,156,T2,r57
- o f t h e t h u m bs A r t i c u t a t i o - a d d u c t opr o t t i c i s17 9 ,2 0 5 , 19, T57 - geniohyoideu6 s 7 ,9 2 , 1 0 4 - 1 0 8 ,
m e t a c a r p o p h a t a n gpeoat l i c i s 208-209,214-246,248,257 - d i g i t o r u mm a n u s 3 0 8 11 0 - 111 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 71, 3 5 ,1 5 6 ,T 9
M e t a c a r p u s15 8 T24-r25,r36 - - pedis308 - h e t i c i sm a j o r 3 8 1
- c r o s s - s e c t i o n2 5 7 - a n c o n e u s1 7 8 - 1 7 9 1 , 8 1 ,1 8 7 , - dorsi 13 - - minor381
M e t a p h y s i 7s 1 9 1 ,1 9 8 ,2 0 0 - 2 0 3 2, 3 4 , 2 4 1 , 2 5 4 , - e p i c r a n i u s7 0 - 7 3 ,8 0 , 14 2 , 3 7 8 , - hyogtossus92, 107-108,
- d i s t a [ i sI H u m e r u s J7 r24,r30 T1 11 0 - 111 , 11 3 - 11 5 , 1 1 8 ,1 3 1 ,1, 3 7 ,
- p r o x i m a l i{sH u m e r u s 7 l - antebrachi3 i 08 - e T e c t o r s p i n a1e3 5 11+8-149, 151,12, r57
M e t a t h a l a m u s2 9 7 - 2 9 8 - a n t i t r a g i c u3s 8 1 - e x t e n s o r { - e s2l 5 5 - i n f r a h y o i d e 1i 3 4 - 13 5 ,T 7
M e t e n c e p h a L o2n8 4 - a r t i c u [ a r icsu b i t i 1 8 6 - 1 8 71, 9 8 - - c a r p ir a d i a l i sb r e v i s1 7 0 , - i n f r a s p i n a t u s1 6 3 ,1 6 5 ,1 8 1 - 1 8 4 ,
M o d i o l u cs o c h t e a e3 9 1 - a r y t e n o i d e uosb l i q u u s1 2 5 - 1 2 7 , 1 7 8 - 1 7 91, 8 1 ,1 8 5 - 1 8 71, 8 9 , 1 8 7, 1 9 1, 2 0 5 , r 2 4 - r 2 5 , r 2 8
M o n k e yh a n d ,M e d i a nn e r v ep a t s y 130-131,133,141,r6 1 91- 1 9 2 , 1 94 , 1 9 8 - 2 0 3 2, 1 0 , - i n t e r c o s t a t eesx t e r n i 1 8 2 ,T 1 3
219 - - t r a n s v e r s u s1 2 5 - 1 2 7 , 1 2 9 , 2 34 , 2 3 8 ,2 1 , 0 _ 2 4 1 2 ,4 6 , - - interni 182,f13
N 4 o n o s y n a p rt iecf l e x 3 4 6 131,141,156,r6 25/,-256,r24-I25T , 33 - i n t e r o s s e{iM a n u s lT 2 1 r - T 2 5
M 0 N R 0F, o r a m e no f s F o r a m e n - a u r i c u l a r i s l - e s3l8 1 ,T 5 7 [ o n g u s 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 - 1 8 1 , - - d o r s a t e s1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 5 ,
i n t e r v en t r ic u[ ar e - - a n t e r i o r7 1 , T 1 18 5 - 18 7 , 1 8 9 - 1 9 2 , 207,209-212, 245-246,248,
m o t o n e u r o no f a n t e r i o rh o r n 3 4 6 - - p o s t e r i o r7 1 , T 1 194-203,210,234, 250, 257, 126, r37
M o t o re n d p a t h w a y3 5 0 - - s u p e r i o r7 1 , 1 1 9 , I 1 21,0-241,246, 253-256, - - p a f m a r e s2 0 5 , 2 0 7 , 2 0 9 ,
M o t o re n d - p l a t e3 4 6 ,3 5 0 - b i c e p s11 r24-r25,T33 212-213, 245,250,257,r37
Motoricity - - brachii 157,162-165, - - - u L n a r i1s7 8 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 7 , - i n t e r s e c t u s11
. - a s s o c i a t i o na r e a 2 9 1 168-170, 178-180, 182-186, 198-203,205,210, 2/+1, - L a r y n g i s1 2 5 - 1 2 7 , 3 0 8
- p a t h w a y s3 5 0 188- 192, 19/,-197, 200,204, 255-256, T24-125, r34 - t a t i s s i m u sd o r s i 1 5 7 , 1 7 9 ,
- projectionarea 291 218,232-234,238-240, - - digitiminimi178,198-202, 18 1- 1 8 3 , 18 5 - 18 7 , 2 2 5 ,2 2 7- 2 2 8 ,
M R I I m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c et o m o - 252-254,rzL-T25, T29 210,241 ,255-257 , r25,r34 232,T24
g r a p h i ci m a g e l - b i v e n t e r1 1 - - digitorum 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 7 ,- l e v a t o r a n g u loi r i s 7 0 , 7 2 - 7 3 ,
- A n t e b r a c h i u m2 5 4 - b r a c h i a t i s1 1 , 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 - 1 8 0 , 191, 198-203,210-212, 137, 354,11
- arm 252 185-192,191+-191 ,200-201,218, 240-2/,1, 246,249-250, - - t a b i is u p e r i o r i s7 0 - 7 3 , 1 3 7 ,
- B r a c h i u m2 5 2 233-234, 238-240, 252-?54, 255-257 ,rzL-r25, r34 ?70,354,r1
- brain 324 r24-r25,r29 - - indicis198-199,202-203, a l a e q u en a s i 7 0 - 7 3 ,
- Encephalon323-324 - b r a c h i i3 0 8 213,256,r24-r25, r35 137,354,11
- forearm 254 - b r a c h i o r a d i a l 1i s5 7 ,1 7 0 , - - potIicb i sr e v i s1 7 8 - 1 7 1 99 , 5, - - p a l p e b r a es u p e r i o r i s
M u s c t es p i n d t e3 4 6 17 8 - ' t8 1 , 18 5 - 18 7 , 1 8 9- 1 9 2 198-203,210, 238,241,21,6, 116 - 11 7 ,2 6 7 ,3 5 4 ,3 5 6 ,3 5 8 ,
Musc[eIsl 19 4-202, 204-205, 207, 233-234, 248,256-257,f 21+-T 25, 360-361,369,372-375,378,
- a r m 1 8 5 - 1 9 1T, 2 9 - T 3 0 238-241, 253-256, r24-r25, T35 T57
- a x i so f r o t a t i o n 11 T33 - - - l o n g u s1 7 8 - 1 7 9 , 1 9 8 - 2 0 0 ,- - s c a p u l a e7 7 , 8 0 , 1 1 8 ,
- b i p e n n a t e1 1 - b u c c i n a t o r6 8 ,7 0 ,7 2 - 7 3 ,8 2 ,9 2 , 202-203,210,241,246, 120-121, 142-1/+3,11,6,150,
- C a p u t 11 1 0 2 ,1 0 9 ,1 1 6 ,1 3 7, r 1 248,250,255-257 , 15 4 - 15 5 , 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 , 1 8 7 , 1 7 ,
- d o u b t e - b e L 1L 1y - b u L b i3 0 8 , 3 5 8 - 3 6 1 r24-r25,r35 r24
- d o u b [ e - h e a d e1d1 - - MRt 361 - externibuLbi358-361 - - v e I i p a [ a t i n i9 2 , 1 3 7 - 1 3 9
- f a s c i a 11 - c a p i t i s1 2 - 1 3 - f a c i e7i 0 - 7 31, 3 7 , 3 0 8 , 3 5 4 3 8 8 - 3 8 9T , 3 ,T 5 7
- forearm 192,198 - c h o n d r o g t o s s u1 s 0 7 ,I 2 - faucium 308 - [ i n g u a e' 1 0 41, 0 7 - 1 0 8 , 3 0 T 8 ,2 ,
- hand 206-207 - c i t i a r i s 2 74 , 3 6 2 - 3 6 4 , f 5 1 - f t e x o r { - easnl t e b r a c h1i7i 0 r57
- - o r i g i na n d i n s e r t i o n s2 0 5 - c i n g u Lpi e c t o r a t i 3 s08 196-197 , 233,240 - L o n g i s s i m uc sa p i t i s1 2 1
- i n s e r t i o 11 - c o t t i 12 - 13 , 118 , 12 0 ,3 0 8 - - c a r pri a d i a t i 1s 7 8 - 1 8 1 08 , 6, - [ o n g i t u d i n a l iisn f e r i o r 1 0 4 ,
- larynx 125 - c o n s t r i c t o rp h a r y n g i si n f e r i o r 192_1 I 7,201,_205, 209,211, 107-108,r2
- leverarm 11 7 3 , 10 8 , 110 , 1 1 4 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,1 3 1, 238-239,244-245,249, - - s u p e r i o r1 0 4 , T 2
- l i n eo f a c t i o n 11 1 3 3 ,1 3 7 - 1 3 81, 4 0 ,1 5 4 ,1 5 6 ,T 5 254-256,r24-r25, r31 - [ o n g u sc a p i t i s 9 2 , 1 1 8 ,1 2 1 ,1 5 3 ,
- m u t t i - b e t t y1 1 - - - m e d i u s1 0 7 - 1 0 8 . 1 1 3 , 1 3 1 -, - - u t n a r i s1 7 81, 8 01, 8 6 , r7,112,r24
- m u L t i - h e a d e1d1 13 7 - 13 8 , 14 0 , 15 6 ,T 5 192-198,200-205, - - cotti 121,133-134,153-'155,
- - flat 11 - - - superior 102,107-108, 207-208,220,238-21+0, T7.r12-r13,r24
- ofmastication 70,72,74 137-138,140-141,147, 244-245, 2t 8,254-256, - lumbricaLes IManus]206-209,
- - f r o n t a Is e c t i o n 6 7 - 6 8 15 6 ,T 5 r24-r25,r31 212-213, 245-2/+6, 249-250,257,
- - h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n s6 9 - c o r a c o b r a c h i a L1i6s5 ,1 8 2 - 1 8 4 , - - d i g i tm i i n i mbi r e v iIsM a n u s l T2L,r37
- O r i g o1 1 186, 188-190, 218,232-233,252, 205,207-209,r 24-T25,131, - masseter61,,66-70,72-73,80,
- p a r a t t e fl i b r e s 11 T24-r25.r29 T38 83,109-'1 10,116-120,r4
 Index
Musculusl-il
- m a s t i c a t o r i i6 4 , 6 8 , 7 0 , 7 2 - 7 3 , - - L a t e r a l i s1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 7 , 3 5 6 ,
308
- - f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n 6 7 - 6 8
- - h o r i z o n t a l s e c t i o n6s9 , 1 0 9
- m e m b r ii n f e r i o r i s1 2 - 1 3 3 , 08
- - s u p e r i o r i s1 2 - 1 3
- m e n t a L i s7 0 - 7 3 ,1 3 7 , T 1
- m u t t i f i d u cs e r v i c i s1 5 4
- m y l o h y o i d e u6s7 - 6 8 , 7 7 , 9 2
1 0 4 - 1 0 61,1 0 - 111 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 1 r ,
116-120, 136-137.145-146,
1 4 8 - 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 ,5 6 ,T 9 ,T 5 7
- n a s a t i s7 0 - 7 3 ,3 5 / 1T, 1
- obtiquua s u r i c u l a e3 8 1
- - e x t e r n u sa b d o m i n i s1 7 9 , 1 8 2 ,
225
- - i n f e r i o r3 5 4 ,3 5 7 - 3 6 0 , 3 7 5 ,
378,r57
- - s u p e r i o r1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 7 , 3 5 4 ,
3 5 8 - 3 6 13 , 7 2 - 3 7 53 , 7 8 ,T 5 7
- o c c i p i t o f r o n t a l i7s 0 - 7 3 ,8 0 , 14 2 ,
3 5 4 ,T 1
- o c u l i ,i n n e r v a t i o n2 6 7
- o m o h y o i d e u6s7 , 1 0 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 4 ,
11 8 - 1 2 0 ,1 3 7 ,1 4 3 - 15 0 , 15 4 - 15 5 ,
182-183,186-187, 189,228-229,
T10
- o p p o n e nds i g i t im i n i m iI M a n u s )
2 0 5 ,2 0 7- 2 0 9 , 2 5 7 ,r 2 4 ,T3 8
- - policis 205,207-209,
2 4 5 - 2 4 62 , 5 7 ,r 2 4 - T2 5 ,r 3 6
- o r b i c u [ a r iosc u t i 6 9 - 7 3 , 8 0 1, 0 9 ,- s t a p e d i u s3 8 4 ,3 8 7 ,3 9 8 ,T 5 7
2 7 0 ,3 5 4 - 3 5 5 3, 5 7 ,3 7 8 ,r 1
- - oris 70-73,82,92,137,156,
270, 354,r 1
- o r b i t a t i s3 5 8
- patati308
- p a l a t o g l o s s u s1 0 2 - 1 0 3 ,
10 7 - 10 8 ,1 1 3 , 1 2 , r 5 7
- patatopharynge1 u0
s 2 - 1 0 31, 4 1 ,
T 5 ,T 5 7
- p a t m a r i sb r e v i s 2 0 6 ,2 3 8 ,2 4 3 ,
r24,r38
- - l o n g u s 17 8 , 18 0 , ' 1 8 6 ,
192- 197, 204, 206, 238-239,
2 4 9 ,2 5 4 - 2 5 6 , r 2 4 , r 3 1
- p e c t o r a t ims a j o r 11 8 ,1 2 0 ,
1 4 4 - 1 4 9 1, 7 8 - 18 0 , 18 2 - 18 3 ,
18 5 - 18 7 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 1 ,2 2 5 - 2 2,9
232-233,124,r26
- - m i n o r 1 1 8 ,1 / 1 5 - 1 4 7 , 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 ,
18 6 ,18 9 - 19 0 ,2 2 8 - 2 2 92, 3 2 ,
r24,T26
- p e n n a t u s11
- p h a r y n g i s113 , 13 7 - 13 8 ,3 0 8
- p t a n u s1 1
- p o p t i t e u sT 4 1
- p r o c e r u s7 0 - 7 2 ,1 3 7 ,3 5 4 ,f 1
- p r o n a t o rq u a d r a t u s 1 9 2 - 1 9 7 ,
204, 207,238-239,245,250,256,
f2/1,I32
- - teres 170,179-180,186,
1 9 2 - 1 9 31 , 9 5 - 19 8 , 2 n 2 - 2 0 / + ,
219,238-240,254-255,
r24-T25,r31
- p t e r y g o i d e ulsa t e r a t i s6 4 - 6 7 ,
6 9 ,8 3 - 8 4 ,9 2 , 1 0 9 ,1 3 8 ,T4
- - m e d i a l i s6 4 , 6 6 - 6 7 , 6 9 , 8 3 , 9 2 ,
110-111,138-139,T4
- recti 308
- r e c t u sa b d o m i n i s1 8 2
- - c a p i t i sa n t e r i o r12 1 ,T 7 ,
r12
---tateratis121
- - i n f e r i o r1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 7 ,
3 5 8 - 3 6 13 , 6 9 ,3 7 5 ,3 7 8 ,T 5 7
Musculus[-iJ rectus Musculus{-il Nervus[-i]axi[Laris
- t h y r o h y o i d e u s6 7 , 9 2 , 1 0 5 , - - s t r u c t u T es, e g m e n t a [2 2 2
3 5 8 - 3 6 23 , 69,372-375, 1 0 7 - 1 0 81, 1 0 ,1 1 4 ,11 8 ,1 2 0 ,1 3 3 , - - JuPPryil,Y
3 7 7- 3 7 8 ,r 5 7 1 3 7, 1 4 9 ,15 4 ,T 1 0 - buccaLis79, 82-85, 269,275
- - m e d i a t i s1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 7 , - t r a g i c u s3 8 1 - c a n a L ipst e r y g o i d e1i 0 1 , 2 7 4 , 3 9 8
3 5 8 - 3 6 23 , 74 - 3 7 5 ,3 7 7- 3 7 8 , - t T a n s v e r s uasu r i c u L a e3 8 1 - c a r d i a c u sc e r v i c a t i si n l e r i o r 2 7
r57 - - t i n g u a e1 0 4 ,T 2 ---medius27,140,147
- - s u p e r i o r1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 3 5 8 - 3 6 1 , - - m e n t i T 1 - - - s u p e r i o r2 7 , 1 1 + 0 , 1 1 , 7
3 6 9, 3 7 2 - 3 7 5 , 3 7 8r,5 7 - t r a p e z i u s7 1 ,7 7 ,8 0 - 8 2 ,1 1 8 , - c a r o t i c o t y m p a n i c u3s9 8
- r h o m b o i d e um s a j o r 1 8 3 ,1 8 7 , 1 2 0 ,14 2 - 14 3 , ' 1 4 51,4 8 , 15 0 , - c a r o t i c u isn t e r n u s1 0 1 , 1 4 0 , 3 7 4
T24 15 4 - 15 5 ,1 7 8 - 1 7 91, 8 1 ,1 8 3 , - cervicales 24, 26, 82, 145-11+6,
- - m i n o r 1 8 3 ,1 8 7 , f 2 / 1 18 5 - 18 7 , 1 9 0 ,2 2 9 ,1 7 , r 5 7 299,342
- r i s o r i u s7 0 - 7 2 ,1 0 9 , f 1 - rri.6^. hr..hi; 1q? 1Aa-1a4, - c i t i a r e s3 6 1 *
- s a t p i n g o p h a r y n g e1u4s1 T , 5 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 - 1 7 91, 8 1 ,1 8 3 - 1 9 1 , - - b r e v e s2 6 7 , 2 7 4 , 3 7 4
- s c a t e n uas n t e r i o r7 7 ,' l1 8 , 194-196,198,200-202,221. - - longi 268,374
120-121,133, 144-145, 147, 150, 232-234, 238, 241, 252-253, - coccygeus21+, 26, 342-343
153-155,182,229,T11 T24-r25, T30 - c o c h l e a r i s2 7 1 ,3 8 2 ,3 9 0 ,
- - m e d i u s 7 7, 1 1 8 ,1 2 0 - 1 2 - u v u f a e 1 0 2 , 1 4 1 , 3 8 8T, 3 ,T 5 7 3 9 3 - 3 9 43 , 96-397,r57
13 3 , 15 0 , 15 3 - 15 5 , 1 8 2 , 2 2 9 , - v e r t i c a L [i isn g u a e1 0 4 - c r a n i a [ e s2 5 ,2 6 6 ,2 76 - 2 7 7 ,2 8 6 ,
1 7, T 1 1 - v e s i c a eu r i n a r i a e3 0 8 300
- - p o s t e r i o r1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 1 5 01 ,5 3 , - v o c a t i s1 2 7 ,1 3 1 ,1 3 3 ,I 6 - - N u c t e i3 0 0 - 3 0 1
155,182,T11 - z y g o m a t i c u sm a j o r 6 9 - 7 2 . 9 2 , - - - g e n e r a Is o m a t i ca f f e r e n c e
- s e m i p e n n a t u 1s 1 1 0 9 ,1 3 7, 2 7 0 , 3 5 4 T ,1 [ G S A )3 0 0 - 3 0 1T, 5 6
- s e m i s p i n a t ci sa p i t i s7 1 ,1 2 0 ,1 5 4 - - minor 70-72,137,270,354, ^) u^i l - ^r d.u:l - t-r ri l rs r^ -r i-l L-r- ^ rI G S E I
- s e r r a t u sa n t e r i o r 1 7 9 ,1 8 2 - 1 8 3 , T1 300-301
1 8 6 ,2 2 5 , 2 2-72 2 9 , 1 2 4 M y e l e n c e p h a t o2n8 4 visceraI
afference
IGVA]
- s p h i n c t e rp u p i l l a e2 7 4 , 3 6 2 , 300-301, T56
364 vicrorel offoronco lG\/tr1
- s p i n a L i s1 5 4 N 300-30
1, T56
- s p l e n i u sc a p i t t s7 1 , 7 7 , 8 1 , ---motor350
120-121,143-144,146,150,15/, Nares 86 - - - ^^^^:I:^
S p e c r i l c-s^ -o^ m
+i^
a I t c - ^aI Il^l -e r e n c e
- - c e r v i c i s1 1 8 , 1 5 4 N a s a Ic a v i t y5 1 ,8 8 lssAj 300-301,1056
N a s i o n3 3 v i s c e r a l - af fe r e n c eI S V A I
- sternoc[eidomastoideu 7 s0 - 7 3 , N a s o p h a r y n x1 3 9 3 0 0 - 3 0 11,0 5 6
7 7, 8 1- 8 2 , 9 2 ,1 0 9 ,1 1 8 - 1 2 11, 3 3 , N e c k 3 2 , 1 3 6 ,1 4 8 - 1 4 9 1 , 54-156 v i s c e r a [ - e f f e r e n c{ S
e VEI
1 / , 2 - 14 6 , 1 4 8 - 1 5 1 1, 5 4 - 1 5 51 , 7 9, - s a Cervix 3 0 0 - 3 0 11, 0 5 6
182, 186-187, 228-229, T8,157 - cT 135 - c u t a n e u sa n t e b r a c h ilia t e r a t i s
- s t e r n o h y o i d e u6s7 ,1 0 5 ,1 0 8 , - c u t a n e o uisn n e r v a t i o 7 n9 178, 215, 217 -218, 230, 233-236,
1 1 0 , 1 1 4 ,118 - 12 0 .1 3 3 , 1 3 7 , 1 4 4 , - f a s c i a11 9 243,256
14 7 , 14 9 , 15 4 - 15 5 , 1 8 7 ,2 2 8 ,T 1 0 - r e g i o n s3 2 - - - m e d i a l i s2 5 , 1 7 8 , 2 1 4 - 2 1 5 ,
- s t e r n o t h y r o i d e u1s0 5 ,11 4 ,1 ' 1 8 , N e T V e s
2 1 7, 2 2 0 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 22,3 6 ,
'133, - hand 246
1 3 6 ,1 4 / . ,14 7 , 1 5 4 - 1 5 52, 2 8 , 253,I2/.
T10 - u p p e rt i m b 2 1 5 - - - p o s t e r i o r2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 1 ,
- s t y l o g l o s s u s9 2 , 1 0 7- 1 0 8 ,1 1 0 , N e r v o u ss y s t e m 2 3 0- 2 3 1 ,2 34 - 2 36 , 246- 2 4 7
113 - 1 15 , 1 1 9 ,1 3 7- 1 3 8 ,T 2 ,T 5 7 - a u t o n o m o u s2 8 - - b r a c h i li a t e r a L i sn f e r i o r2 1 5 ,
- s t y t o h y o i d e u7s3 , 9 2 ,1 0 6 ,1 1 0 , - - f u n c t i o n s2 9 2 1 7, 2 3 1 , 2 3 4 - 2 3 5
1 1 4 ,1 1 8 - 1 2 0 1 , 3 7 - 13 8 , 1 4 5 ,1 4 8 , - central 24 s u p e r i o r2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 2 ,
151,399,T9,T57 - p e r i p h e r a2t 4 231,234
- s t y l o p h a r y n g e u9s2 ,1 0 7 - 1 0 8 , N e r v u s-l i l - - - m e d i a t i s2 5 , 1 7 8 , 2 1 4 - 2 1 5 ,
1 2 0 ,1 3 7 - 1 3 8 1 , 4 0 ,T 5 ,T 5 7 - a b d u c e n sl V l l 2 5 , 4 1 ,6 7 , 2 1 7, 2 2 0 ,2 2 9 - 2 3 22, 3 6 ,
- s u b c t a v i u s118 , 18 2 - 18 3 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 7, 2 76 - 2 7 9 ,2 8 3 , 2 8 6 ,2 9 3 , 253,r24
186-187 , 1 8 9, 2 2 6 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 2T, 2 4 , 3 0 1 ,3 18 , 3 3 7 ,3 7 2 - 3 7 5 3, 7 8 ,3 9 9 , - - - p o s t e r i o r1 7 8 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 7 ,
r26 T 5 5 ,T 5 7 221,231,234-236
- s u b s c a p u [ a r i s1 6 2 - 1 6 3 1 , 65, - a c c e s s o r i u[ sX l ] 2 5 ,4 1 ,8 0 - 8 1 , - - f e m o r i sL a t e r a l i s2 6
1 8 2 - 1 8 11 , 8 6 ,1 8 9- 1 9 0 ,2 3 2 , 1L 0 - 1 4 7, 1 4 9 - 1 5 12, 6 4 - 2 6 6 2 , 73, ---posterior26
r24-r26 2 76 , 2 7 8 , 2 8 3 ,2 8 6 ,2 9 3 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 ,1 - d i g i t a t e sd o r s a l e sl N r a d i a t i s l
- s u p i n a t o r 1 7 0 ,1 9 2 - 1 9 3 , 3 1 8 , 3 3 ,73 4 2 , 3 9 9T, 8 ,T 17 ,T 5 5 , 2 1 7, 2 4 6 - 2 4,72 5 7
19 5 - 19 9 , 2 0 2 - 2 0 4 , 2 3 8 - 2 4,12 5 4 , r57 - - - l N u t n a r i s l2 1 7
T24-r25,T35 - a l v e o l a r i s l - e si nJ f e r i o r 6 7 , 6 9 , - - p a t m a r e sc o m m u n e s[ N m e -
- s u p r a h y o i d e1i0 6 7 9 , 8 2 - 8 5 ,1 0 1 ,1 0 9 ,1 1 1, d i a n u s J2 15 , 2 1 7, 2 1 + 4
- s u p r a s p i n a t u s1 5 5 ,1 6 2 - 1 6 4 , 1 16 - 1 1 7, 2 6 9 , 2 7 5 l N u l n a r i s j2 1 5 ,2 1 7 , 2 / + 4
182-187 , 1 8 9 ,T 2 4 - r 2 5 , r 2 7 - - s u p e r i o r e s1 0 1 , 2 6 8 - - - p r o p r i [i N m e d i a n u s 2] 1 5 ,
- t e m p o r a l i s6 4 , 6 6 - 6 9 , 7 3 ,8 0 , - a m p u t t a r i s3 9 5 2 1 7, 2 / + / + - 2 4264, 9 , 2 5 7
109,116,r4 - - anterior 271,393-395 l N u L n a r i s2l 1 5 , 2 1 7 ,
- t e m p o r o p a r i e t a t i7s 0 - 7 2 , f 1 - - l a t e r a l i s2 7 1 , 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 243-244,246
- t e n s o rt y m p a n i1 0 1 ,3 8 2 , - - p o s t e r i o r3 9 3 - 3 9 5 - d o r s a l i s c a p u L a2 e5 , 2 1 4 , f 1 7 ,
3 8 4 - 3 8 53 , 8 7 ,3 8 9 ,3 9 8 ,T 5 7 - a n a l e si n f e r i o r e s2 6 r24
- - v e t ip a t a t i n 9 i 2,137,141, - a n n o c o c c y g e2i 6 - e t h m o i d a t i sa n t e r i o r 8 2 - 8 3 , 2 6 8 ,
3 8 8 - 3 8 9T , 3 ,T 5 7 - a u r i c u L a rm i sa g n u s2 5 ,8 0 - 8 ' 1 , 37/+-375
- t e r e sm a j o r 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 ,811- 1 8 3 , 142-1fi,17 - - p o s t e r i o r2 6 8 , 3 7 4 - 3 7 5
18 5 - 18 7 , 1 8 9 ,1 91 , 2 2 7 ,2 3 2 - 2 3 / + , - - p o s t e r i o r7 8 , 8 2 , 8 4 - 8 5 , 1 4 2 , - f a c i a L i lsV l l l 2 5 ,2 7 - 2 9, 4 1, 6 9 ,
r24-T25,T28 1 1 5 , 2 7 0 - 217, 3 9 8 7 8 ,8 2 - 8 5 ,1 0 1 ,110 , 1 4 3 - 14 4 ,
- - m i n o r 1 6 3 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 3 - 1 8 4-, a u r i c u t o t e m p o r a l i7s9 - 8 5 , 2 6 9 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 62 , 6 9 - 2 7 0 2, 74 - 2 7 8 , 2 8 3 ,
1 8 7, 1 9 1 ,r 2 L - T 2 5 ,r 2 8 2 7 5 ,r 5 7 2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 0 9 ,3 18 , 3 3 7 ,
- t h o r a c i s1 2 , 3 0 8 - a x i f f a r i s2 5 ,2 14 - 2 1 5 ,2 1 7 ,2 2 2 , 3 8 7 ,3 9 0 ,3 9 8 - 3 9 9 T , 1 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7
- t h y r o a r y t e n o i d e u1s2 6 - 1 2 1 2 2 7, 2 3 1, 2 3 3 - 2 3 5 , r 2 4 , r 2 7- r 2 8 - - m o t o r p o r t i o n ,o r g a n i s a t r o n
1 3 0 - 1 3 '.,T] 6 - - palsy 222 270
 lndex

Nervus(-iI facialis IVll] Nervusl-il Nervus[-i] Nodus[- i] Iymphoideusl- iI cervicales

- - patsy78 - nasociLiari4 s 1 ,2 6 5 ,2 6 7- 2 6 8 , - supratrochteari7 s 9 ,8 1 - 8 5 ,2 6 8 , ---profundiT6
- - - p e r i p h e r a l / c e n t r a2l 7 0 2 74 , 2 78 , 3 72 - 3 74 , 3 78 , T5 7 372-373 i n f e r i o r e s7 7
- f e m o r a t i s2 6 - n a s o p a L a t i n u8s8 ,2 6 4 ,2 6 8 ,2 74 - t e m p o r a t e sp r o f u n d i7 9 , 8 3 - 8 4 , s u p e r i o r e s7 7
- f i b u t a r i sc o m m u n i s2 6 - o b t u r a t o r i u s2 6 269,T4 ---superficiaLesT6
- f r o n t a L i s/ , 1 , 7 9 , 2 6 5 2, 68,278, - o c c i p i t a l im s a j o r 7 9 ,8 1 - 8 2 . - t h o r a c r c i2 / 1 - 2 62, 1 7 ,2 2 7- 2 2 8 , - - c e r v i c i s7 6
372,378,r57 142-144,147 3 1 1 0 , 3 4T21, 5 ,T 1 9 - T 2 0 - - c u b i t a l e s2 2 4
- g e n i t o f e m o r a L i2s6 - - minor 25,80-82,142-145, - t h o r a c i c ulso n g u s2 5 ,1 4 7 , 2 1 4 , - - dpltnnaetnrala< )19

- g [ o s s o p h a r y n g e uI lsX ] 2 5 ,
2 7 - 2 9 ,4 1 ,1 0 1 ,1 0 3 ,11 3 ,1 3 0 ,
1 3 9 - 1 1 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 6 ,12, 27 7 5 - 2 76 ,
2 7 8 ,2 8 3 ,2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 0 9 ,
3 1 8 ,3 3 7 ,3 4 2 ,3 9 8 - 3 9 9 T , 5 5 ,T 5 7
- g t u t e u si n f e r i o r2 6
- - s u p e r i o r2 6
- h y p o g a s t r i c u s2 7
- h y p o g t o s s ulsx l l l 2 5 , 4 1 , 7 3 , 8 4 ,
1 4 7, 1 7 2 2 7- 2 2 9 ,T 1 7, r 2 4 - - f a c i a t e s7 6 , 1 5 0
- o c u L o m o t o r i ul lsl l ) 2 5 , 2 1 - 2 9 , - t h o r a c o d o r s a t i s2 5 , 14 7 , 2 1L , - - i n g u i n a L e2s3
4 1, 6 7, 2 6 5 - 2 6 7, 2 74 , 2 76 - 2 7 9, 2 2 7- 2 2 8 , 2 3 2 ,T 1 8 ,T 2 4 ,T 2 8 - - i n t e r c o s t a t e s2 2 9
2 8 3 - 2 8 4 , 2 8 62, 9 3 ,2 9 7, 3 0 1 , 3 1 8 , - t i b i a t i s2 6 - - j u g u t o d i g a s t r i c u1s5 0
327, 337-338, 358,371-37 5, 378, - t r a n s v e r s u sc o t t i 2 5 ,8 1 , - - juguloomohyoideu 1 s5 0
3 9 9 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 142-1 43, T7 - - m a s t o i d e7i 6 ,1 5 0
- o t f a c t o r li li l 2 5 ,6 1, 8 8 , 2 6 5 , 2 7 8 , - t r i g e m i n u sl V l 2 5 , 6 7 , 7 9 , 1 0 1 , - - o c c i p i t a L e7s6 , 1 5 0
T 5 5 ,T 5 7 2 6 6 - 2 6 ,92 7L - 2 7 7, 2 8 3 , 2 8 6 , 2 9 3 , - - p a r o t i d epi r o f u n d i7 7
- o p h t h a t m i c ul V s l l l L 1 , 7 9 , 1 0 ,1 2 9 7 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 18 , 3 2 2 ,3 4 8 , - - - crrnorfirialpc 7A 150

11 0 - 111 , 11 3 - 11 5 ,1 3 / +1, 4 0 - 1 4 1 , 2 6 8 ,2 74 , 2 77 , 2 79 , 2 8 6 ,3 72 - 3 75 , 3 7 2 - 3 7 5 , 3 9 9T, 5 5 ,T 5 7 - - p e c t o r a l e s2 2 9

1 4 5 - 1 4 91, 5 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 6 2 ,7 3 , 2 76 , 3 9 9 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 - - e x i tp o i n t so f t h e c u t a n e o u s - - nolvi< n:riot:loc ??

2 7 8 ,2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 18 , 3 3 7 , - o p t i c u sl l l l 2 5 , 1 , ,16 7 - 6 8 , 1 0 1 , b r a n c h e s2 6 9 ---viscerates23
342,12,r55,r57 1 16 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 2 67- 2 7 9, 2 8 3 , - t r o c h l e a r i sl l Y l 2 5 , 6 7 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 7 , - - r e t r o p h a r y n g e a t e7s7
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O a t hh a n d ,m e d i a nn e r v ep a t s y 2 1 9 123-121',126-127,129-130, - - l D u c t u st h o r a c i c u s l2 3
O b e x2 9 9 , 3 4 2 1 3 2 - 1 3 4 , 1 3 6 - 1 3191, , 1 , 1 / + 9 , 1 5 1 ,P A C C H l O Ngl a r ann u l a t i o nss G r a n - - - l M p e c t o r a t im s a j o r J1 7 9 , f 2 6
O c c i p i t abto n es 0 s o c c i p i t a l e 156 u l a t i o n e as r a c h n o i d e a e - a c r o m i a l i s1 6 5 ,1 8 8 ,2 2 6 - 2 2 7 ,
t - l c c i p u3t 6 - Incae37 P a i np a t h w a y s s e n s i b i l i t yp, r o t o - T27
0cutusl-il 352 - i n c i s i v u m4 7 , 5 2 pathic - a l v e o l a r i s6 0
O e s o p h a g u1s4 , 1 6 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 - 1 3 8 , - i n t e r p a r i e t a l3e7 P a l a t e1 1 3 - a n t e r i o rl C o m m i s s u raan t e r i o r l
140-141,155 - l a c r i m a t e3 4 - 3 5 , 5 0 - 5 1 , 5 3 - 5 5 , - h a r d 5 2 , 1 0 2 293,306
O t e c r a n o n1 5 7 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 8 - 1 7 0 , 353 - m u s c t e sT 3 - - ( D o r s u mt i n g u a e l1 1 3
-
1 7 8 - 1 7 9 , 1 8 5 , 1 9 1 , 2 0 0 - 2 0 2 , 2 3 1 , l o n g a7 - o s s e o u s9 3 - - t l i g c o l l a t e r a luel n a r e ]1 6 8
234,236,240-241 - lunatum171-174,176-177,250 - soft 102 - - llobusquadrangularisanteri-
O l f a c t o r yp a t h w a yT 5 7 - - d e v e t o p m e n8t P a t a t i n eb o n es 0 s p a l a t i n u m or] 303
 lndex il

Pars Pars orbitalis Peduncutus[-il PIexus

- a r y e p i g t o t t i c1a2 6 - 1 2 7T, 6 - - [ M o r b i c u l a r iosc u t i ]7 0 - 7 2 , - c e r e b e f f a r i isn f e r i o r 2 7 6 , - c e r v i c a [ i s2 4 - 2 5 ,7 9 , 1 4 4 ,
- a s c e n d e naso r t a e 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 7 , 3 5 4 ,T 1 298-299,319 14 6 - 14 9 ,2 14 , 2 7 3 ,T 8 ,T 10 - T 12 ,
119,344 - - l N o p t i c u s )3 6 9 - - m e d i u s2 7 0 - 2 7 1 , 2 7 6 , r17,T21,r57
- a t l a n t r c a1 5 2 - - I O sf r o n t a [ e )3 4 , 4 5 ,4 8 , 5 4 , 3 5 3 298-299,304,307.309, - - b r a n c h e sT 7
- b u c c o p h a r y n g e1a3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 - o s s e at u b a ea u d i t i v a e3 8 9 328-329,337-338 - - m u s c t ei n n e r v a t i o nT 7
- c a e c ar e t i n a e 3 6 3 - p a t p e b r a I (i sG t a n d u tLaa c r i m a [ i s ] - - s u p e r i o r 2 7 6 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , - - crrnnl,,inn rror< T7

- c a n a t i s3 6 9 356 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 3, 2 9 , 3 4 9 - c h o r o i d e u vs e n t r i c u [ [i a t e r a t i s
- c a r t i L a g i n e[aT u b aa u d i t i v a l3 8 9 - - { M o r b i c u t a r i s o c u t7i l0 - 7 2 , - c e r e b r i 2 7 6 - 2 7 72 , 86-287, 2 9 4 ,3 1 1 ,3 1 3 ,3 15 - 3 16 , 3 2 1 ,
- cavernosa 258-259,277-279, 3 5 4 - 3 5 5T , 1 296-299,30 1, 307, 309, 323,325, 3 2 7- 3 2 9 ,3 31- 3 3 5 ,3 3 7 - 3 3 9 3 , 70
295,390 - parasympathica 27-29 3 3 6 ,3 7 0 ,T 5 7 - - - quarti 276,286,293,298,
- c e n t r a [ i s[ V e n t r i c u l u lsa t e r a t i s l - p a r i e t a t i s{ S t r a t u ms y n o v i a [ e 1
)1 - f t o c c u t i2 9 8 , 3 0 4 3 0 2 ,3 0 5 ,3 0 9 ,3 1 ' 13, 1 8 ,3 3 7
- 3 1
2 9 4 ,3 0 9 1 , 3 13 - 3 16 , 3 2 5 - p a t e n s1 9 P e t v i s2 , 6 - - - tertii 276,294-295,302,
3 2 7- 3 2 9, 3 3 1- 3 3 2 ,3 3 7 - p e t r o s a{ A c a r o t i si n t e r n a l 2 5 9 , - r e n a l i s1 5 3 1 1 , 3 16 - 3 1 7, 3 2 0 ,
- c e r a t o p h a r y n g e1a0 7 - 1 0 8 , 264 P e n i s1 5 3 2 7- 3 2 8 , 3 3 7
13 7 - 13 8 ,T 5 - - ( O s t e m p o r a l e l4 0 - 4 1 , 4 4 , P e r i c r a n i u m7 2 - 7 3 - c o c c y g e u2 s4,26,T40
- c e r e b r a t i s2 5 9 ,2 7 7- 2 7 9 , 2 9 5 , L6-47, 58, 265,382,388-389, Periodontium 94 - c o e [ i a c u s2 7
319,369 393,399-400 P e r i o r b i t a3 5 8 ,3 6 0 ,3 6 9 ,3 7 8 - d e n t a t i si n f e r i o r 8 5 , 1 0 1 , 2 6 9
- c e r v i c a t i s{ A c a r o t i si n t e r n a l - p o s t c o m m u n i c a(l iAs c e r e b r r P e r i o s t e u m7 , 1 5 4 , 2 5 7 - - s u p e r i o r1 0 1
259 a n t e r i o r l 2 7 7- 2 78 , 3 19- 3 2 0 , 3 2 6 Pes 2-3 - h y p o g a s t r i c uisn f e r i o r 2 7
- - ( C o l u m n av e r t e b r a t i s l6 - - [ A c e r e b r ip o s t e r i o r l2 7 8 , - h i p p o c a m p2i 9 3 ,3 0 9 ,3 1 4 - 3 1 5 , - - s u p e r i o r2 7
- - ( D u c t u st h o r a c i c u s l2 3 , 2 2 9 318-319 336 - , , i,^(+o- P
^ ^o- ,- w
^ +u: ut ^q, u
, -r ol
e'
- - [ M e d u L tsap i n a L i s3)L 2 , 3 4 5 - p o s t e r i o(rC o m m i s s u raan t e r i o r l P e t i o t u es p i g t o t t i d i 1s 2 2 - 1 2 4 - [ u m b a t i s2 4 ,2 6
- c h o n d r o p h a r y n g e1 a0 7 - 1 0 8 , 293,306 P h at an x [- g e s l - [ u m b o s a c r a L i2s6
11 3 ,1 3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 - - [ D o r s u mt i n g u a e )1 0 3 ,1 4 1 - d i s t a t i s [ - e (sM ] a n u s j3 1 , 1 5 8 , - l y m p h a t i c u sa x i t t a r i s2 2 4
- c i I i a r i sr e t i n a e3 6 2 - 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 - - t L i g .c o t t a t e r a LueL n a r e l1 6 8 1 7 1- 1 7 2 ,1 7 5 - 1 6 7, 2 5 0 - mesentericusinferior 27
- c l a v i c u t a r Ii sM d e t t o i d e u s1l 6 5 , - nactl:min:ric lAR - m e d i a l - a e[ M ) a n u s 1l 1 , 1 5 8 , - - s u p e r i o r2 7
1 8 8 ,2 2 6 ,r 2 7 - p r e c o m m u n i c a t(iAs c e r e b rai n - 171-172,175-176,250 - oesophageus27,272
- - l M p e c t o r a t im s a j o r )1 1 8 , t e r i o r i 2 7 8 ,3 1 8 - 3 1 9 3, 2 6 - p r o x i m a [ i s l - elsM] a n u s l1 5 8 , - o p h t h a t m i c uTs 5 7
1 4 5 - 1 4 61 , 7 8 ,1 8 6 - 1 8 7 ,226, - - [ A c e r e b r ip o s t e r i o r l2 7 8 , 1 71- 1 7 2 , 1 7 5 - 1 76 , 2 4 9- 2 5 0 - p h a r y n g e u sl N g L o s s o p h a r y n -
T26 318-319,327 P h a r y n g e acLo n s t r i c t o r sa n d l e v a - geusl T3
- c o m p a c t a[ S u b s t a n t n i ai g r a ] - p r e [ a m i n a r i 3s 6 8 t o r s s p h a r y n g e am I usctes - - (N vaguslT8
2 9 7, 3 0 9 - p r e v e r t e b r a I i s1 4 6 - 14 7 , 1 5 2 P h a r y n g e am I u s c l e sT 5 - p t e r y g o i d e u s7 5 , 8 5 ,2 6 0
- c r i c o p h a r y n g e1a3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 - p r o f u n d a[ M m a s s e t e r ]6 8 , 7 3 , P h a r y n x 14 , 1 2 4 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 9- 1 4 1 ,I 5 7 - p u l m o n a l i {sN v a g u s l2 7 2
- c u p u [ a r i s3 8 2 ,3 8 5 r4 - i n n e r v a t i o sn e, n s i b l e1 3 9 - r e n a t i s2 7
- d e s c e n d e naso r t a e 18 , 1 4 1, 3 4 4 - pterygopharyngea 137-138, T5 - m u s c t e s1 3 8 T , 5 - sacralis 24,26
- d i s t a I i s{ A d e n o h y p o p h y s i2s7J 9 - r e c t a 1 2 6 ,1 3 7 T , 6 P H I L I P P E - G 0 M B ATUr L i aTn, g t eo f - t h y r o i d e uism p a r 1 3 3 ,1 4 9
- d u r a l i s3 4 2 - r e t i c u [ a r i s2 9 7 317 - t y m p a n i c u s2 7 1 , 2 7 5 , 3 9 8T,5 7
- f t a c c i d a3 8 2 - s a c r a t i s3 4 5 P i am a t e r - v a s a L idse r m a t i s3 1
- q l o s s o p h a r y n g e1a0 7 - 1 0 8 , - s p h e n o i d a t i s2 9 4 ,3 1 8 - 3 1 9 - c r a n i a t i s2 6 1 ,2 7 8 ,2 8 3 - - e p i f a s c i a I i3s1
13 7 - 13 8 ,T 5 - s p i n a t i sI M d e t t o i d e u s1J6 5 , - s p i n a L i 3s 4 5 - - s u b c u t a n e u3s 1
- i n f e r i o Ir N v e s t i b u t o c o c h t e a r i s l 1 8 8 , r 2 7 P I PI p r o x i m ai tn t e r p h a [ a n g ej oa iIn t l - - s u b d e r m a t i3 s1
271 - s q u a m o s a3 8 , 4 0 ,4 6 - 4 7 ,5 L - 5 5 , 175 - v e n o s u sc a n a l i sn e r v ih y p o g t o s s i
- i n f r a c l a v i c u l a r i s14 6 - 1/ ' 7 , 5 8 - 5 9 ,3 8 0 P i t u i t a r yg L a n ds H y p o p h y s i s 1,1,264-265
2 14 - 2 15 , 2 2 7- 2 2 8 ,T 2 8 ,T 3 0 - T 3 6 - s t e r n o c o s t a L i1s2 0 ,2 2 6 ,f 2 6 P l a c e n t a2 2 - - c a r o t i c u s i n t e r n u4s1 ,
- i n s u [ a r i s3 1 8 - 3 1 93, 2 6 - s u p e r f i c i a t Ii Gs [andu[a P[anes 261+-265,278,389
- i n t e r c a r t i [ a g i n e1a2 8 ,1 3 1 p a r o t i d e a1l 0 9 - h u m a nb o d y 1 - - f o r a m i n i so v a t i s4 1 ,2 6 0 ,
- i n t e r m e d i [aA d e n o h y p o p h y s i s l - - l M m a s s e t e r )6 4 , 6 8 - 6 9 , 7 3 , - o f t h e h u m a nb o d y 1 263-265,278,389
279 r4 Planta 5 - - p h a r y n g e u s1 3 1
- i n t e r m e m b r a n a c e1a2 8 ,1 3 1 - s u p e r i o rI N v e s t i b u t o c o c h t e a r i s ) P L a n t aar p o n e u r o s is A p o n e u r o - - - v e r t e b r a t iisn t e r n u s4 1 ,1 5 4 ,
- i n t r a c r a n i a t i(sA ,v e r t e b r a I i s ] 271 sis ptantaris 264-265
152 - s u p r a c l a v i c u t a r i1s1 8 ,14 4 , P L a n t arre f t e x 3 4 6 P t ic aI - a e l
- - { N o p t i c u s l3 6 9 14 9 - 15 0 ,2 1/ 1 - 2 1 52, 2 8 ,T 1 7 1 8 - I p [ a n t a r i s1 - a r y e p i g L o t t i c1a2 8 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1
- i n t r a L a m i n a r3i s6 8 - s u p r a t a r s a l i s3 5 2 PLanum - a x i l t a r ias n t e r i o r1 5 7
- i r i d i c ar e t i n a e 3 6 3 - 3 6 5 - s y m p a t h i c a2 7 - 2 9 - f r o n t a t e[ A r t i c u t a t rcoo x a e J1 0 - - p o s t e r i o r1 5 7
- L a b i a L i7s0 ,1 3 7 ,1 5 6 , r 1 - iarsatis352 - m e d i a n u m1 6 0 - c i t i a r e s3 6 5
- [aryngep a h a r y n g i s1 4 , 1 3 9 , 3 2 4 - t e c t al F o r n i x j 2 9 2 - 2 9 3 , 3 2 7 - s a g i t t a [ e{ A r t i c u t a t i co o x a e ] 1 0 - f i m b r i a t a 1 0 4 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 2 ,1 1 1 ,
- l a t e r a [ i s[ 0 s o c c i p i t a t e4l 6 - 4 7 , - t e n d i n e a( S t r a t u ms y n o v i a t e 1 )1 - s c a p u t a r e1 6 0 - g t o s s o e p i g t o t t ti a cateralis'103
57 - tensa 382 - t r a n s v e r s u m[ A r t c o x a e l 1 0 - - m e d i a n a1 0 3
- [ i b e r al F o r n i x J2 9 2 , 3 2 7 - t h o r a c i c aa o f t a e 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 7 , P l a t y s m a6 7- 6 8 ,7 0 - 7 1 ,8 0 , - iridis 364-365
- - m e m b r i i n f e r i o r i s6 272 1 0 9 - 110 , 1 16 - 1 1 7 1 , 1 9 ,1 3 7 , - l a c r i m a L i3s 5 7
- - - s u p e r i o r i6s , 1 5 8 - - { C o t u m nvae r t e b r a t i s6l 1 4 2 - 1 4 3 1, 4 6 ,1 5 4 , r 1 - m a t t e a r i sa n t e r i o r 3 8 2 ,3 8 5 ,3 8 7
- [ u m b a t i s( C o t u m n av e r t e b r a l i s ] - - ( D u c t u s t h o r a c i c u2s3) Plarrr: neriet:lic 151? - - posterior 382,387
6 - - ( M e d u t t as p i n a I i s )3 1 + 2 , 3 4 5 P t e x us - n e r v i[ a r y n g esi u p e r i o r i s1 3 9 ,
- - { M e d u t t as p i n a [ i s ]3 4 2 , 3 4 5 - t h y r o e p i g t o t t i c1a2 6 - 1 2 7f ,6 - a o r t i c u sa b d o m i n a t i 2s 7 1/+1
- m a r g i n a L i7s0 , 3 5 3 - 3 5 4T,1 - t h y r o p h a r y n g e1a0 8 ,1 3 3 , - b a s i l a r i s2 6 2 - 2 6 3 2, 91 + - 2 9 5 - p a t a t i n a e t r a n s v e r s1a0e2
- m y l o p h a r y n g e1a3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 13 7 - 13 8 ,T 5 - b r a c h i a L i s2 4 - 2 5 ,11 8 ,1L 3 - 14 7 , - p e t r o c [ i n o i d eaan t e r i o r
- n a s a L i {s0 s f r o n t a [ e ]4 8 - t r a n s v e r s a r i 1a 5 2 - 1 5 3 14 9 - 15 0 , 1 5 5 ,2 14 - 2 1 5 ,2 2 7- 2 2 8 , 276-277,r57
- - p h a r y n g i s1 4 , 1 3 9 , 3 2 / 1 - t r i a n g u [ a r i s2 8 9 1 11 ,r 1 7 ,r 2 4 , r 2 8 , T 3 0 - T 3 6 - - p o s t e r i o rT 5 7
- n e r v o s a3 6 8 - t u b e r a l i sl A d e n o h y p o p h y s i 2s 7 J9 - - b r a n c h e sT 2 4 - p h a r y n g o e p i g t o t t i c1a3 9
- o b t i q u a1 2 6 , 1 3 7 , f 6 - t y m p a n i c a4 7 ,5 8 , 3 8 0 - - ^.,^-t.,i^^
>uPPryil19
^-^-- Tat - s a t p i n g o p a t a t i n1 a3 6 ,1 3 9
- opercutari2 s89 P a t e L L6 a - cardiacus 27,272 - s a L p i n g o p h a r y n g1e0a3 ,1 3 6 ,
- o p t i c ar e t i n a e 3 6 2 - 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 , 3 6 8 - d e v e t o p m e n8t - c a r o t i c u s2 7 4 - 2 7 5 1 3 9 ,1 4 1
- o r a t i sp h a r y n g i s1 4 ,1 3 9 , 3 2 / + Patel[arreflex 346 - - c o m m u n i s1 4 0 - 1 4 1 - s e m i t u n a r i sc o n j u n c t i v a e3 5 2 ,
- o r b i t a L i{sG [ a n d u ttaa c r i m a t i s J Pathways - - i n t e r n u s4 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 8 , 357
3 5 4 ,3 5 5 ,3 6 0 - 3 6 13, 7 2 - 3 7 4 - afferent 347-349 398 - s u b I n g u a t i s1 1 2 , 1 1 4
- - l G y r u sf r o n t a L i isn f e r i o r l 2 8 9 - e f f e r e n t3 4 7 . 3 5 0 - c a v e r n o s u 8s 7 . 1 0 9 - t r i a n g u t a r i s1 0 3
 Index

Plica(-ael Processusl-usl Radio-ulnarjoint Ramus(-i)anterior

- vestibulari1 s 2 7 - 1 2 9 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , - t e m p o r a t i s6 6 - p r o x i m a t sA r t i c u l a t i o r a d i o u l - - - [ N a u r i c u l a r i s m a g n u s1)4 2
136 - t r a n s v e r s u s1 2 1 , 1 5 3 n a r i sp r o x i m a t i s - - [ N c e r v i c a t i s )1 4 5 - 1 4 6
- v o c a L i s1 2 7 - 1 2 9 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 - u n c i n a t u s ( O s e t h m o i d a5L1e J R a d i u s6 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 7 - 1 7 0 , 1 7 2 - 1 7 4 , - - [ N c u t a n e u s a n t e b r a c h i i
P o i n t o f C A N N O N - B OTH5 M 7 - v a g i n a t i s { 0 s s p h e n o i d a5l e 6) 176-177,179,197,200-204,207, m e d i a l i s ]2 1 1 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 6
P o t t e x1 5 7 , 1 7 1 - vocalis122,121-125,131 210,250,254-256 - - ( S u l c u sl a t e r a l i s l 2 8 9
Potus - z y g o m a t i c u (sM a x i t t a l4 2 , 4 8 , 5 2 , - d e v e l o p m e n It - a s c e n d e n s[ S u L c u Ls a t e r a t i s2] 8 9
- a n t e r i o (r B u t b u so c u l i l 3 6 2 55 - llensl 3oo - a u r l c u l a r ilsN v a g u s )8 3 - 8 5 ,
- - { L e n s f3 6 2 , 3 6 L , 3 6 6 - - f O s f r o n t a l e3l 4 , 4 8 - 1 ' 9 , 3 5 3 , R a d i x ( - c e s ] 11+0,264,272,398
- f r o n t a l i s2 8 5 - 2 8 9 , 2 9 2 , 3 1 2 , 360 - a n t e r i o r[ N s p i n a l i s 2) 5,299, - b r o n c h i a l e(sN v a g u s l2 7 2
333-334 - - [ O s t e m p o r a l e1), 2 , 5 8 - 5 9 , 6 2 , 3L1,350 - b u c c a t e s7 8 , 8 0 , 1 1 6 , 2 7 0
- o c c i p i t a l i s2 8 5 - 2 8 9 , 2 9 2 , 3 1 2 , 66 - c t i n i c a9 4 - c a l c a r i n u s3 7 0
333-334 P r o j e c t i o na r e a s - c r a n i a t e s2 7 3 , 2 9 9 , f 5 7 - c a r d i a c ci e r v i c a t e isn f e r i o r e s
- p o s t e r i oIrB u L b uosc u t i l3 6 2 - a u d i t i o n2 9 1 - d e n t i s9 4 272
- - llensl 362,366 - m o t o r i c i t y2 9 1 - f a c i a l i s l Nc a n a l i s p t e r y g o i d e i ) - - - s u p e r i o r e s1 3 3 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 ,
- t e m p o r a l i s2 8 4 , 2 8 6 - 2 8 7 , 2 8 9 , - s e n s o r ys y s t e m 2 9 1 398 1/+7,272
314,326 - vision 291 - i n f e r i o rl A n s ac e r v i c a l i s ]2 5 , - - t h o r a c i c [i N v a g u s l 2 7 2
P o l y s y n a p t irce f l e x 3 4 6 P r o j e c t i o nt r a c t s 3 0 7 145,273 - c a r p a l i sd o r s a l i s[ A r a d i a l i s l
P o n s2 5 , 2 7 , 2 6 7 - 2 6 8 , 2 1 0 - 2 7 2 , Prominentia - l a t e r a l i s[ N m e d i a n u s 2] 1 5 246,248
254,286,293-295,297,299, - c a n a l i s f a c i a l i s3 8 6 - - ( T r a c t u s o p t i c u s3l 7 0 - - - (A utnarisl223,238-239,
3 0 1 - 3 0 2 , 3 0 7 , 3 1 0 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 4 - 3 2 5 -, - s e m i c i r c u L a rl ai st e r a t i s3 8 6 - [ i n g u a e1 0 3 - 1 0 41, 0 7 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 , 242,248
3 2 7 - 3 2 8 , 3 3 7 - 3 3 8 , 3 4 2 , 3 / ' 4 , T 5 7 - l a r y n g e a1 2 2 , 1 3 2 , 1 4 8 129-130,139 - - p a l m a r i s[ A r a d i a t i s l2 2 3 ,
Porus - m a t t e a r i s3 8 2 - m e d i a l i sl N m e d i a n u s 2l 1 5 242,2L5
- a c u s t i c u s e x t e r n u3s5 , 4 3 , - s p i r a t i s3 9 4 - - l T r a c t u s o p t i c u s3 )7 0 - - - ( A u l n a r i s l2 2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 5
6 2 - 6 3 , 1 3 7 , 3 8 42 0, 0 Promontorium f C a v i t atsy m p a n i l - m o t o r i as a n t e r i o lrN s p i n a t i s ) - c h i a s m a t i c u3s1 9
- - i n t e r n u s3 8 , 4 0 , 5 9 2, 6 5 , 2 7 8 , 385-387,398 - - l N t r i g e m i n u s1 l 0 1 ,2 6 8 , 2 7 7 , - c h o r o i d e upso s t e r i o r3 2 1
3 9 0 , 4 0 0 ,T 5 7 P r o n a t i ol A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ] T 2 3 286,299 - c l a v i c u t a r i {sA t h o r a c o a c r o m i -
P o s t e r i o rf u n i c u l u s p
, a t s yo f t h e P r o s e n c e p h a l o2 n8 4 - n e r v o T u mc e r v i c a l i u m3 4 1 atisl 226
351 P r o s t a t a1 5 - - c o c c y g e o r u m3 4 1 - c o e l i a c [i N v a g u s l 2 7 2
P r e c u n e u s2 9 0 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 1 - 3 3 2 Protuberantia - - l u m b a l i u m3 4 1 - c o t t i8 1 , 1 1 0 , 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 , 2 7 0
Processusl-usj - m e n t a t i s3 5 . 6 0 . 1 0 6 - - s a c r a l i u m3 4 1 - c o m m u n i c a n s [ - t e 1s 4 j 2
- a L v e o t a rliM s a x i t l a 3l 4 , 4 9 , - o c c i p i t a te i sx t e r n a3 7 - 3 8 , 4 2 - - thoracicorum 341 - - c u m g a n g t i oc i l i a r i2 6 8
54-55,93 - - i n t e r n a4 0 ,5 7 - p a r a s y m p a t h i lcGa a n g l i o cni l - - - c u m n e r v of a c i a t i3 7 7
- a n t e r i o r l M a t t e u s3 l8 3 - 3 8 4 p r o x i m a l i s1 i a r e )2 6 7 , 2 7 4 , 3 7 4 - - cumnervogtossopharyngeo
- c i l i a r e s3 6 3 - 3 6 5 P t e r y g o p a l a t ifnoes s a5 3 - - l G a n g l i oont i c u m ]2 7 5 210,272
- c l i n o i d e uasn t e r i o r4 0 , 4 5 , Putmo16-17 - - l G a n g l i o pn t e r y g o p a l a t i n u m ] - - c u m n e T v oL a c r i m a t2i 6 8
56-57,278-279 - dexter 14 274 - - c u m n e r v ou t n a r i 2 1 5 , 2 4 4
- - m e d i u s5 7 , 2 7 9 - s i n i s t e r1 4 - - IGanglionsubmandibutarel - - cumneTvovag2 o70
- - p o s t e r i o r4 0 , 4 5 , 5 6 - 5 7 , 2 7 8 Putpa 275 - - c u m n e r v o z y g o m a t i c2o6 8 ,
- c o c h l e a r i f o r m3 i s8 5 - 3 8 7 , 3 9 8 - c o r o n a l i s9 4 - - lN trigeminus1 l 01 356,377,f57
- c o n d y t a r i s6 0 - 6 2 , 6 5 , 8 3 , 9 1 , - d e n t i s9 4 - p o s t e r i o r l Ns p i n a l i s 2 l 6,299, - - c u m p l e x u t y m p a n i c2o7 0
1 0 0 ,1 0 9 - r a d i c u l a r i s9 4 342-343,31,5 - - c u m r a m o a u r i c u l a r in e r v i
- c o r a c o i d e u s1 6 0 , 1 6 2 - 1 6 5 , P u t v i n a r t h a t a m2 i 9 6 - 2 9 9 , 3 2 2 , 3 2 9 - s e n s o r i a( G a n g l i o nc i l i a r e l 2 7 4 , vagi 271
183-184,189 Punctum(-al 374 - - [N spinalis2 l 6
- c o r o n o r d e u s l N 4 a n d r b6u0t -a6l 3 , - l a c r i m a l i a3 5 2 , 3 5 7 - - lGanglronoticum 27 ] 5 - - ( T r u n c u s s y m p a t h i c u2s7l.
6 5 ,8 3 ,9 1 - n e r v o s u mT 7 - - [ G a n g l i o np t e r y g o p a l a t i n u m l 147
- - l U t n a l1 6 6 , 1 6 8 - 1 7 0 P u p i t t a3 5 2 , 3 5 9 , 3 6 3 - 3 6 5 271 - - u L n a r i s2 1 7
- e t h m o i d a l i s5 1 P u t a m e n2 9 4 , 3 0 8 - 3 0 9 , 3 2 6 - 3 2 8 , - - f G a n g l i o ns u b m a n d i b u t a r e l - c r i c o t h y r o i d e ul sA t h y r o i d e as u -
- f r o n t a t i (sM a x i t t a3l 4 , 4 6 , 4 9 - 5 0 , 3 3 2 - 3 3 53, 3 8 - 3 3 9 275 p e r i o r l1 3 6
8 6 ,3 5 3 ,3 5 6 - 3 5 7 P y r a m i dt r a c t 3 0 7 ,3 0 9 ,3 5 0 - - lN trigeminus1 J0 1 ,2 6 7 - 2 6 8 , - - ( V t h y r o i d e sau p e r i o r l1 3 6
- - [ O sz y g o m a t i c u m9] 1 , 3 5 3 Pyramis 277,286,299,374 - c u t a n e u s ( -[iAl c i r c u m f l e x a
- i n t r a j u g u [ a r li 0s s o c c i p i t a [ e5J7 - meduItae o b [ o n g a t a 2e 6 7 , 2 8 6 , - s p i n a l e s2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 6 , 2 9 9 , h u m e r ip o s t e r i o r2) 3 1
- - l O s t e m p o r a l e5] 9 299,307,T57 301,T57 - - anteriores(Nn t h o r a c i c i 2l 6
- j u g u t a r i s4 0 .5 7 - vermis 302-30L - s u p e r i o r{ A n s ac e r v i c a l i s l2 5 , - - - p e c t o r a l e s{ N i n t e r c o s t a l i s l
- l a t e r a t i s l M a l l e u3 s l8 3 - 3 8 4 , 3 8 7 11,4-145,147-149,273,17 148,217,225,228
- l e n t i c u t a r i3s 8 3 ,3 8 7 - s y m p a t h i claG a n g t i ocni t i a r e l - - l a t e r a l e lsN n t h o r a c i c i 2] 5 ,
- m a s t o i d e u s3 7 , 4 2 - 4 4 , 5 8 - 5 9 , Q 274,374 340
63,105,109,121,137.140-141, - - lGangtionoticum 2 j7 5 - - - p e c t o r a l e s { Ni n t e r c o s t a l i s l
3 7 9 - 3 8 03, 8 6 ,3 9 9 Quadrangula spr a c e 1 8 3 ,1 8 9 , - - f G a n g l i opnt e r y g o p a l a t i n u m l 217,225,227-228
- m u s c u l a r i s1 2 2 , 1 2 5 191 274 - - p o s t e r i o r e s { Ntnh o r a c i c i ]
- o r b i t a t i s5 3 ,5 5 ,3 5 3 - - l G a n g l i osnu b m a n d i b u l a r e ) 217
- p a t a t i n u s3 8 , 4 2 ,/ ' 7 ,L 9 - 5 2 , 5 4 , 275 - - l V c i r c u m f l e x ah u m e r i p o s t e -
87,90,93 R - - [ N t r i g e m i n u s1l 0 1 riorl231
- p o s t e r i o r( C a r t i l a g os e p t in a s i ) - - l P t e x u sc a r o t i c u si n t e r n u s l - d e l t o i d e u s( A .p r o f u n d ab r a c h i i l
87 radialis1 267 234
- p t e r y g o i d e u s3 8 , 4 2 , 4 7 , 5 0 - 5 3 , Radiatiot-nesl Ramus(-il - - [ A t h o r a c o a c r o m i a l i s1 )1 + / + , 2 2 6
5 5 - 5 6 , 6 2 , 9 2 ,1 3 7 ,3 5 3 ,3 8 8 - a c u s t i c a2 9 6 , 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 , 3 9 7 - a c r o m i a t i s( A t h o r a c o a c r o m i - - d e n t a L e(sA a t v e o t a r i s u p e r i o r
- p y r a m i d a t i4s 2 , 5 2 - 5 3 , 9 3 , 3 5 3 - c o r p o r i sc a t t o s 3 i 09,326,330 a l i s l 1 4 7 ,2 2 6 , 2 2 8 p o s t e r i o r8) 3
- s p i n o s u s4 5 ,1 3 5 ,1 5 4 - 1 5 5 - o p t i c a2 9 6 , 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 3 ,3 3 - 3 3 5 , - a l v e o l a r essu p e r i o r easn t e r i o r e s - d i g a s t r i c u s8 2 , 8 1 + , 3 9 9 , T 9
- s t y f o i d e u s [ O s m e t a c a r1p7i l1 370-371 101 - d o r s a l i s [ Nu l n a r i s ]2 1 5 , 2 1 7 ,
- - l O s t e m p o r a t e3l 5 , 3 7 - 3 8 , 4 2 , - t h a l a m i2 9 6 - - - medii 101 236,238-239,241,247,256
5 8 - 5 9 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 6 9 , 7 3 , 9 2 , 1 0 5 ,- - a n t e r i o r e s 2 9 6 , 3 0 8 --- posteriores33-84, - e x t e r n u s ( Na c c e s s o r i u s l
108-109,119,137-140, - - c e n t r a l e s2 9 6 , 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 101-102 140-141,273
379-380,386 - - p o s t e r i o r e 2s 9 6 - a n t e r i o r l Ac o [ a t e r a t i rsa d i a t i s ] - - l N l a r y n g e u s s u p e r i o1r ]1 ' 0
- - radii 157,167,169,172-174 Radio-ulnarjoint 235,239-240 - f e m o r a l i s 2 6 ,T 4 0
- - u l n a e 1 5 7 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 2 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 , - d i s t a t s A r t i c u t a t i o r a d i o u t n a r i s - - l A r e c u r r e n s u l n a r i s2l2 3 , - f r o n t a l i s l Am e n i n g e a m e d i a ]
178,207 distatis 2L0 258,280
Ramus[-iJfronta[is Ramus[-iJ Ramus[-i] Regio[-nesl
- - [ A .t e m p o r a t i ss u p e r f i c i a t i s l - o r b i t a l i sl A . m e n i n g e am e d i a l - terminates - c u b i t a t i sa n t e r i o r 4 , 2 3 0 , 2 1 + 0
lA cerebrimedial
67-68,74,82,85,258 4 1, 2 6 5 294,332 - - p o s t e r i o r5 , 2 3 1
- - p o s t e r o m e d i a t i3s 3 0 - - [ G a n g t i o np t e r y g o p a t a t i n u m l - thyroideus - d e t t o i d e a4 - 5 , 3 2 , 1 5 7
lN hypogtossusl273
- - [ V .t e m p o r a t i ss u p e r f i c i a t i s l - tonsittarisl-esl - e p i g a s t r i c a4
2 6 8 , 2 74 [A.patatina
68 - p a t m a r i s( N m e d i a n u s 2l 1 7 , ascen0ensl I rJ, rJU - f e m o r i sa n t e r i o r 4
- g a n g L i o n a r (eGs a n g t i oont i c u m l 236, 238-239,243-244, 256 - - [ N g t o s s o p h a r y n g e u1s1l 3 , - - p o s t e r i o r5
275 - - l N . u t n a r i s l2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 2 3 6 , 130,271 - frontatis 32
- - l G a n g t i o np t e r y g o p a t a t i n u m ) 238,243-245 - t r a c h e a l e s[ A t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r ] - g e n u sa n t e r i o r 4
268,274, T57 - - p r o f u n d u s2 4 2 , 2 4 4 - 2 4 5 130 - - p o s t e r i o r5
- - { G a n g t i osnu b m a n d i b u t a r e J - - s u p e r f i c i a t i2s2 3 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 2 , - t r a p e z i u sI P l e x u sc e r v i c a L i s2l 5 - g l u t e a l i s5
269,275 244-246 - v e n t r a t e(sN .s p i n a t i s 2l 1 4 , I 1 2 - h y p o c h o n d r i a c 4a
- - lGangtiong pterygopatatinuml - p a n c r e a t i cl iN v a g u s ) 2 7 2 - z y g o m a t i c6i 8 ,7 8 , 8 0 ,1 1 6 , 2 7 0 - inframammari4 a
r57 - p a r a c e n t r a l i s2 8 1 - zygomaticofaciatis82, 268 - i n f r a o r b i t a l i s3 2
- - [ R a d i xs e n s o r i aN, . t r i g e m i - - p a r i e t a t i(sA .m e n i n g e a mediaJ - z y g o m a t i c o t e m p o r a t8i s2 , 2 6 8 - i^i-^---^,,t^-:-
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nusl 101 258,280 R ap h e - i n g u i n a l i s4
- gastrici anteriores 272 - - IA occipitatim s e d i a t i s l3 3 0 - m y t o h y o i d e a1 0 6 - L u m b a t i s5
- g e n i t a t i s2 6 - - [ A t e m p o r a t i ss u p e r f i c i a t i s ) - patati 102 - m a m m a r i a4
- g t a n d u t a r i s a n t e r i o1 r1 5 , 1 3 / r 74,82-85,258 - p a l p e b r a l i sl a t e r a L i s3 5 2 ,3 5 4 , - mentalis32
- g y r ia n g u t a r i s2 8 1 - p a r i e t o o c c i p i t a l i2s8 1 356 - n a s a l i s3 2
- h e p a t i c i2 7 2 - pectorates 225-226,228 - p h a r y n g i s1 3 8 - o c c i p i t a t i 5s , 3 2
- h y p o t h a t a m i c u3s1 9 - p e r f o r a n s l - t e s[lA . r a d i a t i s ] - p t e r y g o m a n d i b u t a r i9s2 , 1 0 2 , - o l f a c t o r i aT 5 7
- i n f e r i o r { - e s(lN . o c u t o m o t o r i u s l 248 137 - oralis 32
2 6 7, 3 5 8 , 3 74 - 3 7 5 , 3 7 8 - - [ A t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a l 1 4 8 R e c e s ssu - o r b i t a l i s3 2
- - l N t r a n s v e r s u s c o t t1i l4 2 - - [ V t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a ] 1 4 8 - a r t i c u [ a r i s9 - p a r i e t a l i s5 , 3 2
- i n f r a h y o i d e u s1 4 4 - p e r i d e n t a l e lsA . a l v e o t a r i s u p e - - a x i l t a r i s 1 6 2 ,1 6 4 ,1 8 3 - p e c t o r a t i s4
- i n t e r g a n g t i o n a r e1s5 3 r i o r p o s t e r i o r l8 3 - c o c h l e a r i s3 9 2 - p r e s t e r n a t i s4
- i n t e r n u sl N . a c c e s s o r i u s ) - p h a r y n g e a t elsA t h y r o i d e ai n f e - - e t t i p t i c u s3 9 2 - p u b i c a4
1/,0-141,273 riorl 140 - e p i t y m p a n i c u3 s 8 2 ,3 8 1 + - 3 8358, 7 - s a c r a l i s5
- - ( N t a r y n g e u s s u p e r i o' r11l 5 , - - [ A .t h y r o i d e as u p e r i o r l 1 4 0 - i n f u n d i b u t i2 9 5 ,3 0 2 ,3 11 , 3 1 7 , - s c a p u t a r i s5 , 2 3 5
13 0 - 13 1, 1 3 4 ,1 4 0 - - [ N g t o s s o p h a r y n g e u s1l4 0 , 3 2 7, 3 3 6 - s t e r n o c t e i d o m a s t o i d e4a,
- - l T r u n c u sn e r v ia c c e s s o r i i ) 271,r5 - L a t e r a l ivse n t r i c u tqi u a r t i 3 0 4 , JZ
141 - - { N . v a g u s1l 4 0 , 2 7 2 , 1 0 0 5 , T 5 311 - surae 5
- i n t e s t i n a t eIsN v a g u s ) 2 7 2 - p o s t e r i o r{ A .c o l t a t e r a l i sr a d i a l i s J - m e m b r a n a et y m p a n i c a es u p e r i - - t e m p o r a t i s3 2
- l a t e r a [ i s{ N s u p r a o r b i t a t i s l 235 or 385 - u m b i t i c a [ i 4s
8 2 - 8 3 ,8 s , 1 16 , 2 6 8 ,3 7 2 - 3 7 3 - - l A . r e c u r r e n su L n a r i s l2 2 3 , - p h a r y n g e u 8s 8 , 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 , 3 8 9 - u r o g e n i t a t i s4
- [ i n g u a t e sl N f a c i a L i s2J 7 0 240 - p i n e a [ i s2 9 5 ,3 1 1 ,3 1 7 ,3 3 4 - v e r t e b r a t i s5
- - l N . g l o s s o p h a r y n g e u1s1l 3 , - - [ N a u r i c u t a r i s m a g n u s1 ]4 2 - p i r i f o r m i s 1 2 8 ,1 3 1 ,1 4 1 ,1 5 4 - z y g o m a t i c a3 2
130,271 - - [ N .c u t a n e u as n t e b r a c hm ii e- - s a c c i f o r m i sl A r t i c u [ a t i or a d i o u t - R e gi o n s
- - l N . h y p o g t o s s u s2l 7 3 d i a t i s l2 3 0 ,2 3 6 n a r i sd i s t a t i s j2 5 6 - of the head 32
- - l N . t i n g u a L i s2)6 9 - - [ N t h o r a c i c u s ]2 1 7 , 3 4 0 - s p h e r i c u s3 9 2 - - d e e p ,v e s s e l sa n d n e r v e s 8 1
- m a m m a r i it a t e r a t e s2 2 7 - 2 2 8 - - [ S u t c u sl a t e r a L i s2] 8 9 , 3 3 0 - s u p r a o p t i c u s2 9 5 ,3 1 1 ,3 1 7 ,3 2 7 , - - [atera[,vessetsand nerves 80
- m a n d i b u l a e3 4 , 4 4 - 4 5 ,6 0 - 6 3 , - - l T r u n c u sn . s p i n a t i s l2 6 336 - o f t h e h u m a nb o d y / r
6 5 ,6 9 ,7 3 , 8 5 , 9 2 ,1 0 6 ,14 0 - precuneatis 281,329-330 - s u p r a p i n e a l i s2 9 5 ,2 9 7 ,3 1 1 , - o f t h e n e c k 3 2 ,8 0 - 8 1
- m a r g i n a t im s a n d i b u L a r7 i s8 ,8 0 , - p r o f u n d u s[ A t r a n s v e r s ac o l t i l 3 17 , 3 3 3 f { t t 5 5 N t t s( m e m o r a n es H a n e s
1 5 1, 2 7 0 144-145 - triangutari3 s17,327 vestibu[aris
- m a s t o i d e u sl A o c c i p i t a t i s 7) 4 , - - [ N . m e d i a n u s 2l 2 0 R e c t u m1 4 , 1 6 - 1 7 Ren15-17,30
147 - - [ N r a d i a t i s l2 0 4 , 2 1 5 , RefIexes R e s p i r a t o rtyr a c t ,o v e r v i e w1 4
- m e d i a t i sI N s u p r a o r b i t a t i s ) 238-241,248 - A c h i t t e st e n d o nr e f t e x 3 4 6 Rete
8 2 - 8 3 ,8 5 , 1 16 , 2 6 8 ,3 7 2 - 3 7 3 - - lN. utnarisl 215,244-245, - c r e m a s t e r i cr e f l e x 3 4 6 - acromia[e 226-227,231,235
- m e n i n g e u sa n t e r i o rl A . e t h - T 3 6 ,T 3 8 - m o n o s y n a p t irce fl e x 3 4 6 - articu[arecubiti 215, 234-235,
m o r o a U sa n l e f l o f l J / 1 , - p u b i c u sl A e p i g a s t r i c ai n f e r i o r l - patet[arreftex 346 241
374-375 19 - p L a n t ar e f l e x 3 4 6 - c a r p a t ed o r s a l e 2 4 1 , 2 4 6 , 2 4 8 ,
- - { N m a n d i b u t a r i s4l1 , - r e n a t e sI N . v a g u s J2 7 2 - poLysynaptic reflex 346 250
264-265,268,278,372 - s i n u sc a r o t i c i2 7 1 - s p i n a lc o r d 3 4 6 - - palmare250
- - l N m a x i L L a r i s2)6 9 , 3 7 2 - s p i n a t i s [ - e sl lA i n t e r c o s t a t i s - s u p e r f i c i aal b d o m i n a rLe f l e x 3 4 6 - v e n o s u md o r s a t em a n u s 2 4 7
- - lN vagus) 264-265,272 p o s t e r i o r l3 4 4 R e gi o l- n e s l R e t i c u t u mt r a b e c u t a r e3 6 2 ,
- - l T r u n c u sn s p i n a t i s )2 6 - - {A vertebratis3 j 44 - a b d o m i n a l i sl a t e r a l i s4 364-365
- m e n t a t i s 7 4 ,8 3 - s p l e n i c il N . v a g u s l 2 7 2 - a n a l i s5 R e t i n a 1 1 7 ,3 6 2 - 3 $ , f 5 7
- m u s c u t a r e s( N . s p i n a t i s l2 1 1 r - s t e r n o c l e i d o m a s t o i d eluAs o c - - a n t e b r a c hai in t e r i o r4 - 5 , 1 5 7 , - v e s s e t s3 6 7
- - [ P l e x u sb r a c h i a t i s lT 2 4 c i p i t a t i s7l 4 ,1 4 6 236,238-239 Retinacu[um
- - [ P l e x u sc e r v i c a L i sT] 7 - - l A t h y r o i d e a s u p e r i o r1l 1 + 5 - - p o s t e r i o r4 - 5 , 1 5 7 , 2 3 6 , 2 4 1 - m u s c u t o r u me x t e n s o r u m
- m u s c u l is t y t o p h a r y n g e2i 7 ' 1T, 5 - s t y L o h y o i d e u8s2 , 3 9 9 , T 9 - a x i t l a r i s4 - 5 , 1 5 7 l M a n u s l 17 8 - 17 9 , 1 94 , 2 0 0 - 2 0 3 ,
- n a s a t e sp o s t e r i o r e si n f e r i o r e s - s u p e r f i c i a L li A
s t r a n s v e r s ac o [ [ i l - b r a c h iai n t e r i o r4 , 1 5 7 , 2 3 0 210-211, 241,246, 248,256
274 144-145,229 l5t- tJJ - - f L e x o r u ml M a n u s l 1 8 0 ,
- - - s u p e r i o r e sl a t e r a l e s2 6 8 , - - [ N m e d i a n u s2 l 20 i r v r 207-209, 211, 243-245,
F v v r e

274 - - { N r a d i a t i s l1 7 8 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 234-235 249-250,256

m e d i a l e s2 6 8 , 2 7 1 r 2 2 1 ,2 3 6 ,2 3 8 - 2 / + 12,4 6 - 2 4 7 , - b u c c a t i s3 2 R e t r o v e r s i [oA r t i c u t a t i o
coxae]
- n a s a l i se x t e r n u sI N . e t h m o i d a l i s 256 - c a l c a n e as C a t x 10
anteriorl82-83 - - lN utnarisl 215,244-245,138 - c a p i t i s3 2 R h o m b e n c e p h a t o2n8 4
- n e r v ic o c h t e a r i s3 9 4 - s u p e r i o r { - e lsNl . o c u t o m o t o r i u s l - c e r v i c a t i s l - e s3l 2 Rhomboidfossa 299
- - ocutomotor3 i i1 9 267,373-34 7,378 - - a n t e r i o r / 4 , 3 2 ,1 4 2 ,1 / + 4 Rima
- o c c i p i t a t i s [ - e s[ A
l auricutaris - - [ N t r a n s v e r s u s c o t t1i l4 2 - - l a t e r a t i s4 , 3 2 , 1 4 2 - 1 4 7 - gtottidis 128,131, 133
p o s t e r i o r )7 4 - s u p r a h y o i d e u s1 4 4 - - p o s t e r i o r5 , 3 2 - oris 14
- - [ A o c c i p i t a t i s7 l 4 - t e m p o r a t e{sN .f a c i a L i s6J8 , 7 8 , - c o r p o r i s4 - 5 - p a l p e b r a r u m3 5 2 ,3 5 4 - 3 5 5
- o e s o p h a g e a l eI sN l a r y n g e u s 80,270 - c r u r i sa n t e r i o r 4 - 5 - v e s t i b u t i1 3 3
recurrensl IJU - t e n t o r i u s2 6 8 , 3 7 2 - - p o s t e r i o r4 - 5 R o dc e t l s 3 6 3 , 3 7 0
 Index

R 0 L A N D 0F,i s s u r eo f , S u t c u so f 2 8 9 Septum Spatium(-a) S t r o m ai r i d i s 3 6 4

R 0 L L E Rn ' su c t e u s3 9 7 - i n t e r v e n t r i c u t a r2
e2 - r e t r o o e s o p h a g e u1m3 6 S t r u m an o d o s a1 3 5
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- [ C o r p u sc a [ L o s u m2l 9 2 , 2 9 5 , 116-117,135,139 278,311,325 Subiculum p r o m o n t o r i3i 8 6
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- [ A r t i c u t a t ihou m e r i lT 2 3 3 3 ' 1 - 3 3 33, 3 7 - m e n t a t i s6 0 - 6 1 - atba261,315,329,345
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c o x a e J1 0 S h o u l d egr i r d l es C i n g u t u mp e c - - n a s a l i s4 8 - gelatinosa 345-346
R o t a t o rc u f f 16 3 ,1 8 2 ,1 8 4 tora[e - - a n t e r i o r 3 4 - 3 5 , 1 , 1 , , L 9 , 5 1 - 5 2 , - - c e n t r a L i s3 4 5
S h o u t d ej ro i n ts A r t i c u l a t i ho u m e r i 87 - g r i s e a3 15 , 3 2 9 ,3 4 5
S h o u L d emr u s c t e s1 8 2 - 1 8 L , - - p o s t e r i o r1 , 2 , 4 9 - 5 2 - - c e n t r a l i s2 9 7
5 T26-r28 - o s s i ss p h e n o i d a t i4s0 , 4 2 ,5 3 , - - i n t e r m e d i ac e n t r a t i s3 4 6
S h o u t d erre g i o n 5 6 ,6 2 ,3 8 8 - tentis366
S a c c uI u s - arteries235 - p a l a t i n a e5 2 - n i g r a 2 76 - 2 7 7 ,2 8 7 ,2 9 7 ,3 0 9 ,
- l a r y n g i s1 3 1 , 1 3 3 - nerves235 - s c a p u [ a e1 6 0 ,1 6 2 - 1 6 3 , 336,350
- v e s t i b u [ a r i s3 9 3 - 3 9 4 S H R A P N E Lm L ' es m b r a n es P a T s 1 7 8 - 1 7 9 1, 8 2 - 18 3 - p e r f o r a t aa n t e r i o r 2 8 6 , 2 9 7
S ac cu s f t ac cid a - s u p r a m e a t i c a5 8 - - p o s t e r i o r2 8 7 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 7 , 3 1 8
- e n d o l y m p h a t i c u3s 9 3 Sinus - tympanicm a ajor387 - p r o p r i ac o r n e a e3 6 4
- [ a c r i m a t i s3 5 4 ,3 5 7 - c a r o t i c u s2 5 8 , I 5 7 - - minor387 - - s c l e r a e3 6 8
- v e s t i b u l a r iss S a c c u l u s v e s t i b u - - c a v e r n o s u s2 6 0 ,2 6 2 - 2 6 3 2 , 77, S p i n acl o r d - s p o n g i o s a7
laris 279,369,r57 - s M e d u [ [ as p i n a [ i s Sutcus(-il
S a g i t t aat xis 1 - d u r a em a t r i s 2 6 2 - 2 6 3 - reflexes 346 - a n t e r o l a t e r a l i s3 4 2 ,3 4 5 ,f 5 7
S a g i t t a Ip [ a n e 1 - f r o n t a f i s3 8 ,4 4 - 4 5 ,5 0 - 5 1 ,5 4 , - s e g m e n t s3 4 1 - - [ M e d u t t ao b t o n g a t a ]2 7 3
S a l i v a r yg t a n d s ,m a j o r s G t a n d u l . a e 87-91,116,369 S p i n a Ln e r v e ss N e r v u s l - i s] p i n a t e s - a r t e r i a em e n i n g e a m e ediae
s a t i v a r i a em a j o r e s - - d e v e l o p m e n9 t0 S p l e e ns S p l e n 278
S c a[ a - i n t e r c a v e T n o s lu- i l 2 6 2 - 2 6 3 , S p l e n1 6 - 1 7 - - t e m p o r a t im s e d i a e5 8
- tympani391-394 279,295 S p t e n i u m2 76 , 2 8 7 ,2 9 2 - 2 9 3 2 , 95, - a r t e r i o s i 3 8 - 4 0 ,5 6 ,5 9
- v e s t i b u L3i 9 1 - 3 9 4 - - a n t e r i o r2 7 9 306-3073 , 1s , 3 2 0 ,3 2 1 , 3 3 2 - 3 3 3 , - b u t b o p o n t i n u s3 0 2
S c a l e n u sm u s c l e s 11 8 ,1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , - - p o s t e r i o r2 7 9 337,370 - c a t c a r i n u s2 8 7- 2 8 8 , 2 9 1- 2 9 2 ,
T 11 - m a r g i n a t i s4 1 ,2 6 2 - 2 6 5 Squama 307,313, 320,323-324,329,
S c a p h a3 8 0 - m a x i t t a r i s4 4 - 4 5 ,4 9 ,5 2 , 5 4 - 5 5 , - frontatis 31+-35, 47-48,50,55,353 3 3 3 - 3 3 43 , 3 7 - 3 3 83 , 7 0 - 3 71
S c a p u t a6 , 1 5 5 ,1 5 8 ,1 6 0 ,1 6 4 - 1 6 5 6 8 - 6 9 ,8 8 - 9 1 ,1 0 0 - 1 0 11, 0 9 ,1 1 6 , - o c c i p i t a t i s3 8 , 4 6 - 4 7 - caroticus 1+0,56-57, 278
S c a p u t apr t a n e 1 6 0 3 2 4 , 3 5 3 , 3 5 73, 6 0 - 3 6 1 3, 6 9 ,3 7 8 , S S AI s p e c iifc s o m a t i ca f f e r e n c e ] - centraLislCerebruml 281,-285,
ScHLEMM C ,a n a oI f s S i n u sv e n o - r57 3 0 0 - 3 0 1T, 5 6 2 8 9 - 2 9 0 , 3 0 73, 10 , 3 1 2 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 4 ,
susscLerae - - d e v e t o p m e n9t 0 S t a p e s 3 7 9 ,3 8 2 - 3 8 3 3 , 8 5 ,3 8 7 , 3 3 0 - 3 3 23 , 37-339
S C H U L T sZ E c o m m at r a c t s F a s c i - - o c c i p i t a t i s2 6 2 - 2 6 3 2 , 78 3 9 3 ,3 9 9 - - insulae289
c u [ u si n t e r f a s c i c u l a r i s - paranasales 11+, 88-91 STENSEN { S' sT E N 0 NdIu c ts D u c t u s - c e r e b r a lh e m i s p h e r e s2 8 7 , 2 8 9
s c H W A L BsEn u c L e u s3 9 7 - p e t r o s u si n f e r i o r 4 1 , 2 6 2 - 2 6 5 p ar o tId e us - c i n g u [ i 2 8 5 ,2 8 8 ,2 9 2 ,3 2 6 ,3 3 1 ,
S c t e r a3 6 2 - 3 6 43 , 7 8 ,I 5 7 - - superior262-263 S t e r n o c t a v i c u [ jaori n t s A r t i c u t a t i o 337
S c r o t u m1 5 - p o s t e r i o r3 8 6 s t er n o c [ a vci uI ar is - c i r c u L a r i sn s u t a e2 8 9 , 3 2 6
S e g m e n t so f t h e s p i n a Lc o r d 3 4 1 - rectus 260,262-263,276, 311 Sternum 6 - collateratis 287-288, 314-315,
Segmentumt-aJ - s a g i t t a t i si n f e r i o r 2 6 0 ,2 6 2 ,2 76 , Stratum 334-336
- cervicalia 341-343 294,321 - b a s a l e3 1 - c o r p o r i sc a t t o s i3 0 7 ,3 2 6
- c o c c y g e a3 4 1 - - superior 116-117,260-263, - c o r n e u m3 1 - f r o n t a t i si n f e r i o r 2 8 5
- l u m b a L i a3 4 1 - 3 4 3 276, 280-281,294, 311, 321 - - { s t r i c t us e n s u l3 1 - - superior285
- m e d u [ [ a es p i n a t i s3 4 1 - s i g m o i d e u sL 1 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 2, 6 0 , - f i b r o s u m[ C a p s u taar t i c u t a r i ss] - hippocampatis287-288,
- s a c r a l i a3 4 1 262-265,278,399 M e m b r a n af i b r o s a 314-315,335-336
- t h o r a c i c a3 4 1 - 3 4 3 - s p h e n o i d a t i3s8 , 4 5 ,5 0 - 5 1 , 5 5 , - - [ V a g i n tae n d i n i s ]' 1' 1 , 2 1 3 - h y p o t h a [ a m i c u s2 9 5 ,3 1 7 ,3 2 0 ,
S e t t at u r c i c a 3 8 , 5 7 ,8 8 , 2 7 9 6 2 , 8 7- 8 9 , 9 1, 1 3 6 , 2 7 9 , 3 2 4 , 3 6 9 , - germinativum 31 3 2 8 ,3 3 5
Semicana[is r57 - granulosum { C e r e b e t t u m3l0 5 - i n f r a o r b i t a t i4s9 ,5 3 - 5 5 , 3 5 3
- m u s c u t ti e n s o r i st y m p a n i3 8 6 , - s p h e n o p a r i e t a t i2s6 0 ,2 6 2 - 2 6 3 - - { C u t i s l3 1 - i n t e r m e d i u sp o s t e r i o r2 9 9 ,3 4 5
3 8 9 ,3 9 8 - t r a n s v e r s u s14 0 - 14 1 ,2 6 2 - 2 6 3 , - l u c i d u m3 1 - i n t e r t u b e r c u t a r i s16 1- 1 6 2 , 16 5
- t u b a ea u d i t i v a e3 8 8 - 3 8 93, 9 1 , 3 9 8 399 - m o l e c u t a r e{ C e r e b e l t u m3l 0 5 - intraparietatis 285,289-290
Sensibitity - t y m p a n i3 8 6 , 3 9 8 - n e r v o s u m3 6 2 , 3 6 8 - [ a c r i m a [ i st M a x i t t a J4 9
- d e e p ,u n c o n s c i o u3s4 9 - v a l v u l a e2 1 - p a p i L L a r3e1 - - [ 0 s t a c r i m a t e i3 5 3
- e p i c r i t i c( p a t h w a y so f e p i c r i t i c - v e n o s u ss c l e r a e 3 6 2 - 3 6 4 - pigmentosum 362,368 - l a t e r a L i s2 8 8 - 2 9 0 3, 0 9 - 3 1 0 3 , 26,
s e n s i b i t i t y3
l 48 S i p h o nc a r o t l c u m2 5 9 - r e t i c u t a r e3 1 3 2 8 ,3 3 0
- p r o t o p a t h i cI p a t h w a y so f p r o t o - S k e t e t am I u s c l e s ,o v e r v i e w1 2 - 1 3 - s p i n o s u m3 1 - [imitans299-300
p a t h i cs e n s i b i t i t y 3
l 48 Sketeton - synoviate I C a p s u t a r t i c u t a r i ss] - lunatus 289,332-334
S e n s o r yc e [ [ sI C r i s t aa m p u t t a r i s l - b o n em a r r o w ,h a e m a t o p o i e t i c , M e m b r a n as y n o v i a t i s - m e d i a n u st i n g u a e1 0 3
395 distribution 7 - - l V a g i n a t e n d i n 1i s1l , 2 1 3 - - p o s t e r i o r{ M e d u t t ao b t o n g a t a }
S e n s o r ys y s t e m - o s s e o u sp o i n t s ,p a t p a b l e7 S t r i aI - a e J 299_300, 31,2_343,31,5
- association area 2i1 S k i n ,s t r u c t u r e 3 1 - L o n g i t u d i n a tliast e r a l i s 2 9 3 ,3 1 2 , - - { V e n t r i c u t uqsu a r t u s l
- nrniortinn aroz 191 SkuLL 33-38,44-47 328 298-299,311
Septum Spatiuml-al - - m e d i a l i s2 9 3 , 3 1 2 , 3 2 8 - m u s c u t si u b c l a v i1i 5 9
- c a n a [ i sm u s c u l o t u b a r3i i8 6 - 3 8 7 , - a x i t t a r e t a t e r a t e1 8 3 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 1 - m a t t e a r i s3 8 2 - m y t o h y o i d e u6s0 , 6 2
3 8 9 ,3 9 8 - - m e d i a l e1 8 3 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 1 - m e d u [ [ a r i s ( - etshla t a m i2 9 5 , - n e r v ip e t r o s im a j o r i s 4 0 , 3 9 1
- i n t e r m u s c u [ a r e3 1 - e p i d u r a l e1 3 6 , 1 5 L 327-328 ---minoris40
- - b r a c h iti a t e r a t e1 7 8 - 1 7 91, 8 5 , - i n t e r v a g i n a [seu b a r a c h n o i d a L e - - ventricuq t iu a r t i 2 9 9 , 3 1 1 - - r a d i a l i s1 6 1 ,1 9 1
187, 191, 200-202,234,2s2 362,368 - o l f a c t o r i aL a t e r a t i s2 8 6 - - u l n a r i s1 6 1 , 1 7 0
- - - m e d i a t e1 7 0 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 7 , - lateropharyngeum 140-141 - t e r m i n a t i s2 9 8 ,3 1 3 ,3 1 5 - 3 1 7 , - o c c i p i t o t e m p o r a t i2s8 7
18 9 - 19 0 , 1 9 4 - 1 9 8 , 2 1 9 - 2 2 0 , - o e s o p h a g o t r a c h e a1L2e9 ,1 3 6 3 2 7- 3 2 8 , 3 3 1 -332 - oLfactorius286-287
232,238,240,252-253 - p e r i c h o r o i d e u m3 6 2 - v a s c u l a r i s3 9 4 - orbitales 286-287
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S Y L V I UASq, u e d u c o t f s Aqueductus - s Lrngua - s u b m e n t a t e3 2
- p a r i e t o o c c i p i t a t i2s8 5 ,2 8 8 - 2 9 0 , m e s en c ep h a[ i - m u s c l e ss M u s c u t u s [ -liiln g u a e TrochLea
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i s s u r es S u L c u sl a t e r a l i s T o n stit a[ - a e J - humeri161,168,170
- postcentratis285,289-290 ICerebrum] - cerebelli 286,302-305,320,329 - { M o b [ i q u u s u p e r i o r l3 5 8 , 3 6 1 ,
- posterolateratis299,342-343, S y m p a t h e t i cn e r v o u ss y s t e m 2 7 - [ i n g u a l i s1 0 3 ,1 1 3 375
3 4 5 ,T 5 7 S y m p a t h e t i tcr u n k s T r u n c u s - p a t a t i n a9 2 , 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 1, 0 8 ,11 3 , T r u n c u s l - 2i l- 3 , 6 , 2 5
- nroronfralic lQq 19,9 s y mp a r nIc u s 130,136,139,141,r57 - b r a c h i o c e p h a t i c u1s8 - 1 9 ,2 2 ,
- p f e c h i a s m a t i c u s5 7 ,2 7 9 Symphysis - p h a r y n g e a8 8 ,9 2 , 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1 , 1 2 1 ,1 3 6 ,14 1 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 3 2, 7 2
- p r o m o n t o r i i3 8 6 - m a n d i b u L a4e6 ,6 1 156 - bronchomediastinalis 23, 229
- r e t r o o t i v a r i s2 71 - 2 7 2 ,I 5 7 - m a n u b r i o s t e r n a t1i s5 9 Torus - cerebri 24,302
- s c l e r a e3 5 2 Synchondrosi9 s - l e v a t o r i u s1 3 6 ,1 3 9 - c o e l i a c u s1 8 - 1 9 ,2 2 ,2 7
- s i n u sp e t r o s ii n f e r i o r i s4 0 , 3 9 1 - p e t r o o c c i p i t a t1i s3 8 - 1 3 93, 9 1 - m a n d i b u [ a r i6s 0 - - b r a n c h e s1 9
---superioris40 - s p h e n o p e t r o s a3 9 0 - 3 9 1 - t u b a r i u s 8 8 ,9 2 , 1 3 9 ,1 4 1 - ( C o r p u sc a [ [ o s u m ]2 76 , 2 9 2 ,
- - s a g i t t a t i ss u p e r i o r i s3 9 - 1 ' 0 S y n d e s m o s i s9 T r a c h e a 1 4 ,1 1 5 ,1 1 8 - 1 1 9 1 , 24, 2 94 , 2 9 8 ,3 0 6 - 3 0 7 3 , 0 9 ,3 13 - 3 14 ,
- - s i g m o i d e[i0 s o c c i p i t a t e5J7 , S y n o s t o s i s9 126-127, 129-130, 132-136,138, 320,32/+-328,331,337
278 Systema 1 4 1 ,1 4 7, 1 5 5 - c o s t o c e r v i c a t t's1 9 ,15 2
- - - ( 0 s t e m p o r a t e )3 8 ,4 0 , 5 9 , - n e r v o s u mc e n t r a [ e2 4 T r a c h e o t o m y11 8 - encephati 284,286,293,
3 9 0 - 3 91 - - periphericum 24 - lower 118 298-299,320
- - t r a n s v e r s i3 8 , / + 0 , 5 7 - u p p e r1 1 8 - i n f e r i o r2 5 , 1 5 3 , 2 1 4
- s p i r a l i se x t e r n u s3 9 4 Tracts - i n t e s t i n a [ i s2 3
- - i n t e r n u s3 9 4 T - o f e p i c r i t l sc e n s i b i t i tsy s e n s i b i [ - - jugutaris23,133,229
- subparietalis 329,331-332 i t y ,e p i c r i t i c - t u m b a t i s2 3
- temporatisinterior 286-287, Taenia - o t p r o t o p a t h i sc e n s i b i [ i t sy s e n - - [ u m b o s a c r a l i s2 6
289 - c h o r o i d e a2 9 8 , 3 1 7 s i b i L i t yp, r o t o p a t h i c - m e d i u s2 5 , 1 5 3 , 2 1 4
- - superior285,289,329, - fornicis293,316-317 Tractus - n e r v ia c c e s s o r i i1 / ' 1 , 2 7 3
332-335 - t h a t a m i3 ' i 7 - b u t b o r e t i c u t o s p i n a t3i s5 0 - - s p i n a t i s2 6 , 3 4 4
- t e r m i n a l i sl L i n g u a J1 0 3 ,1 4 1 T a t u s ,d e v e l o p m e n 8t - c e r e b e t t o r u b r a t i3s2 8 ,3 5 0 - p u [ m o n a t i s2 2
- t u b a ea u d i t i v a e5 6 T a p e t u m3 0 6 ,3 1 3 ,3 2 9 ,3 3 1- 3 3 2 , - corticospinaa t i ns t e r i o r3 0 7 , - s u b c t a v i u s2 3 , 2 2 9
- t y m p a n i c u s3 8 6 338 3 1 ' 73, 5 0 - s u p e r i o r 1 4 4 - 1 4 51 , 5 3 ,2 1 4
- v e n o s i3 9 Tarsus - - l a t e r a l i s3 0 7 , 3 4 7 , 3 5 0 - s y m p a t h i c u s2 7- 2 9 , 4 1 ,
S u t c u so f R O L A N D208 9 - i n f e r i o r 3 5 1 - - 3 5 63,7 8 - f rontopontinus 296, 307-3Og 140-11,1,147, 153-15/1
S u p e r c i t i u m3 5 2 , 3 7 8 - s u p e r i o r3 5 4 - 3 5 63, 7 8 - h y p o t h a t a m o h y p o p h y s i a2t 9 i s5 - t h y r o c e r v i c a t i s1 9 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 7 ,
S u p e r ifc i a La b d o m i n a rI e fl e x 3 4 6 Tectum337 - o l f a c t o r i u s8 8 ,2 76 , 2 8 3 ,2 8 6 , 152-153,228
S up in a t i o - m e s e n c e p h a l2i 6 7 ,2 8 7 ,2 9 5 , 292,318,326,370 - ,v ,o^9 ^o u^Jr - ^^+^.i^. 1a aaa
- l A r t i c u [ a t icou b i t i lT 2 3 297,302, 320,323-324,335-336, - o p t i c u s 2 76 , 2 9 2 ,2 9 6 - 2 9 7 2 , 99, - - poslerior 27,272
- l A r t i c u [ a t i ot a t o t a r s a t i sT] 39 348,370,T57 3 0 7 ,3 0 9 ,3 2 7 ,3 3 6 ,3 6 9- 3 71 ,r 5 7 Tuba
S u p p o r t i ncge [ [ sI C r i s t aa m - T e e t h ,p e r m a n e n t9 6 - 9 7 - paraventriculohyPoPhYsiatis - a u d i t i v a1 0 1 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 7 3 ,8 9 ,4 0 0
p u L t a r i s 3J 9 5 Tegmen 295 - u t e r i n a1 5
S u r f a c ea n a t o m y - tympani400 - p y r a m i d a l i s3 0 7 ,3 0 9 ,3 2 8 Tuber
- in the female 2-3 - v e n t r i c u tqi u a r t i 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 - r e t i c u t o s p i n a [ i3s4 7 ,3 5 0 - cinereum 286-287,297,370
- in the mate 2-3 T e g m e n t u mm e s e n c e p h a t2i 8 7 , - r u b r o s p i n a t i s3 4 7 ,3 5 0 - f r o n t a l e3 6 , 4 6 , / + 8
S u t ur a 295,297,302,323,328,335-337 - r u b r o t h a l a m i c u s3 5 0 - m a x i t l a e1 r 9
- c o r o n a t i s3 4 - 3 6 ,3 8 - 3 9 ,4 5 - 4 7 , Tela - s p i n o c e r e b e t t a rai sn t e r i o r 3 1 1 7 , - parietate 35-36, 1,6-1'7
261 - c h o r o i d e av e n t r i c u tqi u a r t i 2 9 8 349 - vermis 302-304
- e t h m o i d o t a c r i m a l5i s5 - - - tertii 295,302,315-317, - - p o s t e r i o r3 4 7 , 3 4 9 TubercuLum(-al
- f r o n t a l i s4 6 - 4 7 , 1 1 7 320-321,327-329, - s p i n o o t i v a r i s3 4 7- 3 4 9 - a n t e r i u st h a l a m i 2 9 8
- f r o n t o t a c r i m a l i s3 4 - 3 5 3 3 2 - 3 3 33 , 37 - s p i n o r e t i c u [ a r i3 s48 - - {Vertebra c e r v i c a l i s l1 2 1
- f r o n t o m a x i t t a r i s3 4 , 5 4 ,8 6 - subcutanea 254,256 - s p i n o t e c t a l i s3 4 7 - 3 4 8 - a r t i c u t a r e4 2 , 5 8 - 5 9 ,6 3 ,6 5 - 6 6 ,
- f r o n t o n a s a l i3s4 ,5 0 , 8 6 Tolonronhelnn ?Al - s p i n o t h a [ a m i c au ns t e r i o r 100
- f r o n t o z y g o m a t i c3a4 - 3 5 ,9 1 , 1 1 7 T e m p o r ab l o n es O st e m p o r a t e 347-348 - a u r i c u t a r e3 8 0
- i n c i s i v a5 2 T e m p o r o m a n d i b ujtoairn ts A r t i c u - - - lateralis 3/.7-348 - c a r o t i c u ms T u b e r c u l u ma n -
- i n t e r m a x i [ L a r i3s4 l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r i s - s p i r a l i sf o r a m i n o s u s3 9 1 , 3 9 7 terius
- i n t e r n a s a t i s3 4 T e n d o { - i n e s1l 1 - s u p r a o p t i c o h y p o p h y s i a2t i9s5 - c o n o i d e u m1 5 9
- [ a c r i m o m a x i [ [ a r i3s 5 - i n t e r m e d i u s1 5 1 - t e c t o s p i n a t i3s4 7 , 3 5 0 - c o r n i c u [ a t u m1 2 9 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1
- l a m b d o i d e a3 5 - 3 9 ,4 4 - 4 6 T e n d o ns h e a t h sh, a n d 11 , 2 0 8 - vestibulospina3 t i5s 0 , 3 9 7 - c u n e a t u m 2 76 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , f 5 7
- n a s o m a x i l t a r i s3 4 - 3 5 ,8 6 T e n t o r i u mc e r e b e L t2i 6 2 ,2 76 , 3 2 1 , - - l a t e r a l i s3 5 0 , 3 9 7 - c u n e i f o r m e1 2 6 - 1 2 7 1 , 2 9 ,1 3 6 ,
- o c c i p i t a l i st r a n s v e r s a3 7 ,4 7 r57 - - m e d i a t i s3 4 7 , 3 5 0 , 3 9 7 1 3 9 ,1 4 1
- o c c i p i t o m a s t o i d e3a5 ,3 7 , 4 0 T e s t i s 15 , 3 0 - v e s t i b u l o t h a [ a m i c u3s9 7 - dentis 94
- p a l a t i n am e d i a n a4 2 , 5 2 , 9 3 T h a t a m u s2 8 4 ,2 9 2 ,2 94 - 2 96 , 2 9 8 , T r a g u s3 8 0 , 3 8 2 - d o r s a t e1 6 7 , 1 7 4
- - t r a n s v e T s4a2 , 4 9 , 5 2 , 8 7 302,308,316-317, 320,322-325, T r a n s v e r s a exis 1 - epigtotticum 127
- p a t a t o m a x i L L a r9i 3 s 327-328, 332-334,337-338,348, Transverse plane 1 - g r a c i [ e2 7 6 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9
- p a r i e t o m a s t o i d e3 a5 , 3 7 350,397 T r i a n g L oe f P H I L I P P E - G o M B A3U4L7T - i n f r a g t e n o i d a t1e 6 0 ,1 6 2 ,1 6 5
- s a g i t t a t i s3 6 - 3 7 ,4 4 ,4 7 , 2 6 1 - c o r t i c a Ip r o j e c t i o n2 9 6 T r i a n g u t asrp a c e 1 8 3 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 1 - j u g u [ a r e5 7
- sphenofrontali3 s 1 r - 3 5 , 4 05, 5 - nuclei 296 Trigonum - m a j u s 1 6 1 - 1 6 3 ,1 6 5 ,1 8 4
- s p h e n o p a r i e t a l i3s 4 T h e n a r 1 5 7 ,1 8 0 ,2 0 6 ,2 1 3 ,2 4 9 , - c a r o t i c u m3 2 - m e n t a t e6 0 ,1 0 6
- s p h e n o s q u a m o s3a5 , 4 0 256 - clavipectoral4 e, 225-226 - minus 161,165
- s p h e n o z y g o m a t i c3a4 - 3 5 ,3 5 6 - m u s c l e sT 3 6 - c o [ [ a t e r a l e3 1 3 - 3 1 6 3 , 3 4 ,3 3 8 - o s s i ss c a p h o i d e1i 7 1 , 1 7 6
- s q u a m o s a3 5 , 3 7 - 3 8 T h o r a c i ca p e r t u r eu p p e r 1 4 9 - femoris 4 - - t r a p e z i i1 7 1 - 1 7 2
- t e m p o r o z y g o m a t i c3a5 Thorax 2,6 - habenutar2 e98 - p h a r y n g e u m4 2
- v o m e r o m a x i t t a r i8 s7 T h y m u s3 0 - [emniscL i a t e r a l i s2 9 8 - p o s t e r i u sl V e r t e b r ac e r v i c a l i s ]
- z y g o m a t i c o f r o n t a t5 i s1 r T h y r o i dc a r t i l a g es C a r t i [ a g ot h y - - m u s c u L a r [eo m o t r a c h e a t e3] 2 45
- z y g o m a t i c o m a x i [ t a r3i s4 - 3 5 , rotoea - n e r v ih y p o g l o s s2i 9 9 - s e t t a e4 0 ,5 7
5 3 - 5 4 .117 T h y r o i dg t a n ds G L a n d u ttah y r o i d e a - - vagi 299 - s u p r a g l e n o i d a1 t e6 0
Tuberculum[-a] Vagina[-ae] Vena[-aeJ Venalael mediana
- t h y r o i d e u mi n f e r i u s 1 0 8 ,1 2 2
- t e n d i n i s d i gliM tianus1 l 1,180, - c i r c u m f t e x ah u m e r ip o s t e r i o r - - basitica 236-237
- - superius122 208,211,246,257 2 2 7, 2 3 1 - - c e p h a t i c a2 3 7
Tuberositas [-tesI - - intertubercularis 162-164, - - s c a p u t a e2 2 7 - - cubiti 20,170,178,230,
- d e t t o i d e a1 6 1 182-183,190 - c o l i c ad e x t r a 2 1 236-237,254
- m a s s e t e r i c a6 0 , 6 2 - - m u s c u [ ia b d u c t o r i sp o l l i c i s - - m e d i a2 1 - m e n i n g e am e d i a 2 6 3
- p h a l a n g i sd i s t a l i sl M a n u s l
t o n g i 2 0 7 - 2 0 82 , 11,2/+6 - - sinistra21 - m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r 2 0 - 2 1
1 71- 1 7 2 , 211 - - - e x t e n s o r i sc a r p iu t n a r i s - c o m i t a n sn e r v ih y p o g l o s s7i 5 , - - superior20-21
- pterygoidea 60-62,66 211 114 - n a s o f r o n t a l i s7 5 , 3 7 6
- radii 167-170 d i g i t im i n i m i 2 1 1 - c o n j u n c t i v a l iasn t e r i o r 3 6 3 - occipitatis 75, 142-11+/+,
- u l n a e 1 6 6 ,1 6 8 - 1 6 9 digitorum211,246 - d i p t o i c a e2 6 1 148-149,260,281
T u b u [ a rb o n es t r u c t u r e 7 indicis 211,246 - - f r o n t a l e s7 5 , 2 6 1 - ophthatmicainlerior 260,264
Tunica potticisbrevis 207-208, - - o c c i p i t a l e s7 5 ,2 6 1 - - superior 41,260,263,265,
- conjunctiva butbi 352,357, 211,2t+6 - - t e m p o r a t e sa n t e r i o r e s7 5 , 278,376,378
359-360,362 - t o n g i2 1 1 , 2 / + 6 , 2 5 7 zdl - o v a r i c a2 0 - 2 1
- - p a l p e b r a r u m3 5 2 , 3 5 5
- - - f t e x o r i sc a r p ir a d i a l i s - - - posteriores75,261 - parietales 281-282, 291+
- fibrosa butbi 363 207-208,211,2t+6 - e m i s s a r i a l - a ecl o n d y t a r i s4 1 , - p h a r y n g e a e7 5 , 1 4 0
- i n t e r n ab u t b i 3 6 3 p o t t i c i st o n g i 1 7 5 , 75,264 - p h r e n i c ai n f e r i o r 2 1
- m u c o s al l a r y n x ) 1 3 1 207-208,211,257 - - frontatis 260 - p o p t i t e a2 0
- - l i n g u a e 1 0 4 ,1 3 0 - t e n d i n u mm u s c u t o r u me x t e n s o - - - m a s t o i d e a7 5 ,2 6 0 - p o r t a eh e p a t i s 2 0 - 2 1
- - o r i s 9 3 ,1 0 7 - 1 0 8 rum 211,246 - - o c c i p i t a l i s2 6 0 - portales hypophysiates295
- - l P h a r y n x )1 2 4 c a r p i r a d i a t i u m2 1 ' - - parietalis 75,260-261 - p r o f u n d a l - a ec)e r e b r i 3 2 2
- - l s r n u sm a x t l l a n s l J 5 / 246 - e p i s c [ e r a [ i s3 6 3 - - faciei 85
- - l T r a c h e a )1 2 9 Va[[ecuta - f a c i a L i s6 9 ,7 5 ,8 2 , 8 5 ,1 0 9 - 11 0 , - - femoris 20
- m u s c u l a r i s( O e s o p h a g u s1) 3 8 ,
- cerebe[[i 304 1 1 6 ,1 1 8 ,1 t + 3 - 1 / +154, 8 - 1 t + 91,5 1 , - - l i n g u a e1 1 5
141 - e p i g t o t t i c a1 3 0 260,376 - r e c t a l i ss u p e r i o r 2 1
- v a s c u t o s ab u t b i 3 6 3 VaLLum unguis31 - f e m o r a l i s2 0 - renalis20-21
Tympaniccavity 382, 385-387,399 V a t v u l a ve e n o s a e2 1 - f r o n t a t e s2 8 1 - r e t r o m a n d i b u l a r i s7 5 ,8 2 , 8 5 ,
- watts 385 Vasl-a) - g a s t r i c a2 1 110, 143-1t+6,148-149, 151, 260
- t y m p h a t i c u m l - a2l 3
T y m p a n i cm e m b r a n es . M e m b r a n a - g a s t r o o m e n t a t i s2 1 - s a c r a l i sm e d i a n a 2 1
tympani - - p r o f u n d a3 1 - h e m i a z y g o s2 1 - s a p h e n am a g n a 2 0
Typesof muscles 11 - - s u p e r f i c i a l i a3 1 , 1 5 0 , 2 2 / + - - a c c e s s o r i a2 1 - - parva 20
- s a n g u i n e ar e t i n a e 3 6 3 , 3 6 7 - h e p a t i c a e2 0 - 2 2 - s i g m o i d e a e2 1
Veinlsl - itei 21 - spl.enica20-21
U - head 260 - iliaca communis 20-22 - subclavia 20-21, 23, 77, 118,
- of GALEN s . V e n am a g n ac e r e b r i - - e x t e r n a2 0 - 2 1 1 2 1 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 5 ,1 4 9 , 2 2 6
Utna6, 158,166,168-170, - of LABBE260 - - interna20-21 - s u b f a s c i a l i s3 1
172-17 4, 176-177 ,200-202,20/+, - s y s t e m i cc i r c u l a t i o n2 0 - i t i o L u m b a t i2 s1 - s u b t i n g u a l i s1 1 0 ,1 1 4 - 1 1 5
207,209-210,253-256 Ve[um - inferiores cerebri 294 - s u b m e n t a t i s7 5 ,8 2 , 8 5 , 11 0 ,
- development 8 - meduttareinterius 276,299, - i n f r a o r b i t a [ i s3 7 8 145,148
Utnarcana[256 304-305 - i n t e r c a p i t u [ a r el M
s anus]247 - s u b s c a p u l a r i s2 2 7
u[naris1 - - s u p e r i u s2 7 6 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , - i n t e r c o s t a l epso s t e r i o r e s2 1 - superiorescerebri 260,262,
Umbomembranae tympanicae 3 0 2 ,3 0 4 - 3 0 5 3 , 29 - interna cerebri 260,294, 281-282,294
382,385 - p a l a t i n u ms . P a t a t u mm o [ [ e 31 6-317, 321-322, 328-329, 333 - s u p r a o r b i t a t i s3 7 6
Uncus286-288, 290,292,314,
336, V e n a [ - a e ] - i n t e r o s s e ap o s t e r i o r 1 9 7 - s u p r a r e n a [ i s2 1
- a t v e o t a r i si n f e r i o r 116 - 1 17 - i n t r a m u s c u t a r i s3 1 - suprascapu[ari2 s 29
Upperarms. Arm - a n a s t o m o t i c sau p e r i o r 2 8 1 - inlra<pntala< ?1 - supratrochlearis 75
Upperthoracic aperture149 - a n g u [ a r i s7 5 , 2 6 0 , 3 7 6 - jejunates 21 - t e m p o r a l i sm e d i a 8 2 , 8 5
Ureter15 - anterior septi peltucidi 321-322, - j u g u t a r i 1s 3 5 - - s u p e r f i c i a t i6s8 , 7 5 , 8 5 1 , 09
Urethra 326,333 - - anterior20,118,133,143, - t e s t i c u t a r i s2 0 - 2 1
- feminin1 a5 - a u r i c u t a r i sp o s t e r i o r 1 4 2 - 1 4 4 148-149,155,229 - t h a [ a m o s t r i a t sau p e r i o r 2 6 0 ,
- m a s c u t i n1a5 - a x i [ [ a r i s2 0 , 1 4 6 - 1 4 82, 2 4 , - - externa 2 0 , 7 5 , 8 0 - 8121, 0 , 294, 313-3 17, 321-322, 328-329,
UrinaryandgenitaItract LZ I -ZZY 119,135,1/+2-149, 151, 3 3 1- 3 3 3 ,3 3 7
- in thefemale,overview15 - azygos20-21 154-155,229 - t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a 2 0 , 1 4 8 - 1 4 9 ,
- in thema[e,overview15 - basatis260,294,322 - - interna20-21,23,69,73,75, 1 5 3
Uterus15 - basilica20,178,221+,230,232, 77,118,133,1t+0, 1/+/+, - - lateralis147,227-229
Utriculus393-394 236-237, 247, 252-25/+,
256 146-151, 15/+-155,260 - t h o r a c o a c r o m i a t i1 s 4 5 ,1 4 8
Uveas. Lamina vascuLosa - brachiates20,227,229, - Labiatisinferior75 tta
Uvu[a 252-254 - - superior75 - thoracodorsalis 227-228
- patatina92,102,113,139 - brachiocephaLica 228 - tabyrinthi 4'1,265 - t h o r a c o e p i g a s t r i c a1e4 7 ,
- vermis 302-304 - - dextra20-21,77,141,149, - lacrimalis376 224-225,227-228
tcJ - laryngea superior108,114,131, - t h y m i c a e 1 4 9
- - sinistra20-21,121,136,141, 1 3 7 , 1 4 1 - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,
V 1/+6-147 ,149,153 - [ateraLis ventricu[i lateralis322 1 4 7 - 1 4 91 , 55
- cavainferior20-22 - [inguaLis 115-116, 134 - - media 133,149
V a g i n a l - a e1l 5 - - s u p e r i o2r 0 - 2 2 , 1 2 1 , 1 1 + 1 , 1 1- +[umbaLis{-esJ
9, 21 - - s u p e r i o r7 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 6 ,
- c o m m u n i st e n d i n u mm u s c u L o - 153 - - ascendens 21 145,147-149
r u m f l e x o r u m 2 0 8 ,2 11 - centra[is '1
retinae 16,363,368 - m a g n ca e r e b r2i 6 0 , 2 6 2 , 2 7 6 , - t i b i a l e sa n t e r i o r e s2 0
- e x t e r n an e r v io p t i c i 3 5 8 , 3 6 2 , - cephalica 20,118,144-149, 178, 302,311,316-317,320-322,329, - - posteriores 20
3 6 8 - 3 6 93 , 78 22/+-226, 228-231,236, 2t+7, 334,337,370 - t r a n s v e r s ac o t t i 8 1 , 1 4 3 ,
- i n t e r n an e r v io p t i c i 3 6 8 - 3 6 9 252-25t+,256 - maxiLLaris 69,75,85 148-149,229
- m u s c u [ ir e c t ia b d o m i n i s1 7 9 , - cerebri 294 - mediaprofunda cerebri294 - u m b i l i c a l i s2 2
225 - cervicalis profunda75,153 322 - v e r t e b r a l i s1 3 3 ,1 5 3 ,1 5 5
- nervi optici 265,T57 - - superficiatis 148 - - superficiatis cerebri281,29/+, - vorticosa 363
- p r o c e s s u s t y t o i d e i5 9 - choroidea inferior322 326 V e n o u ss i n u s e ss . S i n u sd u r a e
- s y n o v i a t ids i g i t o r u mm a n u s 2 0 8 - - superior322 - mediana antebrachii 230, matris
- - t e n d i n i s9 , 1 1 - citiaris
anterior363 236-237 Venousvatves 21
Venter Ventriculus[-i] Vertex 36 V o c a IL i g a m e nst L i g a m e n t u m
- anterior 68,72-73, 77, 81+,106, - q u a r t u s2 7 6 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 53 ,1 0 - 3 11 , - c o r n e a e3 6 2 vocate
110 - 111 , 1 1 4 ,1 16 - 11 7 ,1 1 9- 1 2 0 , 320,324,329,337 Vesica Votas. Palma
137,144-146,11+8-1 51, T9, T57 - tertius 276, 294-295,298,302, - b i L i a r i s1 1 r1, 7, 2 2 Vomer 34, 38, 42, /+7,50, 54, 62, 87,
- frontalis 70-73, 354,I1 3 0 9 - 3 11 ,3 1 6 - 3 1 73, 2 0 ,3 2 3 - 3 2 5 , - f e t t e as . V e s i c ab i l i a r i s 264
- i n f e r i o r1 0 5 ,1 1 8 - 1 2 01, 4 / + - 1 / + 6 , 327-328,333-334,336 - u r i n a r i a1 5 , 2 2
14 8 , 15 0 , 18 2 - 18 3 , 1 8 6 ,1 8 9 , 2 2 8 , Venu[a v e s t i b u t a r9 3 - 9 4
T10 - m a c u [ a r i si n f e r i o r 3 6 7 Vestibutum w
- o c c i p i t a t i s7 1 - 7 3 ,1 4 2 ,I 1 - - s u p e r i o r3 5 7 - L a b y r i n t h3i 9 2
- p o s t e r i o r7 3 ,1 0 5 - 1 0 61, 1 0 , - m e d i a l i sr e t i n a e3 6 7 - laryngis129,133 WERNICKE ce ' sn t r e 3 9 7
118-120,137-1 41,399,T9, T57 - n a s a t i sr e t i n a ei n f e r i o r 3 6 7 - n a s i 1 4 , 8 8 1, 3 6 , i r c l eo f s C i r c u t u sa r t e r i o -
w l L L I SC
- s u p e r i o r1 0 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 4 ,1 1 9 - 1 2 0 , ---superior367 - o r i s 1 4 ,1 0 3 - 1 0 4 suscerebri
1 4 4 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 7, 1 5 0 , 2 2 9 , 1 1 0 - t e m p o r a t i sr e t i n a ei n f e r i o r 3 6 7 V i b r i s s a e9 2 Wrists. Carpus
V e n t r i c t e t ssl V e n t r i c u [ u s [ - i ] ---superior367 Vincu[uml-al Wrist-drop,radial nerve patsy 221
V e n t r i c uI u s [ - Ii V e r m i sc e r e b e t t i2 76 , 2 8 6 , - breve 209 Yellowspot s. Macula lutea
- c o r d i sd e x t e r 2 2 2 9 7- 2 9 8 ,3 0 2 - 3 0 3 3 , 12 , 3 15 - 3 16 , - tonga 209
- - sinister22 320, 323-324, 329, 33/+-337 - tendinum209,213
- e n c e p h a l3i 1 0 - 3 1 1 349-350 V i s c e r o c r a n i u m5 4 z
- l a r y n g i s 1 0 4 ,1 2 7 ,1 2 9 ,1 3 1 Vertebrae Vision
IJJ - cervicates 133-13/+,152-151+ - associationarea 291 Z o nu[ a
- lateratis277,293-294, 296, 298, - c o c c y g e a se. 0 s c o c c y g i s - projectionarea 291 - ciLiaris 362-364
309,311,313-317, 320-321 - lhnreeirao 1q? 16q V i s u a If i e t d ,s t a b i [ i s a t i o n3 9 6 - Z I N NsI Z o n u [ ac i [ i a r i s
323-329,331 -339 V e r t e b r acI a n a Is . C a n a t i sv e r t e - V i s u a lp a t h w a y3 7 1
- - w a t t s3 1 3 braLis - b t o o ds u p p t y 3 7 0