Smart Phone Growth Implications on Signaling Traffic

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Smart phone users are increasing dramatically

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 unprecedented signaling storms

Network received signaling requests already exceed the predefined signal

processing capacity.

Call Drop Rate Delay

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 Worldwide RAN load
RAN load in commercial networks

Call Drop Rate Delay

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 Device benchmark

Call Drop Rate Delay

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Fast Dormancy
•Smartphones consume large amount of power due to their large screen, long online
time, and diversified mobile applications. To save power, smartphones have adopted fast
dormancy feature.
•If there is no data transmission within a short time (usually 3 to 10 seconds),
smartphones will automatically release the wireless connection and enter the idle mode.
•The connection will be reestablished when the data ransmission is needed. All these
generate large amounts of signaling traffic.

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Fast Dormancy - Paging

•Fast dormancy in the UE causes the UE to go into idle more frequently

•If there is data to be sent from the Network to the UE, a page will be sent to the UE
requesting the UE to establish connection
•› This will cause a surge in paging attempts on the Routing Area
•Paging attempts can also surge (for Location Area) if speech users suddenly increases

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Fast Dormancy - Code consumption

•With the increased call attempts due to Fast dormancy

•More SRB bearer will utilize more DL Code
•Hence, higher probability for reduction in available codes for HSDPA
•for every “step of 8 SRB codes” used, available HSDPA codes will be reduced
by 1 (from the Maximum allowable HSDPA codes of 15)
•This issue can also worsen if there is a surge in speech calls

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Fast Dormancy - Power consumption
•With the increased call attempts due to Fast
dormancy, besides the increase in DL Code
•usage as explained in the previous slide,
•The Non-HS power consumption will also
increase
•The time spent performing SRB, will
consume power from the RBS
•Hence, higher probability for reduced
power for HSDPA users
•This issue can also worsen if there is a surge
in speech calls

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Always-on applications - heartbeat messages

•Always-on applications send heartbeat

messages to the server every several
minutes in order to keep online.
•Tons of APPs are always-on enabled
•PS RAB carrys small data to update the status.
•Heart beat messages create huge number of
messages.
•Bad manner APP development.
•With fast dormancy, the situation is much morse.
•UE state changing fequently.

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Always-on applications – Typical APPs

APP Heart beat interval Comments

Tecent QQ in Guangdong
IM/SNS Around 1min
contribute to 65% signalings

Email 5-30min Global impacts

VoIP Dozens of seconds Will have big impacts

Location track Minutes More and more popular

IMS SIP Around 1min Enabler to VoLTE

M2M 1 hour Smart electricity meter

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Signaling Storms – Other reasons

•Abnormal signaling
•A smartphone makes its best to be always online. If the activation fails due to
breakdown of network node such as AAA or OCS server, no service subscription,
and insufficient capacity, the smartphone will repeatedly try to activate PDP context.
As a result, the activation signaling on the network increases sharply and the
network congestion or overload occurs consequently.

•Hack Attack
•On an mobile network using public network addresses, the always-on smartphones
are subject to external attacks. An intensive IP address scan/sweep attack on
terminals can evoke a paging storm, which will lead to CPU peak and frequent
overloading of the signaling processing board.

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 Solutions to Signaling Storms

•Smart phone
•Network controlled fast dormancy.
•CPC
•Good manners in device and APP.
•etc
•Network
•Network structure.
•Non transparent OTT.
•Other optimization.

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 FAST dormancy handling

•URA_PCH state should be active in the

network.

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 CPC Continuous Packet Connectivity

CPC minimizes uplink interference in the network and provides:

-Up to 5 times larger uplink capacity allowing for more smartphone users
-60% higher user data rate

CPC minimizes uplink interference in the network and provides

-Up to 5 times larger uplink capacity allowing for more smartphone users 60% higher user data rate

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 CPC significantly decreases power
consumption
Browsing example

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 Good manners in device and APP
• Taking advantage of caching and reducing optionally
downloadable data items such as images or attachments
• Avoiding protocols that require polling
• Closing data connections when no longer needed
• Opting for TCP over UDP since TCP requires fewer keep-
alive messages – this is especially important for always-
on applications such as push email
• Choosing periodic burst data transfers rather than a
constant “drop-by-drop” transfer
• Utilizing network access optimization APIs (such as the
notification API) in order to synchronize/group
transactions with the network
• Using message buffering/aggregation between different
applications as much as possible
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 Network side solutions
•Non transparent OTT
•CMCC is working with Tecent to use ‘push’
notification replacing heart beat message for QQ.
•SRB on HSDPA & F-DPCH
•Allows establishment and support of the DL SRB
on the High Speed Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-DSCH): Makes all DL signaling faster and
decreases the time for RAB establishment and
other transitions
•Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel.
•EUL cell edge coverage Increased DATA power at cell
edge
•Before Release 8: Not optimal. Cell edge earlier
reached for data than for control

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 2011

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 2012

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Thank You 谢谢