In addition to the default value (auto), there are two keywords you can use with background-

size: cover and contain

cover tells the browser to make sure the image always covers the entire container, even if it has to stretch the image or
cut a little bit off one of the edges. contain, on the other hand, says to always show the whole image, even if that leaves
a little space to the sides or bottom.

The default keyword — auto — tells the browser to automatically calculate the size based on the actual size of the image
and the aspect ratio.

The background shorthand property is a way to specify the values of multiple CSS background properties in a single
declaration.

Example

body {

background: url(photo.jpg) left top no-repeat #000;

The example above specifies four background properties in one declaration and is the same as writing:

body {
background-image: url(photo.jpg);
background-position: left top;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-color: #000;
}

The following rule set utilizes all eight background properties using longhand syntax:

body {
background-image: url(photo.jpg);
background-position: center center;
background-size: cover;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-origin: padding-box;
background-clip: border-box;
background-color: #ccc;
}

CSS Shorthand Guide

BACKGROUND

Backgrounds can be tricky. Nevertheless, effective when condensed correctly. The syntax for declaring the background
shorthand values are as follows:

BACKGROUND PROPERTIES
element {

background-color: color || #hex || (rgb / % || 0-255);

background-image:url(URI);

background-repeat: repeat || repeat-x || repeat-y || no-repeat;

background-position: X Y || (top||bottom||center) (left||right||center);

background-attachment: scroll || fixed;

}
Believe it or not, all these properties can be combined into one single background property as follows:
THE BACKGROUND SHORTHAND PROPERTY

element {

background:

#fff

url(image.png)

no-repeat

20px 100px

fixed;

THE UNKNOWN

Often times developers find themselves wondering What if I leave out this value or that one? How will that effect the design?.
Good questions. By default, the background property will assume the following when youdo not declare each value of the
properties.

DEFAULT BACKGROUND PROPERTY VALUES

element {

background-color: transparent;

background-image: none;
 background-repeat: repeat;

background-position: top left;

background-attachment: scroll;

Lesson learned: be careful on what you don't declare. By chosing to not declare a value on a shorthand property, you
are explicitly declaring the above default settings. For example, let's look at the following example.

BACKGROUND SHORTHAND EXAMPLE (UNEXPLICIT)

element {

background:red url(image.png);

}
This would be the same as declaring the following values:

BACKGROUND SHORTHAND EXAMPLE (EXPLICIT)

element {

background:red url(image.png) repeat top left scroll;

}
FONT

Font is perhaps the trickiest. However, it follows the same rules as the background shorthand property. All that you do not
declare will have unexplicit values. Here is the font shorthand specification:

FONT PROPERTIES
element {

font-style: normal || italic || oblique;

font-variant:normal || small-caps;

font-weight: normal || bold || bolder || || lighter || (100-900);

font-size: (number+unit) || (xx-small - xx-large);

line-height: normal || (number+unit);

font-family:name,"more names";

The default values for the font shorthand property are as follows:

DEFAULT FONT PROPERTY VALUES

element {

font-style: normal;

font-variant:normal;

font-weight: normal;

font-size: inherit;

line-height: normal;
 font-family:inherit;

And of course without any further ado. The font shorthand property syntax:

THE FONT SHORTHAND PROPERTY

element {

font:

normal

normal

normal

inhert/

normal

inherit;

Here is where it gets tricky. The fact that font-style, font-variant, and font-weight all come "normal" out of
the box, you may need to pay a little more close attention when you're styling elements that come with default browser
styles like <h1> - <h6> or <strong> and <em>. For example, styling the strong element:

STRONG ELEMENT STYLED WITH FONT

strong {

font:12px verdana;

By writing the above into your style sheet, you will be unexplicitly removing the font-weight:bold default browser style
that is applied to strong elements. Last but not least (for -font- that is), a real world example:

FONT SHORTHAND PROPERTY EXAMPLE (UNEXPLICIT)

p {

font:bold 1em/1.2em georgia,"times new roman",serif;

This would be the same as declaring the following properties:

THE FONT SHORTHAND PROPERTY (EXPLICIT)

p {

font-style:normal;

font-variant:normal;

font-weight:bold;

font-size:1em;

line-height:1.2em;
 font-family:georgia,"times new roman",serif;

BORDER

Let's not waste time discussing the warnings. The same rules apply from here on out. This is all you need to know

BORDER PROPERTIES
element {

border-width: number+unit;

border-style: (numerous);

border-color: color || #hex || (rgb / % || 0-255);

becomes this:

THE BORDER SHORTHAND PROPERTIE

element {

border:

4px

groove

linen

Don't ask me how that would look. The fact that "linen" is in there, things could get scary. Nevermind the matter, here is
where 'border' gets funny.

BORDER EXAMPLES
p {
border:solid blue;
}

/* will create a '3px' solid blue border...

who knows where 3px came from?? */
p {

border:5px solid;

}
/* will create 5px solid 'black' border...

default must be black?? */

p {

border:dashed;

}
/* will create a '3px' dashed 'black' border...

3px black lines unite! */

p { border:10px red; }

p { border:10px; }

p { border:red; }

/* these just don't even work */

One thing to specially take note about declaring a border without a color, the default will be 'black' unless otherwise noted
through an explicit or inherited 'color' property. See the following examples:

BORDER COLOR EXAMPLES

p {

border:dotted;

color:red;

/* will create a 3px dotted red border */

/* ----------------------------- */

body {

color:blue;

body p {

border:5px solid;

/* will create a 5px solid blue border */

/* ----------------------------- */

Get it? Got it. Good! (isn't that a song?) Anyway. On with this

MARGIN AND PADDING

These are by far the easiest. Just think about the hands of a clock starting at noon, and follow the hour. For the sake of
brevity, we'll be working with margin (since it's a shorter word). So for all cases of margin, the same rules apply to
padding.

MARGIN PROPERTIES.
element {

margin-top: number+unit;

margin-right: number+unit;
 margin-bottom: number+unit;

margin-left: number+unit;

... combined into the margin superpowers:

THE MARGIN SHORTHAND PROPERTY

/* top right bottom left */

element {

margin: auto auto auto auto;

Of course, you may declare your margin with one, two, three, or four values. Here is how each scenario will be played out:

MARGIN FUN
/* adds a 10px margin to all four sides */

element {

margin:10px;

/* adds a 20px margin to top and bottom

and a 5px margin to left and right */

element {

margin:20px 5px;

/* adds a 50px margin to top

and a 10px margin to left and right

and a 300px margin to bottom */

element {

margin:50px 10px 300px;

}
Understood? Let's keep going. This is fun isn't it! (whatever, you like it).

OUTLINE

Quite frankly, this property has dropped off the existence of the design radar. Mainly because of lack of browsers
supporting this CSS 2.1 standard (yep, it's an actual property), but nonetheless, it too has a shorthand property. This
property follows the exact same (or same exact - they mean the same thing) specification as the 'border' shorthand
property. But, for purposes of this being a Guide, it must be here. So:

OUTLINE PROPERTIES
element {
 outline-width: number+unit;

outline-style: (numerous);

outline-color: color || #hex || (rgb / % || 0-255);

Outline written as shorthand:

OUTLINE SHORTHAND PROPERTY

element {

outline:3px dotted gray;

For purposes of trying to keep things from repeating, please see the border shorthand section on this document to
understand the odds, ends, and quirks of the outline property.

LIST-STYLE

This is it. The last one. It's rarely used frequently. Hence rarely. That is why I kept it until the end (sorry, the best was first
in my own opinion). Here is the list-style properties:

LIST-STYLE PROPERTIES
element {

list-style-type: (numerous);

list-style-position:inside || outside;

list-style-image:url(image.png);

Here is the defaults:

LIST-STYLE PROPERTY DEFAULTS

element {

list-style-type:disc;

list-style-position:outside;

list-style-image:none;

And for the sake of final brevity. Here is a simple example:

LIST-STYLE SHORTHAND PROPERTY EXAMPLE

ul li {

list-style:square inside url(image.png);

/* in this particular case if image.png is not available

 then a square will be provided as secondary */

The background-origin let you to decide where you want the background-position starting point to
be, border orpadding or content.
The new property of background-origin has 3 values according to the box-model:
1. border-box - to position the background position 0,0 point at the top left of the border.
2. padding-box(default) - to position the background position 0,0 point at the top left of the padding.
3. content-box - to position the background position 0,0 point at the top left of the content.

CSS3 defines three more attribute selector variations. These new selectors give us the ability to make partial
matches to attribute values—we can match strings at the start, end, or anywhere within an attribute value.
We can use the ^= operator to cause an attribute selector to match elements that have an attribute containing
a value that starts with the specified value:
a[href^="http:"] {
⋮ declarations
}
This example matches a elements that have an href attribute value which starts with the characters “http:”.
Using the $= operator, an attribute selector can match elements that have an attribute which contains a value
ending with the specified value:
img[src$=".png"] {
⋮ declarations
}
This example matches a elements that have an href attribute value which starts with the characters “http:”.
Using the $= operator, an attribute selector can match elements that have an attribute which contains a value
ending with the specified value:
div[id*="foo"] {
⋮ declarations
}
This example matches div elements whose id attribute value contains the characters “foo”.
box-shadow Syntax
box-shadow: [horizontal offset] [vertical offset] [blur radius] [optional spread radius]
[color];
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
body {
background: #eb01a5;
background-image: url("IMAGE_URL"); /* fallback */
background-image: url("IMAGE_URL"), linear-gradient(#eb01a5, #d13531); /* W3C */
}
These 2 lines are the fallback for any browser that doesn't do gradients. See notes for stacking images
only IE < 9 below.
 Line 1 sets a flat background color.
 Line 2 sets the background image fallback.
The final line sets a background image and gradient for browsers that can handle them.
 Line 3 is for all relatively modern browsers.