Computer Added Calculations in Deep Drilling (16.03.16)

THE MINISTRY OF GENERAL AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF
THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
GUBKIN RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF OIL AND GAS
DEPARTMENT OF OIL AND GAS DRILLING
V. Balitsky, O.Khrabrova, E. Zharova
COMPUTER AIDED
CALCULATIONS IN DEEP DRILLING
Teaching aid
MOSCOW 2015
UDC 622.24
V. Balitsky, O.Khrabrova, E. Zharova Computer aided calculations in deep
drilling. Teaching aid. – M.: Gubkin Russian state university of oil and gas, 2015. –
108 pages.
The present teaching aid is addressed to those seeking Master's degree who
study Drilling of oil and gas wells. Nowadays a lot of calculations in this field are
usually fulfilled with the help of computer. There are several examples of such
calculations in this manual. Each example of calculation is given in the corresponding
laboratory work. The special tables are created for standardization of fulfillment of
these laboratory works. Initial data, formulas and logical functions are filled in the
cells of these special tables. Finally graphic diagrams are made on the basis of
calculation results. The brief methodical instructions, test examples and, if necessary,
the handbook data are given in descriptions of all laboratory works.
The manual is recommended for those seeking Master's degree of different

specialties of Russian Gubkin State University of oil and gas studying in English.
© Gubkin Russian state university of oil and gas, 2015
Page 2
The foreword
Today modern computer technologies are widely used in practice of drilling of

oil and gas wells, which deal with complicated engineering calculations and different
empirical-formula dependencies. With the help of computers we can model physical
processes happening in a well drilling more easily and can sharply reduce the time of
routine calculations.
The present manual must help students during fulfillment of technological
calculations and consists of the brochure, library of files and standard tables created
with the help of spreadsheets of Excel.
The mentioned work are carried with the help of spreadsheets of Excel, which
allow to make multivariate calculations and construct different graphic diagrams. It
enables not only to receive the result of calculations in a particular case but also to
analyze its dependence on different parameters, that introduces elements of scientific
search in the educational process.
Natural continuation of this process is the work on the course projects and
Master Thesis.
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Laboratory work № 1.
"The analysis of work indexes of drilling contractors (DC) with the help of
Excel"
The aim of this work is the application of principle capabilities of Excel for the
analysis of DC work indexes.
The main contents of the work.
In order to illustrate capabilities of the analysis of any DC work indexes we

shall limit ourselves by consideration of DC for a month, a quarter, 6 months and a
year.
The comparison of these indexes allows to evaluate from the qualitative point of
view the work of drilling crews, region technical services (RTS) and DC for different
intervals of time and to analyze reasons of their change.
Modern computer technologies as Excel permit to process data fast and visually
and to make their further economic estimation.
Carrying out the present laboratory work the students input monthly footage
data of drilling crews in the summary table, and estimate summary indexes of each
crew, RTS and DC for a quarter, 6 months and a year; and also compose the charts
permitting to compare these results visually.
For calculations with Excel students should know how the personal computer
and peripheral units work and have some knowledge of WINDOWS and Excel.
This laboratory work consists of four parts.
1) To fill in the summary table "Footage of drilling crews, RTS and DC". We
consider that DC includes three RTS, each of those including three drilling crews.
2) To change the structure summary table and get the secondary table in its
reduced form (only on RTS and quarters)
3) To make column diagram for RTS footage in quarters.
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4) To make the calculation according to the formula given by professor and to
place starting data and the results of calculation into the table (look at the example at
the end of description this laboratory work).
Methodical recommendations for the laboratory work.
To fill in the summary table it is necessary first of all to fill in the headings of
the table rows and the table columns. For this purpose the students have to input the
heading "crew 1" in the cell A4. Then with the help of prediction series we input the
names of other drilling crews from 2 to 9 in the cells A5-A12 (look at the example of
the laboratory work). In the same way we input the word "January" in the cell B3 and
using prediction series input the names of other months in the cells C3-M3. Thus we
get the "cap" of the table. In order to input the whole data let us input the data for two
drilling crews №1 and №2 for two months (January and February) into cells B4, C4,
B5, C5. Supposing that the discovered tendency of drilling crews footage change will
be kept during the whole year, we input the data into the whole table with the help of
prediction series. To receive quarter results of the drilling crews footage it is necessary
to insert corresponding columns. For example, let us insert empty column into Excel
table column "E" and input heading "quarter 1" into a cell E3. Similarly we prepare
empty columns and fill in their corresponding heading for all quarters, 6 months and a
year. To input the summary drilling crews footage for quarters, 6 months and a year
into cells of the table it is necessary to make active corresponding cells and to press
key . With the help of prediction series we input data in all empty table columns.
According to the task students divide drilling crews into three RTS', with three
crews in each one. For this purpose we insert empty rows after each three drilling
crews group. Input headings, for example "RTS 1", into corresponding left cells of
empty rows. Total DC footage is placed in the last row. To input RTS data and DC
data we use key and prediction series. Now all necessary information is put in the
table. Then we make the cell A1 active and input the heading "The footage of drilling
Page 5
crews, RTS and DC". Let us select the corresponding font size, font style for the
heading and remove it to the center of the table. To complete the table it is necessary
to make table border (outline and inside), line style previously fixed.
To fulfil the second part of the laboratory work the students select summary
table (table 1) entirely and copy in a buffer putting key . For further work with the
table we insert it into the Excel table on the sheet 2. We call this table number 2. With
the help of menu "Data", submenu "Group and Outline" and the command "Auto
Outline" we can determine and change table 2 structure. Now we transform table 2
into the reduced one. This new table will only include information on RTS and DC for
quarters, 6 months and a year.
In the third part of the laboratory work it is necessary to make column diagram
RTS footage in quarters and represent it according to the task.
In the last part of the laboratory work the students test their knowledge of Excel,
working with formulas. For this purpose the students are given a task, according to
which they have to record the formulas like a text, then input these formulas into cells
and apply them for calculations. In the process of text recording the students have to
use several font sizes and font styles, for example Times New Roman, Symbol, italic,
interlinear. Finally it is necessary to place initial data in the new small table, consisting
of two rows. There are these data denotations in the upper row, and the numerical
values in the lower row. The results of calculations should be placed in the very right
and downward cell of the table.
The requirements for the laboratory work design:
1. The report on the given work should contain 3 sheets:

- Full summary table;
- Table in its reduced form and diagram;
- Calculation according to the formulas.
2. Each page of the document should have information about:
Page 6
- Date of the document design,
- Surname and first name of the author;
- Your group.
The example of performing the laboratory work is given below.
Page 7
Application terms for laboratory work №1:
drilling contractors (DC) - буровые подрядчики (в России - управление

буровых работ, УБР)
region technical services (RTS) - в России районная инженерно -
технологическая служба (входит в структуру УБР)
drilling crew (crew) - буровая бригада
footage - проходка
column diagram - столбиковая диаграмма
table rows - строки таблицы
table columns - столбцы таблицы
a cell - ячейка таблицы
prediction series - прогнозирующие ряды
to insert - вставлять
to fill - заполнить
to input - вводить (данные)
to make active cells - активизировать ячейки
font size - размер шрифта
font style - тип шрифта
a table border - рамка таблицы
outline - создать внешнюю рамку (таблицы)
inside - создать внутренние рамки (таблицы)
a buffer - буффер
a key - клавиша (клавиатуры)
italic - курсив (тип шрифта)
interlinear - подстрочный шрифт
denotations - обозначения
Page 8
The example of performing the laboratory work
Footages of drilling crews, region technical services (RTS) and drilling contractor (DC)
January February March 1 quarter April May June 2 quarter “6 months”

1 crew 500 550 600 1650 650 700 750 2100 3750
2 crew 550 600 650 1800 700 750 800 2250 4050
3 crew 600 650 700 1950 750 800 850 2400 4350
Total on
1650 1800 1950 5400 2100 2250 2400 6750 12150
RTS 1
4 crew 650 700 750 2100 800 850 900 2550 4650
5 crew 700 750 800 2250 850 900 950 2700 4950
6 crew 750 800 850 2400 900 950 1000 2850 5250
Total on
2100 2250 2400 6750 2550 2700 2850 8100 14850
RTS 2
7 crew 800 850 900 2550 950 1000 1050 3000 5550
8 crew 850 900 950 2700 1000 1050 1100 3150 5850
9 crew 900 950 1000 2850 1050 1100 1150 3300 6150
Total on
2550 2700 2850 8100 3000 3150 3300 9450 17550
RTS 3
DC 6300 6750 7200 20250 7650 8100 8550 24300 44550
9
Page 9
Footages of drilling crews, region technical services (RTS) and drilling contractor (DC)
July August September 3 quarter October November December 4 quarter “6 months” Year
1 crew 800 850 900 2550 950 1000 1050 3000 5550 9300
2 crew 850 900 950 2700 1000 1050 1100 3150 5850 9900
3 crew 900 950 1000 2850 1050 1100 1150 3300 6150 10500
Total on
2550 2700 2850 8100 3000 3150 3300 9450 17550 29700
RTS 1
4 crew 950 1000 1050 3000 1100 1150 1200 3450 6450 11100
5 crew 1000 1050 1100 3150 1150 1200 1250 3600 6750 11700
6 crew 1050 1100 1150 3300 1200 1250 1300 3750 7050 12300
Total on
3000 3150 3300 9450 3450 3600 3750 10800 20250 35100
RTS 2
7 crew 1100 1150 1200 3450 1250 1300 1350 3900 7350 12900
8 crew 1150 1200 1250 3600 1300 1350 1400 4050 7650 13500
9 crew 1200 1250 1300 3750 1350 1400 1450 4200 7950 14100
Total on
0
3450 3600 3750 10800 3900 4050 4200 12150 22950 40500
RTS 3
DC 9000 9450 9900 28350 10350 10800 11250 32400 60750 105300
1
Page 10
1 quarter 2 quarter “6 months” 1 3 quarters 4 quarters “6 months” 2 Year
Total on RTS 5400 6750 12150 8100 9450 17550 29700
1
Total on RTS 6750 8100 14850 9450 10800 20250 35100
2
Total on RTS 8100 9450 17550 10800 12150 22950 40500
3
DC 20250 24300 44550 28350 32400 60750 105300
Footage of RTS' for quarters
1
1
Основной
Основной
Основной 4 quarter
Основной
Основной
3 quarter
Основной
RTS 1 RTS 2 RTS 3
Page 11
Laboratory work № 2
“Comparison of different drilling practices”
The purpose of this laboratory work is to teach the students in the selection of
best drilling practices in the same drilling conditions with the help of experimental and
handbook information and given optimization criterion.
The main contents of the work
We have to determine the best drilling practices by applying an optimization

criterion using initial data of the applied drilling rig, oil production method, interval of
drilling, mud density, well path, particular region of drilling, type and diameter of
2
applied bit. And also using production data of a number of used bits, their footages
1
and rotary times in both compared cases
Methodical recommendations for the laboratory work
The table template is used to simplify fulfilling this laboratory work (see
appendix). It has several cells, rows and columns for inputting initial data. A student
has to input his surname, group number, version number and initial data in this
template according to his version number (Appendix 2). A student also has to input the
footage (H) and rotary time (Tr) with corresponding Bit number. These data are given
in the Appendix 2; Please input the data according to your Version number.
The student uses initial data of bit cost, rig cost (operation cost of one hour of
drill rig), trip time and by work time to calculate average bit work indexes. We
suppose that trip time and work time don’t change significantly in the given drilling
interval.
To define penetration rate we use the following formula:
k
H i
Vp  i k 1
(2.1)
 T 
i 1
ri
Page 12
Where:
Hi - footage for the bit number i;
Tri - rotary time for the bit number i;
k - number of used bits.
This formula should be input in cell D26 (for practice 1) and in cell F26 (for
practice 2).
The trip drilling rate is defined in cell D27 (for practice 1) and in cell F27:
k k
H i H i
Vt  i 1
 i 1
3
(2.2)
 k  
k
 T  Tti  Twi 
Tri   к Т  к Т
i
ri
i 1 t w
1
 1 
Where:
Tri – trip time for the bit number i;
Tt – average value of trip time;
Twi –by work time for the bit number i;
Tw – average value of by work time;
The cost per meter for the first drilling practices is defined in cell D28 by the
following formula:
k
kCb  C r  (Tri  Tti  Twi )
C i 1

k (2.3)
H
i 1
i
k
kCb  C r  (Tri )  C r k (Tt  Tw )
 i 1
k
H
i 1
i
Where:
Сb - bit cost (see initial date);
Page 13
Сr – rig cost (operational expenses for one business hour on drill rigs);
In the same, way we determine cost per meter for drilling practices number 2 in
cell F28.
The number of optimum drilling practice is defined in the cell E29 with the help
of given criterion of optimization (Max Vp or Min C) using function “IF”. Using this
function we define logic condition, for example, “trip rate for drilling practice number
1 is more then for drilling practice number 2”. If this condition is true the drilling
practice 1 is optimum. If opposite case drilling practice number 2 is optimum.
Function “IF” has the following description.
4
IF (condition; expression1; expression2), if “condition” is true, than
1
“expression1” will appear in place of function “IF”, otherwise “expression2” will be
placed.
The requirements for the laboratory work design
The report on the laboratory work consists of 1 sheet with an indication of the
date of fulfillment, surname, first name, the number of version, input data, obtained
results of calculations and diagrams made.
To defend laboratory work it is necessary to know the main positions of the
appropriate unit of the student discipline.
Page 14
drilling practices – режим бурения

WOB (weight on the bit) – нагрузка на долото
RPM (revolution per minute) – частота вращения долота
drilling conditions – условия бурения
a drilling rig – буровая установка
method of drilling – способ бурения
mud density – плотность бурового раствора
well path – траектория скважины
5
footage – проходка
rotary time – время механического бурения
1
trip time – время спуско-подъемных операций
by work time – время вспомогательных работ
appendix – приложение
an operation cost of one hour of drill rig – стоимость одного часа работы
бурового установки
penetration rate (ROP) – механическая скорость проходки
trip rate рейсовая скорость бурения
average value – среднее значение
obtained results – полученные результаты
Page 15
6
1
Page 16
Table 2.1
Laboratory data for work № 2
Variant number
Initial data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Optimization
Max Vt Min C Max Vt Min C Max Vt Min C Max Vt Min C Max Vt Min C
criterion
Number of used
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
bits
Cost of a bit 21600 22100 18900 15280 25300 21600 22100 18900 15280 25300
7
Operation cost
1
of 1 hour of 1600 1800 2050 1760 1500 1600 1800 2050 1760 1500
drilling
Average trip time,
9,5 11,8 8,4 14,1 9,8 9,5 11,8 8,4 14,1 9,8
h
Average by work
2,6 2,1 2,5 2,0 2,6 2,1 2,5 2 2,6 2,1
time, h
Page 17
Table 2.1 (continued)
Practice 1
Bit number
1 100 100 108 108 106 105 104 101 104 84
2 120 102 120 120 122 120 123 125 123 101
3 113 115 115 115 113 117 113 111 113 106
4 140 128 123 123 118 119 119 119 119 119
Footage, м
5 132 132 135 125 135 128 126 122 126 102
6 81 81 91 91 91 94 96 99 95 96
7 79 78 76 76 87 92 92 94 92 92
8 114 112 112 112 111 112 114 104 114 114
9 105 105 112 114 105 107 107 116 106 106
10 111 113 103 113 113 116 116 106 116 116
8
Bit number
1 21 25 25 23 23 24 24 28 26 12
1
2 17 17 17 15 19 19 18 19 19 19
3 14 16 16 15 15 16 15 14 14 14
Rotary time, h
4 22 28 32 28 26 26 25 22 21 23
5 18 18 16 14 14 16 14 15 15 15
6 23 22 23 21 21 21 23 22 22 22
7 20 20 20 20 23 19 19 14 15 14
8 16 16 14 13 15 15 14 15 15 16
9 17 15 13 16 16 1,4 15 15 15 12
10 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 19 19 17
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Practice 2
Bit number
1 91 95 96 98 98 96 96 94 94 94
2 87 88 86 88 79 81 81 88 86 88
3 94 109 105 106 106 98 98 97 97 97
Footage, м
4 102 112 113 108 112 112 112 112 113 112
5 108 125 125 119 119 119 119 119 119 119
6 93 108 105 115 109 108 108 109 109 109
7 112 89 113 106 106 99 99 99 99 99
8 106 118 115 102 102 102 102 103 102 103
9 107 113 113 113 111 111 111 110 110 110
9
10 95 102 102 107 107 107 102 107 107 107
Bit number
1
1 24 23 21 13 21 14 21 28 26 12
2 10 27 19 15 14 14 18 18 19 19
3 18 13 16 17 16 16 15 14 14 14
Rotary time, h
4 26 18 22 18 23 22 26 22 21 18
5 18 19 13 24 14 15 15 15 15 15
6 13 21 22 21 24 23 28 21 21 22
7 24 23 16 24 15 14 19 14 15 14
8 19 12 14 17 15 15 16 15 18 16
9 17 17 18 19 18 17 13 13 13 12
10 13 15 15 17 17 17 17 19 19 17
Page 19
“The division of geological cross-section into the intervals of approximately
identical drillability”
The purpose of this laboratory work is to learn the methodology of the division
of geological cross-section into the intervals of approximately identical drillability and
using obtained skills for considered well.
Initial data
The number of serial used bits equals N in considered well. The average
penetration rates [V (i)] are given for each used bit, where ‘i’ is a number of the bit.
0
2
To divide the geological cross-section into the intervals of approximately
identical drillability it is recommended to use a “method of reference bits”, which
allows to set the boundaries of the different drillability intervals under the presence of
enough statistical material.
The method of reference bits is based on an assumption that the drilling of the
whole well cross-section is done with the bits, satisfying following requirements:
The same size, type and part specifications of the bits;
Similar level of its elements wear;
Approximately equal indexes of bits’ work within each interval;
Thickness of every interval is multiply higher then the footage per bit;
Drilling practices remains constant.
Considering the indexes of ‘reference bits’ work as accidental values, depending
only on the properties of rocks, this method allows to identify these accidental values
into the homogeneous groups with the help of the statistical analysis. The boundaries
of these groups will correspond to the boundaries of the approximately identical
drillability intervals.
Page 20
It is advised to use the “Method of variance analysis” by D.A. Rodionov, which
takes the average penetration rate values as assumption.
The students are suggested to use preliminary prepared template (table).
Depending on the quantity of the bits, the student has to change the size of this table
with the help of predictive series. Initial data are input in this table.
According to the method of Rodionov it is necessary to calculate and compare
the value of auxiliary function Y(k) for every value of k.
k N
[( N  k )V ( i )  k V ( i )] 2
N 1 i 1 i  k 1
Y( k )   (3.1)
N ( N  k )k N
2
N
V ( i )  N1 ( V ( i ))2
1
i 1 i 1
Where, N – The number of used bits.
2
K=1, 2 . . . (N-1);
V (i) - Value of the average penetration rate for used bit number i.
We compare the obtained value of Y (k) in equation (3.1). We define the
maximum of given function, If it corresponds to the value k=N-1, then the cross
section has approximately homogeneous drillability, i.e. it consists of one interval. If
the maximum of the function doesn’t coincide with this value, then this cross-section
should be divided into two intervals, then boundary should be taken as the number of
the bit which has the maximum value of the function Y (k).
If the obtained result is formed in such a way then intervals should be checked
to the homogeneous again. This procedure is done to the maximum of function Y (k)
corresponds to the boundaries in all units. If the number of the bits doesn’t exceed 5
on the cross-section being studied, then the following examination of homogeneity has
not completed, because the use of statistical methods is incorrect.
Let’s consider the methodology of the auxiliary function Y (k) calculation in
detail. To calculate the Sum of mechanical speeds in cell D13 we use the function
‘SUM’ from the section “Math and trigonometry” from master of formulas. Then in
Page 21
the same way we use the formula for the sum of squares of penetration rates in cell
I13.
To calculate the sum of average penetration rates from 1 to k we also use
‘SUM’ function. The following formula will be in the cell B16: = “SUM
($B$10:B10)”. Calculate these values in other columns of the table with the help of
predictive series method.
To make the calculations easier we use the following formula:
N N k
V ( i )  V ( i )  V ( i ) (3.2)
i k 1 i 1 i 1
2
So, in the cell B17 we get the final formula for the calculation of Y(k) function:
=(($F$7-1)/($F$7*($F$7-B15)*B15))*(($F$7-B15)*B16-B15*($D$13-
2
B16))^2/ ($I$1(1/$F$7)*($D$13)^2).
The rest values of function Y(k) we define in the 17-th line with the help of
predictive series. To find maximum value of the auxiliary function in D21 we use the
function ‘MAX’. For the convenience of the diagram constriction we normalize
function Y(k), i.e. divide every value of function Y by the maximum value. We make
this operation in the 18-th line, thus, there the formula will be =B17/$D$21, which
should be input in cell B18, for example.
Then it is compulsory to define which number of the bit corresponds to the
maximum value of the auxiliary function. To do this we input formula =IF
(B18=1;B15;" ") in cell B19 and copy it into the rest columns of the table with the
help of predictive series. To define the number of cell which corresponds to the
maximum value of Y(k) (having taken N=10), we input the formula
=SUM($B$19:J19) in cell H21.
To make the graph of normalized function it is necessary to choose ‘Graph’
from the offered types of diagrams and smoothed format too. Then, with the help of
‘Master of Chart in Insert Section’ we need to make the graph of Y(k) in Y-axis and
Number of Bits in X-axis.
Page 22
The obtained boundaries of rock beds are compared with location of
lithological-stratigraphical boundaries, which has been identified in the geologic-
geophysical researches of the well. If the location of the boundary which was
determined with the help of Rodionov’s method is different from the stratigraphical
boundary of the value, which should not exceed the value of footage, then the location
of the stratigraphical boundary is considered to be the truth boundary.
If obtained boundary does not correspond lithologic-stratigraphical boundaries
we should find the reason of its appearance: the application different types of the bits,
the change of drilling practices, etc.
3
2
Page 23
geological cross-section – разрез горных пород

approximately identical drillability intervals – пачки (пород) примерно
одинаковой буримости
casual magnitudes – случайные величины
homogeneous groups – однородные группы
method of reference bits – метод реперных долот
assumption – допущение
template – шаблон
4
auxiliary function – вспомогательная функция
normalize function – нормированная функция
2
part specifications – конструктивные особенности
wear – износ
properties of rocks – свойства горных пород
compulsory – необходимо
rock beds – пласт горных пород
the stratigraphical boundary – стратиграфическая граница
lithological boundaries – литологическая граница
Page 24
5
2
Page 25
6
2
Page 26
Table 3.1
Number of version
Initial data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Quantity of
14 16 12 18 16 17 20 18 18 20
bits (N)
Number of Penetration
bits rate, м/h
1 V1 9 5,1 23,4 10,8 2,2 12,2 9,8 10,82 12,2 5,21
2 V2 10,2 4,3 20,2 8,6 2,4 12,4 10,92 8,65 12,4 4,43
3 V3 9,9 4,8 18,8 12,7 2,39 12,39 9,49 12,78 12,39 4,68
4 V4 9,6 5,6 19,7 11,8 2,8 12,8 9,26 11,84 12,8 5,86
5 V5 10,3 6,1 28,4 9,4 5,76 15,76 10,53 9,24 15,76 6,21
6 V6 14,9 8,3 30,6 10,3 6,4 16,4 14,49 10,23 16,4 8,43
7 V7 15,8 10,2 32,8 15,6 8,2 28,2 15,28 15,46 18,2 10,62
8 V8 15,2 9,4 31,7 18,7 7,65 27,65 15,52 18,27 17,65 9,84
7
9 V9 14,8 7,8 26,3 20,4 6,8 26,8 14,78 20,64 16,8 10,28
10 V10 15,4 8,4 33,8 19,7 5,3 25,3 15,24 19,57 25,3 10,44
11 V11 14,9 4,3 31,6 18,8 4,3 24,3 14,29 18,28 24,3 10,63
2
12 V12 15 3,2 30,4 17,6 5,2 25,2 15,4 17,46 25,2 10,84
13 V13 15,51 2,8 16,8 4,8 34,8 15,56 16,28 24,8 20,8
14 V14 15,2 3,8 17,9 5,6 35,6 15,22 17,29 25,6 20,28
15 V15 2,9 19,3 4,7 34,7 16,2 19,33 24,7 20,49
16 V16 3,1 18,5 5,1 35,1 16,3 18,15 25,1 20,61
17 V17 17,8 38,7 16,5 17,28 25,4 20,83
18 V18 17,1 17,3 17,21 25,75 20,92
19 V19 17,5 30
20 V20 17,7 30,2
Page 27
Preliminary selection of a rational type of roller bits
The purpose of this work is preliminary selection of a rational type of a roller
bit by mechanical properties of rocks.
Initial data
The interval of rocks of approximately identical drillability is given. This

interval consists of "n" rocks layers, each of which differs in the mechanical
properties, hardness and abrasiveness in particular.
It is known:
8
%i - percentage of a layer num. "i" in the given interval of rocks (the ratio of the width
2
of a layer to the width of all interval in percentage);
Ti - category of rock hardness composing the layer num. "i";
Ai - category of rock abrasiveness composing the layer num. "i";
These values are input in the table.
The sample of this table is shown below.
The selection of competitive types of roller bits is performed with the help of
the diagram of conformity of rock hardness categories and rock abrasiveness
categories to the types of roller bits. On the diagram the shown points correspond to
the definite types of roller bits. This diagram is obtained as a result of statistical
processing of big volume of drilling indexes by the criterion of minimum operational
costs per meter of drilling footage. The diagram is based on two ideas. The first one is
that the penetration rate depends on rock hardness. The second one is that pace of
lowering this rate depends on rock abrasiveness and on the wear of the bit.
Page 28
The categories of rock hardness
9
2
The categories of rock abrasiveness
Fig.4.1. the diagram of conformity of categories of rock hardness and rock
abrasiveness to the types of roller bits
To use the indicated diagram, it is necessary to find weighted-mean value of
hardness categories and abrasiveness categories on all layers of rock intervals under
consideration. We determine these values with the help of the following formulas
Т   (i  Тi ) / 100 (4.1)
A   (i  Ai ) / 100 (4.2)

Where:
Т - weighted-mean value of a hardness category;
A - weighted-mean value of a abrasiveness category;
Page 29
Let us make calculations using the formulas (4.1) and (4.2) in cells C20 and
D20 accordingly with the help Foreman and built-in- function "SUMPRODUCT".
Thus, on the diagram (see fig.4.1) the point which corresponds to a weighted-mean
value of hardness and abrasiveness of a considered interval of rocks are determined.
To interpret input data more visually it is necessary to make the column diagram of the
percentage of rocks of different hardness categories and abrasiveness categories (see
test sample of performing the laboratory work).
Competitive types of bits are selected, so that the position of their reference
points on the diagram be the closest to a point appropriate to the combination of the
established average values of hardness and abrasiveness.
0
With this purpose on the diagram (see fig. 4.1) it is necessary to determine the
3
conditional distances from the point with coordinates (Т, A) up to the reference points.
To make this problem easier the table is given in the form in which the types of roller
bits and appropriate coordinates of the reference points (see the first three columns of
the table) are given.
With the help of this table the competitive types of bits are determined. For this
purpose in cells I7 - I17 (the fourth column of the table) we calculate the conditional
distances up to the reference points by the following formula
li  T T j 2 A A j 2 (4.3)
Where Tj and Aj - correspond to the category of hardness and abrasiveness for

the- roller bit of the type j.
We intensify cell I7 and with the help of the Foreman of the formulas and built-
in-functions "SQRT" and "DEGREE" realize this formula. The following record
appears in the line of the formulas:
= SQRT(($ C $ 20-G7)^2 + ($ D$20-H7)^2).
Then with the help of prediction series we copy this formula in cells I8 - I17.
Page 30
Now, using a built-in function of "MIN", in cell I18 we determine minimum
conditional distance, which makes it possible to determine the best types of roller bits
(see cell I20).
To make the diagram "The Selection of competitive types of roller bits" it is
necessary to normalize the conditional distances dividing them into the maximum
distance. Before that we determine the maximum conditional distance in cell I19,
using a built-in function "МАX". The normalized conditional distances are input into
the fifth table column. The column diagram of the normalized conditional distances
for different types of roller bits is made according to these data.
1
3
The report on the laboratory work consists of 2 sheets with an indication of the
date of fulfillment, surname, first name, the number of versions, input data, obtained
To defend the laboratory work it is necessary to get to know the main positions
of the appropriate unit of the studied discipline.
Page 31
Roller bit – шарошечное долото

Rock – горная порода
Drillability - буримость
Strata – отложение пород, свита пластов
Inter stratified – включение (слои, пропластки)
Layer (streak) – слой, пласт, пропласток
Width (thickness) – мощность пласта
Operational cost – эксплуатационные затраты
2
Penetration rate – скорость бурения
3
Pace – темп
Wear – износ
Weighted-mean value – средневзвешенное значение
Competitive types – конкурирующие типы
Foreman of the formulas - мастер формул
Built-in functions – встроенная формула
to normalize – нормировать
Page 32
3
3
The hardness and abrasiveness categories of layers
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
Categories
6.00
5.00 Ti Ai
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The number of layer
The selection of competitive types of roller bits
1.00
Normalized conditional distance
0.80
0.60
0.40 Normalized
conditional
0.20 distance
0.00
М МЗ МС МСЗ С СЗ СТ Т ТЗ, ТКЗ ТК К,ОК
The type of roller bit
Page 33
Table 4.1
Number of version
Initial data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of layers in an interval 10 10 8 10 9 9 8 9 8 10

Number of Percentage of a layer
a layer in an interval
1 1 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 15
2 2 5 5 5 5 15 5 15 10 15 5
3 3 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 5
4 4 10 15 10 12 5 14 5 5 5 5
5 5 10 15 10 10 5 16 25 22 25 12
6 6 5 20 25 15 10 15 20 13 20 33
7
4
7 10 10 10 10 10 25 10 25 10 15
8 8 25 5 25 5 10 5 10 7 10 5
9 9 5 5 5 30 5 3 2
3
10 10 15 20 25 3
Page 34
Number of version
Initial data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Category of hardness of a
a layer layer
1 T1 1 3,6 1,5 2,6 2,5 3,6 1,8 2,5 6,9 2,5
2 T2 3,8 4,6 2,6 1,3 3,3 2,3 8,7 2,3 6,6 2,6
3 T3 2,3 4,2 2,3 2,8 2,9 5,5 9,8 3,6 3,8 5,4
4 T4 3 3,9 2,5 3,4 4,9 6,6 7,9 3,9 7,1 5,3
5 T5 4 7,5 4,5 2,5 7,8 4,5 7,6 4,2 7,3 2,3
6 T6 5,1 6,8 2,6 6,3 8,8 5,1 6,6 5,5 2,9 2,9
7 T7 7 8,9 3,8 5,5 8,5 4,3 7,6 4,3 3,8 3,7
8 T8 5 10,1 5,5 8,1 9,8 6,2 9,7 1,5 4,5 1,9
9 T9 2,6 8,7 - 5,6 8,9 1,8 - 1,8 - 1,8
10 T10 4,6 4,6 - 5,9 - - - - - 2,8
5
Number of Category of abrasiveness of
a layer a layer
1 A1 2 3,1 2,8 2,5 2,6 2,5 5,9 6,3 6,8 9,5
3
2 A2 3 3,3 6,6 3,6 2,8 2,4 6,9 8,9 6,7 5,4
3 A3 4,4 6,5 2,5 4,5 5,8 3,2 4,5 8,4 4,6 5,6
4 A4 1 7,9 4,5 4,8 5,9 8,9 7,7 9,1 7,7 7,7
5 A5 5,3 5,5 2,9 6,1 6,7 7,8 8,5 2,9 5,8 8,4
6 A6 8,6 1,3 3,8 6,5 3,9 5,6 7,5 3,7 7,5 5,8
7 A7 6,2 2,3 5,9 8,9 8,2 5,8 2,6 5,5 5,8 6,9
8 A8 1,5 3,5 3,7 6,5 6,8 2,9 4,8 2,2 4,9 2,8
9 A9 1,9 1,9 - 1,6 7,5 1,9 - 2,2 - 6,9
10 A10 2,8 1,5 - 2,8 - - - - - 7,1
Page 35
Laboratory work № 5.
Selection of the optimal drilling practices and a rational type of a roller bit
for rotary drilling 
Objective: The calculation of operating costs per meter and the selection of optimal
drilling practices and a rational type of a roller bit.
Initial and reference data
Initial data for a variety variant numbers is presented in the Table 5.1
including the values of weight on the bit (WOB) P b and revolution per minute
(RPM) n, which were applied while drilling boreholes. In addition, footage and
rotary time are set for each of the given bits for both wells.
6
These values are to be entered in the initial data table, a template of which is
given below.
3
The main methodical recommendations for the laboratory work
Determination of the optimal drilling practices is carried out by comparing
the values of cost per meter between two wells with competitive bits in the
formations of the same drillability.
Operating costs per meter are calculated using the following formula:
C C d  t dC d  C b 
C   d  t tr 
V p , ( 5.1)
 V ptb 
Where: Cd - operating cost of one hour of the drilling rig, USD / h;
V p- rate of penetration (ROP), m/h;
Cb - bit's cost, USD;
t b - rotary time (net time on bottom), h;
t tr - time for trip operations, h;
t d - time for execution of by-works, h.
For determination of Vp and t b we should use three-parameter dependencies [1]
Page 36
V tr  knb Pb
α β
, (5.2)
А
tb 
nдδ Pд , (5.3)
where n b - drilling bit rotations per minute, rev/min;
Pb - weight on the bit, N;
k ,α,β , А,δ, - empirical coefficients.

For further calculations we assume that: α  0.8, β  1.4, δ  0.7,   1.2 .
Taking into account (5.2) and (5.3), we transform the equation for
7
calculating the cost per meter:
DM
3
B
C  , (5.4)
nb0.8 Pb1.4 nb0.1 Pb0.2
Cd
where B ,
k
Cd t tr  t d 
D ,
kA
Cb
M .
kA
Empirical coefficients k and A should be calculated using the following
equations:
Vp
k , (5.5)
nb0.8 Pb1.4
A  td nb0.7 Pb1.2 . (5.6)
In the same drillability average ROP equals to:
Page 37
hb
Vp  , (5.7)
tb
where hb - average footage per drill bit, m;
t b - average rotary time, h.
These values are determined by the formulas:

n
h bi
hb  i 1
n
, (5.8)
8
n
t
3
bi
t b
 i 1
, (5.9)
n
where hb i - the actual value of footage for i-th bit;
tb i - the actual value of rotary time for i-th bit;
n - the number of bits.

Let’s consider the calculation of operating costs per meter with the example
of the well №1.
ROP can be found in cell F26 with preliminary calculating the average
footage per bit and average rotary time in cells D25 and F25, respectively. Now we
find empirical coefficients k and A in cells F27 and F29, according to formulas
(5.5) and (5.6). Then we define the values of B, D and M in cells F31 – F33.
To determine the minimum operating costs per meter next steps are to be
done:
- Create a table whose rows will correspond to different values of weight on the
bit, and columns – to different values of RPM.
- The cells in this table calculate values of operating costs per meter in the
respective combinations of parameters Рb and n.
Page 38
- To determine the value of weight on the bit divide the range of permissible
values of Рb into a few intervals with a step of 20 kN and put them in the left
column of the table, starting with the cell B60. The upper limit of the weight
on the bit is 90% of the maximum permissible weight on the bit (according to
the passport data), and the lower limit corresponds to 50% of this value.
- To define the values of n, divide the range of permissible numbers n, defined
by the passport data, in steps of 10 rev / min.
- Enter these values in the upper row of the table. Add the value of RPM for
each value of Рb in the top line of the table.
9
- Using recommendations [1], boundary RPM values are determined in
accordance with bit’s passport using the formula:
3
n min  n max
nb 
Pb max  Pb min
 
Pb  Pb min  n max . (5.10)
- These boundary values are also to be entered in appropriate cells in the last
column of the table.
- In cell C38 determine the operating costs for given weight on the bit (B38)
and the RPM (C37) according to the formula given above. Next step is by
copying the formula determine the values of the operating costs in the other
cells of the table using prediction series.
Based on these calculations define the minimum operating costs per meter in
the cell G43 by using the built-in function "MIN".
For the graphical interpretation of the results create the bar and graphical
diagrams of operating costs depending on weight on the bit and RPM.
In the same way define the operating costs of the second well, using the
possibility of copying formulas.
Comparing the values of the minimum cost between two wells, choose the
best drilling practice and the best type of drilling bit with the "IF" function in cell
I73.
Page 39
Requirements for the laboratory work
The report consists of 3 pages which include the date of fulfillment,
surname, first name, variant number, initial data, results obtained by the
calculations and diagrams.
To defend the laboratory work it is necessary to acquire the basic knowledge
of the relevant section of the subject.
The example of performing the laboratory work is attached
0
4
formation – пласт
empirical coefficients – эмпирические коэффициенты
equation – уравнение
actual value – фактическое значение
respectively – соответственно
permissible values – допустимые значения
in accordance – в соответствие
appropriate cells – соответствующие ячейки
bar diagrams – столбиковая диаграмма
to acquire - ознакомиться
Page 40
1
4
Page 41
2
4
Page 42
3
4
Page 43
Data variants for laboratory work №5.
Variant number
Initial data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Operating cost of one hour of a

350 350 350 350 350 400 400 400 400 400
rig, USD
Tripping time, h 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 4,0 4,0 5,8 5,8
By-work time, h 2,58 2,51 2,11 1,97 2,58 2,51 2,11 1,97 2,11 1,97
4
Drill pipe stand length, m 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
4
Max WOB, kN 260 260 260 260 260 260 220 220 220 220
Min WOB, kN 140 140 140 140 140 140 130 130 130 130
Max RPM, rev/min 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Min RPM, rev/min 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
WOB, kN 150 150 140 140 210 210 200 200 160 160
RPM, rev/min 60 60 40 40 50 50 50 50 40 40
Page 44
Variant number
Initial data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Well №1
Bit type 269,9 СЗ- 269,9 СЗ- 269,9 СЗ- 269,9 СЗ- 269,9 СЗ- 269,9 СЗ- 215,9 СЗ- 215,9 СЗ- 215,9 МСЗ- 215,9 МС-
ГНУ-R06 ГНУ-R06 ГНУ-R06 ГНУ-R06 ГНУ-R06 ГНУ-R06 ГАУ-R53 ГАУ-R53 ГАУ-R11 ГАУ-R11
Bit cost, USD 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 7560 7560 7320 6680
1 70 44 65 47 67 48 79 55 72 57
Footage for a bit,, m
2 79 55 70 58 72 52 71 44 67 46
5
3 73 46 80 52 78 54 78 54 83 48
4
4 78 54 85 48 83 49 72 51 78 50
5 - 51 - 45 - 47 - 46 - 49
1 46 116 25 43 19 29 19 31 11 22
Rotary time, h
2 64 167 28 59 21 39 15 18 10 14
3 49 118 38 50 25 42 19 28 14 15
4 56 159 43 39 29 33 16 24 13 18
5 - 142 - 39 - 28 - 20 - 16
Page 45
Variant number
Initial data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Well №2
Bit type 269,9 МСЗ- 269,9 МСЗ- 269,9 МСЗ 269,9 МСЗ- 269,9 МСЗ- 269,9 МСЗ- 215,9 МСЗ- 215,9 МСЗ- 215,9 СЗ- 215,9 СЗ-
ГАУ-R35 ГАУ-R35 ГАУ-R35 ГАУ-R35 ГАУ-R35 ГАУ-R35 ГАУ-R11 ГАУ-R11 ГАУ-R53 ГАУ-R53
Bit cost, USD. 11500 11500 11500 11500 11500 11500 8830 8830 8810 8810
1 71 56 66 53 68 52 70 52 73 52
Rotary time per a Footage for a bit,
2 79 43 71 47 73 53 65 48 68 53
3 72 47 79 49 77 48 85 49 82 44
m
4 78 53 84 55 82 48 80 47 77 45
5 - 51 - 46 - 49 - 54 - 56
6
1 52 200 23 47 17 33 14 25 11 17
2 59 123 26 37 19 35 13 21 10 18
4
bit, h
3 52 138 38 41 21 28 20 23 13 12
4 59 161 37 52 23 27 18 19 12 13
5 - 170 - 34 - 26 - 28 - 20
Page 46
Laboratory work №6
“Designing of Bottom Hole Assembly for drilling of vertical intervals”
The purpose of this work is to choose type of drill collars, determination of drill
collars section number, diameters, lengths and weights of drill collars according to
given weight on the bit, drilling mud density and applied drilling method.
Initial data
Simplified reference tables are used to facilitate choosing the diameter of drill
collars. These tables are included in the template. To make a definite choice of drill
7
collar’s diameter, this can be seen, according to the diameter of drilling bit for slide or
4
rotary drilling. It is assumed that all mentioned in table pipes are available.
Given:
Method of drilling;
Drilling conditions;
Axial stress (Pσ, kN);
Drilling bit diameter (m);
Drill pipes diameter (dp, m);
kg
Density of drilling collar’s material (ρc = 7850 );
m2
kg
Density of drilling mud (ρm, );
m2
For slide drilling:

Bottom-hole engine mass (Gbe, kg);
Bottom-hole engine length ( l1be, m).
These values are put in basic data tables. Depending on the drilling method
calculation template is chosen, which consists of two Excel spread sheets –
preliminary and final.
Page 47
Drill collars assembly designing should be started with previous calculation on

page 1 or 2 depending on the drilling method. With the help of reference table,
diameter of drill collar bottom stage is defined according to the drill bit diameter (cell
C34). Then with the following inequality:
dp
 0.75 (6.1)
dc
The necessity of using an additional drill collars stages number is assessed. In

the numerator the drill pipes diameter is substituted, and in the denominator – the
8
diameter of the 1st stage drill collars. If condition 6.1 is met, then only 1st stage of drill
collars is taken. Otherwise, the 2d stage is taken, the diameter of which is given in the
4
reference data. Then conditional check is carried out again, but the diameter of the 2d
stage of drill collars is put in the denominator. If the condition is not met, the diameter
of the 3d stage is taken in a similar way. Usually, the number of stages is no more than
3.
Drill collars length is calculated in cell E37. If drill collars have only 1st stage,
its length is determined with the formula
1.15( P  g  Gbe )
l dc(1)  (6.2)

g  q dc(1) (1  )
m
If drill collars consist of 2 or 3 stages, its’ lengths is determined with the

following steps.
Length of the bottom stage is defined with the formula:
l dc(1)  1  l dc , (6.3)
Where
1 - Empirical constant;
l dc - Total length of drill collars.
Page 48
Under complicated conditions 1 is taken to be 0.5, but under normal conditions
. Calculate this constant in cell C39 with the help of conditional function
“IF”:
=IF(C35=0;1;IF(B10="normal";0,75;0,5)).
Total length of drill collars is calculated according to the formula:
1.15( P  g  Gbe )
ldc  (6.3)
 
g  (1  )  1  qdc(1) 
1
1  1 qdc( 2)  qdc(3) 
 m  n 1 
Where
qdc(1) , qdc( 2) , qdc(3) – Square meter mass of corresponding drill collar stage, kg/m
9
(determined in the reference table #1);
n – number of drill collars stages (n>1);
4
Now according to formula 6.3 length of the 1st stage is calculated in cell E34,
using the following condition:
=IF(C35=0;E37;C39*E37).
Assuming that conventional length of drill-pipe stand is 25 m, we adjust the real
length of the 1st stage by its rounding to the smallest value that is divisible by 25. Then
the cell F34 will include the following formula
=IF(MOD(E34;25)<12,5;ROUNDDOWN(E34;25);ROUNDUP(E34;25)).
According to the number of stages in drill collars, we define the length of the 2d
stage in cell E35 with one of the following formulas:
2-staged bottom-hole drill string assembly:
l dc( 2 )  l dc  l dc(1) , (6.4)
3-staged bottom-hole drill string assembly:
ldc  ldc(1)
l dc( 2)  , (6.5)
2
Thus calculation steps in formula line of cell E35 will be:
IF(C35=0;;IF(C36=0;E37-E34;(E37-E34)/2)),
Page 49
Where the data of cells C35 and C36 are the diameters of the 2 d and the 3d drill
collars stages (If there are no stages, diameter is equal to 0).
The length of the 3d stage of three-fold drill collars is determined in cell E36
with the formula:
ldc  ldc(1)
l dc(3)  ldc( 2)  , (6.6)
2
The formula line of cell E36 will be:
=IF(C36=0;;E35).
Actual lengths of the 2d and the 3d stages are defined similarly to the actual
length of the 1st stage. Then in cells G34 to G36 we define weights of the stages in the
0
drill mud. The formula for the first one in cell G34 is:
5
=9.81*D34*F34*(1-$B$15/$B$14)/1000.
For the 2 and the 3d the respective formulas are the same.
d
Whole mud-weight of assembly including bottom-hole engine is calculated with

the formula:
  
Qbdsa  g  Gbe  qdc(1)  ldc(1)  qdc( 2)  ldc( 2)  qdc(3)  ldc(3)  1  , (6.7)
 m 
Total length of assembly will be:

lbdsa  lbe  l dc(1)  l dc( 2)  l dc(3) , (6.8)
Taking into consideration of field experience it should be noted that if the result
of calculation gives the three-stage drill collars with the length of the 2d stage less than
25m, then 2-stage drill collars with the diameter of the upper stage equalled to the 3d
stage from the first calculation is recommended. For obtaining new data, related to the
stages lengths, perform the final calculation.
Repeat the calculation in described above in order for 2-stage assembly on
another spread sheet. It should be mentioned that the whole weight of bottom-hole
drill assembly including the weight of bottom-hole engine should exceed given axial
stress by 15%. For this, define the assembly weight ratio to the axial stress on a bit in
Page 50
cell G39. If necessary, the actual length of the upper stage should be increased by
25m.
The report of the laboratory work should consist of 2-3 pages (1 page for the
initial data, 1-2 pages – calculation results) with date, name, test number, initial data
and results.
To defend the work it is necessary to learn the basic points of the relevant
learning discipline part.
1
5
Page 51
Application terms for laboratory work № 6:
Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)– компоновка нижней части бурильной

колонны
a vertical well – вертикальная скважина
a drill collar – УБТ
to facilitate – облегчить
slide drilling – турбинное бурение
rotary drilling – роторное бурение
axial stress – осевая нагрузка
2
drill pipes – бурильные трубы
a bottom-hole engine – забойный двигатель
5
a drill-pipe stand - свеча
a drill collar stage – ступень УБТ
drill mud – буровой раствор
inequality – неравенство
substitute – подставлять, заменять
complicated conditions – осложненные условия
rounding – округление
field experience – промысловый опыт
axial stress on a bit – осевая нагрузка на долото
Page 52
3
5
Page 53
4
5
Page 54
5
5
Page 55
Table 6.1
Laboratory data for work №6
Number of version
Initial data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Drilling method rotary rotary rotary rotary rotary slide slide slide slide slide
Drilling conditions Normal Complicated Normal Complicated Normal Complicated Normal Complicated Normal Complicated
Axial stress, kN 160 170 180 200 220 120 140 150 160 180
Drilling bit
0.1905 0.2159 0.2159 0.2445 0.2699 0.1905 0.2159 0.2159 0.2445 0.2699
diameter, m
Drill pipes
0.114 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.140 0.114 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.140
diameter, m
6
Steel density, kg/m3 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850
Mud density, kg/m3 1150 1150 1200 1250 1300 1150 1200 1250 1250 1300
5
Bottom-hole engine
- - - - - ЗТСШ1-172 ЗТСШ-195 ЗТСШ-195 А7Ш А9Ш
type
Bottom-hole engine
- - - - - 4490 4165 4165 3179 4605
mass, kg
Bottom-hole engine
- - - - - 25,8 23,55 23,55 17,43 16,96
length, m
Page 56
Strength calculation of a drill string for straight wells
The purpose of this work is with the help of static strength calculation to design
the construction of drill-string.
Initial data
Strength calculation is made through the data given in (table 7.1) using the
results of planning bottom hole assembly made earlier. As reference data it’s
recommended to use tables’ № 1, 2, 3 of the appendix.
7
Given:
5
Drilling method
Drilling conditions
The maximum length of the drill string (L, m)
Bit diameter ( d д , m)
Diameter of drilling pipes ( d б .т . , m)
Length of above-bit pipe section set ( l НК , m)
Material density of drilling pipes (  м , kg/m3)

Density of mud (  , kg/ m3)
Total length of BHA ( lBHA , m)

Total weight of BHA (Q kH)
Differential bit pressure ( Pb , MPa)

When we use bottom-hole engine drilling it is given:
Type of bottom-hole engine
Pressure differential in the bottom-hole engine ( Pwb , MPa)

These values are put down in the initial data table, example of which is given.
Page 57
The main methodical instructions for laboratory work.
Calculation is made in the correspondent sample table of laboratory work (see

ex.). The result of the calculation is the definition of the number of sections of drill
string, their length and weight. According to the drilling method, we have to choose
depth of well, drilling conditions, and it is necessary to choose the type of drilling
pipes. Then, the above-bit pipe section set is determined (ABPS), which is necessary
for preventing damage of drilling pipes because a result of action of cyclic transverse
stress. Its length is lying between 250-500 m and it is given in the initial data. Above-
bit pipe section is formed out of pipes with grade “D” with a maximum thickness of
8
walls.
We calculate the weight of ABPS ( QABPS ) in cell B36 according to formula
5

QABPS  g l ABPSq ABPS (1  )
m , (7.1)
Where
l ABPS - length ABPS, m
q ABPS -mass of 1 ABPS meter kg/m (given in the initial data)

Then we have to calculate the length of drill string sections. At each stages of
calculation, after choosing (in the table of appendix) the thickness of the wall and the
grade of steel strength of the section’s pipe, we determine its maximum possible
length. Taking into consideration the drilling experience there is an additional limit for
the section length li  250 m , if the length of the section is less than this value it is
necessary to choose pipes of higher strength. For the first section (no. 1) the length is
calculated in the cell C34 with the help of formula;
Q p (1)  1.1 (Q Q )  (P   P ) F(1)
l(1)  BHA ABPS BHA b
   , (7.2)
1.1 gq(1) 1  
  m 
Page 58
For the following sections the length is calculated in the corresponding cells of
the row 34 by the formula;
Q p ( i )  Q p ( i 1)
l( i ) 
   , (7.3)
1.1 gq( i ) 1  
 m 
Where Q p (i ) - possible tensile load for pipes of i-section, H,
F( 1 ) - Square of the cross-section pipe channel of the 1 section, m 2,
determined by reference data of appendix.

While drilling with bottom engine the possible tensile load is determined
9
νQu ( i )
Q p( i ) 
5
к , (7.4)
з
And for rotary drilling
 Qu(i )
Q p( i ) 
1.04  к , (7.5)
з
Where
 - coefficient of pipe wear (taken =0, 8 for 2nd grade of drill pipe wear)
Qu (i ) - Ultimate tensile load for pipes i-section, determined by reference data of
appendix.
Кs – load factor (Ks=1.4)
q(i) – Mass of 1 meter pipe of i-section with upset of locks ( see table 2 of appendix)
Recognizing that the length of one stalk is 25 m, in corresponding cells of the
line 35, we determine refined values of lengths of each section l (i) by its rounding to
the smallest value divisible by 25, by formula
=IF (B37+C34>$E$12;$E$12-B37;IF(C34<250;"choose pipes with higher
strength";ROUNDDOWN(C34;25))) ( for first section).
Page 59
The weight of sections is determined in the row 36 similarly to the weight of
above-bit pipe section by formula;

Q( i )  g l( i ) у q( i ) (1  )
m , (7.6)
After calculating the length of each section in corresponding to cells of row 37

we determine increasing length of drill string taken with BHA, and in the cell B40 we
check the correlation
l BHA  l ABPS  l (1) у  l (2) у    l (i) у  L , (7.7)

If the condition is met, we have to move to the calculation of the next section, in
0
another case the refining of the length of the last section is made by formula;
l (i ) у  L  ( l BHA  l ABPS  l (1) у  l ( 2) у    l (i 1) у ) , (7.8)
6
For each next section pipe, we have to choose a higher ultimate tensile load of
pipe than the previous section, that is by choosing pipes with thicker walls and/or
pipes made of stronger steel.
Later we determine the total weight of the drill string
Q  Q BHA  Q ABPS  Q  Q  Q . (7.9)

(1) ( 2) (i )
Requirements to the laboratory work design
The laboratory work report consists of two pages with date, name, the
number of variants, initial data and received calculations. To defend the work it is
necessary to learn the basic points of the path of learning discipline.
Page 60
Application terms for laboratory work № 7:
strength calculation – расчет на прочность

reference data – справочные данные
initial data – исходные данные
drill string – бурильная колонна
static strength - статическая прочность
bottom hole assembly – компоновка нижней части бурильной колонные
drilling conditions – условия бурения
drilling method – способ бурения
1
differential bit pressure – перепад давления в долоте
above-bit pipe section set – наддолотный комплект
6
ultimate tensile load – предельная растягивающая нагрузка
cyclic transverse stress – знакопеременное напряжение
pipe cross-section – поперечное сечение трубы
tensile load – растягивающая нагрузка
appendix - приложение
rotary drilling – роторное бурение
coefficient of pipe wear - коэффициент износа трубы
Page 61
2
6
Page 62
3
6
Page 63
Table 7.1
Number of version
Initial Data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Type of drilling Rotary Rotary Rotary Rotary Rotary BHE BHE BHE турбинный турбинный
Conditions of drilling norm diff. norm diff norm diff norm diff норм. ослож.
Max value of drilling
2500 2700 3000 3000 2800 2500 2750 3000 2900 2800
interval, m
Bit diameter, m 0.1905 0.2159 0.2159 0.2445 0.2699 0.1905 0.2159 0.2159 0.2445 0.2699
Diameter of drilling
0.114 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.140 0.114 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.140
pipes, m
Length of above-bit
250 275 325 300 350 300 400 375 450 250
pipe section, m
4
Density of steel, kg/m3 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850 7850
Density of drilling
6
1150 1150 1200 1250 1300 1150 1200 1250 1250 1300
fluid, kg/m3
Total length BHA, m 225 200 200 225 125 150,8 148,6 173,6 167,4 142,0
Total weight BHA, кН 194,04 216,86 226,25 234,86 255,71 139,74 165,54 184,42 186,06 218,84
Differential bit
pressure , MPa 7 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 4
ЗТСШ-
Type of bottom engine - - - - - ЗТСШ1-172 ЗТСШ-195 А7Ш А9Ш
195
Differential pressure
- - - - - 7,5 6,0 6,0 10,0 8,5
in bottom engine
Page 64
Definition of resonant frequencies of longitudinal vibrations
of drilling strings
The purpose of the work is to study the elementary methods of resonant

frequencies determination of drilling string longitudinal vibrations and to analyze the
factors influencing these frequencies.
Initial data
The homogeneous steel drilling string hanged on a hook with the hoisting
5
system, with given equipment and rigidity is being considered. It is supposed that the
6
bit can generate vibrations in a broad frequency spectrum.
It is known:
- Length of a drilling string (L, m);
- Spread rate of elastic waves in steel drilling pipes
- (c = 5100 m/s);
- k - number of sheaves of a hoisting block;
- Length of a carrying branch of a hoisting cable (lk, m);
- Range of considered frequencies (fmin, fmax, Hz).
These values should be recorded in the table of input data, the sample of which
is given below.
The description of the problem
Let us consider wave equation without fading longitudinal waves:
 2u 2  u
2
 c
t2 z 2 , (8.1)
Where:
Page 65
z - Coordinate of considered drilling string cross-section (the beginning of coordinates
corresponds to the wellhead);
u - Deformation of drilling string cross-section with coordinate z;
c - Spread rate of elastic waves;
t - Time.
Boundary conditions:
z=0 (condition on a wellhead)
u
 hu (8.2)
z
i E k Fk
6
h  (8.3)
lk EF
6
Where:
i - Number of carrying branches of a hoisting system (i = 2k);
lk - length of a carrying branch of a hoisting cable;
Еk, E- modules of elasticity in accordance with a hoisting cable and a Kelly;
Fk, F - cross-sectional area of a hoisting cable and body of a Kelly.
We obtain:
Еk= 1.5 1011 Pa,

Е = 2.2 1011 Pa,

Fk = 2.52 10-4 m2,


F = 145.8 10-4 m2.

Substituting numerical values in (8.3), we obtain:
i 2.5210 4 1.5 1011 i

h   0.01185 , (8.4)
l k 145.8 10 4  2.21011 lk
z = L (condition on a bit)
u  A0 sin t ,
Where:
 - Circular frequency of enforced longitudinal vibrations ( = 2f);
A0 - Vibration amplitude of a bit body.
Page 66
The solution of the equation (8.1) considered under the given boundary
conditions allows to determine the following condition of originating resonant
vibration:
2fL 2f
tg  , (8.5)
c ch
The equation (8.5) has infinitely many solutions appropriate to the resonant
frequencies fi, which can be found with the selected accuracy by different methods of
computer mathematics.
Graphically these solutions are determined visually as intersections on the plot
7
of the tangent and straight line. (See graphic diagram below as an example of the
task).
6
The main methodical recommendations for the laboratory work
To define resonant frequencies we divide all given frequency band into intervals
with a step equal to 0,1 Hz. Let us input the values obtained in a template of resonant
frequencies calculation in line 7, starting with cell C7. Then according to the left part
of expression (8.5) we obtain the following formula in cell C8:
= TAN (2 3.14 C7 $ G $ 5/5100)
  
Using the given formula, with the help of prediction series we determine
appropriate values of a tangent function for all frequency band considered in line 8.
To represent the given function on the diagram more visually we limit it by
module less than the value "5" (according to the experts). Taking this limitation into
account, we determine the appropriate values of the tangent in line 9.
Now we calculate the values appropriate to the right part of the equation (8.5).
Taking into consideration that "h" is determined by the formula (8.4), we obtain the
following formula in cell C10:
= -2 3.14 C7/5100 / (2 $ E $ 6 0,01185) $ L $ 5
    
The given formula should be input in the remaining cells of line 10 with the
help of prediction series.
Page 67
To define the cross points of a tangent function with a straight line we
determine the difference of functions' values for each value fi:
2f i L  2f i 
 i tg  , (8.6)
c  ch 
In the designations of Excel we obtain the following formula in cell C12:
= C8-C10.
Then, if one of the roots of the equation (8.5) is between values fi and fi+1, The
following expression is true, as  i and  i 1 have different signs:

 i  i 1  0 .
8
Frequency fi, or fi+1 depending on a minimum  i ;  i 1  . Is taken as a cross
6
point.
Thus, it is necessary to have in mind the following circumstance. Alongside
with the actual roots of the equation (8.5), the suggested method also gives cross
points of the right part of the equation (straight line) with asymptotes of a tangent. To
recognize these points (false roots) and their exception we use the criterion, according
to which all true roots should satisfy the condition   1 , as large steepness of
asymptotes results in large values  in the points of intersections of asymptotes with

straight line. Thus, the following formula should be input in the cell C13:
= IF (C12*D12 > 0; " "; IF (ABS (C12) < 1; IF (ABS (C12) < ABS (D12); C7; D7); " ")).
Then it is necessary to make the graphic diagram illustrating the search of
solutions for the equation (8.5).
The report on the laboratory work consists of 3 sheets with an indication of the
date of fulfillment, surname, first name, the number of version, input data, obtained
Page 68
To defend the laboratory work it is necessary to get to know the main positions
of the appropriate unit of the studied discipline.
Resonant frequencies – резонансные частоты

Longitudinal – продольные
9
Homogeneous – однородный
6
Hook – буровой крюк
Hoisting system – талевая система
Spread rate – скорость распространения
Elastic – упругий
Sheave – шкив
Hoisting block – талевый блок
Carrying branch – несущая ветвь
Hoisting cable – талевый канат
Fading – затухание
Spread rate of elastic waves – скорость распространения упругих волн
Cross-section – поперечное сечение
Wellhead – устье скважины
Boundary conditions – граничные условия
Kelly – ведущая бурильная труба
Circular frequency – круговая частота
Enforced vibrations – вынужденные колебания
To originate – возникать
Infinitely – бесконечно
Page 69
Intersection – пересечение
Frequency band (range) – частотный диапазон
Template – шаблон
straight line – прямая линия
Cross point – точка пересечения
Roots of the equation – корни уравнения
actual roots –действительные корни (уравнения)
false roots – ложные корни (уравнения)
Steepness - крутизна
0
7
Page 70
1
7
Page 71
Table 8.1
Number of version
Initial data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Length of a drilling string, m 1000 1000 1000 2000 2000 2000 3000 3000 3000 3000
Length of a carrying branch of a hoisting cable,

m 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 25 30
Number of sheaves of a hoisting block

3 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5
2
Minimum
Range of considered 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
frequencies, Hz
7
Maximum
10 10 10 7 7 7 5 5 5 5
Page 72
Interdisciplinary lesson
“Bit selection. Optimum drilling practices determination.
Well construction time evaluation”
Goal
Choose the best type of a bit for the production string interval using the data
of performance of a bit within this interval and determine the optimum drilling
practices. Calculate a drilling time for the production casing string interval taking
into account possible drilling problems which impact for general construction time
of a well. Learn to cooperate with partners while drilling: automatic workplace of
CAD of well construction; automatic workplace of drilling supervisor; automatic
3
workplace of geological simulation specialist.
7
Input information (format, source)
Table 1.
Data Symbol Type Unit Source Model/de
vice
Statistical data
Lithology and stratigraphy - Array - automatic
of given geological cross workplace of
section, class of hardness geological
simulation
and abrasiveness for layers
specialist
within the interval of
production string
Well design - Graphic - automatic
workplace of CAD
material+
of well construction
array
Wellpath - Graphic -
material+
array
Time needed for well - Array -
construction except
deepening of a hole and trip
operations
Performance of a bit, - Array - automatic Drilling
increasing footage in time workplace of simulator
73
Data Symbol Type Unit Source Model/de
vice
(for competitive types of drilling supervisor
roller bits and for PDC),
time for various operations
to drill interval for
production string
Lesson’s scenario description
Several years have passed after fulfilling the group project for well
construction at the given area. During this time new drilling technologies have
been applied and in particular drilling with the help PDC bits. It is well known
4
that the bits of this type cost more but at the same time they show the better bit
7
performance (footage) than ordinary cone bits. It is essential to find out whether it
is reasonable to use new type of bits in the given geological cross section. At the
same time geologists have specified the properties of the rocks within this interval.
It gives good reasons to select one more competitive type of the cone bits. It has
been made a decision to run a test drilling for the production string with the help of
these bits. Consequently after the field experiment the bits’ performance data were
obtained. It is necessary to make the preliminary choice of the best bit type using
the program “comparison performance of the bits” in which they are compared in
optimal drilling practices. Let us consider a program “The selection of optimal bit
type and Optimum drilling practices ”
This program consists of two stages.
At the first stage one should identify the mathematical model of mechanical
drilling (the empirical coefficients of which have to correspond to field data of
performance of a bit). Consequently the mathematical model of mechanical drilling
for the each bit will be specified.
At the second stage it is necessary to determine the Optimum drilling
practices in compliance with the min C criteria (minimum of operating costs per
one meter) for the each competitive bit .
74
Operating efficiency of rival bits under optimum drilling practices is
compared according to the same criteria. This gives an opportunity to select the
best bit with the certain performance (average drilling rate, bit run, bit footage).
In the result we have found the forced drilling practices which helps
significantly reduce the rig time and consequently the cycle of well construction. Commented [S1]: Время бурения? Или drilling time?
Thus if PDC bits turn out to be the best there is solid argumentation for the
addition in the group planning of the well construction project
The obtained data are transferred to the field development workstation , the Commented [S2]: АРМ разработки месторождения
economist workstation and to the power engineering workstation.

One should take into account the possibility of different drilling problems. If
5
such problem appears, for example the ingress of gas it is necessary to assume the
measures to kill the blowout. To do this one should use the drilling simulator,
7
make all needed calculations and carry out the required actions in the simulator.
The blowout killing procedure (or any other elimination) will take some time
which should be determined beforehand because this will slow down the
construction process.
Solution sequence
Determine the rival types of the bits.
Compare the performance of different bit types.
Determine the optimum drilling practices for each bit type and their
predictive characteristics.
Select the best bit and determine corresponding drilling practices.
Evaluate the rig time for production string, the well construction time and Commented [S3]: Время бурения. Или лучше drilling time?
plot a graph of a bottomhole depth as a function of time.
Methodical recommendations
There are following sheets in the proposed program’s pattern: “source
data”, “hardness and abrasiveness determination”, “rival bits”, “preliminary bit
75
selection”, “rival bits data”, “regime 1 (designed bit)”, “regime 2 (PDC)”, “regime
3 (cone bit)”, “best bit”, “time” and “timing chart”.
One should start the calculation with filling in the “source data” sheet on
basis of the data obtained from the workstations and database directories. Then
using the specified hardness and abrasiveness data and the correspondence table of
these parameters and bit type one should select the rival type of a cone bit. To do
this it is necessary to find on the “hardness and abrasiveness determination” sheet
the point in coordinates hardness- abrasiveness corresponding to weighted average
value of hardness and abrasiveness classes within the whole interval :
T   ( i  Ti) / 100 (9.1)
6
A   ( i  Ai) /100 , (9.2)
7
where T- weighted average value of hardness;
A- weighted average value of abrasiveness;
To make the interpretation of the source data more obvious it is suggested to
graph a histogram for different hardness and abrasiveness classes.
The best bit should be selected as a bit which location on the hardness-
abrasiveness chart is the closest to the point of corresponding calculated above
weighted average values of hardness and abrasiveness.
Thereto it is necessary to determine conditional distances from the point
(T,A) to the reference points:
 
2  
2
l  T T  A  A








(9.3)
i j j
  
To determine the conditional distance and the corresponding cone bit type
one should use the standard Excel function “MIN”.
The filed drilling bit runs data of the 3 rival bit types (designed, rival cone
bit and PDC) are being obtained from the workstations and noted down in the
“rival bits data” sheet.
76
Using these data it is necessary to precede the preliminary selection on the
“preliminary bit selection” sheet.
Minimum of operating costs per one meter deepening is used as the selection
criteria.
To determine the drilling rate:
k
H i
Vp  i k 1
 T 
, (9.4)
ri
i 1
where Hi – footage for the bit number i;

Tri – rotary time for the bit number i;
7
k- number of used bits.
7
Operating costs per one meter deepening for each drilling practice:
k
kCb  Cr  (Tri  Tti  Twi )
C i 1
k , (9.5)
H
i 1
i
Where:
Сb - bit cost (see initial date);
Сr – rig operating cost per 1 hour, rubles/hours. Commented [A4]: размерность
A number of the optimum drilling practices should be calculated using the

standard Excel logical function “IF”.
It is necessary to compare their expected indicators under optimum drilling
practices for more concrete bit selection.
The selection of the optimum drilling practices in order with the minimum
operation costs criteria should be proceeded on the sheets “Regime 1 (designed
bit)”, “Regime 2 (PDC)”, “Regime 3 (cone bit)”.
Operation costs per 1 meter deepening:
77
C C d  t dC d  C b 
C   d  t tr  ,
V p (9.6)
 V ptb 
where Cd - operating cost of one hour of the drilling rig, USD / h;
V p- rate of penetration (ROP), m/h;
Cb - bit's cost, USD;
t b - rotary time (net time on bottom), h;
t tr - time for trip operations, h;
8
t d - time for execution of by-works, h.
7
To determine V p and t b we will use the mathematical model of mechanical
drilling which consists of two parametric dependences:
V tr  knb Pb
α β
, (9.7)
А
tb  δ  , (9.8)
nP
д д
where n b - drilling bit rotations per minute, rev/min;
Pb - weight on the bit, N;
k, α, β, А, δ,  - empirical coefficients.
In further calculations we assume α  0.8, β  1.4, δ  0.7,   1.2 .

Taking into account (9.7) and (9.8) let’s re-arrange the expression for the
costs per 1 m:
B DM
C  , (9.9)
nb0.8 Pb1.4 nb0.1 Pb0.2
78
Cd
where B ,
k
Cd t tr  t d 
D ,
kA
Cb
M .
kA
Empirical coefficients k and A can be determined by:
V
k
p
0.8 1.4 , (9.10)
n P
9
b b
A  td nb0.7 Pb1.2 . (9.11)
7
Within the interval of identical drillability the arithmetic mean for the rate of
penetration is:
hb
Vp  , (9.12)
tb
Where:
hb - average footage per drill bit, m;
t b- average rotary time, h;
The values can be found:

n
h bi
hb  i 1
n
, (9.13)
t bi
t b
 i 1
, (9.14)
n
79
Where:
h дi - the actual value of footage for i-th bit;
tb i - the actual value of rotary time for i-th bit;
n- the number of bits.

To define the minimum of operating costs per 1 m let’s table a chart, where
the rows will correspond to different values of weight on the bit and the columns-
different values of rotation frequency of the bit. In the cells it is necessary to
calculate operations costs per 1 m with corresponding values of Рb and n.
Boundary values of Рb and n for the cone bits can be determined in
0
compliance with the published data and the formula:
8
n min  n max
nb 
Pb max  Pb min

Pb  Pb min  n max  (9.15)
It is necessary to determine the minimum of operations costs per 1 m and

corresponding values of Рb and n basing on the proceeded calculations and using
the standard MS Excel function “MIN”
For the graphical interpretation of the gained results let’s draw the diagram
for operation costs depending on the weight on the bit and the rotation frequency.
After comparing the minimum values of the operation costs for the three bits
it is necessary to determine the best type of the bit and corresponding average
penetration rate and rig time for the production string on the sheet “Best bit
selection”.
If only one bit was required for the deepening the whole interval (for
example, PDC) which has not been worn out and can be used in another well then
the only value to determine is the penetration rate in the optimum drilling practice
according to (9.7). The rig time for production string is determined as the
interval’s width to the penetration rate ratio.
80
Analyzing timing data during different stages of well construction using
rival bit types one can determine the estimated time economy on the “Time” sheet.
Resume
Students get acquainted with the basis of project designing adjustments
during drilling, efficient bit selection and optimum drilling practices, procedures to
prevent fluid emissions. The time economy helps to reduce cash assets and power
supply, begin the production phase earlier. Emission precautions help to prevent
serious consequences and protect environment. Students study to communicate
with partners.
1
8
Quiz
1. What factors affect working-off indicators of the bit in the same
geological conditions?
2. What rock properties play the main role in the selection of the bit
type?
3. What drilling practices and bit performances do you know?
4. What is the optimum drilling practice? What criteria are used?
5. What are the design features for the rotary drilling and downhole
motors?
6. In what rocks is it not recommended to use PDC? Why?
7. What is the mathematical model of mechanical drilling? Why do we
need such models?
In appendix you can find the pattern of the work.
81
Appendix 1 Work pattern
Date 07.12.2015
Surname .................................
Section data
Drilling interval for production string 1350 2800
Surface casing length 550
Imntermediate string length 1350
Amount of interlayers in the bundle N= 7
Rock hardness and abrasiveness specified data
i Ti Ai
Interlayer № Percentage of the Interlayer hardness Interlayer abrasiveness
interlayer in the bundle class class
1 5 1 2
2 10 2,3 3
3 10 3 3,4
4 25 4 1
5 30 5,1 5,3
6 10 8 6
7 10 9,2 2
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Common Data
Drilling rig operation costs per 1 hour, roubles 11054
Average round-trip time , hours 7,6
Tender works time, hours 2,58
Designed bit data
Diameter 215,9
Type of designed bit 215,9 С-ГНУ
Cost of the current dimension type bit, roubles 106500
Designed bit processing
Bit № Footage, m Rig time (drilling time), h
1 288 45
2 300 38
3 310 31
4 290 38
82
Input data
Operation regime of the Weight on the bit, N 150000

cone bit Rotation frequency, rpm 60
Allowable values min acceptable weight on bit, N 130000

for cone bits max acceptable weight on bit, N 220000
min acceptable rotation frequency, rpm 40
man acceptable rotation frequency, rpm 80
Drilling problems
Depth, m 2500
Problem elimination time, h 5,5
Well
construction Duration, days
stages
Surface hole drilling

3,10
Lowering and cementing

conductor pipe
3,60
Drilling for tech. pipe

4,30

tech. pipe
6,40

production pipe
8,2
Formation test
5,5
83
Input data
Average hardness and abrasiveness determination
T   ( i  Ti ) / 100
Amount of interlayers in the bundle N = 7
i Ti Ai weighted average hardness value 4,83

Interlayer № Percentage of the Interlayer hardness Interlayer abrasiveness weighted average abrasiveness value 3,38
interlayer in the bundle class class
1 5 1 2
A   ( i  Ai ) / 100
2 10 2,3 3
3 10 3 3,4
4 25 4 1
5 30 5,1 5,3
6 10 8 6 Percentage of the interlayer
7 10 9,2 2
8 0 0 0 10
9 0 0 0 9
10 0 0 0
8
11 0 0 0
12 0 0 0 7
13 0 0 0 6
14 0 0 0
Class
5
15 0 0 0
16 0 0 0 4
17 0 0 0 3
18 0 0 0
2
19 0 0 0
20 0 0 0 1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Interlayer №
Ti interlayer hardness class Ti interlayer abrasiveness class
84
Rival bit type selection
Reference Reference
Conditional
T T j 2 A  A j 2
Type hardness abrasiveness
distance
li 
class class
МСЗ 4,5 3,2 0,38

СТ 4,5 4,1 0,79
Т 5,6 4,45 1,32
С 3,7 4,4 1,52
ТК 5,8 4,9 1,80
МС 3 4 1,93
МЗ 3,2 4,9 2,23
М 2,3 3,9 2,58
СЗ 4,2 5,9 2,60
ТЗ, ТКЗ 6,2 5,9 2,87
К,ОК 7,3 7,8 5,06
1st minimal distance 0,38
1st rival bit МСЗ
Final bit selection 215,9 МСЗ-ГНУ
85
Rival bits data

Bit type PDC
Drilling for production string time, hours 185
Bit's footage 1450
Working regime Weight on bit, N 180000

PDC Rotation frequency , rpm 180
Allowable values for max acceptable weight on bit, N 220000

PDC bits max acceptable rotation frequency, rpm 250
Type of the cone bit 215,9 МСЗ-ГНУ

Rival cone bits run
Bit № Footage, m Drilling time, hours
1 280 37
2 290 33
3 310 36
4 300 35
5 270 27
86
Bit 215,9 С-ГНУ Bit PDC Bit 215,9 МСЗ-ГНУ

H Td Tr Tвсп H Tr Tсп Tвсп H Tr Tсп Tвсп
1 288 45 1450 185 7,6 2,58 280 37
2 300 38 290 33
3 310 31 7,6 2,58 310 36 7,6 2,58
4 290 38 300 35
5 262 28 270 27
Total 1450 180 38 12,9 1450 185 7,6 2,58 1450 168 38 12,9
Cost of the bit, roubles 106500 Cost of the bit, roubles 800000 Cost of the bit, roubles 111000
Results
Vм= 8,06 Vм= 7,84 Vм= 8,63
С= 2127,52 С= 2039,69 С= 2051,56
Best indicators has the bit № 2
87
Bit type 215,9 С-ГНУ

Operational costs per 1 hour, roubles 11054
Round trip time, hours 7,6
Bit № Footage,m Drilling time, hours

1 288 45
2 300 38
3 310 31
4 290 38
5 262 28
Bit
Arithmetical mean value for durability,
footage of the bit, m 290 hours 36
Penetration rate, m/h 8,06

Adaptation coefficients: К 17,3E-9
A 1,0E+9
n min  n max
Values B
D
M
640,4E+9
6337,371
5997,70
nb  
Pb max  Pb min

Pb  Pb min  n max
88
Rotation frequency, rpm

Weight on bit,
N 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 n max
130000 3128,4 2910,4 2731,4 2581,5 2453,8 2343,6 2247,4 2162,6 2087,1 80
150000 2684,6 2504,7 2356,9 2233,0 2127,5 2036,4 1956,8 71
170000 2360,0 2207,8 2082,7 1977,7 1888,3 62
190000 2113,5 1982,1 1874,0 53
200000 2011,3 1888,6 49
Minimum of operational costs per 1 m is $1 874,0 when weight on the bit Рb = 190000 N
and rotation frequency n = 50 rpm
Operational costs depending on the weight on the bit in well № 1

Operational costs,
130000
3500 150000
roubles
3000
2500
2000 170000
1500
1000
500 190000
0
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 200000
89
Bit type PDC
Tender works, hours 2,58

1 1450 185
Operational costs depending on the weight on the bit
Arithmetical mean in well № 2
value for footage of Bit durability, 8000
Operational costs, roubles

the bit, m 1450 hours 185 7000 130000
6000
150000
5000
Penetration rate, m/h 7,84 4000 170000
3000 190000
Adaptation coefficients: К 5,4E-9 2000
1000 200000
A 14,2E+9 0
Values: B 2,0E+12 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210
D 1467,194 Rotatioan frequency, rpm
M 10430,47

Weight on
bit, N 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 n max
130000 6961,2 5473,3 4592,6 4003,9 3579,6 3257,6 3003,9 2798,2 2627,6 250
150000 5814,4 4592,8 3869,2 3385,2 3036,1 2771,1 2562,1 2392,6 2252,0 250
170000 4980,8 3952,2 3342,4 2934,3 2639,8 2416,1 2239,6 2096,3 1977,4 250
190000 4351,0 3467,8 2943,8 2592,9 2339,5 2146,9 1994,9 1871,4 1768,9 250
200000 4091,3 3267,9 2779,3 2451,9 2215,4 2035,6 1893,6 1778,3 1682,5 250
Minimum of operational costs per 1 m is $1 682,5 when weight on the bit Рд = 200000 N
90
Bit type 215,9МСЗ

Tender works, hours 2,58

1 280 37
2 290 33
3 310 36
4 300 35
5 270 27
Arithmetical mean Bit
value for footage of durabillity,
the bit, m 290 hours 33,6
Penetration rate, m/h 8,63

Adaptation coefficients: К 18,5E-9
A 960,2E+6
Values: B 597,7E+9
D 6337,371
M 6251,13
91

Weight on bit,
N 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 nмакс
130000 2990,4 2786,1 2618,4 2477,8 2358,0 2254,6 2164,3 2084,7 2013,8 80
150000 2574,2 2405,5 2266,9 2150,6 2051,6 1966,0 1891,2 71
170000 2269,6 2126,7 2009,3 1910,7 1826,6 62
190000 2038,0 1914,6 1813,1 53
200000 1942,0 1826,7 49
Minimum of operational costs per 1 m is $1 813,1 when weight on the bit Рд = 190000 N
Operational costs depending on the weight on the bit in well №1

Operational costs,
130000
1 150000
roubles
0,8
0,6 170000
0,4
0,2 190000
0
0 200000
Rotational frequency, rpm
92
Selection the best type of the bit
Bit 215,9 С-ГНУ Bit PDC Bit 215,9 МСЗ-ГНУ

Pb= 190000 N Pb= 200000 N Pb= 190000 N
n= 50,00 rpm n= 210,00 rpm n= 50,00 rpm
С= 1 874р. С= 1 683р. С= 1 813р.
Best indicators has the bit № 2
In the result of comparing the minimal operational costs for the rival bits in the optimum regime
we can find that the minimal operational costs per 1 m has the
bit type PDC when weight on the bit Рд = 190000 N and rotation frequency n = 50 rpm
Drilling for the production string: 477,90 hours

Average penetration rate: 3,03 m/h
93
Designed data: bit 215,9 С-ГНУ Optimum data: bit PDC Rival bit 215,9МСЗ
Current Current Current
Well construcction Duration, Duration, Duration,
construction Depth, m construction Depth, m construction Depth, m
stages days days days
№ time, days time, days time, days
0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
1 Surface hole drilling 3,10 3,10 550,00 3,10 3,10 550,00 3,10 3,10 550,00
Lowering and
cementing conductor
2 pipe 3,60 6,70 550,00 3,60 6,70 550,00 3,60 6,70 550,00
3 Drilling for tech. pipe 4,30 11,00 1350,00 4,30 11,00 1350,00 4,30 11,00 1350,00
Lowering and
4 cementing tech. pipe 6,40 17,40 1350,00 6,40 17,40 1350,00 6,40 17,40 1350,00
Drilling for production
string before the
5 problem 7,70 25,10 2500,00 4,80 22,20 2500,00 7,20 24,60 2500,00
Drilling problem
6 elimination 0,23 25,33 2500,00 0,23 22,43 2500,00 0,23 24,83 2500,00
Drilling for production

7 string after the problem 1,92 27,25 2800,00 1,5 23,93 2800,00 1,92 26,75 2800,00
Lowering and
cementing production
8 string 8,2 35,45 2800,00 8,1 32,03 2800,00 8,2 34,95 2800,00
9 Formation test 5,50 40,95 2800,00 5,4 37,43 2800,00 5,5 40,45 2800,00
Gained effect,
Time, days Depth, m
days
PDC 37,43 2800,00 3,52
215,9 С-ГНУ 40,95 2800,00
94
Well construction time diagram
Time, days
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0,00
500,00
1000,00
Depth, m
1500,00
2000,00
2500,00
3000,00
Designed data: bit 215,9 С-ГНУ Optimum data: PDC bit

Rival bit 215,9MC3 Gained effect
95
Appendix 1
Work pattern
Version № 1
1 Geological section data
Drilling interval for production string 1350 - 2800
Conductor’s length 550
Intermediate string length 1350
Amount of interlayers in the bundle 7
Percentage of the interlayer in the
Interlayer Interlayer hardness Interlayer abrasiveness
№ bundle i class Ti class Ai
1 5 1 2
2 10 2,3 3
3 10 3 3,4
4 25 4 1
5 30 5,1 5,3
6 10 8 6
7 10 9,2 2
2 Common data
Averaged round trip time, hours 7,6
Well construction stages Duration, days
Surface hole drilling 3,10
Lowering and cementing conductor pipe 3,60
Drilling for tech. pipe 4,30
Lowering and cementing tech. pipe 6,40
Lowering and cementing production string 8,2
Formation test 5,5
Working regime of cone bits

Weight on bit, N 150000
Rotation frequency, rpm 60
Allowable values for cone bits
Min. acceptable weight on bit, N 130000
Max. acceptable weight on bit, N 220000
Min. acceptable rotation frequency, rpm 40
Max. acceptable rotation frequency, rpm 80
96
Appendix 1
Work pattern
3 Designed bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Bit processing
1 288 45
2 300 38
3 310 31
4 290 38
5 262 28
4 1 rival bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Type of designed bit 215,9 МСЗ-ГНУ
Cost of the current dimension type, roubles 111000
Bit processing
1 280 37
2 290 33
3 310 36
4 300 35
5 270 27
5 2 rival bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Type of designed bit PDC
Footage, m 1450
6 Problems data
Depth, m 2500
Elimination time, hours 5,5
97
Appendix 1
Work pattern
Version № 2
№ bundle i class Ti class Ai
1 5 1,9 4,8
2 10 2,3 5,5
3 10 2,1 4,4
4 25 2 4,6
5 30 1,9 4
6 10 2,4 5,8
7 10 3,5 5,9
2 Common data
Formation test 5,5

98
Appendix 1
Work pattern
3 Designed bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Type of designed bit 215,9 М-ГНУ
Bit processing
1 288 45
2 300 38
3 310 31
4 290 38
5 262 28
4 1 rival bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Type of designed bit 215,9 МЗ-ГНУ
Bit processing
1 280 37
2 290 33
3 310 36
4 300 35
5 270 27
5 2 rival bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Footage, m 1450
6 Problems data
Depth, m 2500
99
Appendix 1
Work pattern
Version № 3
1 5 4,5 4
2 10 3,6 3
3 10 4,1 3,4
4 25 4 4,8
5 30 3,9 3,9
6 10 3,5 4,3
7 10 4,4 3,6
2 Common data
Formation test 5,5

100
Appendix 1
Work pattern
3 Designed bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Bit processing
1 288 45
2 300 38
3 310 31
4 290 38
5 262 28
4 1 rival bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Type of designed bit 215,9 МСЗ-ГНУ
Bit processing
1 280 37
2 290 33
3 310 36
4 300 35
5 270 27
5 2 rival bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Footage, m 1450
6 Problems data
Depth, m 2500
101
Appendix 1
Work pattern
Version № 4
1 15 5,2 4,3
2 10 4,5 4,6
3 10 5,1 4,4
4 25 4,9 5,8
5 25 5,1 4,6
6 15 5,1 4,3
2 Common data
Formation test 5,5

102
Appendix 1
Work pattern
3 Designed bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Type of designed bit 215,9 Е-ГНУ
Bit processing
1 288 45
2 300 38
3 310 31
4 290 38
5 262 28
4 1 rival bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Type of designed bit 215,9 ТЗ-ГНУ
Bit processing
1 280 37
2 290 33
3 310 36
4 300 35
5 270 27
5 2 rival bit data

Diameter, mm 215,9
Footage, m 1450
6 Problems data
Depth, m 2500
103
Appendix 1
Work pattern
Appendix
Table 1. The geometrical characteristics of the domestic drill pipes
Cross section of
Type of Nominal pipe Wall One meter pipe
the pipe channel,
the pipes diameter, m thickness, m mass, кг
m
0,007 79,0*10-4 21,6

0,008 75,9*10-4 24,0
0,114 0,009 72,8*10 -4
26,4
-4
0,01 69,8*10 28,7
-4
0,011 66,9*10 31,0
-4
0,007 100,2*10 23,9
ТБВ
-4
0,008 96,7*10 26,6
0,127
-4
0,009 93,3*10 29,3
-4
0,01 89,9*10 32,0
-4
0,008 120,1*10 30,9
0,009 116,3*10-4 33,8
0,140
0,01 108,8*10-4 36,8
-4
0,011 108,8*10 39,8
-4
0,008 75,9*10 24,0
-4
0,009 72,8*10 26,4
0,114
-4
0,01 69,8*10 28,7
ТБН
-4
0,011 66,8*10 31,0
-4
0,008 120,1*10 30,9
0,140 0,009 116,3*10 -4
33,8
-4
0,011 108,8*10 39,8
104
Appendix 1
Work pattern
Cross section of
Type of Nominal pipe Wall One meter pipe
the pipe channel,
the pipes diameter, m thickness, m mass, кг
m
0,009 72,8*10-4 26,4
0,114 0,01 69,8*10-4 28,7
0,011 66,9*10-4 31,0
93,3*10-4
ТБВК
0,009 29,3
0,127
0,01 89,9*10-4 32,0
0,009 116,3*10-4 33,8
0,140 0,01 108,8*10-4 36,8
0,011 108,8*10-4 39,8
0,009 72,8*10-4 26,4
ТБНК
0,114 0,01 69,8*10-4 28,7

0,011 66,9*10-4 31,0
0,007 79,0*10-4 21,6
0,008 75,9*10-4 23,9
0,114
0,009 72,8*10-4 26,2
ТБПВ
-4
0,01 69,8*10 28,5
0,007 100,2*10-4 24,5
0,008 96,7*10-4 27,2
0,127
0,009 93,3*10-4 29,8
0,01 89,9*10-4 32,4
105
Appendix 1
Work pattern
Table 2. Ultimate tensile load for domestic pipes ( ТБВ; ТБН; ТБНК; ТБВК;
ТБПВ)
Nominal Ultimate tensile load, кН

Wall
pipe
thickness Д К Е Л М
diameter,
,m
m
0,007 900 1180 1300 1530 1770
0,008 1010 1340 1470 1740 2000
0,114 0,009 1130 1490 1640 1940 2240
0,01 1250 1640 1800 2130 2460
0,011 1360 1780 1960 2320 2680
0,007 1000 1320 1450 1720 1980
0,008 1140 1500 1640 1940 2240
0,127
0,009 1270 1670 1840 2170 2500
0,01 1400 1840 2020 2390 2760
0,008 1260 1650 1820 2150 2480
0,009 1400 1840 2030 2400 2770
0,140
0,01 1550 2040 2240 2640 3050
0,011 1690 2220 2450 2890 3340
106
Appendix 1
Work pattern
Internet resources
Access to the Internet is now essential for drillers. There are many sites that can
give you information, connect you to technical expertise, and provide links to other
related web sites (which may not have been set up for drilling purposes). Following
are the URLs of a few sites which should be of interest.
http://www.onepetro.org – Library of SPE, contains a lot of papers in the Oil

and Gas fields. You can copy these articles with the help of computers located in
Gubkin Russian State University.
http://www.PetroWiki.com – contains a lot of useful information about the
Development of Oil and Gas fields, well drilling, including training materials.
http://www.drillers.com - Contains files of interest such as spreadsheets,
databases, Word templates, etc. There are links to other drilling websites. Also has
information on jobs currently available. No charge for accessing or downloading from
the site.
http://mfginfo.com/htm/pet_resources.htm - Not regularly updated but contains
an incredible list of petroleum related Internet resources, including links to hundreds
of web sites and Internet news groups.
http://www.iadc.org - Home page of the International Association of Drilling
Contractors.
http://www.api.org - Home page of the American Petroleum Institute.
http://www.spe.org - Home page of the Society of Petroleum Engineers.
http://www.slb.com - Schlumberger's home page. Contains an index of
hundreds of technical papers published by companies within the Schlumberger group.
http://www.ogjonline.com - Home page of PennWell's Oil & Gas Journal online
magazine, with weekly OGJ articles and forums, and links to a wide variety of up-to-
date industry information.
107
Appendix 1
Work pattern
Content
The foreword ................................................................................................................... 3
Laboratory work № 1. "The analysis of work indexes of drilling contractors (DC) with
the help of Excel" ............................................................................................................ 4
Laboratory work № 2 “Comparison of different drilling practices” ............................ 12
Laboratory work № 3 “The division of geological cross-section into the intervals of

approximately identical drillability” ............................................................................. 20
Laboratory work № 4 Preliminary selection of a rational type of roller bits.............. 28
Laboratory work № 5. Selection of the optimal drilling practices and a rational type
of a roller bit for rotary drilling  .................................................................................. 36
Laboratory work №6 “Designing of Bottom Hole Assembly for drilling of vertical

intervals” ....................................................................................................................... 47
Laboratory work № 7 Strength calculation of a drill string for straight wells ............. 57
Laboratory work № 8 Definition of resonant frequencies of longitudinal vibrations of

drilling strings ............................................................................................................... 65
Interdisciplinary lesson “Bit selection. Optimum drilling practices determination. Well

construction time evaluation” ....................................................................................... 73
Appendix Table 1. The geometrical characteristics of the domestic drill pipes ....... 104
Table 2. Ultimate tensile load for domestic pipes ( ТБВ; ТБН; ТБНК; ТБВК; ТБПВ)
..................................................................................................................................... 106
Internet resources ........................................................................................................ 107
108

Computer Added Calculations in Deep Drilling (16.03.16)

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Computer Added Calculations in Deep Drilling (16.03.16)

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THE MINISTRY OF GENERAL AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

GUBKIN RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF OIL AND GAS

DEPARTMENT OF OIL AND GAS DRILLING

V. Balitsky, O.Khrabrova, E. Zharova

The manual is recommended for those seeking Master's degree of different

© Gubkin Russian state university of oil and gas, 2015

Today modern computer technologies are widely used in practice of drilling of

The main contents of the work.

In order to illustrate capabilities of the analysis of any DC work indexes we

Methodical recommendations for the laboratory work.

The requirements for the laboratory work design:

1. The report on the given work should contain 3 sheets:

drilling contractors (DC) - буровые подрядчики (в России - управление

January February March 1 quarter April May June 2 quarter “6 months”

Footage of RTS' for quarters

The main contents of the work

We have to determine the best drilling practices by applying an optimization

Methodical recommendations for the laboratory work

The requirements for the laboratory work design

drilling practices – режим бурения

Where, N – The number of used bits.

geological cross-section – разрез горных пород

The interval of rocks of approximately identical drillability is given. This

Methodical recommendations for the laboratory work

A   (i  Ai ) / 100 (4.2)

Where Tj and Aj - correspond to the category of hardness and abrasiveness for

Roller bit – шарошечное долото

The number of layer

The selection of competitive types of roller bits

The type of roller bit

Number of layers in an interval 10 10 8 10 9 9 8 9 8 10

Cb - bit's cost, USD;

t b - rotary time (net time on bottom), h;

t tr - time for trip operations, h;

t d - time for execution of by-works, h.

For determination of Vp and t b we should use three-parameter dependencies [1]

where n b - drilling bit rotations per minute, rev/min;

Pb - weight on the bit, N;

k ,α,β , А,δ, - empirical coefficients.

where hb - average footage per drill bit, m;

t b - average rotary time, h.

These values are determined by the formulas:

tb i - the actual value of rotary time for i-th bit;

n - the number of bits.

Operating cost of one hour of a

Max RPM, rev/min 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

Min RPM, rev/min 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

For slide drilling:

Drill collars assembly designing should be started with previous calculation on

The necessity of using an additional drill collars stages number is assessed. In

If drill collars consist of 2 or 3 stages, its’ lengths is determined with the

l dc - Total length of drill collars.

Whole mud-weight of assembly including bottom-hole engine is calculated with

Total length of assembly will be:

The requirements for the laboratory work design

Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)– компоновка нижней части бурильной

Diameter of drilling pipes ( d б .т . , m)

Length of above-bit pipe section set ( l НК , m)

Material density of drilling pipes (  м , kg/m3)

Total length of BHA ( lBHA , m)

Differential bit pressure ( Pb , MPa)

Pressure differential in the bottom-hole engine ( Pwb , MPa)

Calculation is made in the correspondent sample table of laboratory work (see