1.

Places Latitude(N)
Yangon 16.866°
Mandalay 21.9588°
Myitkyina 25.3946°
Taunggyi 20.7888°

3.Solar Angles
1) Altitude Angle (β)
 It is the angle between the sun’s rays and the projection of sun’s rays onto
a horizontal plane.
 𝛽 = sin−1 (cos 𝑙 cos ℎ cos 𝑑 + sin 𝑙 sin 𝑑)

2) Angle of Incidence (θ)

 It is the angle between the normal to the surface of the earth and the
direction of the sun’s ray to the earth.

3) Latitude (l)
 It is the angle between the lines joining O and P and the projection of OP
on the equatorial plane
 Thus the latitude along with the longitude indicates the position of any
point on earth and it varies from 0° at equator and 90° at the poles
4) Hour Angle (h)
 It is the angle between the projection of OP on the equatorial plane.
 The line OA and the projection of the line joining the center of the earth
to the center of the sun.
 Each clock hour of time is equal to 15° of hour angle.

5) Declination Angle (d)

 The declination is the angle between the line joining the center of the
earth and sun and its projection on the equatorial plane, the angle between
line OO’ and line OB.
360(284+𝑁)
 𝑑 = 23.47 sin
365

360
where, 𝑁 = (𝑛 − 1) , n is the day of the year .
365

6) Zenith Angle (Ψ)

 It is the angle between sun’s rays and the surface normal to the horizontal
plane at the position of the observer.
𝜋
 𝜓= −𝛽
2

7) Solar Azimuth Angle (𝛾)

 It is the angle in the horizontal plane measured from north to the
horizontal projection of the sun’s ray
cos 𝑑 sin ℎ
 𝛾 = sin−1
cos 𝛽

8) Wall Solar Azimuth Angle (α)

 It is the angle between normal to the wall and the projection of sun’s rays
on to a horizontal plane.
 𝛼 = [𝜋 − (𝛾 + 𝜉)]𝐹 , where F is -1 for forenoon and +1 for afternoon.

9) Surface Azimuth Angle (ξ)

 It is the angle between the normal to the wall and south.
 Thus when the wall is facing south, the angle is zero and when it faces
west the angle is 90°.