Professional Documents
Culture Documents
G Flow
Fl Measurement
M t
K l Stappert
Karl St t
Americas Flow Solutions Advisor
Emerson Process Management
Gas Flow Meter
T h l i Agenda
Technologies A d
Orifice PD / Rotary
Orifice Meters - AGA3
Orifice Gas Metering STD
AGA3
Part 1 - Equations and Uncertainty
Pub: Sept 2012
Part 2 – Specification and Installation
Pub: April 2000
Part 3 – Natural Gas Applications
Pub: Sept 1992 (Under Revision)
Part 4 – Background & Development
Pub: Sept 1992 (Under Revision)
Adopted by American
Petroleum Institute
Part of the Manual on Petroleum
Measurement Standards (MPMS)
API MPMS Chapter 14.3
Prescriptive Standard
Orifice – Theory of Operation
Orifice – Meter Tube
Orifice – Meter Tube w/Tube Bundle
Orifice – Meter Tube w/Flow Conditioner
Orifice – Meter Tube
Diameter & Roughness
Dm
Dm < 12”
Max Roughness < 300 micro inches, If Beta < 0.6
Max Roughness < 250 micro inches, If Beta > 0.6
Min Roughness > 34 micro inches
Dm > 12”
Max Roughness < 600 micro inches
inches, If Beta < 0.6
06
Max Roughness < 500 micro inches, If Beta > 0.6
Min Roughness > 34 micro inches
Orifice – Plate Specifications
dm
Dm
0.10 0.75
Orifice – Reynolds Number
Ideal Profile – Turbulent
VD
Re
Where: Re = Reynolds Number
= Density Flowing
V = Velocity
D = Pipe Diameter
= Viscosity
D
Re
Dnew
Orifice – AGA3 Practical Uncertainty
2” Lower Beta
VD
Re
Where: Re = Reynolds Number
= Density Flowing
V = Velocity
D = Pipe Diameter
= Viscosity
Orifice –
AGA3 Expansion
p Factor ( Y ) Uncertainty
y
P
New Equation Old Equation 4.0
3 f
N P
Orifice – Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Range Adjustable (plate change) Plate sealing ring incompatability
Well Documented in standards + .75% Pulsating Flow – Over registration
Industry acceptance Can not handle dirty processes
Low unit capital cost Low rangeability (single plate)
No moving parts High Pressure Loss
Dry
y calibration
ca b a o accep
acceptable
ab e Flow
o pprofile
o e&d dirty
ypprocess
ocess se
sensitiity
s y
No limits on pressure, temp, and size Requires long meter tube/Flow Conditioner
Mechanically robust Over-range – partial loss of measurment
½ Volumetric / ½ Mass Meter Potential service interruption
Low Power High
g Installation & OpEx
p
Field meter verification Can be damaged with high flow rates.
• Approximately 3-1 Turndown single Beta
• Approximately 28:1 turndown with plate changes over a Beta range of 0.2 to DPmax
3
0.6 (Custody Transfer Beta Range)
DPlive
• Approximately a 0.7% meter degrading rapidly when
• Orifice diameters are > 0.45 (Approximately 0.225 beta on 2” Orifice)
• Pressure decreases below 100 psia and DP increases above 50”
H2O
• Turndown = 3 when DP Max = 150” H20 and DP Min = 16” H20
• 150” H2O = 5.4 PSI
Turbine Meters - AGA7
Turbine Gas Metering
Recommended Practice
Revised December 2006
Significant Change
Calibration Should be
performed at flowing
density or flowing
Reynolds numbers
Performance Based
Specification
Turbine – Theory of Operation
ACF PulsesTurb
Pulses / ACF
Flow
SCF Pf x Tb x Zb x ACF
Pb x Tf x Zf
Where is the variability in the AGA7
Equation relative to Composition?
SCF Pf x Tb x Zb x ACF
Pb x Tf x Zf
1.0000
0.9500 Amarillo
ompressibilitty (Z)
Gulf Coast
0.9000 Ekofisk
High CO2 N2
0.8500 High N2
Methane
Co
0.8000 Air
0.7500
14
14
14
14
14
4
4
14
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
10
11
12
13
14
Pressure (psia)
Potential Error due to Compressibility
Variation @ Base Conditions (Natural Gas Mixtures)
12.00%
10.00%
Potential Error
8.00%
Compressibility
Error
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
4
4
14
14
14
14
14
14
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
10
11
12
13
14
Base Pressure Pressure (psia)
Turbine - Design
Turbine – Meter Tube
Turbine – Meter Tube (Short Coupled)
VD
Re
Turbine – Calibration @ Atmospheric?
Lab Calibration Data Example
Turbine – Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Good accuracy over linear flow range High OpEX
Medium Accuracy + 1% Not fully accepted by industry
Electrical & Mechanical Output Can not tolerate dirty processes
Volumetric meter Over-range = Damage = under registration
Medium installation cost Flow calibration required at operating density or
Reynolds Number
Medium rangeability at high pressure Requires Oil
High Repeatability Moving parts (wear)
Low to no power required Over-registration & damage w/pulsations
(Calibration Regulation,
(Calibration, Regulation Process)
Damaged by surging flows
Medium to High Pressure Drop
Wet Calibration Required
Rotary Meters – Theory of Operation
SCF Pf x Tb x Zb x ACF
Pb x Tf x Zf
PD Meter Factor Effects
Slippage establishes Accuracy Curve
performance curve and driven
y
by
– Mechanical DP (bearing
friction)
• Dominant at Low Flow
Advantages Disadvantages
No upstream piping concerns High OpEX
Medium Accuracy + 1% Not fully accepted by industry
High Rangeability (50:1) Can not handle dirty processes
High Repeatability Over-range = Damage = under registration/lock-up
Medium pressure drop Flow calibration required
Mechanical Output Requires Oil
Volumetric meter Moving parts (wear)
Low installation cost Over-registration & damage w/pulsations
(Calibration, Regulation, Process)
Low to no power required Potential service interruption
No flow profile concerns Mechanical index drag
Ultrasonic Meters – AGA9
Ultrasonic Gas Metering
Recommended Practice
Revised April 2007
Significant Change
Piping/flow
conditioning guidance
and profile
diagnostics
Performance Based
Specification
Ultrasonic – Theory of Operation
L2 T21 T12
V
2X T21 T12
Transducer 2
X
Flow L D
Transducer 1
Ultrasonic – Flow Profile
A
B
C
D
Ultrasonic - Theory of Operation
• Measure transit times
• Calculate
C l l t iindividual
di id l chord
h d L2 t 21 - t12
V
velocities 2 X . t 21 . t12
Weight A = 0.1382
• Weight chord velocities Weight B = 0.3618
Weight C = 0.3618
Weight D = 0.1382
• Calculate average
g flow velocity
y 4
V Vi (ri )Wi
i 1
• Calculate average volume
flow rate D 2
Q Vi .
4
SCF Pf x Tb x Zb x ACF
Pb x Tf x Zf
Ultrasonic – Meter Tube
Daniel USM Gas Calibration (10 point)
All gas ultrasonic meters require a lab calibration
Ultrasonic – Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Linear Meter Power Required
High Accuracy + 0.25%
0 25% Medium Pressure Drop w/flow conditioner
Volumetric meter Can not tolerate dirty processes
No moving parts Over-range = loss of measurment
High rangeability Possible Pulsation Error (Calibration,
Regulation Process)
Regulation,
High Repeatability Medium Dirty Process Tolerance
Power requirement Profile Sensative
No size limitation Wet Calibration Required
Low pressure drop w/o flow conditioner Susceptible to valve noise
Low OpEx High CapEx
Field meter verification
Diagnostic Capability
AGA Report No. 11 / API MPMS Ch. 14.9
Measurement of Natural Gas by Coriolis Meter
2nd Edition
Published February 2013
Covers all single phase
natural gases as pure or a
mixture of hydrocarbons and
diluents
API Standard
API MPMS Chapter 14.9
Recommended Practice
Specification, calibration,
installation, operation,
maintenance,, and verification
Coriolis Measurement Standards
for the Natural Gas Industry
y
Coriolis Gas Industry and International Standards
AGA11 & API 14.9
14 9
ASME MFC-11-2006
AGA6
ISO 10790
OMIL R137
Theory of operation - Bent Tube Meter Design
Theory of Operation – Pickoff Signals
No Flow (Top View)
Zero Stability
Coriolis Flow Performance
Zero Stability
1.50
1.00
0.50
Error %
0.00
E
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00 MMCFD
Theory of Operation – Pickoff Signals
Flow (Top View)
Coriolis Accuracy Specification –
Zero Stability and Flat Spec
Example
HC3 Performance w/Zero Stability & Flat Spec
Calculation of Qt
HC3
2.00
Qt ZeroStability / FlatSpec
1.50 Qt 136.4(kg / hr ) / 0.35%
1.00 Qt 0.136(tons / hr ) / 0.0035
Qt 39tons / hr
0.50
Error %
0.00
0 50
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
tons/Hr
Direct Density Measurement
Density measurement is based on the natural frequency
– As the mass increases, the natural frequency of the system
decreases.
– As the mass decreases, the natural frequency of the system
increases.
• Density Accuracy
+/- 0.0005 gm/cc
• Water Density = 1 gm/cc
(potential error = 0.05%)
• Natural Gas Density @
500 psi = 0.0272 gm/cc
(potential error 1.8%)
Coriolis – Theory of Operation (Pressure)
Flow Pressure Effect: The linear change in sensor’s indicated flow due to the
change in internal pressure on the flow tube
F Series
Elite Series
Coriolis - Flow Pressure Effect
SCF Mass FP
b
SCF Mass FP
Pb x Mr (Gas) AGA8 Detail
Zb x R x Tb
Advantages Disadvantages
No upstream piping concerns Power Required
High Accuracy + 0.25% Not fully accepted by industry
High Rangeability @ HP (50:1) Not a volumetric technology
High Reproducibility Medium to high pressure drop
Field meter verification Medium repeatability
Water calibration Xfers to gas Loss of turndown in low pressures < 100 psi
(High immunity to pulsation error
High immunity to dirty processes
Low installation cost
No over-range
Low OpEx
Process & Performance
Diagnostics
No wearing parts