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Contents
Card 1: Verbs
Page 1: Verbs—Regular Verbs, First and Second Conjugations
Page 2: Verbs—Regular Verbs, Third and Fourth Conjugations; Orthographic-Changing and
Irregular Verbs (Third -io Conjugation, Sum, Possum)
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Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar
B. L. Gildersleeve and G. Lodge
613 pp (1895, 3rd edition reprint 2003) Paperback ISBN 978-0-86516-353-9; Hardbound ISBN 978-0-86516-477-2
A classic Latin grammar favored by many students and teachers, Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar been enhanced by
a 45-page, comprehensive bibliography by William E. Wycislo listing scholarship on Latin grammar produced in
English during the 20th century, and a foreword by Ward W. Briggs. In the words of Basil L. Gildersleeve, “No
study of literature can yield its highest result without the close study of language, and consequently the close study
of grammar.”
A Comprehensive Guide to
Wheelock’s Latin
Dale A. Grote
xix + 307 pp (2001, Reprint 2003) Paperback ISBN 978-0-86516-486-4
This study guide accompanies the 6th edition (pub. 2000) of a standard introductory Latin text, Wheelock’s Latin.
This guide expands and explains important grammatical concepts that the Wheelock text presents too briefly for
many contemporary students. The guide can also be used to review beginning Latin.
First Conjugation
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF LAUDÖ INFINITIVES SUPINE
laudö, Pres. Ind., Act., lst Sing., I praise ACTIVE laudätum to praise
laudäre, Pres. Inf. Act., to praise Present: laudäre to praise laudätü to praise
laudävï, Perf. Ind. Act., 1st Sing., I have praised, I praised Perfect: laudävisse to have praised
laudätus, Perf. Pass. Part., having been praised Future: laudätürus esse to be about to praise IMPERATIVE ACTIVE
PASSIVE PRESENT
PARTICIPLES Present: laudärï to be praised Sing.: laudä praise
Present Active: laudäns praising Perfect: laudätus esse to have been praised Plur.: laudäte praise
Perfect Passive: laudätus, -a, -um having been praised Future: laudätum ïrï (rare) to be about to be praised
Future Active: laudätürus, -a, -um being about to praise
Gerundive: laudandus, -a, -um worthy to be praised GERUND IMPERATIVE PASSIVE
Nominative: laudäre praising PRESENT
INDICATIVE ACTIVE Genitive: laudandï of praising Sing.: laudäre be praised
Present Perfect Dative: laudandö for praising Plur.: laudäminï be praised
laudö I praise laudävï I have praised Accusative: laudandum praising
laudäs you... laudävistï you have... Ablative: laudandö by praising
laudat he praises laudävit he has...
laudämus we praise laudävimus we have... SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE1 SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
laudätis you... laudävistis you have... Present Perfect Present Perfect
laudant they... laudävërunt they have... laudem laudäverim lauder laudätus, -a, -um sim
Imperfect Pluperfect laudës laudäverïs laudëris laudätus, -a, -um sïs
laudäbam I was praising laudäveram I had praised laudet laudäverit laudëtur laudätus, -a, -um sit
laudäbäs you were... laudäveräs you had... laudëmus laudäverïmus laudëmur laudätï, -ae, -a sïmus
laudäbat he was... laudäverat he had... laudëtis laudäverïtus laudëminï laudätï, -ae, -a sïtis
laudäbämus we were... laudäverämus we had... laudent laudäverint laudentur laudätï, -ae, -a sint
laudäbätis you were... laudäverätis you had... Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect
laudäbant they were... laudäverant they had... laudärem laudävissem laudärer laudätus, -a, -um essem
Future Future Perfect laudärës laudävissës laudärëris laudätus, -a, -um essës
laudäbö I shall praise laudäverö I shall have praised laudäret laudävisset laudärëtur laudätus, -a, -um esset
laudäbis you will... laudäveris you will have... laudärëmus laudävissëmus laudärëmur laudätï, -ae, -a essëmus
laudäbit he will... laudäverit he will have... laudärëtis laudävissëtis laudärëminï laudätï, -ae, -a essëtis
laudäbimus we will... laudäverimus we will have... laudärent laudävissent laudärentur laudätï, -ae, -a essent
laudäbitis you will... laudäveritis you will have... 1
No meanings are given for the subjunctive because of the great variety of its uses. Each use calls for
laudäbunt they will... laudäverint they will have... its own, special translation.
INDICATIVE PASSIVE
Present Future Pluperfect
laudor I am (being) praised laudäbor I shall be praised laudätus, -a, -um eram I had been praised
laudäris you are... laudäberis you will be... laudätus, -a, -um eräs you had been...
laudätur he is... laudäbitur he will be... laudätus, -a, -um erat he had been...
laudämur we are... laudäbimur we shall be... laudätï, -ae, -a erämus we had been...
laudäminï you are... laudäbiminï you will be... laudätï, -ae, -a erätis you had been...
laudantur they are... laudäbuntur they will be... laudätï, -ae, -a erant they had been...
Imperfect Perfect Future Perfect
laudäbar I was being praised laudätus, -a, -um sum I have been praised laudätus, -a, -um erö I shall have been praised
laudäbäris you were... laudätus, -a, -um es you have been... laudätus, -a, -um eris you will have been...
laudäbätur he was... laudätus, -a, -um est he has been... laudätus, -a, -um erit he will have been...
laudäbämur we were... laudätï, -ae, -a sumus we have been... laudätï, -ae, -a erimus we shall have been...
laudäbäminï you were... laudätï, -ae, -a estis you have been... laudätï, -ae, -a eritis you will have been...
laudäbantur they were... laudätï, -ae, -a sunt they have been... laudätï, -ae, -a erunt they will have been...
Second Conjugation
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF MONEÖ SUPINE PARTICIPLES GERUND INFINITIVES
moneö I warn monuï I have warned monitum Present Act.: monëns warning Nom.: monëre ACTIVE
monëre to warn monitus warned monitü Perfect Pass.: monitus, -a, -um Gen.: monendï Present: monëre
Future Act.: monitürus, -a, -um Dat.: monendö Perfect: monuisse
INDICATIVE ACTIVE INDICATIVE PASSIVE Gerundive: monendus, -a, -um Acc.: monendum Future: monitürus esse
Present Perfect Present Perfect Abl.: monendö PASSIVE
moneö monuï moneor monitus, -a, -um sum Present: mönërï
monës monuistï monëris monitus, -a, -um es IMPERATIVE ACT. IMPERATIVE PASS. Perfect: monitus esse
monet monuit monëtur monitus, -a, -um est PRESENT PRESENT Future: monitum ïrï
monëmus monuimus monëmur monitï, -ae, -a sumus Sing.: monë Sing.: monëre
monëtis monuistis monëminï monitï, -ae, -a estis Plur.: monëte Plur.: monëminï
monent monuërunt monentur monitï, -ae, -a sunt SUBJUNCTIVE ACT. SUBJUNCTIVE PASS.
Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect Present Perfect Present Perfect
monëbam monueram monëbar monitus, -a, -um eram moneam monuerim monear monitus, -a, -um sim
monëbäs monueräs monëbäris monitus, -a, -um eräs moneäs monuerïs moneäris monitus, -a, -um sïs
monëbat monuerat monëbätur monitus, -a, -um erat moneat monuerit moneätur monitus, -a, -um sit
monëbämus monuerämus monëbämur monitï, -ae, -a erämus moneämus monuerïmus moneämur monitï, -ae, -a sïmus
monëbätis monuerätis monëbäminï monitï, -ae, -a erätis moneätis monuerïtis moneäminï monitï, -ae, -a sïtis
monëbant monuerant monëbantur monitï, -ae, -a erant moneant monuerint moneantur monitï, -ae, -a sint
Future Future Perfect Future Future Perfect Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect
monëbö monuerö monëbor monitus, -a, -um erö monërem monuissem monërer monitus, -a, -um essem
monëbis monueris monëberis monitus, -a, -um eris monërës monuissës monërëris monitus, -a, -um essës
monëbit monuerit monëbitur monitus, -a, -um erit monëret monuisset monërëtur monitus, -a, -um esset
monëbimus monuerimus monëbimur monitï, -ae, -a erimus monërëmus monuissëmus monërëmur monitï, -ae, -a essëmus
monëbitis monueritis monëbiminï monitï, -ae, -a eritis monërëtis monuissëtis monërëminï monitï, -ae, -a essëtis
monëbunt monuerint monëbuntur monitï, -ae, -a erunt monërent monuissent monërentur monitï, -ae, -a essent
The Irregular Verb eo1 The Defective Verbs Coepi, Odi, and Memini
PRINCIPAL PARTS eö I go iï (ïvï) I have gone These verbs have forms in the perfect system only, the present, imperfect,
INDICATIVE ïre to go itum (est) it has been gone and future tenses having been displaced. Coepï is the only one of the
Present Future Pluperf. three to have passive forms; the other two are conjugated only in the per-
eö ïbö ieram SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE fect active systems. The conjugations of all three are otherwise perfectly
ïs ïbis ieräs Present Perfect Present regular and have not been reproduced below.
it ïbit ierat eam ierim Sing.: ï
ïmus ïbimus ierämus eäs ierïs Plur.: ïte PRINCIPAL PARTS INFINITIVES PARTICIPLES
ïtis ïbitis ierätis eat ierit INFINITIVES coepï I began 1 Perfect Perfect
eunt ïbunt ierant eämus ierïmus Pres.: ïre coepisse to have begun coepisse coeptus
Imperf. Perfect Fut. Perf. eätis ierïtis Perf.: iisse coeptus begun Future Future
ïbam iï ierö eant ierint Fut.: itürus esse (Note past meaning.) coeptürus esse coeptürus
ïbäs iistï ieris Imperf. Pluperfect GERUND
ïbat iit ierit ïrem iissem (ïssem) Nom.: ïre ödï I hate Perfect: ödisse Perfect: ösus
ïbämus iimus ierimus ïrës iissës Gen.: eundï ödisse to hate Future: ösürus esse Future: ösürus
ïbätis iistis ieritis ïret iisset Dat.: eundö ösus hated, hating
ïbant iërunt ierint ïrëmus iissëmus Acc.: eundum (Note present meaning.) Ödï lacks imperatives.
PARTICIPLES ïrëtis iissëtis Abl.: eundö
Present: iëns (euntis) ïrent iissent SUPINE meminï I remember Perfect: meminisse IMPERATIVE
Future: itürus, -a, -um itum to go meminisse to remember Sing.: mementö
Gerundive: eundus itü to go (Note present meaning.) Plur.: mementöte
1 1
Adeö, ineö, and tränseö are transitive and may therefore be conjugated in the passive. Queö For a present meaning of “begin,” use incipiö. Coepï has no imperative forms.
and nequeö are conjugated like eö.
3. SYNTAX OF VERBS 4
Indicative Mood
1. The historical present is used to make the Subjunctive Mood—Dependent Uses Syntax of the Infinitive
past more vivid: Mïlitës iter faciunt. The 1. Any subordinate clause introduced by an 1. In indirect statement when the statement
soldiers made a journey. interrogative word is an indirect question. made by a speaker is reported by someone,
2. Iam with any expression of time, plus the It ordinarily depends upon a verb of know- the subject is in the accusative case, the verb
present, equals the English perfect: Iam diü ing, telling, seeing, hearing, or any expres- becomes an infinitive, and any subordinate
in Americä est. He has been. Iam plus the sion of uncertainty. The verb of the indirect verb becomes subjunctive. In deciding
imperfect equals the English pluperfect: question goes in the subjunctive. The tense upon the tense of any subordinate verb, the
Iam multös annös rëgnäbat. He had been... of the subjunctive clause depends upon sequence of tenses is followed. In deciding
3. Dum (while) plus the present equals the whether the action of the indicative verb in upon the tense of the infinitive, the prob-
English past. Dum pugnant, imperätor per- the main clause is continuing or complete. lem may be resolved by returning the sen-
vënit. While they were fighting... There are two sequences of tenses (depend- tence to direct statement, and then using the
4. Quamquam and etsï (although) take any ing upon the two possible times of the main same tense of the infinitive.
tense of the indicative: Quamquam Römae verb): Dïcit së venïre. He says that he is coming.
est... Although he is in Rome... A. Primary (main verb in present time): (direct: I am coming.)
5. Postquam (after), ubi (when), simul atque Scit quid faciam. He knows what I am Dïxit së venïre. He said that he was coming.
(as soon as), plus the Latin perfect, equal doing. (direct: I am coming.)
English pluperfect: Postquam ad oppidum Scit quid factürus sim.1 He knows what I Dïcit së vënisse. He says that he has come.
pervënit... After he had arrived at the shall do. (direct: I have come.)
town... Scit quid fëcerim. He knows what I did. Dïxit së vënisse. He said that he had come.
6. Causal clauses introduced by quod or quo- B. Secondary (main verb in past time): (direct: I have come.)
niam employ the indicative: Fortissimï sunt Scïvit quid facerem. He knew what I was Dïcit së ventürum esse. He says that he will
illï virï quod longissimë absunt. Those men doing. come. (direct: I shall come.)
are the bravest because they are the farthest Scïvit quid factürus essem.1 He knew what I Dïxit së ventürum esse. He said that he
away. was going to do. would come. (direct: I shall come.)
7. Temporal clauses introduced by cum and Scïvit quid fëcissem. He knew what I had Subordinate clauses occurring within an
showing true time are in the indicative: done. indirect statement are often conditions. In
Tum cum multï rës magnäs ämïserant... At such cases, the “if clause” is in the subjunc-
the time when many men had lost great for- 1
Since in this instance a future form of the subjunctive is tive and the “conclusion” is an infinitive
tunes... needed, the present and imperfect forms of the verb sum are construction. Dïxit sï ïret, nëminem
8. Relative clauses are usually in the indica- used, along with the future participle, to take the place of the secütürum esse. He said that if he should
tive: ...in partës trës, quärum ünam incolunt missing form.
go, no one should follow.
Belgae ...into three parts, of which the 2. Complementary Infinitive. An infinitive
Belgians inhabit one. (For relative clauses 2. Purpose Clauses — Adverbial. The purpose without a subject is used to complete the
in subjunctive, see below.) clause modifies the introducing verb. Venit action of certain verbs:
ut më videat. He comes to (literally, in order possum — I am able statuö — I determine
Subjunctive Mood—Independent Uses that he may) see me. volö — I wish cönor — I try
3. Purpose Clauses — Relative. The purpose nölö — I do not wish temptö — I try
1. Deliberative or dubitative questions clause is adjectival. Mïsit explörätörem quï
(rhetorical or expressing doubt) use the sub- mälö — I prefer audeö — I dare
mïlitës düceret. He sent a scout to lead the cupiö — I desire dëbeö — I ought
junctive: Quid agam, iüdicës? What am I to soldiers.
do, jurors? patior — I allow constituö — I decide
4. Purpose Clauses — Substantive. The clause dubitö — I hesitate parö — I prepare
2. Statements of potential (possible action) is the object of a verb of asking, command-
employ subjunctive: Dïcat quispiam... incipiö — I begin dësistö — I cease
ing, etc. Eïs persuädëbit ut exeant. He will videor — I seem
Someone may say... persuade them to leave.
3. Commands of the 1st or 3rd person are in Bellum ïnferre possunt... They are able to
5. Result Clauses — Adverbial. Tam fortis erat make war on...
subjunctive (hortatory subjunctive): ut vincï nön posset. He was so brave that he
Laudëmus... Let us praise... 3. Objective Infinitive. Many verbs which
could not be conquered. ordinarily would take a complementary
Laudet... Let him praise... 6. Result Clauses — Substantive. Accidit ut sit
(BUT 2nd person commands are in impera- infinitive take an objective infinitive when
lüna plëna. It happens that the moon is full. the subject of the verb is different from the
tive: Laudä... (You) Praise...) 7. After verbs of fearing. Germänï verëbantur
4. Wishes possible of fulfillment are in pres- subject of the infinitive. Eum abïre
në Caesar cöpiäs träns Rhënum trädüceret. iussërunt. They ordered him to go away.
ent subjunctive: Utinam vïvat! Oh that he The Germans feared that Caesar would lead
might live (go on living)! Wishes impossi- 4. Subjective Infinitive. Facile est hoc facere.
troops across the Rhine. Note: After verbs To do this is easy.
ble of fulfillment are in imperfect or plu- of fearing, në replaces ut, and ut becomes
perfect subjunctive: Utinam vïveret! If he 5. Historical Infinitive. The infinitive, with a
negative “that not.” nominative subject, is sometimes used to
were only alive! 8. In Cum Clauses (when cum means when,
5. Conditional (“if-then”) sentences possible express past time more vividly. Ego ïnstäre
since, or although). Cum id nüntiätum ut mihi respondëret. I kept urging him to
of fulfillment employ present subjunctive esset... When this was announced... Quae
in both clauses: Sï pater tëcum loquätur, reply to me.
cum ita sint... Since this is so... Cum prïmï
nönne audïre debeäs? If your father speaks, ördinës concidissent... Although the first
shouldn’t you listen? ranks had fallen... Syntax of Participles
6. Conditional sentences impossible of fulfill- 9. After Dum (meaning until ). Dum relïquae 1. Participles are verbals which perform as
ment (or contrary to fact) employ the imper- nävës convenïrent, ad nönam höram exspec- adjectives. Mïlitës moritürï proelium com-
fect subjunctive or the pluperfect subjunc- tävit. He waited until (to) the ninth hour, mïsërunt. The soldiers who were about to
tive: Sï hoc accidisset, Clödius nön mortuus until the rest of the ships would assemble. die engaged in battle.
esset. If this had happened, Clödius would 10. Clauses of comparison introduced by utsi, 2. Future passive participles (sometimes
not have died. velutsi, quasi. Dïcit velutsi sit ämëns. He called gerundives) express necessity or obli-
speaks as if he were mad. gation. Vir laudandus. A man worthy to be
Some Special Verb Rules 11. Negative expressions of doubt and hinder- praised. The future passive participle used
1. A finite verb agrees with its subject in ing: Nön est dubium quïn mïlitës sint with some form of sum is called the second
person and number. fortës. There is no doubt that the soldiers periphrastic conjugation. Puella est aman-
2. A question expecting the answer “maybe” are brave. da. The girl ought to be loved.
has the suffix -ne attached to the most 12. Relative Clause of Description — Erat mïles 3. The future active participle combined with
important word in the sentence. A question quï fortiter pugnäret. He was a soldier who sum (first periphrastic conjugation) is a way
introduced by nönne expects “yes;” num would fight bravely. of expressing futurity, even in past time.
expects “no.” Ducem monitürus eram. I was about to
3. Verbs meaning favor, help, please, trust (and their opposites) and believe, persuade, command, advise the general.
obey, serve, resist, envy, pardon, and spare take the dative case. 4. The gerund is a verbal noun which is dec-
4. Many Verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prö, sub, and super take the linable only in the singular. The gerund, as
dative case. a verb, may take an object. Ars bene dis-
5. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case. serendï... The art of speaking well...
6. The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative case. 5. The supine, ending in -um, is used to
7. The deponent verbs, ütor, fruor, fungor, potior, vëscor take the ablative case. express purpose with verbs of motion.
8. Verbs of fearing take the subjunctive with në (that) and ut or në nön (that not). Pugnätum vënërunt. They came to fight.
9. Attraction means that a verb ordinarily indicative is attracted into the subjunctive mood by the Ending in -ü, the supine is used with certain
proximity of another subjunctive. adjectives. Difficile factü... Difficult to do...
LATIN CASE USE IN THE SENTENCE ENGLISH CASE EXAMPLE Inflection in General
Nominative Subject or subj. complement. Nominative. Puer (the or a boy) The inflectional ending of a word shows its
Genitive Shows possession and other Possessive or the Puerï (of the boy, number, gender, and case. The general con-
relationships. objective, with “of.” or of a boy) cepts of number and case are similar to their
Dative Indirect object and other Objective, often with Puerö (to or for counterparts in English (singular-plural, case
relationships. “to” or “for.” the boy) structure outlined above). However, gender
Accusative Direct object. Objective. Puerum (boy, or the boy) in Latin is often grammatical only, and unre-
Ablative Occurs in adverbial phrases, Objective, as object of Puerö (by the boy, lated to natural gender. Although there are
usually with a preposition. many prepositions. from, with, on, the same three genders (masculine, feminine,
at, etc.) neuter) in Latin as in English, it is not uncom-
mon for a word like nauta (sailor), which is
There are two additional cases which occur infrequently, and are not usually given with the naturally male, to appear in a feminine
declensions: declension (1st declension). Inflected words
Vocative Case of address. (The Latin Nominative of Puer! (Boy!) are comprised of two parts: the base and the
inflectional ending is the address. inflected portion. The base is that part of the
same as in the nominative word which remains unchanged, and the
with exceptions noted, p. 7.) base of any noun may be determined by
Locative Case of “place at which,” with Objective, with “at.” Römae (at Rome) removing the ending of the genitive singular
cities, towns, small islands, form. The base of terra is terr-; the base of
and domus (home) only. ager is agr-, and so on.
4. NOUNS
The gender of most 1st declension nouns is feminine. That of most 2nd declension nouns is neuter
First and Second Declension Nouns (ending in -um) or masculine (ending in -us or -er).
1st Declension — Fem. 2nd Declension — Masc. 2nd Declension — Neut. 2nd Declension Masc. Ending in -er
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom. terra (land) -ae dominus (lord) -ï caelum (sky) -a ager (field) agrï puer (boy) -ï
Gen. terrae -ärum dominï -örum caelï -örum agrï -örum puerï -örum
Dat. terrae -ïs dominö -ïs caelö -ïs agrö -ïs puerö -ïs
Acc. terram -äs dominum -ös caelum -a agrum -ös puerum -ös
Abl. terrä -ïs dominö -ïs caelö -ïs agrö -ïs puerö -ïs
Third Declension Nouns The trademark of the 3rd declension is the ending -is in the genitive singular. It is added to the base. All genders
are represented in the 3rd declension.1
(light) (soldier) (ship) (night) (sea) (type) (river)
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom. lüx lücës mïles mïlitës nävis -ës nox noctës mare -ia genus genera flümen flümina
Gen. lücis -um mïlitis -um nävis -ium noctis -ium maris -ium generis -um flüminis -um
Dat. lücï -ibus mïlitï -ibus nävï -ibus noctï -ibus marï -ibus generï -ibus flüminï -ibus
Acc. lücem -ës mïlitem -ës nävem -ës (-ïs) noctem -ës (-ïs) mare -ia genus -a flümen -a
Abl. lüce -ibus mïlite -ibus näve -ibus nocte -ibus marï -ibus genere -ibus flümine -ibus
1
Nouns ending in -is or -es that have the same number of syl- Nouns whose bases end in double consonants take -ium in the Neuter nouns ending in -e, -al, or -ar take -ï in the ablative sin-
lables in the genitive and the nominative take -ium in the gen- genitive plural and, sometimes, -ïs in the accusative plural. gular, -ia in the nominative and accusative plural, and -ium in
itive plural and, sometimes, -ïs in the accusative plural. the genitive plural.