Introduction To Radiology

Introduction
Dr Lahari A Telang
Assoc. Prof & Head
Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology
PENANG INTERNATIONAL DENTAL COLLEGE
 Be aware of the history of radiology. (A1)
 Illustrate the parts of the x-ray machine and discuss
their uses (C3,C2)
 List 8 properties of x-rays(C1)
 Identify different types of radiographs used in Oral
radiology (C1)
 Radiology: The branch of medicine concerned with x-
rays, radioactive materials, and other ionizing radiations,
and the application of the principles of this science to
diagnosis and treatment of disease.
 Radiography :The technique of producing a photographic

image of an opaque specimen by the penetration of
radiation such as gamma rays,
x-rays, neutrons, or charged particles
Dr Lahari A Telang., Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology, PENANG INTERNATIONAL DENTAL COLLEGE
 A specialty of dentistry and a discipline of radiology
concerned with the production and interpretation of
images and data produced by all modalities of radiant
energy that are used for the diagnosis and management
of diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral and
maxillofacial region.
-- American Dental Association Of Oral And Maxillofacial Radiology
Dr Lahari A Telang. Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology, PENANG INTERNATIONAL DENTAL COLLEGE
• Radiology is the use of radiant energy (xrays)
in the diagnosis and treatment of
disease. Only dentist can practice radiology
as it involves diagnosis and treatment.
• Radiography is the photographically

recording of images of the teeth and
surrounding structures with use of x-rays.
Can be done by hygienists and assistants
?
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
1845-1923
 Roentgen discovered a new form of radiation- X rays in
1895.
 Roentgen was working in his laboratory at the Physical
Institute of the University of Würzburg, Germany,
experimenting with a Crookes tube.
 On the evening of November 8, 1895, when he shielded

the Crooke’s tube with heavy black cardboard, he found
that a greenish fluorescent light could be seen from a
barium platinocyanide screen 9 feet away.
 His discovery was presented in a paper dated December
28, 1895: "Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen" ("On a New
Type of Ray").
 First Nobel prize in physics in 1901.
 Röntgen died at Munich on February 10, 1923, from

carcinoma of the intestine.
Roentgen's lab
 An image of his wife's hand which showed the
shadows thrown by the bones of her hand and that of
a ring she was wearing, surrounded by the penumbra
of the flesh was the first "röntgenogram" ever taken.
 Because their nature was then unknown, he gave them

the name X-rays.
Dr Lahari A Telang, Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology, PENANG INTERNATIONAL DENTAL COLLEGE
The First "Röntgenogram
 As early as February 8, 1896, X-rays were being used
clinically the United States.
 In 1896 prominent New Orleans dentist

Edmond Kells took the first dental x-ray of a living
person in the U.S.
Glass tube making
Let us recollect
 wavelength is the distance between repeating units of
a propagating wave of a given frequency.
 λ =v/f
 Wavelength = velocity/ frequency
 It is the number of cycles per unit time (sec)
 Inversely proportional to wavelenght (λ) f α 1/ λ
• F=v/λ
• Units= herzts
1 Hz means that an event repeats once per sec
 The atom is the smallest unit of an element that
retains the chemical properties of that element
1. Electromagnetic radiation
2. Highly penetrating
3. Invisible
4. Electrically neutral
5. Wide variety of wavelengths (from about 100 A to 0.01
A) and energies
6. Release very little heat when they pass through matter
7. Travel in straight lines
8. Travel at the speed of light 3 x 108 meters/s in
vacuum
9. Can ionize matter
10. Cause florescence of certain crystals
11. Cannot be focused by a lens
12. Affect photographic film
13. Produce chemical and biological changes in matter
by ionization and excitation
14. Produce secondary and scattered radiation
 The shorter the wavelength of the X ray, the greater is
its energy and its penetrating power.
 Longer wavelengths, near the ultraviolet-ray band of

the electromagnetic spectrum, are known as SOFT x
rays .The shorter wavelengths, closer to and
overlapping the gamma-ray range, are called HARD x
rays .
 A mixture of many different wavelengths is known as

“white” X rays
 “Monochromatic” X rays represent only a single
wavelength
 PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY
1. IOPARs- bisecting, paralleling, bitewing

2. Occlusal view
3. Panoramic view
4. Lateral oblique view
5. TMJ views
6. Skull views
L
1. X-ray tube head
2. Power supply
 To heat the filament to generate electrons
 To establish a high voltage potential between cathode and
anode to accelerate electrons
3. Extension arm
4. Control panel
 Cathode (-)  Anode (+)
1. Filament 1. Target
 Tungsten coil 2mm x 1 cm  Tungsten (focal spot)
 Generates electrons  Converts kinetic energy of
2. Focusing cup electrons into x-ray
photons
 Molybdenum
 Negatively charged 2. Embedded in a copper
concave reflector stem
 Copper helps dissipate
heat
 Why tungsten?
1. High atomic number
2. High melting point
3. High thermal
conductivity
4. Low vapour pressure
Conventional photography Digital photography

Introduction To Radiology

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Introduction

 Radiography :The technique of producing a photographic

-- American Dental Association Of Oral And Maxillofacial Radiology

• Radiography is the photographically

 On the evening of November 8, 1895, when he shielded

 First Nobel prize in physics in 1901.

 Röntgen died at Munich on February 10, 1923, from

 Because their nature was then unknown, he gave them

 In 1896 prominent New Orleans dentist

1 Hz means that an event repeats once per sec

 Longer wavelengths, near the ultraviolet-ray band of

 A mixture of many different wavelengths is known as

1. IOPARs- bisecting, paralleling, bitewing

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