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British Annexation
British Annexation
CARNATIC WARS
1st CARNATIC WAR:
PERIOD: 1746-1748
REASONS:
1.Colonial competition between French and British.
2.Austrian war of succession.
COARSE OF WAR:
1. 1746- St.George Fort was surrounded by French.
2. Arcot nawab helped British @ Chennai –sent huge force under MAFUZ KHAN.
3. 1746 – BATTLE OF ADAYAR- French under Dupleix defeated combined force of Nawab
and British.
PERIOD: 1749-1754
REASONS:
1. War of succession in Nizam of Hyderabad and Nawab of Arcot
2. Dupliex aligned with Muzaffar Jung (H) and Chanda Sahib(A).
COARSE OF WAR:
1. 1751- BATTLE OF AMBUR -French+ally won the Battle
2. Muzaffar Jung (H) became Nizam and Chanda Sahib(A) became Nawab.
3. Anwaruddin(A) and Nasir Jang(H) were killed.
4. French got Pondicherry and Masulipatnam + Jagir.
5. 1752- ROBERT CLIVE entered India.
6. Arcot was recaptured by Clive - British won the (French + Ally).
7. Chanda Sahib killed.
8. Recall of Dupleix.
PERIOD: 1758-1763
REASONS:
1.due to seven years war in Europe( B Vs F).
COARSE OF WAR:
1. lally captured Fort St.David.
2. Initially british defeated by French.
3. @ Battle of Wandiwash(1760)-British defeated French.
4. 1761-Pondicherry captured by British.
5. British demolished French monuments and Ethnic cleansing done.
BATTLE OF PLASSEY : JUNE 1757- (Mir Jaffer+ Mir Bakshi+ Admiral Watson+
Robert Clive) attacked Nawab of Bengal.
War ended in one day and Nawab was killed.
Mir Jaffer was appointed as Nawab of Bengal.-British was given 24 bargana.
Mir Jaffer resigned in 1760. He was replaced by his son-in-law Mir Kasim as Nawab.
BATTLE OF BUXAR: Mir kasim revolted against British for misusing dastak rights,
1962--formed alliance with Nawab of Awadh and Mugal Emperor(Shah alam II) and
invaded british @buxar.
Combined force of Mir kasim was defeated by Sir Hectre Munro.
1765-Robert Clive became the First governor of Bengal.
Robert Clive made Mir Jaffer as Nawab.
TREATY OF ALLAHABAD: signed between Robert Clive and Shah Alam II and
Nawab of Awadh----- British was given DIWANI (land revenue collection) rights for
Bihar, Bengal and Orissa.
Mysore was ruled by UDAYAR DYNASTY. Hyder Ali joined the mysore army as a chepoy
in 1740. Later he became the ruler of Mysore replacing Udayar ruler in 1761.
PERIOD: 1766-1769
REASONS:
1.Due to alignment of Hyder Ali with French.
2.British threatened by the growth of Hyder Ali.
3.British planned for obtaining the West Coast of India from Hyder Ali(for free and easy
trade).
COARSE OF WAR:
1767—Battle b/w British and Hyder Ali @ its peak.
TREATY: 1769-A friendly treaty signed b/w Hyder Ali and British—TREATY OF
MADRAS [To help Hyder Ali from marathas and Nizam (H)].
PERIOD: 1780-1784
REASONS:
1.Warren Hastings became Governor General of Bengal-1773.
2.Warren Hastings attacked French territory MAHE, which is under the control of Hyder Ali.
3.Hyder Ali was not supported by British during war with Marathas and Nizam as agreed in
Treaty of Madras -1771.
COARSE OF WAR:
1.1780-Hyder Ali invited the war.
2.Initially Hyder Ali defeated the British force.
3.1781-Hyder Ali was defeated by Eyre Coote @Battle Of PROTONOVA
4.1782-Hyder Ali died of Cancer.
5.Tipu Sultan continued the war, both exhausted and ended with treaty.
[Tipu has strong administration over civil and military~~thus british could not defeat him easily.]
PERIOD: 1790-1792
REASONS:
1.Tipu Sultan has cardinal relationship with French.(hated by British)
2.Tipu Sultan attacked Trivancore(a close ally of British).
COARSE OF WAR:
1.British started the war in 1790.
2.Tipu has given European pattern of training to his forces(but they could not grasp it easily.)
3.1791~~forces of Mysore were defeated by British in many places.
Tipu sultan was defeated.
PERIOD: 1799
REASONS:
1.Tipu Sultan has cardinal relationship with French.(hated by British)
2.Tipu Sultan membership in Jacobian club.~~threatened British.
COARSE OF WAR:
1.Lord Wellesely became the Governor General of Bengal(known for his aggressive policies).
2.Wellesely wanted Tipu out of Mysore region.
3.1799—Battle started b/w them,Tipu Sultan used iron cased rockets in the war.
4.Finally,Tipu Sultan defeated in the war and killed.
5.UDAYAR replaced the throne.(loyal to british).
IMPORTANCE:
1.British became the prominent power of South India.
2.British relieved from Francophobia.
3.They availed Western coastal region.
MARATHA CONQUEST
PERIOD: 1775-1782
REASONS:
1.British signed Treaty of Surat favouring Ragunath Rao as Peshwa.[After the death of
Madhavrao Peshwa in 1772, his brother Narayanrao became Peshwa of the Maratha Empire.
However, Raghunathrao, Narayanrao's uncle, had his nephew assassinated in a palace conspiracy
that resulted in Raghunathrao becoming Peshwa, although he was not the legal heir.]
COARSE OF WAR:
1. Narayanrao's widow, Gangabai, gave birth to a posthumous son, who was legal heir to
the throne. The newborn infant was named 'Sawai' Madhavrao.
2. Battle of Wadgaon-1779~~English forces were defeated by Maratha Rulers.
PERIOD: 1803-1806
REASONS:
1. 1798--Wellesley introduced Subsidiary Alliance (securing the rulers providing military
help and economic +political reward in return).
2. 1801—Nawab of Awadh,Nawab of Carnatic signed Subsidiary Alliance.
3. In October 1802, Peshwa Baji Rao II was defeated by Yashwantrao Holkar, ruler
of Indore, at the Battle of Poona. He fled to British protection, and in December the same
year concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company.
COARSE OF WAR:
1.In Combined forces of (Sindia+Bhonsle) defeated by EEIC~~the Maratha rulers also
became the subsidiary alliance of British.
2.In 1805,Holkar fought with EEIC,signed a Peace treaty and ends the war.
PERIOD: 1817-1818
REASONS:
1.Pindari War started against EEIc(marathas+muslims),headed by Sindias.
2.Its spread throughout north and central India,feared EEIC.
COARSE OF WAR:
1.1817-Peshwa attacked EEIC @ Poona~~Peshwa was defeated and sent to KANPUR and
BOMBAY PRESIDENCY created from his land.
2.All the other Marathas were defeated by EEIC and treaties were signed for Subsidiary Alliance.
IMPORTANCE:
1.End of Maratha rule in India.
2.British became Pan Indian Power.
3.British gained access over cotton in Bombay presidency.
4.II phase of economic drain started in India.
PUNJAB CONQUEST
PERIOD: 1845-1846
REASONS:
1. In 1839-Ranjit Singh(Amir of Punjab) died.
2. War of Succession arose.
3. People were unrest and protested against the government for mismanagement.\
COARSE OF WAR:
1. In 1845—Lord Gough and Lord Hardinger(Governor General)attacked Punjab.
2. Punjab with unorganized army and lack of leadership defeated easily by EEIC.
PERIOD: 1848-1849.
REASONS:
1.Dalhousie became the Governor General-1848.
2.Introduced Doctrine of lapse.
3.At that time , Punjab did not have legal heir.
COARSE OF WAR:
1.Punjab was annexed by Dalhousie, for void of proper succession and improper
government in Punjab.
2. Though some government officials and public rose against the annexation of
Punjab~~they were easily suppressed.
3. John Lawrence became the first Commissioner of Punjab Province.
DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
By the end of 1856 entire India came under the political control of English East
Indian Company, the accumulated grievances of people and rulers reflected in 1857
Revolt. Though the revolt was aggressive with great participation from central India,it
was successfully suppressed by British.Later the power was transferred to the CROWN
and it was under the crown till INDIAN INDEPENDENCE IN 1947.
ANGLO-BURMESE WAR
ANGLO-AFGAN WAR
The annexation of Afgan was basically because of the threat from
Russian expansion in northwest .Also fear of afgan would become the ally
of Russia.If it happens it would be a great threat to British India.
THIRD WAR:
Durand line was reaffirmed between British India and Afgan.Treaty of Rawalpendi was
signed.Afgan was given independence with full soverignity in Foreign affairs.
REFERENCE:
1. MODERN INDIA-NCERT,BIPIN CHANDRA
2. TATA MCGRAW HILL
3. ARIHANT GK 2014
4. WIKIPEDIA(FOR STORIES:p)