M53 Lec1.0 Review of Functions PDF

Review of Functions
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics - UP Diliman
8 November 2012
Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 1 / 69

Outline
1 Functions
2 Basic Types of Functions
3 Constructing a table of signs
4 Piecewise-defined functions
5 Operations on Functions
6 Functions as Mathematical Models

Outline
1 Functions

Functions
Definition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X → Y , is
a rule that assigns to each element of X a unique element of Y .

Functions
Definition
X : domain of f , denoted dom f

Functions
Definition

Y : codomain of f

Functions
Definition

Y : codomain of f
The set of all elements of Y that are assigned to some element of X is the
range of f , denoted ran f

Functions
Example
Consider f : X → Y defined by the rule
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

Functions
Example
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
−2 7−→ 4
−1 7−→ 1
0 7−→ 0
1 7−→ 1
2 7−→ 4

Functions
Example
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
−2 7−→ 4
−1 7−→ 1
0 7−→ 0
1 7−→ 1
2 7−→ 4
domain: dom f

Functions
Example
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
−2 7−→ 4
−1 7−→ 1
0 7−→ 0
1 7−→ 1
2 7−→ 4
domain: dom f = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

Functions
Example
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
−2 7−→ 4
−1 7−→ 1
0 7−→ 0
1 7−→ 1
2 7−→ 4
domain: dom f = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

codomain: Y

Functions
Example
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
−2 7−→ 4
−1 7−→ 1
0 7−→ 0
1 7−→ 1
2 7−→ 4
domain: dom f = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

codomain: Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

Functions
Example
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
−2 7−→ 4
−1 7−→ 1
0 7−→ 0
1 7−→ 1
2 7−→ 4
domain: dom f = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

codomain: Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
range: ran f

Functions
Example
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
−2 7−→ 4
−1 7−→ 1
0 7−→ 0
1 7−→ 1
2 7−→ 4
domain: dom f = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

codomain: Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
range: ran f = {0, 1, 4}

Functions
If x ∈ X , the symbol f ( x ) denotes the element y ∈ Y that is assigned to x.

Functions

A function may be written as y = f ( x )
x: independent variable
y: dependent variable

Functions

A function may be written as y = f ( x )
x: independent variable
y: dependent variable
Alternatively, a function f is a set of ordered pairs ( x, y), where
( x, y) ∈ f if and only if y = f ( x )

Functions
Example
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

Functions
Example
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
The function f may be written as:

f ( x ) = x2 or y = x2

Functions
Example
x 7−→ x2
where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
The function f may be written as:

f ( x ) = x2 or y = x2
f = {(−2, 4), (−1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)}

Real-valued functions of a single variable
Real-valued functions of a single variable:

Codomain: R
Math 53 deals with functions whose domain and range are subsets of R.

Real-valued functions of a single variable:

Codomain: R
Math 53 deals with functions whose domain and range are subsets of R.
If the domain is not explicitly specified:
Domain: dom f = { x ∈ R | f (x) is a real number}

Example
1 f ( x ) = x2
x2 − 2x − 3
2 f (x) =
x+1

Example
1 f ( x ) = x2
dom f = R
x2 − 2x − 3
2 f (x) =
x+1

Example
1 f ( x ) = x2
dom f = R
x2 − 2x − 3
2 f (x) =
x+1
dom f = R \ {−1}

Zeroes of a function
Definition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.

Definition
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) = .
x+1

Definition
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
x2 − 2x − 3
= 0
x+1

Definition
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
x2 − 2x − 3
= 0
x+1
2
x − 2x − 3 = 0

Definition
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
x2 − 2x − 3
= 0
x+1
2
x − 2x − 3 = 0
( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0

Definition
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
x2 − 2x − 3
= 0
x+1
2
x − 2x − 3 = 0
( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
x=3 or x = −1

Definition
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
x2 − 2x − 3
= 0
x+1
2
x − 2x − 3 = 0
( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
x=3 or x = −1
The only zero of f is x = 3.

Graphs of Functions
Definition
The graph of a function f is the set of all points ( x, y) in the plane R2 for which
( x, y) ∈ f .

Graphs of Functions
Definition
The graph of a function f is the set of all points ( x, y) in the plane R2 for which
( x, y) ∈ f .
The graph of a function is the geometric representation on the Cartesian plane of

all points ( x, y) that satisfy y = f ( x ).

Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) = x2 :
−2 −1 1 2
0
The points on the graph of f are the points ( x, y) that satisfy the equation y = x2 .

Graphs of Functions
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
The graph of f ( x ) = :
x+1

Graphs of Functions
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
x2 − 2x − 3
f (x) =
x+1

Graphs of Functions
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
x2 − 2x − 3 ( x − 3)( x + 1)
f (x) = =
x+1 ( x + 1)

Graphs of Functions
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
x2 − 2x − 3 ( x − 3)( x + 1)
f (x) = = = x − 3 if x 6= −1
x+1 ( x + 1)

Graphs of Functions
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
x2 − 2x − 3 ( x − 3)( x + 1)
f (x) = = = x − 3 if x 6= −1
x+1 ( x + 1)
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5

Graphs of Functions
Graphically:

Graphs of Functions
Graphically:
Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x ))

Graphs of Functions
Graphically:
Domain: x-interval covered by the graph

Graphs of Functions
Graphically:
Range: y-interval covered by the graph

Graphs of Functions
Graphically:
Zero of a function: x-intercept of the graph

Graphs of Functions
Graphically:
Intervals where the function value (or y-value) is positive: portions where the
graph lies above the x-axis

Graphs of Functions
Graphically:
Intervals where the function value (or y-value) is positive: portions where the
graph lies above the x-axis
Intervals where the function value (or y-value) is negative: portions where the
graph lies below the x-axis

x2 − 2x − 3
Consider the graph of f ( x ) = .
x+1
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2 ( x, x − 3)
−3
−4
−5
Domain: Positive:
Range: Negative:
Zero:

x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2 ( x, x − 3)
−3
−4
−5
Domain: R \ {−1} Positive:

Range: Negative:
Zero:

x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2 ( x, x − 3)
−3
−4
−5
R
Domain: \ {−1} Positive:
R
Range: \ {−4} Negative:
Zero:

x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2 ( x, x − 3)
−3
−4
−5
R
Domain: \ {−1} Positive:
R
Zero: x = 3

x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2 ( x, x − 3)
−3
−4
−5
R
Domain: \ {−1} Positive: (3, +∞)
R
Zero: x = 3

x2 − 2x − 3
x+1
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2 ( x, x − 3)
−3
−4
−5
R
Domain: \ {−1} Positive: (3, +∞)
R
Range: \ {−4} Negative: (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, 3)
Zero: x = 3

Outline
1 Functions

Basic types of functions
Constant Functions - functions of the form f ( x ) = c, where c is a real number

Constant Functions - functions of the form f ( x ) = c, where c is a real number

dom f = R; ran f = {c}
graph: horizontal line intersecting the y-axis at y = c

Example
Consider the constant function f ( x ) = 2.
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
0
−1

Linear Functions - functions of the form
f ( x ) = mx + b
with m 6= 0

Linear Functions - functions of the form
f ( x ) = mx + b
with m 6= 0
dom f = R; ran f = R
graph: m is slope; y-intercept is b

Example
Consider the linear function f ( x ) = − x + 1.
−2 −1 1 2
0
−1
m = −1, y-intercept: 1

Quadratic Functions - functions of the form
f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a 6= 0

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a 6= 0
dom f = R

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a 6= 0
dom f = R
graph: parabola with vertex at

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a 6= 0
dom f = R
b 4ac−b2
graph: parabola with vertex at − 2a , 4a

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a 6= 0
dom f = R
b 4ac−b2
If a > 0:

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a 6= 0
dom f = R
b 4ac−b2
If a > 0: parabola opens upward,

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a 6= 0
dom f = R
b 4ac−b2
h
− b2 , + ∞
If a > 0: parabola opens upward, ran f = 4ac4a

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a 6= 0
dom f = R
b 4ac−b2
h
− b2 , + ∞
If a < 0:

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a 6= 0
dom f = R
b 4ac−b2
h
− b2 , + ∞
i
− b2
If a < 0: parabola opens downward, ran f = −∞, 4ac4a

Example
Consider the quadratic function f ( x ) = x2 .
−2 −1 1 2
0
A parabola opening upward with vertex at (0, 0)

Example
Consider the quadratic function f ( x ) = − x2 − 2x + 3.
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2
−1
−2
A parabola opening downward with vertex at (−1, 4)

Extreme function values of a quadratic function:

a > 0: f has a minimum function value
a < 0: f has a maximum function value
b
The extreme function value of f occurs at x = − 2a and the extreme function
2
b 4ac−b
value of f is f − 2a = 4a

Example

Example
Since a < 0

Example
Since a < 0
f has a maximum function value which occurs at x = −1
The maximum value of f ( x ) is f (−1) = 4

Polynomial Functions - functions of the form
f ( x ) = a n x n + a n −1 x n −1 + · · · + a 1 x + a 0
where n ∈ W, an , an−1, ..., a0 are real numbers, with an 6= 0.

f ( x ) = a n x n + a n −1 x n −1 + · · · + a 1 x + a 0

leading coefficient: an
degree of f : n

f ( x ) = a n x n + a n −1 x n −1 + · · · + a 1 x + a 0

degree of f : n
dom f = R

f ( x ) = a n x n + a n −1 x n −1 + · · · + a 1 x + a 0

degree of f : n
dom f = R
Constant, linear and quadratic functions are special types of polynomial
functions

f ( x ) = a n x n + a n −1 x n −1 + · · · + a 1 x + a 0

degree of f : n
dom f = R
Constant, linear and quadratic functions are special types of polynomial
functions
Graphs of polynomial functions: Unit 3

p( x )
Rational Functions - functions of the form f ( x ) = , where p and q are
q( x )
polynomial functions, and q is not the constant zero function.

p( x )
Rational Functions - functions of the form f ( x ) = , where p and q are
q( x )
polynomial functions, and q is not the constant zero function.
Domain: { x ∈ R | q ( x ) 6 = 0}
Graphs of rational functions: Unit 3

Graphs of Functions
Example
x2 − 2x − 3
Consider the rational function f ( x ) = .
x+1
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5

Functions involving rational exponents or radicals - functions of the form

√
x = x /n
n 1
f (x) =

Functions involving rational exponents or radicals - functions of the form

√
x = x /n
n 1
f (x) =
n is odd: dom f = R
n is even: dom f = [0, ∞)

Example
√
Square root function: f ( x ) = x

Example
√
√
y= x

Example
√
√
y= x =⇒ y2 = x

Example
√
√
y= x =⇒ y2 = x, y ≥ 0

Example
√
√
y= x =⇒ y2 = x, y ≥ 0
2 2
1 1
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
−1 −1
−2 −2
√
The graph of x = y2 The graph of y = x
√
The graph of f ( x ) = x is the upper branch of the parabola x = y2

Trigonometric/Circular Functions
sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions

Trigonometric/Circular Functions
sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions

In Math 53, the trigonometric functions are viewed as functions on the set of
real numbers.

Example
f ( x ) = sin x
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0
π
2
π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2
−1

Example
f ( x ) = cos x
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0
π
2
π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2
−1

Basic Types of Functions
Example
f ( x ) = tan x
− 3π −π − π2 π
2
π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2

Outline
1 Functions

Constructing a table of signs
A table of signs shows when a given mathematical expression is positive, zero or

negative.


negative.
Two Methods:
1 Interval Method
2 Test Value Method


negative.
Two Methods:
1 Interval Method
2 Test Value Method
In both cases, one must determine the numbers where the given mathematical
expression is zero or undefined.

Example
2x2 − x3
Determine the intervals where the the graph of f ( x ) = lies above
2x2 − 3x + 1
the x-axis.

Example
2x2 − x3
2x2 − 3x + 1
the x-axis.
We want to determine the intervals for which
2x2 − x3
2x2 − 3x + 1

Example
2x2 − x3
2x2 − 3x + 1
the x-axis.
We want to determine the intervals for which
2x2 − x3
>0
2x2 − 3x + 1

Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of
signs are easily determined.
2x2 − x3
2x2 − 3x + 1

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undefined at: x = 12 , 1

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2
2x − 1
x−1
2−x
x 2 (2 − x )
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1
x−1
2−x
x 2 (2 − x )
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − −
x−1
2−x
x 2 (2 − x )
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1
2−x
x 2 (2 − x )
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1 − − −
2−x
x 2 (2 − x )
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1 − − − + +
2−x
x 2 (2 − x )
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1 − − − + +
2−x + + + +
x 2 (2 − x )
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1 − − − + +
2−x + + + + −
x 2 (2 − x )
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1 − − − + +
2−x + + + + −
x 2 (2 − x )
+
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1 − − − + +
2−x + + + + −
x 2 (2 − x )
+ +
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1 − − − + +
2−x + + + + −
x 2 (2 − x )
+ + −
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1 − − − + +
2−x + + + + −
x 2 (2 − x )
+ + − +
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1 − − − + +
2−x + + + + −
x 2 (2 − x )
+ + − + −
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

2x2 − x3 x 2 (2 − x )
=
2x2 − 3x + 1 (2x − 1)( x − 1)

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x2 + + + + +
2x − 1 − − + + +
x−1 − − − + +
2−x + + + + −
x 2 (2 − x )
+ + − + −
(2x − 1)( x − 1)

The graph of f lies above the x-axis in the intervals (−∞, 0) ∪ 0, 12 ∪ (1, 2).

Test Value Method: test a value in the specified interval

(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
(2x − 1)( x − 1)


(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
(2x − 1)( x − 1)
Sample point in (−∞, 0): x = −1


(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
(2x − 1)( x − 1)
(−1)2 (3)
(−3)(−2)


(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
+
(2x − 1)( x − 1)
(−1)2 (3)
(−3)(−2)


(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
+
(2x − 1)( x − 1)
(−1)2 (3)
(−3)(−2)

Sample point in 0, 12 :


(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
+
(2x − 1)( x − 1)
(−1)2 (3)
(−3)(−2)
(+)(+)
(−)(−)


(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
+ +
(2x − 1)( x − 1)
(−1)2 (3)
(−3)(−2)
(+)(+)
(−)(−)


(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
+ + −
(2x − 1)( x − 1)
(−1)2 (3)
(−3)(−2)
(+)(+)
(−)(−)


(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
+ + − +
(2x − 1)( x − 1)
(−1)2 (3)
(−3)(−2)
(+)(+)
(−)(−)


(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
+ + − + −
(2x − 1)( x − 1)
(−1)2 (3)
(−3)(−2)
(+)(+)
(−)(−)


(−∞, 0) 0, 21 1
2, 1 (1, 2) (2, +∞)
x 2 (2 −
x)
+ + − + −
(2x − 1)( x − 1)
(−1)2 (3)
(−3)(−2)
(+)(+)
(−)(−)
We get the same result:

The graph of f lies above the x-axis in the intervals (−∞, 0) ∪ 0, 12 ∪ (1, 2).

Example
r
−5x
Find the domain of f ( x ) = .
x2 − 1

Example
r
−5x
x2 − 1
Domain: x ∈ R such that x−2 −5x1 ≥ 0

Example
r
−5x
x2 − 1

Zero at: x = 0, Undefined at: x = −1, 1

Example
r
−5x
x2 − 1

(−∞, −1) (−1, 0) (0, 1) (1, +∞)

−5x
x2 − 1

Example
r
−5x
x2 − 1

(−∞, −1) (−1, 0) (0, 1) (1, +∞)

−5x
+
x2 − 1

Example
r
−5x
x2 − 1

(−∞, −1) (−1, 0) (0, 1) (1, +∞)

−5x
+ −
x2 − 1

Example
r
−5x
x2 − 1

(−∞, −1) (−1, 0) (0, 1) (1, +∞)

−5x
+ − +
x2 − 1

Example
r
−5x
x2 − 1

(−∞, −1) (−1, 0) (0, 1) (1, +∞)

−5x
+ − + −
x2 − 1

Example
r
−5x
x2 − 1

(−∞, −1) (−1, 0) (0, 1) (1, +∞)

−5x
+ − + −
x2 − 1
Therefore,
dom f = (∞, −1) ∪ [0, 1)

Outline
1 Functions

Piecewise-defined functions
Piecewise-defined functions are functions that are defined by more than one
expression. Such functions can be written in the form


 f1 (x) if x ∈ X1
 f2 (x) if x ∈ X2

f (x) = .. ..


 . if .
f n (x) if x ∈ Xn

where X1 , ..., Xn ⊆ R with Xi ∩ Xj = ∅ for all i 6= j.

Example
An example of a piecewise function is the signum function (or sign function),
denoted by sgn and defined by

 −1 if x<0
sgn x = 0 if x=0
1 if x>0


Example
An example of a piecewise function is the signum function (or sign function),
denoted by sgn and defined by

 −1 if x<0
sgn x = 0 if x=0
1 if x>0

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
0
−1

The Absolute Value Function
Absolute Value Function - denoted by | x | and defined by

√
x, x ≥ 0
|x| = x2 =
− x, x < 0

The Absolute Value Function
The graph of f ( x ) = | x |
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
0

The Greatest Integer Function
Greatest Integer Function (GIF)
[[ x ]]: greatest integer less than or equal to x
Example
1 [[2.4]]
2 [[2]]
3 [[0]]
4 [[−2.1]]
5 [[−π ]]

Example
1 [[2.4]] = 2
2 [[2]]
3 [[0]]
4 [[−2.1]]
5 [[−π ]]

Example
1 [[2.4]] = 2
2 [[2]] = 2
3 [[0]]
4 [[−2.1]]
5 [[−π ]]

Example
1 [[2.4]] = 2
2 [[2]] = 2
3 [[0]] = 0
4 [[−2.1]]
5 [[−π ]]

Example
1 [[2.4]] = 2
2 [[2]] = 2
3 [[0]] = 0
4 [[−2.1]] = −3
5 [[−π ]]

Example
1 [[2.4]] = 2
2 [[2]] = 2
3 [[0]] = 0
4 [[−2.1]] = −3
5 [[−π ]] = −4

As a piecewise function:










[[ x ]] =















− 1,





[[ x ]] =















− 1, −1 ≤ x





[[ x ]] =















− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0





[[ x ]] =















− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0




0,

[[ x ]] =















− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0




0, 0≤x

[[ x ]] =















− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0




0, 0≤x<1

[[ x ]] =















− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0




0, 0≤x<1

[[ x ]] =

 1, 1≤x<2













− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0




0, 0≤x<1

[[ x ]] =

 1, 1≤x<2
2, 2≤x<3









.. ..
. .




− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0




0, 0≤x<1

[[ x ]] =

 1, 1≤x<2
2, 2≤x<3




 .. ..


. .


.. ..
. .




− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0




0, 0≤x<1

[[ x ]] =

 1, 1≤x<2
2, 2≤x<3




 .. ..


. .
In general,
[[ x ]] = n,


.. ..
. .




− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0




0, 0≤x<1

[[ x ]] =

 1, 1≤x<2
2, 2≤x<3




 .. ..


. .
In general,
[[ x ]] = n, for


.. ..
. .




− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0




0, 0≤x<1

[[ x ]] =

 1, 1≤x<2
2, 2≤x<3




 .. ..


. .
In general,
[[ x ]] = n, for n ≤ x


.. ..
. .




− 1, −1 ≤ x < 0




0, 0≤x<1

[[ x ]] =

 1, 1≤x<2
2, 2≤x<3




 .. ..


. .
In general,
[[ x ]] = n, for n ≤ x < n + 1 where n ∈ Z

The graph of f ( x ) = [[ x ]]
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
0
−1
−2
−3
−4

Outline
1 Functions

Operations on Functions
Definition (Operations on Functions)

Let f and g be functions, c ∈ R.
1 Addition: ( f + g)( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ); dom( f + g) = dom f ∩ dom g
2 Subtraction: ( f − g)( x ) = f ( x ) − g( x ); dom( f − g) = dom f ∩ dom g
3 Multiplication: ( f g)( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ); dom( f g) = dom f ∩ dom g

f f (x)
4 Division: (x) = ;
g g( x )
f
dom = (dom f ∩ dom g) \ { x ∈ dom g | g( x ) = 0}
g
5 Composition: ( f ◦ g)( x ) = f ( g( x ));
dom( f ◦ g) = { x ∈ dom g | g( x ) ∈ dom f }
6 Scalar Multiplication: c f ( x ) = c ( f ( x )); dom c f = dom f

Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3x − 1) as a composition of three functions
listed among the basic types of functions.

Example
Let

Example
Let
f (x) = x2

Example
Let
f (x) = x2
g( x ) = sin x

Example
Let
f (x) = x2
g( x ) = sin x
h( x ) = 3x − 1

Example
Let
f (x) = x2
g( x ) = sin x
h( x ) = 3x − 1
Then
F ( x ) = ( f ◦ g ◦ h) ( x )

Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find
1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )].
h

Example
1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )].
h
1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )]
h

Example
1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )].
h
1 1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )] = [ f ( g( x )) − f ( x )]
h h

Example
1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )].
h
1 1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )] = [ f ( g( x )) − f ( x )]
h h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
=
h

Example
1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )].
h
1 1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )] = [ f ( g( x )) − f ( x )]
h h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
=
h
( x + h )2 − x 2
=
h

Example
1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )].
h
1 1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )] = [ f ( g( x )) − f ( x )]
h h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
=
h
( x + h )2 − x 2
=
h
( x + 2xh + h2 ) − x2
2
=
h

Example
1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )].
h
1 1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )] = [ f ( g( x )) − f ( x )]
h h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
=
h
( x + h )2 − x 2
=
h
( x + 2xh + h2 ) − x2
2
=
h
2xh + h2
=
h

Example
1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )].
h
1 1
[( f ◦ g) ( x ) − f ( x )] = [ f ( g( x )) − f ( x )]
h h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
=
h
( x + h )2 − x 2
=
h
( x + 2xh + h2 ) − x2
2
=
h
2xh + h2
=
h
= 2x + h
Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 − 1. Express ( f ◦ g) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

Example
Recall:
√
x, x ≥ 0
|x| = x2 =
− x, x < 0

Example
Recall:
√
x, x ≥ 0
|x| = x2 =
− x, x < 0
Therefore,
x2 − 1, x2 − 1 ≥ 0

2
( f ◦ g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x − 1| =
−( x2 − 1), x2 − 1 < 0

Example
x2 − 1, x2 − 1 ≥ 0

( f ◦ g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 − 1| =
−( x2 − 1), x2 − 1 < 0

Example
x2 − 1, x2 − 1 ≥ 0

( f ◦ g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 − 1| =
−( x2 − 1), x2 − 1 < 0
(−∞, −1) (−1, 1) (1, +∞)

x−1 − − +
x+1 − + +
x2 − 1 + − +

Example
x2 − 1, x2 − 1 ≥ 0

( f ◦ g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 − 1| =
−( x2 − 1), x2 − 1 < 0
(−∞, −1) (−1, 1) (1, +∞)

x−1 − − +
x+1 − + +
x2 − 1 + − +
x2 − 1,

x ≥ 1 or x ≤ 1
( f ◦ g ) ( x ) = | x 2 − 1| =
1 − x2 , −1 < x < 1

x2 − 1,

x ≥ 1 or x ≤ 1
( f ◦ g) ( x ) = | x2 − 1| =
1 − x2 , −1 < x < 1
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

Example
Let f ( x ) = 2x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g ◦ f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

Example
( g ◦ f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n

Example
( g ◦ f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n if n ≤ 2x + 1 < n + 1

Example
( g ◦ f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n if n ≤ 2x + 1 < n + 1
n ≤ 2x + 1 < n+1

Example
( g ◦ f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n if n ≤ 2x + 1 < n + 1
n ≤ 2x + 1 < n+1
n−1 ≤ 2x < n

Example
( g ◦ f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n if n ≤ 2x + 1 < n + 1
n ≤ 2x + 1 < n+1
n−1 ≤ 2x < n
n−1 n
≤ x <
2 2

Example

Example
n−1 n
( g ◦ f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n, if ≤x<
2 2

Example
n−1 n
( g ◦ f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n, if ≤x<
2 2

.. ..
. .




− 1, −1 ≤ x < − 12



 if


 0, − 12 ≤ x < 0

 if
[[2x + 1]] = 1

 1, if 0≤x< 2


1
2, if ≤x<1




 2


 .. ..
. .


4
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
0
−1
−2
−3
−4

Other Graphing Examples
Example
√
Graph g( x ) = 2 − x.

Example
√
Graph g( x ) = 2 − x.
√
y = 2−x

Example
√
Graph g( x ) = 2 − x.
√
y = 2−x
2
y = 2 − x, y ≥ 0

Example
√
Graph g( x ) = 2 − x.
√
y = 2−x
2
y = 2 − x, y ≥ 0
x = 2 − y2 , y ≥ 0

Example
√
Graph g( x ) = 2 − x.
√
y = 2−x
2
y = 2 − x, y ≥ 0
x = 2 − y2 , y ≥ 0
The graph of g is the upper branch of the parabola x = 2 − y2 .

Example
√
Graph g( x ) = 2 − x.
−2 −1 0 1 2
−1
−2

Example
√
Graph h( x ) = − 4 − x2 .

Example
√
Graph h( x ) = − 4 − x2 .
p
y = − 4 − x2

Example
√
Graph h( x ) = − 4 − x2 .
p
y = − 4 − x2
2
y = 4 − x2 , y ≤ 0

Example
√
Graph h( x ) = − 4 − x2 .
p
y = − 4 − x2
2
y = 4 − x2 , y ≤ 0
x 2 + y2 = 4, y ≤ 0

Example
√
Graph h( x ) = − 4 − x2 .
p
y = − 4 − x2
2
y = 4 − x2 , y ≤ 0
x 2 + y2 = 4, y ≤ 0
The graph of h is the lower semicircle of the circle x2 + y2 = 4.

Example
√
Graph h( x ) = − 4 − x2 .
−2 −1 1 2
−1
−2

Example

x+4

 if x < −2
x3 + x2

Graph f ( x ) = if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 .
 x+1


| x − 6| if x>2

Example

x+4

 if x < −2
x3 + x2

Graph f ( x ) = if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 .
 x+1


| x − 6| if x>2


 x+4 if x < −2
 x 2 ( x + 1)


f (x) = if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
x+1



 −( x − 6) if 2<x<6
x−6 if x≥6


Example

x+4

 if x < −2
x3 + x2

Graph f ( x ) = if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 .
 x+1


| x − 6| if x>2


 x+4 if x < −2
 x 2 ( x + 1)


f (x) = if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
x+1



 −( x − 6) if 2<x<6
x−6 if x≥6


 x+4 if x < −2
x2

if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 6= −1

f (x) =

 − x +6 if 2<x<6
x−6 if x≥6



 x+4 if x < −2
x2

if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 6= −1

The graph of f ( x ) =

 −x + 6 if 2<x<6
x−6 if x≥6

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1


 x+4 if x < −2
x2

if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 6= −1


 −x + 6 if 2<x<6
x−6 if x≥6

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1


 x+4 if x < −2
x2

if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 6= −1


 −x + 6 if 2<x<6
x−6 if x≥6

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1


 x+4 if x < −2
x2

if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 6= −1


 −x + 6 if 2<x<6
x−6 if x≥6

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1


 x+4 if x < −2
x2

if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 6= −1


 −x + 6 if 2<x<6
x−6 if x≥6

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1

Outline
1 Functions

Functions as Mathematical Models
Express a certain situation as a functional relationship between certain

quantities

Example
A rectangular field has a perimeter of 240 meters. Express the area of the field as
a function of its width.

Example
Let x be the width and y be the length of the field

Example

The area A of the field:
A = xy

Example

A = xy
Since the perimeter of the field is 240 meters:

Example

A = xy
2x + 2y = 240

Example

A = xy
2x + 2y = 240
y = 120 − x

Example

A = xy
2x + 2y = 240
y = 120 − x
The area of the field expressed as a function of x:
A( x ) = x (120 − x ) = − x2 + 120x

Example
Find two numbers whose difference is 14 and whose product is minimum.

Example
Let x be the greater number and y be the smaller number.

Example

Since the difference of 14 is positive
x−y = 14
y = x − 14

Example

x−y = 14
y = x − 14
The product as a function of x is
P( x ) = x ( x − 14) = x2 − 14x

Example

x−y = 14
y = x − 14
P( x ) = x ( x − 14) = x2 − 14x
P is a quadratic function with a minimum function value at
b
x=− =7
2a

Example

x−y = 14
y = x − 14
P( x ) = x ( x − 14) = x2 − 14x
P is a quadratic function with a minimum function value at
b
x=− =7
2a
The two numbers are 7 and −7, and the minimum product is P(7) = −49.
Announcements
Unit 1 Module will be available on 16 November 2012.

Google site: https://sites.google.com/a/math.upd.edu.ph/m53-s2-1213
All lecture slides will be posted in the website.
A printer–friendly, condensed version of slides for the 1st three lectures will
be uploaded in the website prior to the lecture.

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Review of Functions

Institute of Mathematics - UP Diliman

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 1 / 69

2 Basic Types of Functions

3 Constructing a table of signs

6 Functions as Mathematical Models

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 2 / 69

2 Basic Types of Functions

3 Constructing a table of signs

6 Functions as Mathematical Models

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 3 / 69

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 4 / 69

X : domain of f , denoted dom f

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 4 / 69

X : domain of f , denoted dom f

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 4 / 69

X : domain of f , denoted dom f

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 4 / 69

where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

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where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 5 / 69

where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 5 / 69

where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

domain: dom f = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

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where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

domain: dom f = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 5 / 69

where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

domain: dom f = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 5 / 69

where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

domain: dom f = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 5 / 69

where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

domain: dom f = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 5 / 69

If x ∈ X , the symbol f ( x ) denotes the element y ∈ Y that is assigned to x.

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If x ∈ X , the symbol f ( x ) denotes the element y ∈ Y that is assigned to x.

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 6 / 69

If x ∈ X , the symbol f ( x ) denotes the element y ∈ Y that is assigned to x.

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 6 / 69

where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

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where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

The function f may be written as:

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 7 / 69

where X = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

The function f may be written as:

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 7 / 69

Real-valued functions of a single variable:

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 8 / 69

Real-valued functions of a single variable:

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 8 / 69

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 9 / 69

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 9 / 69

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 9 / 69

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 10 / 69

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 10 / 69

Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 10 / 69