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BIOCHEMISTRY
Biochemistry
BIOMOLECULES
Carbon-containing compounds that make
up the various parts of the living cell
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biomolecules
Other Biomolecules in Plasma Membrane
CLASSES OF BIOMOLECULES
THE CELL THEORY
nucleic acids
lipids The most basic similarity is that all living
things are composed of one or more
cells.
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Historical Background
• 40,000 red blood cells would fill the letter
"O" on a page of type.
• German scientists Schleiden and
Schwann in 1830's were first to say that all
• You produce about 2.5 million new red
organisms are made of one or more cells.
blood cells every second!
• Cells are the building blocks of life. • Human beings are composed of about 50
to 100 trillion cells.
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•Cell membrane
•Cytoplasm
•Nucleus
Phospholipids
The Cell Membrane and the Phospholipids are composed of a
“Fluid Mosaic” Model
hydrophilic, or water-loving, head
• the cell membrane functions in
transport of materials in and out of cell, and
recognition, communication, and
homeostasis
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• Chloroplast are the double-membrane • Plant cells usually have one large
bound organelles in which Central Vacuole.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (the conversion of
light energy to carbohydrates) occurs. The plant cell’s central vacuole functions in
• Chlorophyll is the chemical that absorbs 1) water storage 2) food storage 3) waste
the energy of the sun to provide the storage 4) cell support
energy required for reducing CO2 to
Glucose.
• It is thought to be an extension of the
ER membrane
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The Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• The pores, called nuclear pores, allow
selected molecules into and out of the
nucleus. • a system of MEMBRANOUS TUBULAR
CANALS that begins just outside the
nucleus and branches throughout the
• It is also believed that these pores are the cytoplasm.
routes by which genetic messages (RNA)
pass into the cytoplasm.
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• If no ribosomes are attached to the ER, it • The endoplasmic reticulum is also the
is called SMOOTH Endoplasmic cell's membrane factory.
Reticulum.
• Phospholipids and cholesterol, the main
• The function of smooth ER is synthesis components of membranes throughout the
of lipids cell, are synthesized in the smooth ER.
• Lipids are required for the growth of the • Most of the proteins leaving the
cell membrane and for the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum are still not
the organelles within the cell and are often mature.
used to make hormones
• They must undergo further processing in
• They also detoxify drugs and chemicals another organelle, the Golgi apparatus,
in the cell (takes place in peroxisome before they are ready to perform their
vesicles which are often attached to functions within or outside the cell.
smooth ER).
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Lysosomes Mitochondria:
the Cell’s Powerhouse
Lysosomes are known to contain over 40
different enzymes that can digest almost • Mitochondria are the largest organelles
anything in the cell, including proteins, in an animal cell, after the nucleus.
RNA, DNA, and carbohydrates.
• Are sausage-shaped or filamentous
structures surrounded by a double-
layered membrane.
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
• Mitochondria vary in diameter from 0.5 to
Lysosomes also appear to perform other 1 micrometer and in length up to 7
digestive processes, such as those micrometers. (about the size of bacteria).
connected with phagocytosis and • The mitochondrion has two
pinocytosis. membranes: an outer and an inner.
• The inner is convoluted into shelf-like folds
Lysosomes help destroy invading called cristae.
bacteria. • The enzymes responsible for cellular
respiration are arranged, in assembly-line
fashion, on the cristae. This is where
energy is produced.
PEROXISOMES Mitochondria
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Mitochondria Mitochondria
Mitochondria
PROKARYOTIC VS.
• Besides supplying energy, mitochondria
also help control the concentration of EUKARYOTIC CELLS
water, calcium, and other charged
particles (ions) in the cytoplasm.
• Two classes of cells exist: the
• Mitochondria have some of their own PROKARYOTES and the EUKARYOTES.
DNA molecules and ribosomes that
resemble those of prokaryotic cells.
• Human mitochondrial DNA is a closed,
circular molecule 16,569 nucleotide pairs
long.
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