Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT
All optical frequency encoded logic gates NOT, OR, frequencies then this problem related to intensity
AND, NOR and NAND are proposed using variations
ons does not exists. Further for encoding or
semiconductor optical amplifier based ring lasers with decoding the input or output a particular intensity
frequency filtering by fiber Bragg grating. The output levels should be maintained otherwise extinction ratio
states are controlled by the injection of proper input will be reduced. But in frequency encoding since
signals into the ring laser via fiber Bragg grating. The frequency is measured at the input or output there is
three gates NOT, OR, AND are fundamentalamental and the noo problem like that because the distinction between
other two NOR and NAND are universal gates. So two frequencies is sufficient to get the desired
any logic processors can be possible to design and extinction ratio whatever may be the power levels.
integrate. The essence of frequency (wavelength) encoding is
found from the work represented in [11] where the
Keywords: Frequency encoding; Semiconductor states
es of a flip flop is represented by two different
optical amplifier; Ring laser; logic gates. wavelengths λ1 and λ2. This frequency encoding for
representation of the states ‘0’ and ‘1’ by two
1. INTRODUCTION different frequencies is properly utilized in the
All optical logic gates are very important for future all proposals presented in [5 – 10, 12] for logic gate
optical communication and computation technology implementations.
entations. In the frequency encoding
for high speed data processing. A large number of technique, the states of information ‘0’ and ‘1’are
scheme of implementation of all optical logic gates represented by two different frequencies υ1 and υ2
are there [1 – 10], some of which are based on respectively. The proposals presented so far in
intensity encoding and some are based on frequency frequency encoded format are either complex in
encoding. The frequency encoding for representation hardware due to several al components joined together
of the states ‘0’ and ‘1’ is very much advantageous like semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA), add
compared to other conventional encoding technique. drop multiplexer etc or based on relatively low
In last few years frequency encoding technique has efficient non linear processes like difference
established itself as a promising candidate for future frequency generation or sum frequency generation
all optical logic operations [5 – 10]. Frequency is a etc. In this communication a relatively
rela simpler design
fundamental property of light and it does not change of frequency encoded logic gates are proposed using
due to transmission, reflection, refraction etc. This fiber Bragg grating (FBG), and SOA based ring lasers
advantage is utilized for presenting (e (encoding or only.
decoding) the states of information. In a
communication system based on non linear medium, 2. Working principle: The basic principle of the
intensity variation may cause problem in channel proposed logic gates are based on frequency
selection but if the states are represented by conversion by SOA based ring
ri laser (RL) and
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 1660
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Table 2: Truth table of OR, AND, NOR, NAND gates RL4 will not receive any signal from the ring laser
RL2. Therefore RL4 will lase at frequency υ2 in this
Inputs Outputs condition indicating an output ‘1’or high. This
A B OR AND NOR NAND corresponds to the NOT operation from’0’ to ‘1’.
0(υ1 ) 0(υ1 ) 0(υ1 ) 0(υ1) 1(υ2 ) 1(υ2 )
0(υ1 ) 1(υ2 ) 1(υ2 ) 0(υ1) 0(υ1 ) 1(υ2 ) Case 2: When the input A is a signal of frequency υ2 it
1(υ2 ) 0(υ1 ) 1(υ2 ) 0(υ1) 0(υ1 ) 1(υ2 ) is directed towards the FBG tuned to reflect frequency
1(υ2 ) 1(υ2 ) 1(υ2 ) 1(υ2) 0(υ1 ) 0(υ1 ) υ1. So in this condition the signal of frequency υ2 will
pass through the FBG and stop lasing of the ring laser
3.1 NOT gate: The frequency encoded NOT gate RL1. At the same time the ring laser RL3 receives no
shown in the figure 3 consists of four ring laser RL1, signal and hence lase to suppress the lasing of the ring
RL2, RL3 and RL4, one FBG selected to reflect laser RL4. Since RL1 stops lasing RL2 will lase at
frequency υ1, and a circulator. The ring lasers RL1 frequency υ1. So the final output is a signal of
and RL3 lase at frequency υ3, the ring laser RL2 at frequency υ1. This corresponds to the frequency NOT
frequency υ1and RL4 at υ2.The output of the ring laser operation from ‘1’ to ‘0’ i.e. from high to low.
RL1 is coupled to the input of the ring laser RL2 and
the output of the ring laser RL3 is coupled to the input 3.2 OR gate: The implementation of the OR gate
of the ring laser RL4. So when the ring laser RL1 requires five ring lasers RL1, RL2, RL3, RL4, RL5
lases, the ring laser RL2 does not lase. Similarly when and two fiber Bragg grating FBG1 and FBG2 both
the ring laser RL3 lases, RL4 does not. If the ring designed to reflect frequency υ1. Among these RL1
lasers RL1 and RL3 receive input signals then they and RL2 lase at frequencies υ2 and υ1 respectively, and
stop lasing and as a result RL2 and RL4 start lasing. all the other ring lasers RL3, RL4 and RL5 lase at
The circuit is so designed that both the ring lasers frequency υ3. A and B are two frequency encoded
RL2 and RL4 does not lase simultaneously and this is inputs and are coupled through circulators and FBGs
possible due to the presence of circulator and FBG. In (both FBG1 and FBG2 are selected to reflected
the circuit A is input and A is the inverted output. frequency υ1). The coupled signal is injected into the
The circuit will give output at frequency υ2 (i.e. ‘1’) ring laser RL3. The output of the ring laser RL3 is
when the input is a signal of frequency υ1 (i.e. ‘0’) coupled to ring laser RL1. The signals emerging from
and will give output at frequency υ1 when the input is other ports of the circulator are injected into the ring
a frequency υ2. When there is no input signal applied, lasers RL4 and RL5 and output of them are coupled
i.e. A is neither a signal of frequency υ1 nor a signal of and injected into the ring laser RL2. The outputs of
frequency υ2, ring lasers RL1 and RL3 lase nor thus RL1 and RL2 are coupled to get the final OR output.
RL2 and RL4 stop lasing. So there is no output. The circuit is so designed that the ring lasers RL1 and
RL2 do not lase simultaneously. In the figure 4, the
circuit diagram of the OR gate is shown.
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 1661
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
towards the ring lasers RL4 and RL5. These signals signals emerging from other ports of the circulator are
suppress the ring lasers RL4 and RL5. So the ring injected into the ring lasers RL4 and RL5 and output
laser receives no input and hence lases at frequency of them are coupled and injected into the ring laser
υ1. At this time the ring laser RL3 does not receives RL2. The outputs of RL1 and RL2 are coupled to get
any input so lases at a frequency υ3 and this signal of the final AND output. The circuit is so designed that
frequency υ3 suppresses the laser RL2. So from the the ring lasers RL1 and RL2 do not lase
output of the ring laser RL1, the final output is υ1. simultaneously.
This corresponds to the OR operation ‘0’ OR ‘0’ = ‘0’
in frequency encoded format.
Case 2: When the input A is a signal of frequency υ1
and B is a signal of frequency υ2, the signal of
frequency υ1 after reflecting back from FBG1 is
directed towards the ring laser RL4 and suppress the
lasing of RL4. The signal of frequency of υ2 in the
input B passes through the FBG2 and suppresses the
lasing of RL3. So in this condition RL3 and RL4 stop
Figure 5.AND gate
lasing and RL5 lases. The output of the ring laser RL5
suppresses the lasing of RL2. The laser RL1 lases at Let us explain the operation of the AND gate by
frequency υ2 and hence the final output is υ2 i.e. high. considering four different input conditions in A and
B.
Case 3: When the input A is a signal of frequency υ2
and B is a signal of frequency υ1, the signal of Case 1: When both the inputs A and B are signals of
frequency υ1 after reflecting back from FBG2 is frequency υ1, both of them pass through the FBG1
directed towards the ring laser RL5 and suppress the and FBG2 and stop the lasing of RL3. On the other
lasing of RL5. The signal of frequency of υ2 in the hand since ring lasers RL4 and RL5 do not receive
input A passes through the FBG1 and suppresses the any signals, they will lase at frequency υ3 and
lasing of RL3. So in this condition RL3 and RL5 stop correspondingly the lasing of RL2 is stopped. At this
lasing and RL4 lases. The output of the ring laser RL4 time RL3 does not lase and hence RL1 lases at
suppresses the lasing of RL2. The laser RL1 lases at frequency υ1. So the output is low in this condition.
frequency υ2 and hence the final output is υ2 i.e. high.
Case 2: When the input A is a signal of frequency υ1
Case 4: When both the inputs A and B are signals of and B is a signal of frequency υ2, the signal of
frequency υ2, both of them pass through the FBG1 frequency υ2 after reflecting back from FBG2 is
and FBG2 and stop the lasing of RL3. On the other directed towards the ring laser RL5 and suppress the
hand since ring lasers RL4 and RL5 do not receive lasing of RL5. The signal of frequency of υ1 in the
signals, they will lase at frequency υ3 and input A passes through the FBG1 and suppresses the
correspondingly the lasing of RL2 is stopped. At this lasing of RL3. So in this condition RL3 and RL5 stop
time RL3 does not lase and hence RL1 lases at lasing and RL4 lases. The output of the ring laser RL4
frequency υ2. So the output is high in this condition. suppresses the lasing of RL2. The laser RL1 lases at
frequency υ1 and hence the final output is υ1 i.e. low.
3.3 AND gate: In the figure 5, the ring laser based
AND gate is shown. It requires five ring lasers RL1, Case 3: When the input A is a signal of frequency υ2
RL2, RL3, RL4, RL5 and two fiber Bragg gratings and B is a signal of frequency υ1, the signal of
FBG1 and FBG2 both designed to reflect frequency frequency υ2 after reflecting back from FBG1 is
υ2. Among these RL1 and RL2 lase at frequencies υ1 directed towards the ring laser RL4 and suppress the
and υ2 respectively, and all the other ring lasers RL3, lasing of RL4. The signal of frequency of υ1 in the
RL4 and RL5 lase at frequency υ3. A and B are two input B passes through the FBG2 and suppresses the
frequency encoded inputs and are coupled through lasing of RL3. So in this condition RL3 and RL4 stop
circulators and FBGs (both FBG1 and FBG2 are lasing and RL5 lases. The output of the ring laser RL5
selected to reflected frequency υ2). The coupled signal suppresses the lasing of RL2. The laser RL1 lases at
is injected into the ring laser RL3. The output of the frequency υ1 and hence the final output is υ1 i.e. low.
ring laser RL3 is injected into the ring laser RL1. The
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 1662
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Case 4: When both the inputs A and B are signals of frequency υ2. At this time the ring laser RL3 does not
frequency υ2, they will be reflected by the FBG1 and receives any input so lases at a frequency υ3 and this
FBG2 respectively. The circulators will direct them signal of frequency υ3 suppresses the lasing of RL2.
towards the ring lasers RL4 and RL5. These signals So from the output of the ring laser RL1, the final
suppress the ring lasers RL4 and RL5. So the ring output is υ2. This corresponds to the NOR operation
laser RL2 receives no input and hence lases at ‘0’ NOR ‘0’ = ‘1’ in frequency encoded format.
frequency υ2. At this time the ring laser RL3 does not
receive any input so lases at a frequency υ3 and this Case 2: When the input A is a signal of frequency υ1
signal of frequency υ3 suppresses the laser RL1. So and B is a signal of frequency υ2, the signal of
from the output of the ring laser RL2, the final output frequency υ1 after reflecting back from FBG1 is
is υ2 i.e. high. directed towards the ring laser RL4 and suppress the
lasing of RL4. The signal of frequency of υ2 in the
3.4 NOR gate: The implementation of the NOR gate input B passes through the FBG2 and suppresses the
also requires five ring lasers RL1, RL2, RL3, RL4, lasing of RL3. So in this condition RL3 and RL4 stop
RL5 and two fiber Bragg grating FBG1 and FBG2 lasing and RL5 lases. The output of the ring laser RL5
both designed to reflect frequency υ1. Among these suppresses the lasing of RL2. The laser RL1 lases at
RL1 and RL2 lase at frequencies υ1 and υ2 frequency υ1 and hence the final output is υ1 i.e. low.
respectively, and all the other ring lasers RL3, RL4
and RL5 lase at frequency υ3. A and B are two Case 3: When the input A is a signal of frequency υ2
frequency encoded inputs and are coupled through and B is a signal of frequency υ1, the signal of
circulators and FBGs (both FBG1 and FBG2 are frequency υ1 after reflecting back from FBG2 is
selected to reflected frequency υ1). The coupled signal directed towards the ring laser RL5 and suppress the
is injected into the ring laser RL3. The output of the lasing of RL5. The signal of frequency of υ2 in the
ring laser RL3 is coupled to the ring laser RL1. The input A passes through the FBG1 and suppresses the
signals emerging from other ports of the circulator are lasing of RL3. So in this condition RL3 and RL5 stop
injected into the ring lasers RL4 and RL5 and output lasing and RL4 lases. The output of the ring laser RL4
of them are coupled and injected into the ring laser suppresses the lasing of RL2. The laser RL1 lases at
RL2. The outputs of RL1 and RL2 are coupled to get frequency υ1 and hence the final output is υ1 i.e. low.
the final NOR output. The circuit is so designed that
Case 4: When both the inputs A and B are signals of
the ring lasers RL1 and RL2 do not lase
frequency υ2, both of them pass through the FBG1
simultaneously. In the figure 6, the circuit diagram of
and FBG2 and stop the lasing of RL3. On the other
the NOR gate is shown.
hand since ring lasers RL4 and RL5 do not receive
signals, they will lase at frequency υ3 and
correspondingly the lasing of RL2 is stopped. At this
time RL3 does not lase and hence RL1 lases at
frequency υ1. So the output is low in this condition.
3.7 NAND gate: In the figure 5, the ring laser based
NAND gate is shown. It requires five ring lasers RL1,
RL2, RL3, RL4, RL5 and two fiber Bragg gratings
FBG1 and FBG2 both designed to reflect frequency
Figure 6.NOR gate υ2. Among these RL1 and RL2 lase at frequencies υ2
and υ1 respectively, and all the other ring lasers RL3,
Let us explain the operation of the NOR gate. RL4 and RL5 lase at frequency υ3. A and B are two
Depending on the frequencies in the inputs A and B frequency encoded inputs and are coupled through
there may be four different cases: circulators and FBGs (both FBG1 and FBG2 are
selected to reflected frequency υ2). The coupled signal
Case 1: When both the inputs A and B are signals of is injected into the ring laser RL3. The output of the
frequency υ1, they will be reflected by the FBG1 and ring laser RL3 is injected into the ring laser RL1. The
FBG2 respectively. The circulators will direct them signals emerging from other ports of the circulator are
towards the ring lasers RL4 and RL5. These signals injected into the ring lasers RL4 and RL5 and output
suppress the ring lasers RL4 and RL5. So the ring of them are coupled and injected into the ring laser
laser RL2 receives no input and hence lases at
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 1663
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
RL2. The outputs of RL1 and RL2 are coupled to get Case 4: When both the inputs A and B are signals of
the final AND output. The circuit is so designed that frequency υ2, they will be reflected by the FBG1 and
the ring lasers RL1 and RL2 do not lase FBG2 respectively. The circulators will direct them
simultaneously. towards the ring lasers RL4 and RL5. These signals
suppress the ring lasers RL4 and RL5. So the ring
laser RL2 receives no input and hence lases at
frequency υ1. At this time the ring laser RL3 does not
receive any input so lases at a frequency υ3 and this
signal of frequency υ3 suppresses the laser RL1. So
from the output of the ring laser RL2, the final output
is υ1 i.e. low.
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 1664
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
References: Non Linear Material”, Journal Of Optical and
1. Q. Wu, and M. Lipson, “All – optical logic based Quantum Electronics, 42,2, 121 - 128(2010).
on silicon micro – ring resonators”, Optic Express, 11. M. T. Hill, H. de Waardt, G. D. Khoe, and H. J.
15, 3,924-929(2007). S. Dorrren, “All – optical flip- flop based on
2. Q. Liu, Z. Ouyang, C. J. Wu, C. P. Liu, and J. C. coupled laser diodes”, IEEE. J. Q. Electronics, 37,
Wang, “ All – optical half adder based on cross 3, 405-413(2001).
structures in two dimensional photonic crystals”, 12. S. K. Garai, S. Mukhopadhyay, “A method of
Optic Express, 16, 23, 18992-19000, (2008). optical implementation of frequency encoded
3. M. Khorasaninejad and S. S. Saini, “ All – optical different logic operation by second harmonic and
logic gates using non linear effects in silicon – on difference frequency generation techniques in non
– insulator waveguides”, Applied Optics, 48, 25, linear medium”, Optik, 121, 715-721(2010).
F32 – F37, (2009). 13. M. T. Hill, E. E. E. Frietman, H. de Waardt, G. D.
4. A. Karimkhani, and M. K. Moravvej – Farshi, Khoe, and H. J. S. Dorrren, “ All fiber optic neural
“Design of three input nanophotonic AND gate”, network using coupled SOA based ring lasers,”
J. opt. Soc. Am. B, 26, 5, 1084 – 1090(2009). IEEE Trans Neural Networks, 13, 1504-
5. K. Mukherjee, P. Ghosh, “A novel frequency 1513,(2002).
encoded all optical CNOT gate exploiting 14. Y. Liu, M. T. Hill, N. Calabretta, H. de Waardt, G.
difference frequency generation and D. Khoe, and H. J. S. Dorrren, “ Three – state all –
implementation of fast binary adders using optical memory based on coupled ring lasers”,
frequency encoding and nonlinear dielectric IEEE. Phot. Technl. Lett. 15, 10, 1461 – 1463
films” Optik.121,24, 2195-2197(2010). (2003).
6. K. Mukherjee, “Implementation of a novel hybrid 15. K. Okamoto, Fundamentals of optical waveguides,
encoding technique and realization of all optical 2nd Edition, Academic press (2006).
logic gates exploiting difference frequency 16. J. H. Franz, V. K. Jain, Optical communications
generation alone,” Optik, 122, 4, 321-323(2011). components and systems, Narosa, (2001).
7. K. Mukherjee, Implementation of hybrid encoded 17. G. Keiser, Optical fiber Communications, 3rd
all optical computation using non linear material Edition, Mc Graw Hill, (2000).
based difference frequency generation alone”, 18. K. Mukherjee, Methods of implementation of
Accepted for publication in Optics and Photonics frequency encoded all optical Half adder, Half
letter, Vol 3, No 1, (december2010), subtractor and Full adder based on semiconductor
8. K. Mukherjee, “A novel frequency encoded all optical amplifiers and add drop multiplexers,
optical logic gates exploiting polarization Accepted for publication in Optik ,
insensitive four wave mixing in semiconductor doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.07.026.
optical amplifier, filtering property of add/drop 19. K. Mukherjee, A method of implementation of
multiplexer and non linearity of reflective frequency encoded all optical encryption
semiconductor amplifier”, Optik, decryption by using four wave mixing,
doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.05.033. Optik,doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.09.017.
9. K. Mukherjee, “A method of implementation of 20. K. Mukherjee, “All optical read only memory
frequency encoded all optical logic gates based on with frequency encoded addressing technique”
non linear total reflectional switch at the Optik, doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.09.024.
interface” Accepted for publication in Optik, doi: 21. K. Mukherjee, “ All optical frequency encoded
10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.08.017. multiplexer using polarization independent four
10. Kousik Mukherjee, Parimal Ghosh, Dharmadas wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifier” ,
Kumbhakar, A.K. Meikep, “A method of Optical Proceedings of international conference on
implementation of Frequency encoded All Optical electronic systems(ICES 2011), NIT, Rourkela,
Logic Gates based On Multiphoton processes in INDIA, 7 to 9th January, 2011.
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 1665