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PERIODIC TABLE

The symbols for elements 104-109 used in this table

are those proposed by the American Chemical
Society and 110-112 proposed by IUPAC

PERIODIC TABLE
NURTURE COURSE

IUPAC designations of groups of elements are given in brackets

143
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IMPORTANT FACTS TO REMEMBER

1. Lowest electronegativity : Cs
2. Highest electronegativity : F
3. Highest ionisation potential : He
4. Lowest ionisation potential : Cs
5. Lowest electron affinity : Noble gases
6. Highest electron affinity : Chlorine
7. Least electropositive element : F
8. Lowest m. pt. metal : Hg
9. Highest m. pt. and b. pt. metal : W (Tungsten)
10. Lowest m. pt. and b. pt. non metal : He
11. Notorious element : Hydrogen
12. Lightest element : Hydrogen
13. Smallest atomic size : H
14. Largest atomic size : Cs
15. Largest anionic size : I–
16. Smallest cation : H+
17. Most electropositive element : Cs
18. Element with electronegativity
next to Fluorine : Oxygen
19. Group containing maximum no.
of gaseous elements in periodic table : Zero group
20. Total number of gaseous elements
in periodic table : 11 (H, N, O, F, Cl, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
21. Total number of liquid elements in
periodic table : 6 (Ga, Br, Cs, Hg, Fr, Uub)
22. Liquid element of radioactive nature : Fr
23. Total number of radioactive elements in
periodic table : 25
24. Volatile d-block elements : Zn, Cd, Hg, Uub
25. Element containing no neutron : H
26. Most aboundant element on earth : Oxygen
27. Rarest element on earth : At (astatine)
28. Most aboundant metal on earth : Al
29. Element having maximum tendency
for catenation : Carbon
30. Non metal having highest m. pt., b. pt. : Carbon (diamond)
31. Metals showing highest oxidation number : Os (+8)
32. Most electrovalent compound : CsF
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33. Most stable carbonate : Cs2CO3
34. Strongest alkali : CsOH
35. Strongest basic oxide : Cs2O
36. Best electricity conductor among metals : Ag
37. Best electricity conductor among non metals : graphite
38. Most poisonous element : Pu (Plutonium)
39. Liquid non metals : Br
40. Element kept in water : Phosphorous
41. Elements kept in kerosene : IA group element (except Li)
42. Elements sublime on heating : I2
43. Noble metals : Au, Pt. etc.
44. Amphoteric metal : Be, Zn, Al, Sn, Pb
45. Amphoteric non metal : Si
46. Metalloids elements : B, Si, As, Te, At, Ge, Sb
47. Non metals having metallic lusture : Graphite, Iodine
48. Heaviest naturally occuring element : Uranium
49. Poorest conductor of electricity : Diamond
50. Hardest naturally occuring element : Diamond
51. Lightest solid metal : Li
52. Amphoteric oxides : BeO, Al2O3, ZnO, PbO, PbO2, SnO, SnO2,
Sb2O3, As3O3 etc.
53. Neutral oxides of non metals : NO, CO, H2O, N2O
54. Dry bleacher : H2O2
55. Dry ice : Solid CO2
56. First man made element : Tc43 (Technicium)
57. Smallest period : Ist (2 elements)
58. Largest period in periodic table : 6th (32 elements)
59. Largest group in periodic table : IIIB (32 elements)
60. Most abundant d-block metal : Fe
61. Most abundant s-block metal : Ca
62. Highest density (Metals) : Os, Ir
63. Highest density (Non Metals) : Boron
64. Most abundant gas in atmosphere : Nitrogen
65. Most abundant element in the universe : Hydrogen

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IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS & THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

1. Dobereiner Law of Triads
2. Fajans Factors of polarisation
3. Lavoisier Father of chemistry, classified element into metals & non metals.
4. Glasspie - Nyholm VSEPRT
5. Mendeleef Periodic classification of elements.
6. Mosley Concept of atomic number, modern periodic law, modern periodic table
7. Newland Law of octaves.
8. Slater Screening constant, Geometry of molecules.
9. Schoomaker & Stevenson Bond length depends on difference in electronegativity
10. Lewis and Kossel Electronic theory - octet rule
11. Rang & Warner Long form of modern periodic table
12. Ramsay Introduced noble gases in periodic table, Argon was discovered.
13. Seaborg Post-Uranic elements
14. Heither and London Valence bond theory.
15. Hund’s rule Distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals in a sub - shell.
16. Pauling Concept of dipole moment, valence bond theory Hybridization,
Electronegativity scale.
17. Sidgwick and powell Hybridisation
18. Hanery - Smithe Nature of bonds.

Common and IUPAC names of some recently discovered elements

Atomic No. Common names IUPAC names

104 Rutherfordium (Rf)/Kurchotorium (Ku) Unnilquadium (Unq)

105 Dubnium (Db)/Hannium (Ha) Unnilpentium (Unp)

106 Seaborgium (Sg) Unnilhexium (Unh)

107 Bohrium (Bh) Unnilseptium (Uns)

108 Hassium (Hs) Unniloctium (Uno)

109 Meitnerium (Mt) Unnilennium (Une)

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1. INTRODUCTION
The arrangement of all the known elements according to their properties in such a way that the elements of similar
properties are grouped together in a tabular form is called periodic table.

2. DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE

2.1 LAVOISIER CLASSIFICATION :
(i) Lavoisier classified the elements simply in metals and non metals
Metals are the one which have the tendency of losing the electrons.
Na  Na+ + e– and K  K+ + e–
Non-metals are the one which have the tendency of gaining the electron.
F + e–  F– and Cl + e–  Cl–
(ii) Drawback or Limitation :
(a) As the no. of element increases this classification become insufficient for the study of elements.
(b) There are few elements which have the properties of both metals as well as non-metals and they are called
metalloids. Lavoisier could not decide where to place the metalloids.
2.2 PROUT’S HYPOTHESIS :
He simply assumed that all the elements are made up of hydrogen, so we can say that
Atomic weight of element = n × (Atomic weight of one hydrogen atom)

Atomic weight of H  1 where n = number of hydrogen atom = 1, 2, 3 ....

Drawback or Limitation :
(i) Every element can not be formed by Hydrogen.
(ii) The atomic weights of all elements were not found as the whole numbers.
Ex. Chlorine (atomic weight 35.5) and strontium (atomic weight 87.5)
2.3 DOBEREINER TRIAD RULE [1817]
(i) He made groups of three elements having similar chemical properties called TRIAD.
(ii) In Dobereiner triad, at. wt. of middle element is equal to the average atomic weight of first and third element.

e.g. Cl Br I

35.5 + 127
35.5 80.0 127 = 81.2
2
Ca Sr Ba

40 + 137
40 87.5 137 = 88.5
2
Li Na K

7 + 39
7 23 39 At. wt of Na = = 23
2

(iii) Other examples – (K, Rb, Cs), (P, As, Sb), (S, Se, Te), (H, F, Cl), (Sc, Y, La)

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2.4 NEWLAND OCTAVE RULE [1865]

(i) He arranged the elements in the increasing order of their atomic mass and observe that properties of every 8 th element
was similar to the 1st one. like in the case of musical vowels notation.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ne Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(ii) At that time inert gases were not known.
H

Li Be B C N O F

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

K Ca
(iii) The properties of Li are similar to 8th element i.e. Na, Be are similar to Mg and so on.
Drawback or Limitation :
(a) This rule is valid only upto Ca. because after Ca due to presence of d-block element there is difference of 18
elements instead of 8 element.
(b) After the discovery of Inert gas and included in the periodic table it becomes the 8 th element from Alkali metal so
this law had to be dropped out.

2.5 LOTHER MEYER’S CURVE [1869]

(i) He plotted a curve between atomic wt. and atomic volume of different elements.
(ii) The following observation can be made from the curve -
(a) Most electropositive elements i.e. alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs etc.) occupy the peak positions on the curve.
(b) Less electropositive i.e. alkaline earth metal (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) occupy the descending position of the curve.
(c) Metalloids (B, Se, As, Te, At etc.) and transition metals occupy bottom part of the curve.
Note : Elements having similar properties occupy similar position on the curve.
Conclusion : On the basis of this curve Lother Meyer proposed that the physical properties of the elements are
periodic function of their atomic wt. and become the base of Mendelef’s periodic table.
Cs
Rb
K
Br
Na
Atomic Volume

Ca
Li Cl I
Sr
Ba
F
Be
Mg

Metalloid and transition metals

Atomic Weight

2.6 MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE [1869]

(i) Mendeleev’s Periodic Law - The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of their
atomic wt.
(ii) Characteristic of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table -
(a) It is based on atomic wt.
(b) 63 elements were known, noble gases were not discovered.
(c) He was the first scientist to classify the elements in a systamatic manner i.e. in horizontal rows and in vertical
columns.

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(d) Horizontal rows are called periods and there were 7 periods in mendeleev’s Periodic table.
(e) Vertical columns are called groups and there were 8 groups in mendeleev’s Periodic table.
(f) Each group upto VIIth is divided into A & B subgroups. ‘A’ sub groups element are called normal elements and ‘B’
sub groups elements are called transition elements.
(g) The VIIIth group was consists of 9 elements in three rows (Transitional metals group).
(h) The elements belonging to same group exhibit similar properties.

(iii) Merits or advantages of Mendeleev’s periodic table -

(a) Study of elements - First time all known elements were classified in groups according to their similar properties.
So study of the properties become easier of elements.
(b) Prediction of new elements - It gave encouragement to the discovery of new elements as some gaps were left
in it.
Sc (Scandium), Ga (Gallium), Ge (Germanium), Tc(Technetium)
were the elements for whom position and properties were defined by Mendeleev even before their discoverties
and he left the blank spaces for them in his table.
e.g.- Blank space at atomic wt. 72 in silicon group was called Eka silicon (means properties like silicon) and element
discovetred later was named Germanium.
Similarly other elements discovered after mendeleev periodic table were.
Eka aluminium - Gallium (Ga) Eka Boron - Scandium (Sc)
Eka Silicon - Germanium (Ge) Eka Mangense - Technetium (Tc)

(c) Correction of doubtful atomic weights - Correction were done in atomic wt. of some elements.
At. Wt. = Valency × Equivalent weight.
Initially, it was found that equivalent wt. of Be is 4.5 and it is trivalent (V = 3), so the weight of Be was 13.5 and there
is no space in Mendeleev’s table for this element. So, after correction, it was found that Be is actually divalent (V
= 2). So, the weight of Be became 2 × 4.5 = 9 and there was a space between Li and B for this element in
Mendeleev’s table.
– Corrections were done in at. wt. of elements are – U, Be, ln, Au, Pt.

(iv) Demerits of Mendeleev’s periodic table -

(a) Position of hydrogen - Hydrogen resembles both, the alkali metals (IA) and the halogens (VIIA) in properties so
Mendeleev could not decide where to place it.

(b) Position of isotopes - As atomic wt. of isotopes differs, they should have placed in different position in Mendeleev’s
periodic table. But there were no such places for isotopes in Mendeleev’s table.

(c) Anomalous pairs of elements - There were some pair of elements which did not follow the increasing order of
atomic wts.
eg. Ar and Co were placed before K and Ni respectively in the periodic table, but having higher atomid weights.
 Ar K   Te I 
   
 39.9 39.1 127.5 127 

 Co Ni   Th Pa 
   
 58.9 58.6   232 231

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(d) Like elements were placed in different groups.
There were some elements like Platinum (Pt) and Gold (Au) which have similar properties but were placed in
different groups in mendeleev’s table.
Pt Au
VIII IB
(e) Unlike elements were placed in same group.
st
I group

IA IB
Li
Na
More reactive K Cu Less reactive
Alkali metal Rb Ag Coin metal
Normal elements Cs Au Transition element
Fr

– Cu, Ag and Au placed in Ist group along with Na, K etc. While they differe in their properties (Only similar in
having ns1 electronic configuration)
(f) It was not clear that ‘Lanthanides and Actinides’ are related with IIIA group or IIIB group.
(g) Cause of periodicity : Why physical & chemical properties repeated in a group.

3. MODERN PERIODIC TABLE (MODIFIED MENDELEEV PERIODIC TABLE)

(i) it was proposed by Moseley.
(ii) Modern periodic table is based on atomic number.
(iii) Moseley did an experiment in which he bombarded high speed electron on different metal surfaces and obtained
X-rays.

He found out that   Z where  = frequency of X-rays

from this experiement, Moseley concluded that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic
function of their atomic numbr. It means that when the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their
atomic number elements having similar properties gets repeated after a regular interval. This is also known as
‘Modern Periodic Law’.
(iv) Modern Periodic Law - The physical & chemical propeties of elements are a periodic function of the atomic
nubmer.
(v) Characteristics of Modern Periodic Table -
(a) 9 vertical columns called groups.
(b) Ith to VIII group +0 group of inert gases.
(c) Inert gases were introduced in periodic table by Ramsay.
(d) 7 horizontal series called periods.

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4 LONG FORM/PRESENT FORM OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
(i) Based on Bohr Burry electronic configuration and atomic number.
(ii) It consist of 7 horizontal periods and 18 vertical columns (groups)
(iii) According to I.U.P.A.C. 18 vertical columns are named as Ist to 18th group.
(iv) The co-relation between the groups in long form of periodic table and in modern form of periodic table are given
below.

IA, IIIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII IB, IIB. IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA 0
|—————|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

(v) Elements belonging to same group having same no. of electrons in the outermost shell so their properties are similar.

Description of periods:

Period n Sub shell No. of elements Element Name of Period

1- 1 1s 2 1H, 2He Shortest
2- 2 2s, 2p 8 3Li – 10Ne Short
3- 3 3s, 3p 8 11Na – 18Ar Short
4- 4 4s, 3d, 4p 18 19K – 36Kr Long
5- 5 5s, 4d, 5p 18 37Rb – 58Xe Long
6- 6 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p 32 55Cs – 86Rn Longest
7- 7 7s, 5f, 6d 26 87Fr – 112Uub Incomplete

(vi) Merits of long form of periodic table -

(a) Position of isotopes - Atomic No. of isotopes are similar, so different isotopes can be placed at same place in
periodic table.
(b) (Ar - K) (Co - Ni) (Te - I) are now in increasing order of atomic number.
(c) Lanthanides and actinides are in IIIB group.
(d) In modern periodic table diagonal line separates out metals, metalloids and non metals.
(e) Elements of same group have same general formula of electronic configuration of outer most shell.
(vii) Demerits of long form of periodic table -
(a) Position of hydrogen is still controversial.
(b) ‘He’ is a inert gas but it has different electronic configuration than other inert gas elements.
(c) Lanthanides and actinides are still not placed in main frame.
(d) Isotopes have different physical properties but have same place in periodic table.
Nomenclature of elements :
(a) IUPAC gave names to elements above atomic No. 100 as follows -
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn
(b) In all the elements suffix is - ium
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