Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2015;32(1):20-33
ISSN 0212-1611 • CODEN NUHOEQ
S.V.R. 318
Revisión
Usefulness of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in
different sports: an update and practical implications
Francisco J. Albert1, Jaime Morente-Sánchez2, Francisco B. Ortega2, Manuel J. Castillo1 and Ángel Gutiérrez1
1
Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada. 2Department of Physical Education and Sport,
Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain.
20
16/06/15 19:47
exercise able to induce muscle damage49. Supplements hold measures that reflect the physiological response
should be taken at a dose of 1-2 g, 30-60 minutes prior to moderate and/or severe intensity exercise23,24,57.
to exercise if consuming HMB-FA and 60-120 minutes The mechanism for these benefits of HMB on ae-
prior to exercise if consuming HMB-Ca. Many of the robic performance and fat loss are poorly understood.
earlier studies used HMB formulated as a calcium salt However, recent evidence demonstrated that HMB
(HMB-Ca); however, a new free acid form of HMB supplementation could improve fatty acid oxidation
(HMB-FA) has been shown to yield higher plasma as has been previously described in HMB’s mecha-
concentrations in shorter amount of time compared to nisms of action46.
the calcium salt form54. These results offer the theore-
tical advantages of achieving a greater bioavailability
of HMB and providing potential benefits to improve Effects of HMB on Strength and Power Sports
training adaptations54,55.
Strength and power are two of the most critical
attributes of success in sport58,59. Strength training
Effects of HMB in Endurance Sports increases muscle fiber size and maximal tension ou-
tput. These adaptations are attained by positive muscle
Cardiorespiratory endurance refers to the ability of protein balance and satellite cell addition to pre-exis-
performing activity for prolonged periods of time56. ting fibers60. Also, the activation of mTOR signalling
Previous studies have demonstrated the potential be- pathway appears to be very important for contraction
nefits of HMB for aerobic athletes. This information induced increases in muscle protein synthesis14,61.
is shown in table II. Vukovich and Dreifort24 investi- Several research groups in this area19,52,62 reported
gated the effects of HMB supplementation on peak conflicting results when men and women where su-
oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and the onset of pplemented with HMB during a resistance training
blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) in eight endu- programme. Among the outcome variables analyzed
rance-trained master-level competitive cyclist with in these studies were 1RM bench press, 1RM dead-
an average training volume of 300 miles per week. lifts, 1RM rowing, 1RM shoulder press, 1 RM chin
Participants performed a graded cycle ergometer test up, 1RM leg extension, 1RM squats, and 1RM biceps
until exhaustion. Results from the graded exercise curl. In addition, other physiological variables, such as
test indicated that HMB supplementation increased body composition, power production, creatine kinase
by 8% the time to reach (VO2peak) while leucine and levels, and lactate dehydrogenase, were also evalua-
the placebo did not have any effect. The VO2 at 2 mM ted. This information is presented in table III together
blood lactate (OBLA) increased with HMB (9.1%) with studies that showed strength and power benefits
and leucine (2.1%) supplementation, but did not in sport-specific movements, i.e. squat, bench press
change with placebo supplementation. The discre- and vertical jump10,19,21,22. In contrast, researchers have
pancy with other endurance training studies23,24 could found small treatment effect when using non-specific,
be due to training experience of the participants in the isolated movements19,62. Furthermore, as previously
investigation. It has been suggested that active men mentioned, the lack of significant changes in perfor-
and women not used to high intensity interval trai- mance could be attributed to the absence of periodized
ning may benefit more from HMB-Ca supplementa- and progressive exercise programs. Finally, benefits of
tion than trained athletes who are used to high inten- HMB supplementation are more marked when exerci-
sity interval training57. Individualized high intensity se involves multi-joint movement that stresses a grea-
interval training (HIIT) programs were applied based ter total amount of the skeletal muscle system.
on each participant’s baseline fitness level and moni- The results of several studies22,63 suggest that chan-
tored throughout the 28 days of training. It should be ges in strength and power following HMB supplemen-
take into account that the training stimulus to stimu- tation are optimized within a context of a periodized as
late physiological adaptation12,13,16 can be insufficient compared to a non periodized training program19. Fur-
in some studies15,24. thermore, those findings suggest that supplementation
The results obtained from high intensity interval with β-hydroxy- β-methylbutyrate plus Adenosine
training studies23 shows that a four-week HIIT pro- Triphosphate (HMB/ATP) in combination with a high
gram in combination with HMB-FA is an effective intensity undulating periodization-training model re-
training stimulus for improving aerobic performance. sults in increases in LBM, muscle hypertrophy, stren-
In addition, the use of HMB-FA supplementation, in gth and power. Translated into athletes and coaches’
combination with HIIT, resulted in greater changes languages, this means that when facing periods of high
in VO2peak, power output at ventilatory threshold training frequencies (overreaching cycle of training)
(PVT) and ventilatory threshold (VT) than HIIT alo- HMB and/or HMB/ATP supplementation may not
ne. These results are in accordance with other studies only prevent typical declines in performance (power,
that used HMB supplementation with aerobic trai- strength and perceived recovery) that are characteris-
ning methods for augmenting the beneficial effects tic of overreaching but might also results in additional
on aerobic performance by increasing fatigue thres- gains in strength22.
16/06/15 19:47
Table III
Studies examining the effect of HMB on performance stratified by strength and power sports
Usefulness of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
27
16/06/15 19:47
28
Table III (cont.)
Studies examining the effect of HMB on performance stratified by strength and power sports
16/06/15 19:47
Table III (cont.)
Studies examining the effect of HMB on performance stratified by strength and power sports
Usefulness of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
29
16/06/15 19:47
30
Table III (cont.)
Studies examining the effect of HMB on performance stratified by strength and power sports
16/06/15 19:47
When a long-term (12 weeks) periodized training References
program is used in trained individuals, HMB has been
found to increase strength, power, and muscle mass 1. Harper A, Miller R, Block K. Branched-chain amino acid me-
tabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 1984; 4(1): 409-54.
in major upper and lower muscle groups53. Moreover, 2. Garlick PJ. The role of leucine in the regulation of protein me-
when similar outcome variables were evaluated in tabolism. J Nutr. 2005; 135(6): 1553S-1556S.
healthy untrained individuals after a supervised resis- 3. Norton LE, Layman DK. Leucine regulates translation initia-
tion of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. J
tance-training program 3 times per week for 8 weeks, Nutr. 2006; 136(2): 533S-537S.
torque generation, creatine phosphokinase and body 4. Wilson G, Wilson GJ. Contemporary issues in protein require-
composition significantly improved among those su- ments and consumption for resistance trained athletes. J Int Soc
Sports Nutr. 2006; 3(1): 7-27.
pplemented with HMB, as compared with those not 5. Layman DK. The role of leucine in weight loss diets and gluco-
supplemented64. se homeostasis. J Nutr. 2003; 133(1): 261S-267S.
Collectively, these studies provide evidence suppor- 6. Patti M-E, Brambilla E, Luzi L, Landaker EJ, Kahn CR. Bidi-
ting the usefulness of HMB supplementation specifi- rectional modulation of insulin action by amino acids. J Clin
Invest. 1998; 101(7): 1519.
cally in conditions of high proteolysis, which is fre- 7. Hider R, Fern E, London D. Relationship between intracellular
quent in phases of the competition with high intensity amino acids and protein synthesis in the extensor digitorum
exercise done at a high frequency rate. Therefore, it longus muscle of rats. Biochem J. 1969; 114: 171-8.
8. Anthony JC, Anthony TG, Layman DK. Leucine supplementa-
seems appropriate to hypothesize that HMB could help tion enhances skeletal muscle recovery in rats following exer-
in increasing cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, power cise. J Nutr. 1999; 129(6): 1102-6.
and physical function in those experiencing the effects 9. Mero A. Leucine supplementation and intensive training.
Sports Med. 1999; 27(6): 347-58.
of negative protein turnover in specific catabolic en- 10. Nissen S, Sharp R, Ray M, Rathmacher J, Rice D, Fuller Jr J,
vironments. et al. Effect of leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training. J
Appl Physiol. 1996; 81(5): 2095-104.
11. Van Koevering M, Nissen S. Oxidation of leucine and al-
Conclusions pha-ketoisocaproate to beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in
vivo. Am J Physiol - Endocrinol Metab. 1992; 262(1): E27-31.
Within the sports context, the evidence shows that 12. Zanchi N, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimaraes-Ferreira L, de Si-
queira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, et al. HMB supplementa-
HMB could have positive effects on several catabo-
tion: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and me-
lic conditions such as attenuation of the characteristic chanisms of action. Amino Acids. 2011; 40(4): 1015-25.
rise in catabolic biomarkers, limitation of rise in stress 13. Wilson G, Wilson JM, Manninen AH. Effects of beta-hy-
hormone response (overreaching) and decreases in droxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance
and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and
power in athletes facing periods of high-density com- training experience: A review. Nutr Metab Lond. 2008; 5: 1.
petitions, high-intensity training, first stages of injury 14. Wilson G, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N,
recovery and/or any other different situations in which Taylor L, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition Posi-
tion Stand: beta-hydroxy-betamethylbutyrate (HMB). J Int Soc
muscle adaptations could be affected by the catabolic Sports Nutr. 2013; 10(1): 1-14.
environment. 15. Knitter A, Panton L, Rathmacher J, Petersen A, Sharp R.
Therefore, since adequate balance between the tra- Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on muscle damage af-
ter a prolonged run. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 89(4): 1340-4.
ining stimulus and the subsequent recovery is a great 16. Wilson G, Lowery RP, Joy JM, Walters JA, Baier SM, Fuller JC,
challenge for exercise physiology, HMB supplementa- et al. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid reduces markers of
tion could be of interest as a signalling molecule that exercise-induced muscle damage and improves recovery in re-
may convey specific information to optimize recovery. sistance-trained men. Br J Nutr. 2013; 110(03): 538-44.
17. Portal S, Zadik Z, Rabinowitz J, Pilz-Burstein R, Adler-Por-
Future research will additionally contribute to eluci- tal D, Meckel Y, et al. The effect of HMB supplementation on
date the underlying mechanisms by which HMB acts body composition, fitness, hormonal and inflammatory media-
improving high-intensity training adaptations. tors in elite adolescent volleyball players: a prospective ran-
domized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Appl
Physiol. 2011; 111(9): 2261-9.
18. Rowlands DS, Thomson JS. Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbu-
Acknowledgements tyrate supplementation during resistance training on strength,
body composition, and muscle damage in trained and untrained
young men: a meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(3):
This work was supported by the Andalusian Sports 836-46.
Medicine Centre (C.A.M.D.) through project no. EX- 19. Thomson J, Watson PE, Rowlands DS. Effects of nine weeks
2005/07. of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate supplementation on strength
and body composition in resistance trained men. J Strength
FBO is granted by the Ministry of Economy and Cond Res. 2009; 23(3): 827-35.
Competitiveness (RYC-2011-09011). 20. Anthony JC, Yoshizawa F, Anthony TG, Vary TC, Jefferson
The content is solely the responsibility of the au- LS, Kimball SR. Leucine stimulates translation initiation in
thors and does not necessarily represent the official skeletal muscle of post-absorptive rats via a rapamycin-sensiti-
ve pathway. J Nutr. 2000; 130(10): 2413-9.
views of the funding body. The funders had no role in 21. Kraemer WJ, Hatfield DL, Volek JS, Fragala MS, Vingren JL,
this study content. Anderson JM, et al. Effects of amino acids supplement on phy-