Pengkajian

Sistem Imun
 Immunologi

Studi tentang respon fisiologis tubuh

dimana tubuh akan merusak atau
menetralisir benda asing, makhluk
hidup maupun benda mati, termasuk
sel tubuh sendiri yang telah mengalami
perubahan.
Lini Pertama Pertahanan Tubuh
• The Integumentary System
– Skin
– Mucous membranes
– Mucous

• provides a physical barrier preventing

microbial access
The Invader : Mikroba
Sistem Pertahanan Tubuh Lain
• Physiological variables
– pH of our environment
– temperature of our environment

• chemical defenses
– nitric oxide, enzymes, proteins, complement

• AND the IMMUNE SYSTEM

Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Immune System
• The Innate Immune system = nonspesifik
– a general response to anything other than
recognized “self cells”

• The Adaptive Immune System = spesifik

– a specific counter-assault against a “known
foreign” invader (previously recognized)
Organs of immune system: Primer
• Thymus: behind sternum (breast bone)
– Immature T cells mature here. 90% die
because they recognize “self” proteins
• Bone marrow: stem cells divide to produce
immune system cells
Organs of immune system: Sekunder

• kelenjar limfe
• limpa
• tonsil dan
• kumpulan limfosit yang terdapat pada
permukaan saluran pencernaan, saluran
pernafasan, saluran genital, dan saluran
urinal.
 What Happens during an infection?

• Innate Immunity = nonspesifik

– injury & infection
– macrophages slip between cells (extravasation) to
arrive
– Macrophages
cytokine chemicals attract other
“troops” (chemotaxis)
 What are macrophages ?
• Phagocytic cells -
able to ingest small
foreign invaders
– neutrophils
– monocyte

• they release
cytokines that
enhance the
immune response

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/immunology/graphics/mphage2 .gi
• Mast cells/basophils
– release histamine that
dilates blood vessels
– causes redness
(erythrema), swelling
(edema), and heat
(fever)

http://www.hhs.gov/asphep/presentation/images/wound.jpg
• Adaptive Immunity: spesifik

• There are 2 types of lymphocytes:

– T lymphocytes ( T cells)
– B lymphocytes (B cells )
• The first type : T lymphocytes.
– begin in the
red bone marrow
 & migrate to the thymus gland and
mature..
• T Lymphocytes are
sorted into 3 :
– Helper T cells
– Cytotoxic T cells
– Supressor T cells

– Natural Killer cells

(The Third population)
• The second type is: B lymphocytes
– B lymphocytes (B cells) - start in the bone
marrow and circulate through the body
 Major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) proteins
• How does immune system “know” what to
attack?
• Proteins on cell surface define “self”
• MHC I: On surface of most cells
“self”
• MHC II: On B cells, T cells, macrophages:
“police badge” of immune sys.
Macrophage (gray) approaching a chain of Streptococcus
(yellow). On top of the macrophage is a spherical
lymphocyte.
Natural Killer cell: kills cells that do
not have Class I MHC on them
 B cells
• B is for bone, where they mature.
• Activated B cells produce antibodies to
invader’s epitopes.
• Some remain as memory cells, ready for
next encounter w/ a similar invader.
15.20 Main Components of the Human Immune System (Part 2)
 Antibodies
• Y-shaped structure
• Ig G, Ig M, Ig E, Ig A, Ig D
 T cells
• Mature in thymus (hence their name)
• Cytotoxic T cells kill infected self cells
• Helper T cells activate B & CD8+ cells
• Suppressor T cells: suppress immune
response after infection is over
• Recognize antigen only if it is presented in
combination with MHC protein on another
cell
15.20 Main Components of the Human Immune System (Part 3)
 Immune system cells
• Helper T cells
– Recognize MHC II molecules + antigen
• MHC II molecules actually hold the antigen
– Activate resting B cells
to secrete Ab’s.
– Also produce interleukins
•
attracts macrophages
•
proliferation of T cells
 Immune system cells
• Cytotoxic T cells
– Recognize MHC I “self” molecules + portions
of antigen on cell surface.
– Kills cells by injecting something that forms
pores in membrane
– Don’t attack bacteria: No MHC I molecule
– Don’t attack normal “self” cells: no foreign
antigen
– Function: Kill cells taken over by virus
Proses respon imun
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