10-1C ¿Qué es ebullición?

¿Qué mecanismos son responsables de los muy

elevados coeficientes e transferencia de calor en la ebullición nucleada?
Boiling is the liquid-to-vapor phase change process that occurs at a solid-liquid interface
when the Surface is heated above the saturation temperatura of the liquid. The formation
and rise of the bubbles and the liquid entrainment coupled with the large amount of heat
absorbed during liquid-vapor phase change at essentially constant temperatura are
responsible for the very high heat transfer coefficients associated with nucleate boiling.
10-3C ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre evaporación y ebullición?
Both boiling and evaporation are liquid-to-vapor pahse change processes, but evaporation
occurs at the liquid-vapor interfase when the vapor pressure is less than the saturation
pressure of the liquid at a given temperatura, and it involves no bubble formation or bubble
motion. Boiling, on the other hand, occurs at the solid-liquid interface when a liquid is
brought into contact with a Surface maintained at a temperatura Ts sufficiently above the
saturation temperatura Tsat of the liquid.
10-4C ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre ebullición en estanque y ebullición en flujo?
Boiling is called pool boiling in the absence of bulk fluid flow, and flow boiling (oor forced
convection boiling) is the presence of it. In pool boiling, the fluid is stationary, and any
motion of the fluid is due to natural convection currents and the motion of the bubbles due
to the influence of buoyancy.
10-5C ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre ebullición subenfriada y saturada?
Boiling is said to be subcooled (or local) when the bulk of the liquid is subcooled (the
temperatura of the main body of the liquid is below the saturation temperatura), and
saturated (or bulk) when the bulk of the liquid is saturated (the temperatura of all the liquid
is equal to Tsat).
10-6C Dibuje la curva de ebullición e identifique los diferentes regímenes de esta
última. Asimismo, explique las características de cada régimen
In the natural convection boiling regime, the fluid motion is governed by natural convection
currents, and heat transfer from the heating Surface to the fluid is by natural convection. It
the nucleate boiling regime, bubbles form at various prefential sites on the heating Surface,
and rise to the top. In the transition boiling regime, part of the Surface is covered by a vapor
film. In the film boiling regime, the heater Surface is completely covered by a continuous
stable vapor film, and heat transfer is by combined convection and radiation.
10-39C ¿Qué es la condensación? ¿Cómo ocurre?
Condensation is a vapor-to-liquid phase change process. It occurs when the temperatura of
a vapor is reduced below its saturation temperatura. This is usually done by bringing the
vapor into contact with a solid Surface whose temperatura Ts is below the saturation
temperatura Tsat of the vapor.
10-40C ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre condensación en película y por gotas? ¿Cuál
es el mecanismo más eficaz de transferencia de calor?
In film condensation, the condensate wets the Surface and forms a liquid film on the Surface
which slides down under the influence of gravity. The thickness of the liquid film increases
in the flow direction as more vapor condenses on the film. This i show condensation
normally occurs in practice. In dropwise condensation, the codensed vapor forms droplets
on the Surface instead of a continuous film, and the Surface is covered by countless droplets
of varying diameters. Dropwise condensation is a much more effective mechanism of heat
transfer,
10-41C En el flujo del condensado, ¿cómo se define el perímetro mojado? ¿De qué
manera difieren el perímetro mojado y el perímetro común?
In condensate flow, the wetted perimeter is defined as the lengh of the Surface-condensate
interface at a cross-section of condensate flow. It differs from the ordinary perimeter in that
the latter refers to the entire circumference of the condensate at some cross-section.
10-42C ¿Qué es el calor latente modificado de vaporización? ¿Para qué se usa?
¿Cuál es su diferencia con respecto al calor latente común de vaporización?
The modified latent heat of vaporization H*f gis the amount of heat released as a unit mass
of vapor condenses at a specified temperatura, plus the amount of heat released as the
condensate is cooled further to some average temperatura between Tsat and Ts. It is
defined as h*fg= hfg + 0.68Cppl (Tsat-Ts) where Cpl is the specific heat of the liquid at the
average film temperatura.
10-43C Considere la condensación en película sobre una placa vertical. ¿El flujo de
calor será más alto en la parte superior o en la inferior de la placa? ¿Por qué?
Setting the heat transfer coefficient relations for a vertical tube of height L and a horizontal
tube of diameter D equal to each other yields L=2.77 D, which implies that for a tube whose
length is 2.77 times its diameter, the average heat transfer coefficient for laminar film
condensation will be the same whether the tube is positioned horizontally or vertically. for
L=10D, the heat transfer cofficient and thus the heat transfer rate will be higher in the
horizontal position since L>2.77D in that case.
11-1C Clasifique los intercambiadores de calor según el tipo de flujo y explique las
características de cada tipo.
Heat exchangers are classified according to the flow type as parallel flow, counter flow, and
cross-flow arrangement. In parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat
exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction. In counter-flow, the hot and
cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends and flow in opposite direction. In
cross-flow, the hot and cold fluid streams move perpendicular to each other.
11-2C Clasifique los intercambiadores de calor según el tipo de construcción y
explique las características de cada tipo.
In terms of construction type, heat exchangers are classified as compact, Shell and tube and
regenerative heat exchangers. Compact heat exchangers are specifically designed tto
obtain large heat transfer Surface áreas per unit volumen. The large Surface area in compact
heat exchangers is obtained by attaching closely spaced thin plate or corrugated fins to the
walls separating the two fluids. Shell and tube heat exchangers contain a large number of
tubes packed in a Shell with their axes parallel to that of the Shell. Regenerative heat
exchangers involve the alternate passage of the hot and cold fluid streams through the
same flow area. In compact heat exchangers, the two fluids usually move perpendicular to
each other.
11-10C ¿En qué condiciones la resistencia térmica del tubo de un intercambiador
de calor es despreciable?
When the Wall thickness of the tube is small and the termal conductivity of the tube
material is high, which is usually the case, the termal resistance of the tube is negligible.
11-12C ¿Resulta razonable la aproximación hi = ho = h para el coeficiente de
transferencia de calor por convección en un intercambiador, cuando el espesor de
la pared del tubo es despreciable?
No, it is not reasonable to say hi=ho=h.
11-13C ¿En qué condiciones se puede determinar el coeficiente de transferencia de
calor total de un intercambiador a partir de U = (1/hi + 1/ho)-1?
When the Wall thickness of the tube is small and the termal conductivity of the tube
material is high, the termal resistance of the tube is negligible and the inner and the outer
surfacces of the tube are almost identical (Ai=Ao=As). Then the overall heat transfer
coefficient of a heat exchangers can be determined to from U=(1/hi + 1/ho)^-1
11-14C ¿Cuáles son las restricciones con respecto a la relación UAs = UiAi = UoAo
para un intercambiador de calor? En este caso, As es el área superficial de
transferencia de calor y U es el coeficiente de transferencia de calor total.
None
11-15C En un intercambiador de tubo doble y de pared delgada, ¿cuándo resulta
razonable la aproximación U = hi ? En este caso, U es el coeficiente de transferencia
de calor total y hi es el coeficiente de transferencia de calor por convección adentro
del tubo.
When one of the convection coefficients is much smaller than the other hi<<ho. And
Ai=A0=As. Then we have (1/hi >> 1/ho) and thus Ui=Uo=U=hi.
11-16C ¿Cuáles son las causas comunes de incrustación en un intercambiador de
calor? ¿Cómo afecta la incrustación a la transferencia de calor y a la caída de
presión?
The most common type of fouling is the precipitation of solid deposits in a fluid on the heat
transfer surfaces. Another form of fouuling is corrosión and other chemical fouling. Heat
exchangers may also be fouled by the growth of algae in warm fluids. This type of fouling is
called the biological fouling. Fouling represents addtional resistance to heat transfer and
causes the rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger to decrease, and the pressure drop to
increase.
11-17C ¿Cómo se toma en cuenta la resistencia térmica debida a la incrustación en
un intercambiador? ¿De qué manera la velocidad del fluido y la temperatura influyen
sobre la incrustación?
The effect of fouling on a heat transfer is represented by a fouling factor Rf. Its effect on the
heat transfer coefficient is accounted for by introducing a termal resistance Rf/As. The
fouling increases with increasing temperatura and decreasing velocity.