Atoms, Molecules and ‘Stoichiometry 1.1 Fundamental particles ‘ofan atom 1.2 Relative atomic, isotopic, molecular and formula: 13. Themple and the Avagadeo constant Candidates shouldbe able to: (@) describe the properties of protons, neutrons and electrons in terms of their relative charges and relative masses; (®) predict the behaviour of beams of protons, ‘neutrons and electrons in both electric and ‘magnetic fields; (©) describe the distribution of mass and charges ‘within an atom; (@) determine the number of protons, neutrons and clectrons present in both neutral and charged species of a given proton number and nucleon ‘number, (©) describe the contribution of protons and ‘neutrons to atomic nuclei in terms of proton ‘number and nucleon number; ()) distinguish isotopes based on the number of | neutrons present, and state examples of both sable and unstable isotopes. Candidates should be able to: (@) define the terms relative atomic mass, ,, relative isotopic mass, relative molecular ‘mass, M, and relative formula mass based on "C; (8) interpret mass spectra in terms of relative abundance of isotopes and molecular fragments; (©) caleulate relative atomic mass ofan element {rom the relative abundance ofits isotopes or its mass spectrum. Candidates should be able to: (a) detine mete m terms othe Avegadro constant; (B) calculate the number of moles of reactants, ‘Volumes of gases, Volumes of solutions and ‘concentrations of solutions; (©) deduce sbichiometic relationships from the calculations above.2. Electronic Structure of Atoms 21 Electronic energy levels of atomic 22 Atomic ortitals: spandd 23. Electronic configuration 24 Classification of ‘lements into s,p,d and blocks in the Periodie Tuble Candidates should be able to: (@) explain the formation ofthe emission line spectrumof atomic bydrozen inthe Lyman and Balmer series using Bobr's Atomic Model. Candidates should be able to: (@) deduce the number and relative energies ofthe Sepand dort forthe principe! quantum numbers 12 and 3, lung the 4s orbits (6) describe the shape ofthe s and p orbitals Candids should be abl to: (@) predict the elecronc configuration of toms Elion given the proton number (ond share (6) define and apply Autbau principe, Hund’ ‘le and Pal exclusion princi Candids should be abl to: (2) ‘dent he postion ofthe elersents inthe PerindicTableas (0) block, with atene shit configuntionss' ands, (i) lock p, with valence sell configuration from p10 (ii) block d, with valence shell configurations rom d's 0d (©) ‘ent the postion of ments in Bock fot the Periodic Table.3 Chemical Bonding 31 32 - 33 a Tonic bonding Covalent bonding Netallic bording Intermolecular forces: van der ‘Waala forces and ‘hydrogen bonding 1s Candidates should be able to: (@) describe ionic (electovalent) bonding as ‘exemplified by NaCland MgCl. Candidates should be able to: (@) draw the Lewis structure of covalent molecules {octet ule ae exemplified by NH, CCL, HO, (COs, N:O, and exception othe octet leas ‘cxcmplified by BF;, NO, NOs, PCls, SF); (®) draw the Lewis structure of fons as ‘exemplified by SOx", COs", NOs and CN; (©) explain the concept of overlapping and hybridisation ofthe 2 and p orbitals as ‘exemplified by BeC, BF, CHL, Ns, HCN, Ni and HO molecules: (@) predict and explain the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and ions using the principle of valence shell lect pair repulsion eg. linear, trigonal pianar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramid, octahedral, ‘V-shaped, T-shaped, seesaw ani pyramidal; (©) explain the existence of polar and non-polar ‘bonds (including C-C1, C-N, C-O, CMs) resulting in polar orland non-polar molecules; ()) relate bord lengths and bend strengths with respect tosingl, double and triple bonds; (2) explain the inertness of nitrogen molecule in {ers of is strong tiple bond and non- polarity; (2) desarbe typical properties associated with jonic and covalent bonding in terms of bord sirength, melting point and electrical conductivity; (0) explain the existence of covalent characterin jonic compounds such as A1.0,, Al, and Lil () explain the existence of coordinate (dative covalent) bonding as exerpitied by HO", NHJ, ALCl,and [Fe(CN)- Candidates should be able to: - (@) exphin metallic bonding in terms of election 0 model, (Candidates should be able to: (@) describe hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces (pemanent, mporary and induced dipole), (®) deduce the effet of van der Waals forces ‘between molecules on the physical properties of substances; (©) deduce the effect of hydrogen bonding (intermolecular and intravotecular) on the physical properties of substances.