​UNIVERSITY OF CEBU-BANILAD

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

(Medical Laboratory Science)

COURSE CODE​: MLS 101

DESCRIPTIVE TITLES: PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY PRACTICE 1
​( Intro to Medical Laboratory Science, Laboratory Safety and Waste
Management )

HIV/AIDS

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) ​- targets the immune system and weakens
people's defence systems against infections and some types of cancer. As the virus
destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually
become immunodeficient. Immune function is typically measured by ​CD4 cell
count​.
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

ETIOLOGY and HISTORY

HISTORY OF HIV/AIDS IN THE PHILIPPINES

TRANSMISSION
1. Unprotected Sexual Contact
•​ HIV can be transmitted sexually through vaginal sex, oral sex and anal sex.
• HIV can be transmitted during unprotected sexual intercourse or through contact
with infected blood, semen, or cervical or vaginal fluids of the infected person.
• The presence of other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) increases the chance
of contracting or transmitting HIV.
2. Blood Transmission
HIV-infected blood enters the body through:
•A transfusion
• Sharing of contaminated needles, syringes, razors or other sharp objects.
• Infected blood entering the body through open wounds
3. Mother-to-Child Transmission
Mothers can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy, during delivery, or after
birth through breastfeeding

A compilation by: Group 1 BSMT-1B

 ​UNIVERSITY OF CEBU-BANILAD
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
(Medical Laboratory Science)

STAGES OF HIV INFECTION

KEY FACTS/RESEARCH

World Health Organization, 2018

● HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed more than
35 million lives so far. In 2017, 940 000 people died from HIV-related causes
globally.
● There were approximately 36.9 million people living with HIV at the end of
2017.
● 59% of adults and 52% of children living with HIV were receiving lifelong
antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2017.
● The WHO African Region is the most affected region, with 25.7 million people
living with HIV in 2017. The African region also accounts for over two thirds of
the global total of new HIV infections.
● It is estimated that currently only 75% of people with HIV know their status. In
2017, 21.7 million people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy
(ART) globally.
● Between 2000 and 2017, new HIV infections fell by 36%, and HIV-related deaths
fell by 38% with 11.4 million lives saved due to ART in the same period. This
achievement was the result of great efforts by national HIV programmes
supported by civil society and a range of development partners.

UNAIDS, 2018
● 36.9 million [31.1 million–43.9 million] people globally were living with
HIV in 2017.
● 21.7 million [19.1 million–22.6 million] million people were accessing
antiretroviral therapy in 2017.
● 1.8 million [1.4 million–2.4 million] people became newly infected with
HIV in 2017.
● 940 000 [670 000–1.3 million] people died from AIDS-related illnesses in
2017.
● 77.3 million [59.9 million–100 million] people have become infected with
HIV since the start of the epidemic.

A compilation by: Group 1 BSMT-1B

 ​UNIVERSITY OF CEBU-BANILAD
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
(Medical Laboratory Science)
● 35.4 million [25.0 million–49.9 million] people have died from
AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the epidemic.
People living with HIV
● In 2017, there were 36.9 million [31.1 million–43.9 million] people living
with HIV.
○ 35.1 million [29.6 million–41.7 million] adults.
○ 1.8 million [1.3 million–2.4 million] children (<15 years).
● 75% [55–92%] of all people living with HIV knew their HIV status in
2017.
People living with HIV accessing antiretroviral therapy
● In 2017, 21.7 million [19.1 million–22.6 million] people living with HIV
were accessing antiretroviral therapy, an increase of 2.3 million since
2016 and up from 8 million [7.1 million–8.3 million] in 2010.
● In 2017, 59% [44–73%] of all people living with HIV were accessing
treatment.
○ 59% [44–73%] of adults aged 15 years and older living with
HIV had access to treatment, as did 52% [37–70%] of children
aged 0–14 years.
● In 2017, 80% [61– >95%] of pregnant women living with HIV had access
to antiretroviral medicines to prevent transmission of HIV to their babies.

New HIV infections

● New HIV infections have been reduced by 47% since the peak in 1996.
○ In 2017, there were 1.8 million [1.4 million–2.4 million] new
HIV infections, compared to 3.4 million [2.6 million–4.4 million]
in 1996.
● Since 2010, new HIV infections among adults have declined by an
estimated 16%, from 1.9 million [1.5 million–2.5 million] to 1.6 million
[1.3 million–2.1 million] in 2017.
○ Since 2010, new HIV infections among children have declined
by 35%, from 270 000 [170 000–400 000] in 2010 to 180 000
[110 000–260 000] in 2017.
AIDS-related deaths

A compilation by: Group 1 BSMT-1B

 ​UNIVERSITY OF CEBU-BANILAD
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
(Medical Laboratory Science)
● AIDS-related deaths have been reduced by more than 51% since the peak
in 2004.
○ In 2017, 940 000 [670 000–1.3 million] people died from
AIDS-related illnesses worldwide, compared to 1.9 million [1.4
million–2.7 million] in 2004 and 1.4 million [1 million–2
million] in 2010.
90–90–90
● In 2017, three out of four people living with HIV (75%) knew their status.
● Among people who knew their status, four out of five (79%) were
accessing treatment.
● And among people accessing treatment, four out of five (81%) were
virally suppressed.
Women
● Every week, around 7000 young women aged 15–24 years become
infected with HIV.
● In sub-Saharan Africa, three in four new infections are among girls aged
15–19 years and young women aged 15–24 years are twice as likely to be
living with HIV than men.
● More than one third (35%) of women around the world have experienced
physical and/or sexual violence at some time in their lives.
○ In some regions, women who experience violence are one and a
half times more likely to become infected with HIV.

Key populations
● Key populations and their sexual partners account for:
○ 47% of new HIV infections globally.
○ 95% of new HIV infections in eastern Europe and central Asia
and the Middle East and North Africa.
○ 16% of new HIV infections in eastern and southern Africa.
● The risk of acquiring HIV is 27 times higher among men who have sex
with men; 23 times higher among people who inject drugs; 13 times
higher for female sex workers; 12 times higher for transgender women.
HIV/tuberculosis (TB)
● TB remains the leading cause of death among people living with HIV.
○ TB accounts for around one in three AIDS-related deaths.
● In 2016, 10.4 million people developed TB disease, 1.2 million were living
with HIV.

A compilation by: Group 1 BSMT-1B

 ​UNIVERSITY OF CEBU-BANILAD
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
(Medical Laboratory Science)
○ People living with HIV with no TB symptoms need TB
preventative therapy, which lessens the risk of developing TB
and reduces TB/HIV death rates by around 40%.
Investments
● At the end of 2017, US$ 21.3 billion was available for the AIDS response in
low- and middle-income countries.
○ Around 56% of the total resources for HIV in low- and
middle-income countries in 2017 were from domestic sources.
● UNAIDS estimates that US$ 26.2 billion will be required for the AIDS
response in 2020

A compilation by: Group 1 BSMT-1B